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T UT ANKHAM EN

A M E NI S M A T E NI S M A ND
,

E G Y P T I A N M O NO T H E I SM
WITH H IERO GLY P H I C TE XT S OF H YM N S TO AME N
A ND ATEN TRA s
, TI O N S A ND ILL USTRA TIO NS BY
SI R E R NE S T A L LI S B UD G E L I T T D D LI T T
,
. .
, . .

KE E P E R OF TH E EG Y PT IA N A ND A SS Y RIA N
A N TI Q UITI E S I NT HE BRITI S H M US EUM
T HE M E M O RY OF

T
HERBER

O F CA R NA R V O N
CON TEN TS

The Reign of Tu tn kh m en

Tutn khm en an d the Cult of Am en


A Hymn to A men an d A ten

The Cult of A ten the G od an d Disk of the


,

Sun its origin development an d decline


, , 55

Development of the Cult of A ten under


A m en hetep IV

A Hymn to A ten by the King


A H ym n
. to A ten by Ai ,
Overseer of the

Egypti an Monotheism
I LLU S TRA TION S
I . PL A TE S

P i ted limestone he d of queen supposed


an a a

to represent Queen Nefertiti W ife of ,

Am en hetep IV Fron ti sp i ece

Hui presenting to Tut an kh am en t ribute


,
PA G E

an d gifts from v ass al peoples To face I I

Granite lion dedic ated by Tutemkhamen '

to the Temple of Sulb To face p 1 2 .

Coloss al he ad of Am en hetep III


Stele of Her an d Suti
Queen Ti Wife of Am en hetep III
,

Sc ar ab recording the W ild c attle hunt of


Am en h etep III To face 7 0

P ortrait gure of Am en hetep IV


Portrai t he ad of Am en hetep IV
Sphi nx with the he ad of Am en hetep IV
,

T o face 1 9 .

Portraits of two d aughters of Amen hetep


IV To face p .

Varieg ated gl ass bottle in the form of a


sh
viii I LL USTRA TIONS
2 . I LL US T RA T I O NS I N TH E TE X T .

A men Ra -

,
King of the Go ds
Am en it

Heraakhuti Horus of the Two Horizons ,

Temu ancient sol ar M an he aded god


,
-

A m en h etep III accepted by Amen Ra as -

his son
Khn em A n qit an d,
Sati Tri ad of ,

Eleph antine
Am en hetep III in the Temple of Sulb
H athor of Thebes
Mut consort of Amen R
,
-

Khen su the Moon god ,


-

A npu (A nubis ) son of Set an d N ephthy s ,

Seb ak the Crocodile god


,
-

Net (Neith) consort of Seb ak


Her Sem su Horus the A ged
-

H er -

p a -
khart ( H ar
po krates)
H er -
n etch -
tef f

Ment -
H eraakhu ti , W ar -
god of Hermonthi s
Menu mut f Ka - -

G eb the E arth god


,
-

Nut the Sky goddess


,
-

P t ah M an god of Memphis
,
-
ILLUSTRA TION S ix
PA G E

Sekhmit ( Sekhet ) consort of P t ah


,

Horus an d Set twin gods ,

N ephthy s consort of Set


,

Shu god of he at an d li ght


,

Tefn ut consort of Shu goddess of moisture


, ,

an d w ater

Osiris king an d judge of the de ad


,

Isis consort of Osiris


,
.

Osiris Khen ti Arn en tt


Pt ah Seker As ar god of the Osiri an
- -

Resurrection
A ten source of life
,

Heqit a primev al frog he aded goddess


,
-

Thoth the mind of the Cre ator


,

M aat goddess of L aw an d Truth


,

Am en hetep IV an d his wife m aking o fferin s


to Ate n g
Am en h etep IV an d his queen an d f amil
adoring A ten
y
A m en h etep IV bestowing gifts on courtiers
A m en hetep IV an d his queen an d f amily
se ated under the r ays of A ten
The four grandsons of Horus the A ged ,

gu ardi ans of the viscera of the de ad


Am enhetep IV on his port able lion throne -

Am en h etep IV bestowing gifts


PREFA CE

THE nnouncement m ade e arly in December


a ,

1 92 2 of the discovery of the Tomb of Tutan kh


,

amen in the V alley of the Tombs of the Kings in


Western Thebes by the l ate Lord C arn arvon an d
Mr How ard C arter s ent a thrill of wonder an d
.

expect ation through all the civilized peoples on the


e arth In the accounts of the contents of the Tomb
.
,

whi ch were published with admirable promptness


an d fullness in T he T i m es we r ead of bo di es of
,

ch ariots ch airs of st ate gilded couches royal


, , ,

apparel boxes of trinkets an d food an d cosmetics


,

an d toilet requisites large bitumenized wooden


,

st atues alab aster vessels of hi therto unknown


,

sh apes an d be auty an d countless other obj ects


, ,

until the mind reeled in its attempts to im agine the


sight th at met the eyes of the two discoverers
when they ent ered the two outer ch ambers Those .

who h ave seen the sm aller obj ects an d h ave


enj oyed the privilege of ex amining them h ave been
am azed at their exquisite be auty an d nish ; an d

there is no doubt th at the import ance of the nd ,

from an artistic point of view c an be expressed in ,

words only with difculty It is e asy to believe .

