HYDROGEN CRACKS, SOLIDFICATION CRACKS,

LAMELLAR TEARS, FRACTURES

1. Which of the following is most likely to increase the chance of solidification cracking?
a. reduction in sulphur content of the parent material
b. increase restraint on the joint during welding
c. increase in weld hydrogen content from 15ml/100 g to 25ml/100 g
d. poor through thickness ductility in the materials being welded
e. both a & b

2. Which of the following elements may cause hot shortness

a. sulphur
b. phosphorous
c. manganese
d. silicon

3. Which of the following materials are the most susceptible to HICC in the weld zone?
a. carbon manganese steel
b. micro alloyed steel (HSLA)
c. austenitic steel
d. both a & b
e. all of the above

4. Lamellar tearing is:

a. A product defect caused during the manufacturing of certain steels
b. A crack type, which occurs in the parent material due to welding strains acting
in the short transverse direction of the parent material.

c. A type of hot crack associated with impurities (sulphur, carbon, and

phosphorous).
d. A type of crack that occurs in the weld or parent material due to cyclic stresses.

5. The risk of hydrogen cracking is higher when MMA welding is used on.
a. C/Mn steels
b. austenitic stainless steels
c. low alloy steels for elevated temperature service (Cr-Mo steels)
d. low carbon steels for cryogenic service (with nickel addition)

6. A concentration of iron sulphide inclusions in a carbon steel weld bead may

cause.
a. solidification cracking
b. hydrogen cracking
c. lamellar tearing
d. weld decay

7. Which type of cracking occurs more often with SAW than with MMA?
a. HAZ hydrogen cracking
b. weld metal solidification cracking
c. HAZ cracking during PWHT (re-heat cracking)
d. lamellar tearing

8. High sulphur level in steel weld metal can be detrimental because:

a. it gives high levels of porosity
b. it can increase the risk of lamellar tearing
c. it can increase the risk of solidification cracking
 d. all of the above

9. The fracture face of a lamellar tear has:

a. branch cracks running out from the initiation point
b. a flat and featureless appearance
c. a woody step like appearance
d. beach marks

10. Hot shortness in a steel weld may mean

a. it is short of ductility at high temperature
b. it contains a high level of iron sulphides
c. it is susceptible to solidification cracking
d. all of the above

11. Lamellar tearing is best prevented by:

a. The use of plate materials containing low levels of impurities
b. The use of buttering runs
c. Post weld stress relieve
d. Both a & b
e. all of the above

12. Which of the following is applicable to a plate lamination

a. they are best detected by radiography
b. they are mainly caused by hydrogen entrapment
c. they originate in the parent material
d. they are caused when welding stresses act parallel with the rolled direction of
the parent plate

13. Hot cracking in steel weldments occurs:

a. along the fusion line
b. in the last metal to solidify
c. weld center line
d. in areas of the lowest dilution

14. Which element in steel if present in significant amounts may lead to hot shortness?
a. phosphorus
b. manganese
c. silicon
d. sulphur

15. Hydrogen cracking in HAZ is most likely to occur when welding:

a. carbon manganese steels
b. austenitic stainless steel
c. micro alloyed steel (HSLA)
d. low carbon steel

16. What four criteria are necessary to produce hydrogen induced cold cracking?
a. Hydrogen, moisture, martens tic grain structure and heat
b. hydrogen, poor weld profiles, temperatures above 200C and a slow cooling rate
c. hydrogen, a grain structure susceptible to cracking, stress and a temperature
below 200C
d. hydrogen, existing weld defects, stress and a grain structure susceptible to
cracking
17. A crack type most associated with the submerged arc welding process is:
a. hydrogen cracking in the HAZ
b. solidification cracking
c. lamellar tearing
d. fatigue cracking

18. What effect to midthickness lamination in steel plate normally have when they are
located within a weld HAZ?

a. cause lamellar tearing

b. fuse together to form a bond
c. affect the weld metal composition
d. cause internal tearing on a micro scale

19. Lamellar tearing has been occurred in steel fabrication. BEFORE welding could it
have been found by:

a. X-ray examination
b. Dye penetrant
c. Ultrasonic inspection
d. It would not have been found by any inspection method

20. Cracks in the weld may be due to:

a. solidification problems
b. hydrogen problems
c. excessive stress
d. all of the above

21. A metallurgical problem most associated with submerged arc welding is:
a. hydrogen cracking in HAZ
b. solidification cracking in the weld metal
c. hydrogen cracking in the weld metal
d. lamellar tearing in the weld metal

22. Hydrogen cracking in the weld metal is likely when:

a. carbon manganese steels
b. stainless steels
c. micro alloyed steels (HSLA)
d. low carbon steels

23. The presence of iron sulphide in the weld metal is most likely to produce which of
the following upon contraction of the weld:

a. solidification cracking
b. hydrogen cracking
c. intergranular corrosion
d. stress corrosion cracking

24. Hot shortness term is used to indicate:

a. lamellar tearing
b. solidification cracking
c. hydrogen cracking
 d. none of the above

25. Fish - eyes, chevron cracks and fissures are:

a. not associated with welding
b. type of cracks
c. only encountered in MMA welds
d. hydrogen related problems

26. What would be a typical appearance of a ductile fracture surface?

a. rough randomly torn and a reduction in area
b. smooth fracture surface displaying beach marks
c. step like appearance
d. bright crystalline fracture with very little reduction in area
e. both a & b

27. The main reason for toe blending on certain welded component is:
a. corrosion considerations
b. fatigue life
c. appearance
d. all of the above

28. What is the cause of fatigue failure?

a. cyclic stress
b. corrosion
c. sudden stress above the yield point
d. sudden stress above the U.T.S.

29. In a transverse tensile test, brittleness would be indicated if..

a. there is a large reduction in cross-sectional area at the position of fracture
b. the fracture surface is flat but has a rough surface
c. fracture occurred in the center of the weld
d. fracture occurs in the HAZ

30. When a Tee-joint is set up for ready for welding, which NDE technique is the best for
ensuring that no lamellar tears are present before welding commences?

a. X-ray examination
b. liquid penetrant examination
c. ultrasonic examination
d. it could not have been found by any inspection method

31. A fatigue cracks fracture surface is:

a. rough randomly torn
b. smooth
c. step like appearance
d. bright crystalline

32. The likelihood of a brittle fracture in steels will increase with:

a. the formation of a fine grain structure
b. a reduction in-service temperature to sub-zero conditions
c. a slow cooling rate
d. all of the above
33. A fatigue failure characteristic by the appearance of the fracture surface. It would be:
a. rough and torn
b. "cheveron" - like
c. smooth
d. none of the above

34. The likelihood of brittle fracture in steels will increase with:

a. a large grain formation
b. a reduction of in service temperature to sub zero levels
c. ferritic rather than austenitic steels
d. all of the above

35. What is the problem with restraint during welding?

a. it does not cause a problem
b. it may lead to cracking, especially with small welds between large components
c. it causes distortion
d. restraint is term not used in relation to welding

36. Fluctuating load is: cyclic stresses, below the UTS on a weld component may lead
to:
a. tensile failure
b. yield failure
c. fatigue failure
d. shear failure