Article

pubs.acs.org/EF

Fluidization Characteristics of a Pulsing Dense-Phase GasSolid

Fluidized Bed for High-Density Separation of Fine Anthracite
Liang Dong,*,, Enhui Zhou, Luhui Cai, Chenlong Duan, Yuemin Zhao,*, and Zhenfu Luo

School of Chemical Engineering and Technology and School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of
Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, Peoples Republic of China

ABSTRACT: Coal is one of the most important primary energy sources worldwide that requires an economic, eective, and
clean preparation method. As the shortage of water resources increases, the wet beneciation technology became questionable.
The air dense medium uidized bed (ADMFB) is a good alternative for dry coal beneciation processes that require no water. In
this account, a pulsating air ow was introduced into the ADMFB system to generate a pulsing dense-phase gassolid uidized
bed (PDGFB). The eects of the pulsating air ow on the minimum uidization velocity, stability of the bed density, and motion
of the heavy medium were investigated. The pulsating air ow is shown to reduce the minimum of the uidization velocity,
modify the stability of the bed density, and regularize the motion of the heavy medium. Fine anthracite of 6 + 1 mm size is
cleaned using PDGFB at elevated separation densities with a true value of 2.03 g/cm3 and probable error (E) of 0.09 g/cm3. In
comparison to vibrated uidized beds, PDGFB has no mechanical vibration and, hence, is advantageous in terms of the
mechanical structure, easy operation, and susceptibility to lower failure.

1. INTRODUCTION with 6.35 + 4, 4.00 + 2, and 2.00 + 1 mm, respectively.

Nowadays, resources, energy, environment, and harmony
between human and nature are the most serious problems all
over the world. Energy constitutes the basis for the develop-
ment of the national economy. In 2013, coal accounted for
30.1% of all primary energy consumption, which is the highest
rate ever observed since the 1970s, according to the statistical
review of the world energy from BP Global. During the
utilization of coal, massive pollutants could be discharged into
the environment. This causes air pollution and water
contamination, which, in turn, threaten human health.
As the most economic and eective method for clean
utilization of coal, coal preparation can remove most gangue
and pyrite from it as well as reduce ash and sulfur contents.
This should raise the combustion eciency and decrease the
emission of dust, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen oxide. Wet
beneciation technologies that require larger amounts of water
during the cleaning process are popular in coal preparation
plants. However, as the shortage of water resources becomes a
global issue, wet beneciation technologies cannot meet the
demand of large-scale coal processing and upgrading. Ecient
dry beneciation technologies without water are required
urgently. Industrial application of the dry beneciation
technology based on an air dense medium uidized bed
(ADMFB)18 is ecient for coal separation with +6 mm in
size.912 However, separation of coal with 6 mm in size is still
challenging and deserves further investigation.
The vibrational energy was introduced into the ADMFB to
modify the uidization quality by adding a vibrated uidized
bed.13 Generation and growth of bubbles can be controlled to
allow coal with 6 + 0.5 mm to be cleaned with a probable
error (E) of 0.07 g/cm3. Galvin et al.14,15 proposed a reux
classier, in which magnetic powders or silica sands are used as
heavy mediums. By the motor vibrations and compressed air, a
uidized bed with homogeneous density is formed. This
induced probable errors of 0.07, 0.13, and 0.23 g/cm3 for coal
Zhao et al.16,17 suggested a vibrated gas-uidized bed with the
autogenous medium for separation of ne coal particles.
Probable errors of 0.19 and 0.175 g/cm3 were obtained for coal
with 6 + 3 and 3 + 1 mm size fraction. Weitkaemper and
Boylu18,19 used an AKAFLOW method to separate coal of 2
mm in size and noticed that the separation eciency is close to
the shaking table and spiral concentrator. Finally, Fan and
Song2022 proposed a magnetically stabilized gassolid uid-
ized-bed-exerting magnetic eld around an ADMFB. For high-
and low-density separations, the recorded probable errors were
0.085 and 0.075 g/cm3, respectively.
In this study, we replaced the continuous air ow in ADMFB
with an active pulsating air ow to generate a pulsing dense-
phase gassolid uidized bed (PDGFB).2325 A vibrational
energy is introduced into the uidized bed using the vibration
of the pulsating air ow. With this novel design, the pulsating
air ow is expected to reduce the minimum uidization
velocity, modify the motion of heavy medium, decrease bubble
size, and enhance the stability of the bed density. At elevated
separation densities, ne anthracite with 6 + 1 mm size
fraction could eciently be cleaned.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
A schematic representation of the experimental system is shown in
Figure 1, including an air supply unit, a ow control unit, an active
pulsating air ow generator, and a uidized-bed separator. Active
pulsating air ow is generated using a buttery driven by an electric
motor. The pulsation frequency corresponding to the rotating speed of
the motor can be controlled by an inverter. In the uidized bed,
Geldart-B-type26 magnetic powders were used as the heavy medium,
with the static bed height set to 100 mm. The properties of the
Received: June 15, 2016
Revised: July 25, 2016
Published: August 5, 2016