Sarwat Pash a when he s ays none of the accounts



publis hed h ave re ally done j ustice to the nds ,

which however is not surprising since their


, , ,

be auty is unique an d indescrib able ( Times J an 1 8 ,


.
,

1 9 2 3 p 9)
.
xii P REFA CE
All the writers who h ave described an d di scussed
the di scovery h ave quite rightly lost no O ppor
, ,

tun ity of procl aiming the gre at v alue an d import


ance of Lord Carn arvon s nd as illustrating the

art s an d cr afts th at were pr actised in the city of

A akhut A t en under its founder the f amous A ten ite



,

king Am en hetep IV But som e of them h ave been


,
.

led astray by th eir eagern ess to do ample justice to


the gr eat discovery an d h ave introduced into their
,

eulogi es st at em ents of a historic al ch ar acter which

are incorr ect Some h ave decl ared th at the inform a


.

tion d erived from the nd m akes necess ary the


rewriting an d rec asting of the hi story of the
X VI I I th dyn asty but there is no foun d ation for
,

this st atement for the authorized accounts of the


,

Tomb of Tut ankhamen an d its contents include no


n ew historic al f acts Lord Cam arvon m ay have
.

obt ained from the tomb inform ation th at would


amplify our knowledge of the reign of T u tan kh

amen but if he did so he did not publish it


, As .

m atters st and we know no more n ow about the


reign of this king th an we did before Lord C arn arvon
m ade his phenomen al discovery Other writers .

h ave tri ed to m ake out th at Tut ankh amen was


one of the great est of the kings of Egypt but this ,

is not the c as e Wh en he c am e to the throne he


.

profess ed the s am e religion as his wife th at is to ,

say th e cult of A ten the Sol ar Disk or A tenism


, , , ,

an d for a short tim e he continued to do so But .

he soon re aliz ed th at A t enism h ad f ailed an d then ,

he substitut ed the n ame of Am en for A ten in hi s


own n ame an d th at of his wife an d bec ame a fervent
,
PREFA CE xiii
follower of A men an d a worshipper of the old
gods of hi s country The fame of Tut ankh amen .

re ally rests on the fact th at he restored the n ation al


worship of A men an d m ade the A ten ites to re
,

linquish their hold upon the revenues of this god .

Other writers again h ave tried to S how th at


Tut ankh am en was the Ph araoh of the Exodus ,

an d also th at it w as his wife A nkh s en p a A ten - - -

( or A men ) who took Moses out of his ark of


bulrush es an d brought hi m up But there was .

more th an one Exodus an d Tut ankh amen was ,

not King of Egypt when an y of them took pl ace .

A n d strange views h ave been promulg ated even


about some of the articles of furniture th at Lord

Cam arvon found in the tomb Thus the funerary .

couch or bier with legs m ade in the form of a


strange be ast has been declared to be of Meso
pot ami an origin but such is not the c ase The .

be ast represented is the composite monster c alled


A mm it i e ,E ater of the De ad an d she is
. .

,

found in the Judgment Scene in all the great


p apyri cont aining the Theb an Recension of the Book
of the De ad A bout her compon ent p arts there
.

is no doubt for in the P apyrus of H un efer it is


,

written Her fore p art is crocodile her hind


,
-

qu arters are hippopot amus her middle p art lion (or ,

)
c at ,
A
RI R
C)

M
a
+ i e >

E
The Mesopot mi ns knew of no such be st
a
w

a
ig o
c
l
l"
k g
a
l
an d
,

the couch or bier could only h ave been m ade in


x iv P REFA CE
Egypt where the existence of A m mit was believed
,

in an d the fe ar of her was gre at .

Some of the writers on Lord Cam arvon s di s

c overi es di scussed not only the Tomb of T u tan kh

am en but the religious revolution which seems


,

to h ave been in augurated by Am en hetep III at ,

the inst ance of his wife Queen Ti an d was cert ainly


,

c arried on with increasing vigour by th eir son ,

A m en hetep IV who beli eved th at he was an


,

inc arn ation of A ten the god of the Sol ar Disk


, .

