Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering City University of Hong Kong
September 18 & 25, 2017
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Main Topics
Entrance Region (Length)
Fully Developed Laminar Flow Between Infinite Parallel Plates Fully Developed Laminar Flow in a Pipe Turbulent Velocity Profiles in Fully Developed Pipe Flow Energy Considerations in Pipe Flow Calculation of Head Loss Solution of Pipe Flow Problems Flow Measurement
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Introduction
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Fully Developed Laminar Flow Between Infinite Parallel Plates
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Ex.8.3 Laminar Film on a Vertical Wall A viscous, incompressible, Newtonian liquid flows in steady, laminar flow down a vertical wall. The thickness, , of the liquid film is constant. Since the liquid free surface is exposed to atmospheric pressure, there is no pressure gradient. For this gravity-driven flow, apply the momentum equation to differential control volume dxdydz to derive the velocity distribution in the liquid film.
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Step2b Collection of all forces
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STEP 3 solutions with BCs
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Fully Developed Laminar Flow in a Pipe
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Shear Stress Distribution in Fully Developed Pipe Flow
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Turbulent Velocity Profiles in Fully Developed Pipe Flow
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Fully developed flow in smooth pipes
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Relation of System Derivatives to Control Volume Formulation
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The First Law of Thermodynamics
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Relation of System Derivatives to Control Volume Formulation
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Energy Considerations in Pipe Flow
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Calculation of Head Loss
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d. Valves and Fittings
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Solution of Pipe Flow Problems
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Ex 8.5 Pipe Flow from a Reservoir Pressure Drop Unknown A 100 m length of smooth horizontal pipe is attached to a large reservoir. What depth, d, must be maintained in the reservoir to produce a volume flow rate of 0.01 m3/s of water? The inside diameter of the smooth pipe is 75 mm. The inlet is square-edged and water discharges to the atmosphere
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STEP 1: Control Volume selection + labelling
STEP 2 List Governing Equations
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STEP 3 Checking Re and looking for f and K
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Ex. 8.6 Flow in a Pipeline: length Unknown
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Ex. 8.7 Flow from a Water Tower: Flow Rate Unknown
A fire protection system is supplied from a water tower and standpipe
80 ft tall. The longest pipe in the system is 600 ft and is made of cast iron about 20 years old(?). The pipe contains one gate valve; other minor losses may be neglected. The pipe diameter is 4 in. Determine the maximum rate of flow (gpm) through this.
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Ex 8.8 Flow in an irrigation System: Diameter Unknown Spray heads in an agricultural spraying system are to be supplied with water through 500 ft of drawn aluminum tubing from an engine-driven pump. In its most efficient operating range, the pump output is 1500 gpm at a discharge pressure not exceeding 65 psig. For satisfactory operation, the sprinklers must operate at 30 psig or higher pressure. Minor losses and elevation changes may be neglected. Determine the smallest standard pipe size that can be used.
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Ex. 8.9 Calculation of Entrance Loss Coefficient Reference [23] reports results of measurements made to determine entrance losses flow from a reservoir to a pipe with various degrees of entrance rounding. A copper pipe 10 ft long, with 1.5 in. i.d., was used for the tests. The pipe discharged to atmosphere. For a square-edged entrance, a discharge of 0.566 ft3/s was measured when the reservoir level was 85.1 ft above the pipe centerline. From these data, evaluate the loss coefficient for a square-edged entrance. 89
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Ex 8.10 Use of Diffuser to increase Flow rate Water rights granted to each citizen by the Emperor of Rome gave permission to attach to the public water main a calibrated, circular, tubular bronze nozzle. Some citizens were clever enough to take unfair advantage of a law that regulated flow rate by such an indirect method. They installed diffusers on the outlets of the nozzles to increase their discharge. Assume the static head available from the main is z0=1.5 m and the nozzle exit diameter is D=26 mm. (The discharge is to atmospheric pressure.) Determine the increase in flow rate when a diffuser with N/R1=3.0 and AR=2.0 is attached to the end of the nozzle. 94
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Flow Rates in a Pipe Network In the section of a cast-iron water pipe network shown in Fig.8.17 the static pressure head (gage) available at point 1 is 100 ft of water, and point 5 is a drain (atmospheric pressure). Find the flow rates (gpm) in each pipe.
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Multiple-Path Systems
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Restriction Flow Meters for Internal Flows
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a. Pipe Installation
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Linear Flow Meters
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Flow Measurement by Drag Effects - Rotameter (1)
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Flow Measurement by Drag Effects Turbine Meters (1)