2016 American Chemical Society 7180 DOI: 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6b01468

Energy Fuels 2016, 30, 71807186
Energy & Fuels
Figure 1. Schematic representation of the experimental setup.
magnetic powders are listed in Table 1, and size distribution is listed in
Figure 2. The particle mean diameter is 232 m, and the bulk density
Table 1. Properties of the Heavy Medium
mean
true density bulk density diameter
name (kg/cm3) (kg/cm3) (m) type
magnetic 4600 2350 232 Geldart B
powder
Figure 2. Size distribution of the heavy medium.
is 2350 kg/m3. The pulsating air ow generates a uidized bed with a
suitable density. The coal particles fed into the bed segregate according
to dierences in the density between the coal particles and the
uidized bed. The low-density particles oat on top of the bed, while
those with higher densities sink into the bottom, hence making the
separation process easier.
Anthracite is a type of coal that has the highest degree of
metamorphism, with low porosity and high true density. It is usually
used in a number of setups, including coal injected into the blast
furnace, gas making, and raw materials of aloxite, acticarbon, and
electrodes. Before using anthracite, the ash content, which is useless,
needs to be reduced and gangue in raw coal should be discharged.
Coal preparation is the most eective method for discharging gangue
and improving coal quality. The elevated density of anthracite requires
high-density separation processing that may achieve a separation
density of 2.3 g/cm3 when ADMFB is employed.
Fine anthracite of 6 + 1 mm size fraction is used in this study with
a true density of 1.98 g/cm3, an apparent density of 1.92 g/cm3, and a
raw coal ash content of 21.90%. The washability data obtained using
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oat-and-sink test analyzes are shown in Figure 3. The ve washability
curves are indexed as , , , , and , which represent cumulative oat,
Figure 3. Washability curves of anthracite.
characteristic ash, cumulative sink, relative density, and near density,
respectively.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1. Eect of the Pulsating Air Flow on the Minimum
Fluidization Velocity. The transition process from the xed
bed into the uidized bed induces a critical uidized gas
velocity, namely, minimum uidization velocity. If the operating
gas velocity is superior to the critical uidized gas velocity, the
particles can be uidized. In contrast, the status of the particles
is consistent with the xed bed. In the present study, the
pressure drop of PDGFB is tested through the decrease in the
operating gas velocity. The data of pressure drop as a function
of the operating gas velocity were then collected and analyzed
by linear tting for both the xed and uidized beds. The
minimum uidization velocity is obtained from the gas velocity
at the crossover point of the two tting lines.
The pressure drop at various operating gas velocities for both
systems ADMFB and PDGFB is shown in Figure 4. The
minimum uidization velocity obtained with ADMFB is 12.3
DOI: 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6b01468
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Figure 4. Bed pressure drop versus gas velocity (a, continuous gas ow; b, f = 0.87 Hz; c, f = 1.75 Hz; d, f = 2.62 Hz; e, f = 3.49 Hz; f, f = 4.36 Hz; g, f
= 5.24 Hz; and h, f = 6.11 Hz).
cm/s, and that for PDGFB obviously decreased as a result of
the pulsating air ow. Also, it could be seen that the minimum
uidization velocity is related to the gas pulsation frequency (f).
The eect of f on the minimum uidization velocity is
illustrated in Figure 5. It will be noted that, as f increases, the
minimum uidization velocity decreases during the initial stages
and then rises when f > 4.36 Hz. At low f values, the PDGFB
could be seen as a continuous uidized bed uidized
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intermittently. As the time interval at both the xed and
uidized beds becomes long, the eect of the pulsating air ow
turns unnoticeable. As a result, the vibration intensity of the
pulsating air ow rose when f is incremented. This makes the
particles easy to uidize, which induces an obvious decline in
the minimum uidization velocity. As a result of the
compressibility of air and inertia of the particles, larger f values
induce almost no eect of the pulsating air ow on the
DOI: 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6b01468
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Figure 5. Minimum uidization velocity versus gas pulsation velocity.
uidization. The obtained data of PDGFB look similar to that
of ADMFB, where the minimum uidization velocity has a
rising tendency when f > 4.36 Hz.
3.2. Eect of the Pulsating Air Flow on the Bed
Density. Coal fed into the PDGFB system is separated
according to dierences in the density between coal and the
uidized bed. Therefore, the stability of the bed density is the
main factor inuencing the separation eciency of coal. For