Their discussions gave m any people an entirely


false ide a of the ch aracter of Am en h etep IV an d ,

of the n ature of the cult of A t en Thi s king was .

described as a reformer an individu alist an d an


, ,

ide alist an d a p acist ; but he was a reformer who


initi ated no perm anent reform an individu alist ,

who di verted the revenues of the gods of his


country to his own uses an ide ali st who followed
,

the c ul t of the m ateri al an d a p acist who lost


,

Egypt s A si atic Empire His Te aching pro



.

claimed the oneness of A ten which has been ,

comp ared to the monotheism of Christi an n ations ;


but for centuries before his time the priesthoods
of Heliopolis Memphis Hermopolis an d Thebes
, ,

h ad procl aimed this self s ame oneness to b e the


-

chief attribute of their gods This Te aching .

was s aid to inculc ate a religion an d morality


superior to an y doctrine found in the Old Test a
ment an d some enthusi asts would h ave us believe
,

th at in spiritu al conceptions an d sublime precepts


it surp assed Christ s te aching as set forth in the

Gospels Practic ally all th at we know of the


.
PREFA CE xv
Te aching of Am en hetep IV is found in a
short hymn w hi ch is attributed to the king him
,

self an d in a longer hymn which is found in the


, ,

Tomb of Ai his di sciple an d successor at T all al


, ,

A marn ah . The langu age an d phrasing of these


works are very interesting for they show a j ust ,

appreci ation of the benets th at m an an d be ast

alike derive from the cre ative an d fructifying

inuence of the heat an d light of the sun But I


c annot
.

n d in them a single expression th at


cont ains an y spiritu al te aching or an y exhort ation ,

to purity of life or an y word of consciousness


,

of sin ,
or an y evidence of belief in a resurrection
an d a life beyond the gr ave It is of course .

po ssible th at all the religious works of the A ten ites ,

except these hymns h ave perished but the f act


, ,

rem ains th at it is upon these two hymns an d the ,

extracts from them which are found in the tombs


of of ci als at T all al A m rn ah th at modern writers
-

,

h ave founded their views an d st atements about


the highly spiritu al ch aracter of the religion an d
morality of the A ten ites .

Whilst discussing these an d similar m atters here


with Lord Cam arvon about the middle of last
December he suggested th at I should put together
, ,

in a sm all book the known facts about the reign


,

of Tu tii nkham en an d add two or three ch apters on


,

the cults of Am en A ten an d Egypti an Monotheism


, , ,

which had been so completely misrepresented He .

was p articul arly anxious th at transl ations of some


of the hymns to A men an d A ten should be given ,

an d tha t the most import ant of them should be


xvi PREFA CE
a ccomp anied by the origin al hieroglyphic texts so ,

th at those who c ared to go into the m atter might


h ave the me ans of forming their own conclusions
about the ch ar acter of the hymns to A ten an d ,

deciding whether it w as S piritu al or m ateri al In .

the following p ages I h ave tried to c arry out his


suggestion an d in the circumst ances perh aps it
,

will not be out of place to say a few words about


his labours in the eld of Egypti an A rch aeology .

In the winter of 1 9 0 7 0 8 Lord Cam arvon c arried



,

out a s eries of comprehensive exc av ations at D rah


abn l N akkah an d in the V alley of Der al B ahari

-

in Western Thebes In these as in all his sub se


.
,

quent exc av ations he was assisted by Mr How ard


, .

C arter form erly Inspector in the Service of


,

A ntiquities of Egypt This gentlem an possessed


.

ve ry speci al qu alic ations for the work th at he


undertook for Lord Cam arvon n amely a good , ,

knowledge bf colloqui al A rabic gre at experi ence ,

in de alin g with the n atives an d the antic a


de alers in the country S kill in the practic al work
,

of exc av ation an d keen interest in Egypti an


,

A rch aeology A t Der al B ah ari Lord Cam arv on


.
-

di scovered two import ant ostrak a inscribed with


t exts the one d ealing with the deeds of King
,

K ames an d the other cont aining a portion of a


,

n ew version of the Precepts of Pt ah hetep In -


.

1 9 0 8 0 9 he discovered the tomb of T etaki an d a


-
,

tomb of the XX Vth dyn asty cont aining the


cofns of nine persons In 1 9 1 0 1 1 he discovered.
-

an unnished temple of H atshepsut a ru ined ,

temple of R ameses IV a cemetery of the X II th ,


xviii PREFA C E
the help of Mr How ard C arter an d Mr A yrton he . .
,

succeeded in loc ating an d exc avating the tombs


of Queen Hatshepsut Thothm es IV Herem heb , , ,

M en ephthah Saptah an d the unopened tomb of , ,

I u au an d Tu au the f ather an d mother of Queen Ti , .

