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CODE : 07A1BS05
I B.TECH
CSE, IT, ECE & EEE
UNIT-1: CHAPTER 2.2
NO. OF SLIDES : 20
1
UNIT INDEX
UNIT-I
S.No. Module Lecture PPT Slide
No. No.
9 Braggs law. L10 3-9
2
Lecture-10
3
Lecture-10
4
Lecture-10
5
Lecture-10
6
Lecture-10
7
Lecture-10
8
Lecture-10
Single crystal diffraction L
e
Laues method - variable, fixed. c
t
Rotating crystal method - fixed, variable
u to
r
some extent. e
-
1
Why not single crystal methods? 0
9
Lecture-11
Powder diffraction
In this method the crystal is reduced to a
fine powder and is placed in a beam of
monochromatic X-rays. Each particle is a tiny
crystal or an assemblage of smaller crystals
randomly oriented with respect to the the
incident beam.
Powder methods - fixed, variable.
10
Lecture-11
The diagram shows only two scattering planes, but implicit here
is the presence of many parallel, identical planes, each of which
is separated from its adjacent neighbor by a spacing d.
Constructive interference occurs when (A+B)/ = n, coinciding
with Braggs law, n= 2dsin . The integer n refers to the order
of diffraction. For n = 1, (A+B) = and for n = 2, (A+B) = 2 etc.
11
Lecture-11
12
Lecture-11
The position (d) of the diffracted peaks also provides
information about how the atoms are arranged within
the crystalline compound (unit cell size or lattice
parameter). The intensity information is used to
assess the type and nature of atoms. Determination
of lattice parameter helps understand extent of solid
solution (complete or partial substitution of one
element for another, as in some alloys) in a sample.
The d and I from a phase can also be used to
quantitatively estimate the amount of that phase in a
multi-component mixture.
The width of the diffracted peaks is used to determine
crystallite size and micro-strain in the sample.
13
If the sample consists of tens of randomlyLecture-11
oriented single crystals, the diffracted beams
are seen to lie on the surface of several cones.
14
Instrument geometries Lecture-11
15
The Debye Scherrer powder camera Lecture-12
A photographic film is placed around the inner circumference of the camera body.
The incident beam enters through a pinhole and almost the whole diffraction
pattern is recorded simultaneously. At the point of entrance the angle is 180 and
at the exit the angle is 0.
16
L Lecture-12
e
Pinhole source
c
Film located on camera
t
body u
r
Rod shaped samplee
Sample rotates to give
-
better randomness1
0
Almost complete
angular range covered
17
View of an instrument Lecture-12
18
Lecture-10
Lecture-10
19
X-Ray Powder Diffraction Instruments
Lecture-12
20