MBE3106 Advanced Thermofluids

Lecture 3

Instructor: Wenzhong Zhou, Ph.D.

Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering
City University of Hong Kong

September 18 & 25, 2017

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Main Topics

Entrance Region (Length)

Fully Developed Laminar Flow Between
Infinite Parallel Plates
Fully Developed Laminar Flow in a Pipe
Turbulent Velocity Profiles in Fully
Developed Pipe Flow
Energy Considerations in Pipe Flow
Calculation of Head Loss
Solution of Pipe Flow Problems
Flow Measurement

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Introduction

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Fully Developed Laminar Flow Between Infinite Parallel Plates

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 Ex.8.3 Laminar Film on a Vertical Wall
A viscous, incompressible, Newtonian liquid flows in steady, laminar flow
down a vertical wall. The thickness, , of the liquid film is constant. Since
the liquid free surface is exposed to atmospheric pressure, there is no
pressure gradient. For this gravity-driven flow, apply the momentum
equation to differential control volume dxdydz to derive the velocity
distribution in the liquid film.

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Step2b Collection of all forces

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STEP 3 solutions with BCs

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Fully Developed Laminar Flow in a Pipe

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Shear Stress Distribution in Fully Developed Pipe Flow

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Turbulent Velocity Profiles in Fully Developed Pipe Flow

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Fully developed flow in smooth pipes

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Relation of System Derivatives to Control Volume Formulation

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The First Law of Thermodynamics

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Relation of System Derivatives to Control Volume Formulation

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Energy Considerations in Pipe Flow

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Calculation of Head Loss

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d. Valves and Fittings

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Solution of Pipe Flow Problems

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Ex 8.5 Pipe Flow from a Reservoir Pressure Drop Unknown
A 100 m length of smooth horizontal pipe is attached to a
large reservoir. What depth, d, must be maintained in the
reservoir to produce a volume flow rate of 0.01 m3/s of
water? The inside diameter of the smooth pipe is 75 mm.
The inlet is square-edged and water discharges to the
atmosphere

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 STEP 1: Control Volume selection + labelling

STEP 2 List Governing Equations

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STEP 3 Checking Re and looking for f and K

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Ex. 8.6 Flow in a Pipeline: length Unknown

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Ex. 8.7 Flow from a Water Tower: Flow Rate Unknown

A fire protection system is supplied from a water tower and standpipe

80 ft tall. The longest pipe in the system is 600 ft and is made of cast
iron about 20 years old(?). The pipe contains one gate valve; other
minor losses may be neglected. The pipe diameter is 4 in. Determine
the maximum rate of flow (gpm) through this.

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Ex 8.8 Flow in an irrigation System: Diameter Unknown
Spray heads in an agricultural spraying system are to be
supplied with water through 500 ft of drawn aluminum tubing
from an engine-driven pump. In its most efficient operating
range, the pump output is 1500 gpm at a discharge pressure
not exceeding 65 psig. For satisfactory operation, the
sprinklers must operate at 30 psig or higher pressure. Minor
losses and elevation changes may be neglected. Determine
the smallest standard pipe size that can be used.

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Ex. 8.9 Calculation of Entrance Loss Coefficient
Reference [23] reports results of measurements made to
determine entrance losses flow from a reservoir to a pipe
with various degrees of entrance rounding. A copper pipe
10 ft long, with 1.5 in. i.d., was used for the tests. The pipe
discharged to atmosphere.
For a square-edged
entrance, a discharge of
0.566 ft3/s was measured
when the reservoir level
was 85.1 ft above the pipe
centerline. From these data,
evaluate the loss coefficient
for a square-edged
entrance.
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Ex 8.10 Use of Diffuser to increase Flow rate
Water rights granted to each citizen by the Emperor of
Rome gave permission to attach to the public water main a
calibrated, circular, tubular bronze nozzle. Some citizens
were clever enough to take unfair advantage of a law that
regulated flow rate by such an indirect method. They
installed diffusers on the outlets of the nozzles to increase
their discharge. Assume the static head available from the
main is z0=1.5 m and the nozzle
exit diameter is D=26 mm. (The
discharge is to atmospheric
pressure.) Determine the
increase in flow rate when a
diffuser with N/R1=3.0 and
AR=2.0 is attached to the end of
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Flow Rates in a Pipe Network
In the section of a cast-iron water pipe network shown in
Fig.8.17 the static pressure head (gage) available at point
1 is 100 ft of water, and point 5 is a drain (atmospheric
pressure). Find the flow rates (gpm) in each pipe.

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Multiple-Path Systems

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Restriction Flow Meters for Internal Flows

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a. Pipe Installation

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Linear Flow Meters

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Flow Measurement by Drag Effects - Rotameter (1)

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Flow Measurement by Drag Effects Turbine Meters (1)

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