When he had done this he announ ced to M aspero ,

The Valley is n ow cle ared there are no more ,

royal tombs in it an d most people were will ing

to accept these words as the st atement of a fact .

But Lord C arn arvon di d not believe th at Mr .

D avis s O pinion was correct an d h aving obt ain ed


, ,

the necess ary permission from the Government he ,

an d Mr C arter set to work to p rove th at it w as


.

not E ach felt th at somewh ere in the Valley one


.

o r two roy al tombs must still exist an d knowledge , ,

judgment unce asing labour an d luck en abled


, ,

them to light upon the most m agnicent ar chaeo


logic al nd ever m ade in Egypt The follow .

ing extr act from a letter which he wrote to me


o n December I 1 92 2 Shows how he person ally , ,

reg arded hi s gre at triumph He s ays .

t t ll y h w h f d h m
On e lin e j us to e ou t at e ave oun t e ost

rem k bl d th t h
ar a e b m d I xp t i Egy p
n a as ever een a e, e ec n t
l wh I h i t h mb b
,

o r e se erely f g w ave on so ar ot n o t o c a ers, ut

th i g h i th m
.

ere s en ou ll m fy n m h RM e to ost o our roo s at t e

( p t i ) d th wh g d k w
.

u s a rs i l d d
an ere s a sea e oor ere oo n ess no s

wh t h
a i
t I i ere ly h q
s t i t y f h bj t s n ot on t e u an o t e o ec ts,

h i x p i l b y i h d i gi li ty whi h
.

but t er e ce t on a eau t n s an or na c

m k thi h x di y di Th
, ,

a es s su c y ani e traor n ar sc over ere s a

th h i h m b t if l h y bj h
.

r on e, or c a r, t ere ore eau u t an an o ec t t at

has b f d i Egy p t l b t
een oun f h m t m
n a a as er vases o t e os ar

ll
ve ous w k d q itor k w x ptan p t di hu e un no n e ce as re resen e n t e

h f t t h i b d w d f l b dw k
,

to mb s ; c ou c es o s a e, c a rs, e s, on er u ea or ,
PREFA CE xi x
f our c h ariots enc rusted wi t hp rec ious t
s on es, f
li e siz e -
bitu
m en ised gu res of the in g in solid g old san dals an d covered k
wi th x b k b th h
in sign ia o es inn um era le the ing s clo es a S awab ti

b 3 f t high t i k f t I h p d h bx
, , ,

a ou t ee s c so sta e ave n ot o en e t e o es ,

t k w wh t i i th m b th
.
,

m p py

an d d on no a s n e ; ut ere are so e a rus

l tte f ers, j w ll y b q t
ai en c e, dl kh dl
e e er ou u e s, c an es on an c an e

ti k All thi i i [ h ] f t h m b b id l t f
,

s c s s s n t e ron c a er, es es o s o

t ff y Th i th th m wh i h y
.


s u ou c an t see ere s en an o er roo c ou

t h f t
.

i w i h f i l b

c an g t get n o o n to t e c aos o urn ure, etc a a aster

pil d p 4 5 f t h igh Th w m
.
,

statu es, etc e u h or ee en e co e to t e

l d d b h i d wh i h I m
. .
,

sea e oor i e h ki g n d G d c a sure, s t e n an o

k w wh S m f h ff i i x ll di t i
,

no s at o e o m t e stu s n e ce en t c on on , so e

h wh l th i g i m d th th i
.

i p s boor, ut ll t e o e n s arve ou s ; an en ere s

th t l d d ! E L
a sea e w t h d by h ight
oor ven ac au
1
as ou c e t e s

h t t
.

[ Tw p o g p m i d ]
ara ra I i g i g s om m hi gtte t s o n to c os e so e n

a wf l b u I m g i g t ut y d i all m y lf I hi k i
o n o tr to o t a se t n t
will t k C t d h i t t ly w y
.
,

a e ar er an m t ree ass s an s n ear t o ears to re ove,

if w d m h b h i d h
e n l I m
uc mi g b k i e n t e sea s . a co n ac n ten
day s an d will try an d see y ou
Y ours ever, CA RNA RV ON .

