EE330A: Power Systems

Dr. Abheejeet Mohapatra

Department of Electrical Engineering
IIT Kanpur
Office: ACES 105 D
Extn: 7152
email: abheem@iitk.ac.in
 General Instructions
Check institute email id to create account on
https://www.usebackpack.com/
All instructions have been uploaded on this portal.
Biometric attendance system shall be used.
Min. of 75% attendance is required for appearing in mid
sem and end sem examinations.
End sem examination may include questions from content
of course taught before mid sem examination.
Tutorials shall end with 10-15 minutes session of quiz.
Grading scheme: Quiz 15%, Mid Sem 40%, End Sem 45%

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 History of Power Systems
1882 first DC power system set up at Pearl Street Station
in New York city by Thomas Alva Edison to light 11000
bulbs for 500 customers
Operating voltage was 110V and later upgraded to 220V
High copper losses in underground cables limited DC
power distribution to lower Manhattan area only
Pearl Station burnt down in 1890
Transformers (William Stanley, 1885) & induction motors
(Nikola Tesla, 1888) made use of AC systems evident
1889 first single phase AC system installed at Oregon city

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 History of Power Systems Contd.
Power generation was from two 300 hp hydro generators
& transmitted to Portland via 4kV, 21 km transmission line
1891 first 3 phase AC system installed in Germany for a
length of 179 km at 12kV voltage level
Initially, there was no standard for frequency in 3 phase
power generation (varying between 25Hz 133Hz)
Interconnection and parallel operation of different power
systems was impossible
Later, frequency was standardized at 60Hz (for USA and
Canada) and 50 Hz (for rest of the world)

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 History of Indian Power System
Visit http://www.powersector.in/market-dynamics
July 24, 1879 first DC power system installed in Kolkata,
by P. W. Fluery and Co.
1896 first hydro installation (130kW) in Darjeeling by
Crompton and Co.
1899 first thermal power station (1MW) in Emambagh,
Kolkata by Calcutta electric supply company (CESU)
1948 Electricity supply act lead to modernization
State electricity boards: to regulate power generation,
transmission and distribution in each state
Central electricity authority to oversee planning &
development at national level

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 History of Indian Power System Contd.
1975 Electricity supply act amended
National Thermal Power Corp. (NTPC), National Hydro-
electric Power Corp. (NHPC), Nuclear Power Corp. of India
Ltd. (NPCIL) were established
1989 NTPC segregated into
NTPC operation of central owned thermal plants
Power Grid Corp. of India Ltd. (PGCIL) planning, operation
and maintenance of grid between states
2003 Electricity act superseded all previous acts
Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC) formed
PGCIL divided into PGCIL for planning and POwer System
Operation COrp. Ltd. (POSOCO) for operation of grid

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 History of Indian Power System Contd.
1991 North Eastern & Eastern grids interconnected
2003 Western grid interconnected to above
2006 Northern grid interconnected to above
2013 Southern grid interconnected to above to have
ONE NATION, ONE SYNCHRONOUS GRID
Voltage levels in India
11.6kV and 21kV generation
765kV, 400kV, 220kV, 132kV transmission
33kV, 11kV subtransmission/ distribution
415V 3 phase/ 230V 1 phase consumption
Renewable integration target is 175GW by 2022

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 Installed capacity in India
Visit
http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/installedcapacity/
2017/installed_capacity-06.pdf
Third largest generation capacity of 329.231GW (till June
2017) in world

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 Power System Components
Electric power systems are most complex man made
systems with several interconnected elements and spread
over a large geographical area
Typical elements are
Generation
Transformers
Transmission & Distribution
Loads
Classical vertically integrated power system has moved
towards deregulation
Several utilities own, control and operate different
elements (except Transmission system which is still owned
and regulated by POSOCO and PGCIL in India)

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 Generation
Generation system typically consists
prime mover/ turbine source of mechanical power
synchronous generator/ alternator converts mechanical
power to 3 phase electrical power
3 phase AC power generation is a world wide standard
Typical prime mover/ turbine is fed power through
steam generated through burning of coal (thermal) or
fission (nuclear) reaction high rpm turbines, cylindrical
pole rotor in alternator
hydro low rpm turbine, salient pole rotor in alternator

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 Generation Contd.
Typical alternator has two parts
Stator has 3 phase armature or stator windings which carry
three phase currents
Rotor rotates at synchronous speed and is connected on
same shaft as turbine, carries DC current
Rotor excitation circuit supplies and controls the reactive
power supplied/ absorbed by alternator
Turbine power regulates real power supplied by alternator
An alternator should never absorb real power
Typical voltage generated at alternator terminal is about 3
phase, line to line 30kV

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 Transformers
Transmission system transmits electrical power from
far end generation to places near loads
High voltages are preferred for minimum copper loss
Step up transformer increases generation voltage level
to high voltage of transmission system
Transformers operate at high efficiency and are reliable
Step down transformer brings down the voltage level
to 11kV/ 33kV at subtransmission level
Distribution transformer further steps down to 3 phase
415V or single phase 230V

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 Loads

Entities which consume power and drive the electric

power system
Industrial loads are fed at subtransmission level
These are mainly induction motor loads whose power
consumption is function of system voltage and
frequency
These also consume high reactive power and require
reactive power compensation at subtransmission level
Residential loads are fed at distribution level
These are mainly heating and lighting loads whose
power consumption is function of voltage only

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 Loads Contd.

Real power unit is Watt (W)

Reactive power unit is Volt Ampere reactive (VAr)
Apparent power unit is Volt Ampere (VA)
Energy unit is Watt hour (Wh)
Loads vary & follow typical daily load curve
Largest load or demand in a day is the peak demand
Certain indices define usefulness of power consumption
LOAD FACTOR (LF)
Average Demand (W ) in 24 hours
LF =
Peak Demand (W )

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 Loads Contd.
ANNUAL LF
Annual energy generated (Wh)
Annual LF =
Peak demand (W ) 8760 hours
UTILIZATION FACTOR (UF)
Peak Demand (W )
UF =
Installed capacity (VA)
PLANT FACTOR (PF)
Annual energy generated (Wh)
PF =
Installed capacity (VA) 8760 hours
For economic plant utilization, these indices should be as
high as possible
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 Power System Protection
Essential for satisfactory operation of power system
System is subject to faults, accidental tripping, etc.
Protection system typically consists of
Fuses
Instrument transformers step down electrical voltage and
current to low voltage and current
Relays specific relay for each element
Circuit breakers
Instrument transformers sense system signals, relay
performs comparison and circuit breaker performs
disconnection of faulty system from healthy part of
system

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 Modern Power System

Source: internet
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