PDGFB, the stability of the bed density could be aected by the
pulsating air ow characteristics, such as the gas velocity and
the gas pulsation frequency. Here, the mass of the heavy
medium in PDGFB is a constant, and uctuations in the bed
height (h) are measured by a high-speed camera that allowed
for calculation of the volume of the uidized bed. As a result,
both the average bed density and the standard deviation values
could be estimated. The latter could be employed to evaluate
the stability of the bed density. The eects of gas velocity
(using the uidization number in this study, which is the ratio
of the operating gas velocity to the minimum uidization
velocity) and pulsation frequency on the standard deviation of
the bed density are shown in Figure 6.
As both the gas velocity and pulsation frequency increased,
the standard deviation of the bed density tends to reduce
during the initial stages, followed by an augmentation. At the
Figure 6. Eects of the gas velocity and pulsation frequency on the
stability of the bed density.
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conditions of N = 1.25 or 4 < f < 5 Hz, a minimum value of
standard deviation could be observed for the bed density. The
eect of f on the stability of the bed density looks similar to that
of the minimum uidization velocity described above. At low f,
the plug ow is obviously the dominant phenomenon and
height of the uidized bed seriously uctuates, inducing
signicant changes in the average bed density.
At low gas velocities, the moderate bed expansion makes the
bed height easily aected by the pulsating air ow. Elevated gas
velocities generate larger bubbles in the bed if compared to
those formed at lower gas velocities. The movement of the
large bubbles from the bed bottom to the free surface could
aect the bed density, which could lower the standard deviation
and elevate the stability of bed density. For optimal operation,
the uidization number should be set to 1.25 and the gas
pulsation frequency should be set to around 45 Hz. As a
result, in the remaining study, N was selected as 1.25 and f was
selected as 4.36 Hz.
3.3. Eect of the Pulsating Air Flow on the Particle
Motion. The PDGFB is a dense-phase uidized bed; there are
large amounts of ne particles in the bed. The particle motion
cannot be imaged in experiments. Bubbles in the bed cannot be
observed as well. Therefore, the particle motion and bubble
characteristics in the PDGFB cannot be investigated using the
experimental method. The computational particle uid
dynamics (CPFD) method was used for the study of the
gassolid uidized bed.27,28 In this study, the numerical
simulations for the PDGFB were conducted. The size
distribution of heavy medium was the same as data shown in
Figure 2. The model of the uidized bed was built according to
the actual size. The main mathematical or physical models were
as follows:2729
The continuity equation for the uid can be expressed as
follows:
(f f ) + (f f u f ) = 0
t (1)
where uf is the uid velocity, f is the uid volume fraction, and
f is the uid density.
The momentum conservation equation for the uid can be
expressed as follows:
(f f u f ) + (f f u f u f ) = p F + f f g + f f
t
(2)
where p is the uid pressure, f is the macrostress tensor, and F
is the exchange rate of a unit volume of uid and particle.
The acceleration model for particles can be expressed as
follows:
du 1 1
= D(u f u p) p + g p
dt p pp (3)
where up is the particle velocity, p is the particle density, and p
is the particle normal stress.
The drag model is chosen as the energy-minimization
multiscale (EMMS/matrix) model,30,31 which can be described
as follows:
g 2
= (p g )[fd (1 g)(ad g ) + fd (g gd)
Uslip
(a i g ) + (1 fd )(1 gf )(a f g ) (4)
DOI: 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6b01468
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where Uslip = guslip, where Uslip is the supercial slip velocity
and uslip is the real slip velocity, fd is the dense-phase volume
fraction, is the unit drag coecient, a is an inertial term, g is
the voidage, and subscripts d, f, and i represent the dense phase,
dilute phase, and macroscale phase, respectively.
The volume fraction of the particles during one pulsation
period is depicted in Figure 7, where vmax represents the
Figure 7. Volume fraction of the particles during one pulsation period.
maximum velocity of the pulsating air ow. In one pulsation
period, at least one dilute-phase zone could be seen, which
moves regularly from the bed bottom to the surface. The dilute-
phase zone represents the major area where the particles
segregate according to their densities. Thus, the separation
process occurs at any moment, and it is entirely independent of
the gas velocity.
There is a misplaced phenomenon in the coal separation
process, where the low-density oats are misplaced into high-
density tailings or simply tailings are misplaced into the oats,
which could reduce the separation eciency. In PDGFB, the
misplaced phenomenon is mainly caused by the motion of both