H avi ng foun d the arch aeologic al pe ar l of gre at


price with ch aracteristic generosity he was
,

anxious th at all who could S ho ul d come to Luxor

to see it an d to rej oice over it with him He m ade .

an arr angement with The Ti m es to publish det ailed

accounts of the cle arin g of the outer ch ambers ,

an d to reproduce the splendid photogr aphs of the

most strikin g obj ects which were m ade for him by ,

a member of the A meric an A rch a eologi c al Mission ,

a n d thus people in all p arts of the world were


able to w atch almost d aily the progress of the


work Visitors from m any countri es thronged


.

to Luxor to see Tut an kh amen s tomb an d the

wonders th at it cont ained an d Lord Cam arvon ,

Th p t D i t f th S i f A tiq iti
e resen rec or o e erv c e o n u es .
xx PREFA CE
spent himself freely in helping them in every way
in his power .He gave them his time an d energy
an d knowl edge ungrudgingly but this work al as , ,

used up hi s strength an d e x hausted him He was .

not physic ally a strong or robust m an an d the ,

effects of a serious motor accident sust ai ned m any ,

years ago an d of two illnesses in recent years had


, ,

t ak en toll of his vit ality H is S pirit an d courage


.

w ere invincible nothing could d aunt those but the


, ,

work th at he had imposed upon himself was too


exh austing for him Then when he w as overtired
.
, ,

an d overworked c am e the mosquito bite on his


,

face Every traveller in Egypt who has been the


.

victim of the m align ant an d de adl y mosquitoes ,

which are blown into the country in mi llions by


the hot south winds in M arch an d A pril knows ,

how serious a e the f ever an d prostr ation th at


r

follow their successful att acks on the hum an body .

The d ays p assed an d hi s work incre ased an d as , ,

he refus ed to sp are hims elf serious illn ess c ame ,

upon him an d he w as ob liged to go to C airo an d


,

pl ac e himself in the h ands of the doctors There .

everything th at m edic al science an d S kill coul d


devise was don e for him but little by little he,

s ank an d early in the morning of A pril 5 he


,

p ass ed p eacefully aw ay The sym p athy of the


.

whole world w ent forth to him as he lay in th at


Sick chamber in C airo ghting his ght with
,

D eath th at he Should die so soon aft er winning


such a glorious triumph se emed incredible .

T h e d eath of Lord Cam arv on is a serious blow


for Egypti an A rc h aeology an d hi s loss is irr ep ar able
, .
P REFA CE xx i
For si xteen long ye ars he devoted himself to
exc avations in Egypt an d he gave to them time
, ,

energy an d money on a sc ale which no other


,

archaeologist has ever done The spirit of A ncient


.

Egypt g ripped hi m ne arly twenty ye ars ago an d ,

every ye ar th at p assed strengthened its hold upon


him The dry bones of Egypti an phi lology left
.

him cold an d when Egyptologists squ abbled over


,

d ates an d chronology in hi s presence his chuckle


was a delightful thing to he ar But he was re d .

by the exquisite beauty of form an d colour which


he found in the antiquities of Egypt an d his ,

collection of sm all Egypti an antiquities at High


clere C astle is for its size prob ably the most
, ,

p erfect known He
. only c ared for the best a n d ,

nothing but the best would s atisfy him an d h aving ,

obt ained the best he persisted in believing th at


there m ust be somewhere something better th an
the best His quest for the be autiful in Egypti an
design form an d colour bec ame the cult of hi s
, ,

life in recent ye ars His t aste was faultless an d


.
,

hi s instinct for the true an d genuine was unrivalled .

When comp ared with a be autiful antic a money


had no v alue for him an d he was wont to say
, ,

with Sir Henry R awlinson It is e asier to get ,

money th an an tic as His work in Egypt brought


.

him into cont act with n atives of all kin ds an d ,

he was univers ally popul ar with them an d he will ,

be remembered for a long time as a generous


employer an d friend His keen sense of humour
.
,

hi s quick wit his c ap acity for underst anding a


,

m atter swiftly his re ady symp athy an d his old


, ,
xxii PREFA CE
world courtesy appe aled gre atly to the governing
classes in Egypt an d ende ared him to his friends
, ,

who were legion both Orient al an d Occident al


, .

Here I h ave only ventured to spe ak of Lord


Cam arvon as the gre at an d disinterested archaeo
log ist who g ave ye ars of his life an d untold
,

tre asure for the s ake of hi s love for science for I ,

h ave neither the knowledge nor the ability to de al


with his successes as a pioneer of colour photo
gr aphy an d as a collector of prints pictures
, , ,

books etc These an d m any of the ph ases of his


,
.
,

ch aracter an d pursuits are tre ated felicitously an d


,

symp athetic ally in a c areful appreci ation of his


life an d ch aracter which appe ared in The Times ,

published on the day of his buri al on Be acon Hill


( A pril
E A WA LL I S B UDGE . . .

British Museum ,

M ay 7 ,
1 9 2 3 .
NOT ES
The ki ng s of the XVIII th dy n asty reign ed b
a ou t

y ears, i . a, . f
ro m b
a out B C . . 1 5 80 to 1 35 0 ; t eir h n am es are

as follows

Aahmes 1 5 80 , reign ed a out b 22 y ears .

Amenhetep I , a oub t 1 5 5 8 7 , reign ed a


-
bout 1 0 years .

Thothm es I , b
a o ut 1 5 46 , b 3 0 y ears
reig n ed a out .

Thothmes 1 1 , about 1 5 00 , reigned about 3 y ears .

Hats hp b
e su t;
1 5 00 to 1 4 47 a out
Thothrn es I II
.

Am en hetep I I about 1 448 ign ed about 2 6 y ears


, , re .

Thothmes I V about 1 4 2 0 reigned about 8 y ears


, , .

Amen hetep I I I about 1 4 1 2 reig n ed 36 y ears , , .

Amen hetep IV about 1 37 6 reign ed 1 7 y ears , , .

Sak ara

Tutan kham en reigned 8 1 2 y ears .

Ai
Herem beb ,
b
a out 1 35 0, reig n ed 3 4 y ears .

In the tran sliterations of p p re er n a mes a few


mar k s are used z a= short a, e, or i a= a in f th r a e ; I; is a

stro ngly as pi = h
t a soun d somet ing li e d ; k a
r ated ; h k ,

dee p gu t ural t
li e the H eb rew
pk a = the soun d of the H eb rew

2 T UTA NKH A MEN

vi rtue of his m arri age with princess A NKH SE N


P A ATE N the third d aughter of A m en hetep IV
,
Q
,

K 053 $ 3 at le ast that is wh at it is n atur al


"

to suppose but it is possible th at he got rid


,

of his immedi ate predecessor Sm en khkara or , ,


Seaak ara who m arried the princess M E RITAT E N
, ,

or A TE NM E RIT q m [M ] the eldest


W
Q
m : a
,

d aughter of Am en hetep IV an d usurped his ,

throne .

When Tut ankhamen ascended the thr one he


w as or at all events he professed to be an
, ,

adherent of the c ul t of A t en or the Sol ar ,

Disk an d to hold the religious views of hi s wife


,

an d his father in law Proof of thi s is pro - -


.

vi ded by the fragment of a c al c areous stone


stele preserved at Berlin ( No on whi ch .

he is described as Lord of the Two L ands


R akhep eru n eb L ord of the Crowns Tut ankhaten
,

, ,

q6) f S
O
W M
to
a whom l i fe I S gi ven for ever
o .

He di d not at once sever his connection with the cult


of A ten for he st arted work on a t emple or some
, ,

other buildi ng of A ten at Thebes This is cert ain


,
.

from the f act th at s everal of the blocks of stone


which Heremheb one of his imme di ate successors , ,

used in hi s b uil di ngs be ar Tut ankhamen s n ame


.

It is impossible to describe the extent of Tu tan kh


amen s buil di ng operations for this s ame Herem

heb cl aimed much of his work as his own an d ,

cu t out wherever possible Tut ankh amen s n ame


an d inserted his own in its pl ac e He went so .

far as to usurp the f amous stele of Tut ankh amen


1
Thi m m s naH lif i f At
e ean s f th S ler e s o en o e o ar

2
S A gypti h Z i t h ft Bd 38 1 900 pp 1 1 2 1 1 4
ee e sc e e sc ri , .
, , .
-
.
REI G N or TUT A NKH AMEN
TH E 3
th at Legrain discovered at K arn ak in
From this stele we le arn th at the strong n ames
an d ofci al titles which Tut ankh a men adopted
were as follows
1 Horus n ame
. K A NE K H T T U T M E S.
- - -

2 . Neb ti n ame . N EPER -


H P E U S G E R H T A UI
- -
.

m
MI E P 25 T
a .
D I O 1 1 1 1

3 . Golden Horus n me R N HAU I a . E E K - -


S
I ETE P

sa ss Pi

4 . N esu bat n ame NE B .


-
K H E P E RU -
RA

5 . Son of Ra n ame . T UT A N K H A M E N

In some c ases the c artouche of the nomen


cont ains the si gns T llli which me an governor

of An n of the South Hermonthi s ) When .

Tut ankhaten ascended the throne he ch anged


his n ame to Tut ankh amen i e Living im age of , . .
,

A men .

Our chief authority for the acts of Tut ankhamen


is the stele in C airo alre ady referred to an d from ,

the text which unfortun ately is mutil ated in


,

several places we c an gain a very good ide a of the


,

1
S A l d S vi
ee V l V 1 905 p 1 9 2 ; R
n n a es a er il d
ce, o .
, , . ecue c
T v
ra aux,V l XX IX 1 907 pp 1 62 1 73
o .
, , .
.
4 TUT A NKH AMEN
state of c on q I on that prevai led in Egypt when
he ascended the throne The hi eroglyp hs giving .

the ye ar in which the stele was d ated are broken


aw ay The rst lines give the n ames an d titles
.

of the king who s ays th at he was beloved of


,

A men R a the gre at god of Thebes of Temu an d


-

R a Heraakhuti gods of An n ( Heliopolis ) Pt ah


, ,

of Memphis an d Thoth the Lord of the words


, ,

of god hieroglyphs an d the s acred writings) .