the heavy media and bubbles. Figure 8 depicts arrow diagrams
of the particle velocity in both the ADMFB and PDGFB
Figure 8. Arrow diagrams of the particle velocity in both systems,
ADMFB and PDGFB (a-1, front view of ADMFB; a-2, vertical view of
ADMFB; b-1, front view of PDGFB; and b-2, vertical view of
PDGFB).
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obtained using the CPFD method. In ADMFB, the motion of
the heavy medium looks mixed and disorganized and the arrow
diagram clearly depicts certain amounts of larger size bubbles in
the bed. On the hand, the pulsating air ow in PDGFB
regularizes the motion of the heavy medium without forming
bubbles in the bed. The regular motion of the particles
indicates that the misplaced phenomenon is reduced.
3.4. High-Density Separation of Anthracite. The
PDGFB system is employed for separation of ne anthracite
particles of 6 + 1 mm size fraction that is fed into the bed.
After separation, the air ow was suddenly cut o and the
uidized bed became a xed bed divided into ve sublayers
following the height direction. Anthracite was separated from
the heavy media through size screening to obtain ve sub-
simples. The particle size and ash content in the ve sub-
samples were analyzed, and the results are shown in Figure 9.
Figure 9. Size distribution of anthracite in PDGFB.
Almost no size segregation for anthracite in the PDGFB system
is noticeable, and anthracite with size fractions of 6 + 4, 4 +
3, 3 + 2, and 2 + 1 mm are uniformly distributed in the bed.
However, the ash content of anthracite signicantly increased in
the direction from the bed surface to the bottom (Figure 10).
This indicates that the density segregation is achieved and
anthracite is separated according to the density.
During the process, anthracite particles of 60100 mm in the
direction of the bed height were collected as clean coal. Those
of 2060 mm were gathered as middlings, and the others were
tailings. The yield and ash content of the three resulting
products are listed in Table 2. The oat-and-sink tests were
conducted for clean coal, middlings, and tailings, and the
partition curves are presented in Figure 11. At low separation
density of 1.81 g/cm3, the probable error was found to be 0.16
g/cm3, and at high separation density of 2.03 g/cm3, E was
recorded as 0.09 g/cm3. The separation results using a
traditional ADMFB are shown in Figure 12. The probable
errors, E values, are 0.175 and 0.105 g/cm3 for low- and high-
density separations, respectively. The smaller the value of E, the
better the separation eciency. Therefore, the separation
eciency was increased, acted by the active pulsation air ow.
4. CONCLUSION
A pulsating air ow was introduced into the ADMFB system to
generate a PDGFB suitable for high-density separation for ne
DOI: 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6b01468
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Figure 10. Ash content of anthracite at dierent bed heights.
Table 2. Ash Content and Yield of Products
product ash content (%) yield (%)
clean coal 14.25 43.51
middlings 24.21 49.79
tailings 54.34 6.70
Figure 11. Partition curves for the PDGFB.
anthracite particles. The pulsating air ow signicantly reduced
the minimum uidization of the heavy medium when compared
to that of ADMFB. A gas pulsation frequency of 4.36 Hz
induced the lowest value of the minimum uidization velocity.
As both the gas velocity and pulsation frequency increased, the
stability of the bed density raised during the initial stages,
followed by a decline. At the uidization number of 1.25 and a
gas pulsating frequency of 45 Hz, the obtained uctuations in
the standard deviation of the bed density were minimal. CPFD
showed that the motion of the heavy medium in PDGFB is
regular without forming larger bubbles in the bed. Fine
anthracites of 6 + 1 mm size fraction were, hence, separated
according to their densities without any inuence from the size
of the segregation phenomenon. The recorded lower and
higher separation densities are 1.81 and 2.03 g/cm3, and the
corresponding probable errors are 0.16 and 0.09 g/cm3,
respectively.
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Figure 12. Partition curves for the traditional ADMFB.
AUTHOR INFORMATION
Corresponding Authors
*Telephone: +86-516-83590092. E-mail: dong_liang2008@
126.com.
*Telephone: +86-516-83590092. E-mail: ymzhao_paper@126.
com.
Notes
The authors declare no competing nancial interest.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work was nancially supported by the Natural Science
Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BK20160266), the China
Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2016M591962), the Na-
tional Natural Science Foundation of China (U1508210), and a
fund from the Priority Academic Program Development of
Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions.
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7186 DOI: 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6b01468

Energy Fuels 2016, 30, 71807186