He c all s himself the good son of A men bo rn of ,

K am utef an d s ays th at he sprang from a glorious



,

seed an d a holy egg an d th at the god A men ,

him self had begotten hi m A men built hi s body .


,

an d f ashi oned him an d perfected hi s form an d the


, ,

Divine Souls of An u were with him from his youth


up for they had decreed th at he was to be an etern al
,

king an d an est ablished Horus who would devote


, ,

all his c are an d energies to the service of the


gods who were his fathers .

These st atements are of gre at interest for ,

when understood as the king me ant them to be


understood they S how th at his accession to the
,

throne of Egypt was approved of by the priest


hoods of Heliopolis Memphi s H ermopolis an d
Thebes Wh atever sym p athy he m ay h ave pos
, ,

sessed for the Cult of A ten during the lifetime of


A m en hetep IV had entirely dis appeared when he
set up his gre at stele at K arn ak an d it is quite
cle ar that he was then doing hi s utmost to ful
,

l the
expect ations of the great ancient priesthoods of
Egypt .

The text continues : He m ade to ourish


ag ai n the monuments whi ch had existed for
centuries but whi ch had fallen into ruin [during
,

the reign of A akhun aten ] He put an end .

to reb ellion an d disaffection Truth


5

marched through the Two Lands [which he


THE REI G N or TUT A NKH AMEN 5
est ablished rml y] When His M ajesty bec ame
.

King of the South the whole country was in a


st ate of ch aos S imil ar to th at in whi ch it had been
,

in primeval times at the Cre ation ) From


A bu ( Eleph an tine ) to the Sw amps [ of the D elt a]
.

the properties of the temples of the gods an d


goddesses had been [destroyed] their shrines were
,

in a st ate of ruin an d their est ates had become a


desert Weeds grew in the courts of the temples
. .

The s anctu aries were overthrown an d the s acred


sites had become thoroughfares for the people
The land had perished the gods were S ick unto
.

de ath an d the country was set behind their


,

b acks .

The st ate of general ruin throughout the country


was of course l argely due to the f act th at the
, ,

tre asuries of the gre at gods received no income


or tribute on an y gre at sc ale from the v ass al
tribes of Pal estine an d Syri a It IS e asy to under
.

st and th at the temple buildi ngs would fall into


rui n an d the elds go out of cultivation when once
,

the power of the central authority was broken .

Tut ankhamen next s ays th at if an envoy were


sent to Tchah Am la m ( Syri a) to bro aden the
frontiers of Egypt , 0

P pg : 3
hi s mission di d not prosper ; in other words the ,
9
,

collec tors of tribute returned empty h anded be -

c ause the tribes would not pay it A n d it was .

useless to appe al to an y god or an y goddess for ,

there was no reply m ade to the entre aties of


petitioners The he arts of the gods were dis
.

gusted with the people an d they destroyed the


,

cre atures th at they had m ade But the d ays .

wherein such things were p assed by an d at ,

length His M ajesty ascended the throne of hi s


father an d began to regul ate an d govern the
,
6 TUT A NKH AMEN

l ands of Horus i the temple towns an d their e -

est ates Egypt an d the Red L and


.
,

. Desert )
c ame under hi s supervision an d every l and ,

greeted his will with bowings of submission .

The text go es on to say that His M ajesty was


living in the Gre at House which w as in Per
A akheperk ara This p al ace w as prob ably situ ated
.

either in a suburb of Memphi s or in some di strict


at no gre at dist ance from tha t city ( Some t hink .

th at it was in or quite ne ar Thebes ) Here he .

reigned like R a in he aven an d he devoted him ,

self to the c arrying out of the pl an of this l and .

He pondered deeply in his mind on his courses


of action an d communed with his own he art
,

how to do the t hi ngs th at would be accept able


to the people It was to be expected th at
.
,

when once he had disc arded A ten an d all his works ,

he woul d h ave gone an d t ak en up hi s abode in


Thebes an d entered into direct negoti ations with
,

the priests of Amen In other words Tu tan kh .


,

amen was not cert ain as to the ki nd of reception


he would meet with at Thebes an d therefore he
went northw ards an d lived in or ne ar Memphi s
,

Whilst here he sought after the welfar e of


.
,

father Amen an d he c ast a gure of his august


em an ation a (1 43 3
,
P; in gold or s .
, ,

Silver gold Moreover he did more th an had


-
.
,

ever been done before to enh ance the power an d


Splendour of Amen The text unfortun ately gives .

no description of the gure of A men which he


m ade in gold but a very good ide a of what it was
,

like m ay be gained from the m agnicent solid gold


gure of the god th at is in the Cam arvon Collec
tion at Highclere Castle an d was e xhibited at the ,

Burlin gton Fine A rts Club in 1 9 2 2 A h andsome


Silver gure of A men Ra pl ated with gold is
.

-
, ,

exhibited in the British Museum (Fifth Egypti an


TH E REI GN or TUT A NKH A MEN 7
Room T able c ase I No
,
-
, This must h ave
.

come from a shrine of the god He next f ashioned


a gure of
.

F ather Am en on thi rteen st aves ,

a portion of w hi ch was decor ated with gold tcham

( i e gold or Silver gold ) l apis lazuli an d all


. .
-

kinds of valu able stones ; formerly the gure of


A men only possessed elev en ( ? st aves He also
m ade a gure of P t ah south of his w all the
.

, ,

Lord of Life an d a portion of t hi s likewise was


,

decorated with gold or silver gold l apis lazuli tur -

i
, ,

q u oise s an d all kinds of v alu able gems The f g ure


of P t ah which origin ally stood in the shrin e in
.

S
,

Memphis only poss essed


, ) t aves Besides this .
,

Tut ankh amen built monuments to all the gods an d



,

R }R Q ;
V P

he m ade the s acred im ages ,


of I

them of re al tcham met al which was the best ,

produced He buil t their s anctu aries anew t aking


.
,

c are to h ave durable work devoted to their c on


struction he est ablished a system of divine
o fferings an d m ade arrangements for the m ain
,

ten an c e of the s ame His endowments provided


.

for a d aily supply of o fferings to all the temples ,

an d on a far more generous sc ale th an was origin all y


contempl ated .

He introduced (J p? ) or appointed lib a


tion ers an d ministrants of the gods whom he ,

chose from among the sons of the princip al men in


their villages who were known to b e of good
,

reput ation an d provided for their incre ased sti


,

pends by m aking gifts to their temples of immense


qu antities of gold silver bronze an d other met al s
He
.
, ,

l led the temples with serv ants m al e an d ,

fem al e an d with gifts which had formed p art


,

of the booty c aptured by hi m In addition to .

the presents whi ch he g ave to the priests an d


serv ants of the temples he incre ased the revenue s
,
8 TUT ANKH AM EN
of the temples some twofold some threefold
, ,

an d others fourfold by me ans of addition al gifts


,

of tcham met al gold lapis l azuli turquoises


, , , ,

precious stones of all kinds royal cloth of byssus , ,

ax linen oil unguents perfumes incense a hmi t


, , , , ,

Qthings O Iwere given lavishl y by the king H aving


C
ITJ
Q
I an d myrrh Gifts of all be autiful
.

re endowed the temples


-
an d m ade provision for ,

the d aily offerings an d for the perform ance of


services whi ch were performed every day for the
benet of the king th at is to say him self Tu tan kh
, , ,

amen m ade provision for the fest al processions on


the river an d on the s acred lakes of the temples .

He collected men who were skilful in bo at building -

an d m ade them to buil d bo ats of n ew ac aci a wood


of the very best qu ality th at could b e obt ained in
the country of Negau g k e w
M

M any .

p arts of the bo ats were plated with gold an d their ,

effulgence lighted up the river .

The in form ation cont ained in the l ast two


p aragr aphs en ables us to underst and the extent
of the ruin th at had fallen upon the old religious
institutions of the country through the acts of
A akhun aten . The temple w alls were mutil ated
by the Ateni tes the priesthoods were driven out
, ,

an d all temple properties were consc ated an d


applied to the prop ag ation of the cult of A ten .

The gures of the gre at gods that were m ade of


gold an d other precious met als in the shrines
were melted down an d thus the people coul d not
,

consult their gods in their need for the gods had ,

no gures wherein to dwell even if they wished to ,

come upon the e arth There were no priests .

left in the l and no gods to entre at no funeral


, ,

ceremonies could be performed an d the de ad ,

h ad to be l aid in their tombs without the blessing


of the riests
p .
IO TUT A NK H A MEN
st atement is fully proved by the pictures an d
inscriptions found in the tomb of Hui
in Western Th ebes This o ic er served in Nubia .

under Am en hetep IV an d as a rew ard for his ,

delity an d success the king m ade him Prince


of Kesh ( Nubi a) an d gave him full authority ,

to rul e from N ekhen the mod ern A l k ab about ,


-

5 0 miles south of Th ebes to Nest T aui mB TA 2 ,


- 1

or Napata ( J ab al B ark al) at the foot of the ,

Fourth C at aract During the reign of T utan kh


.

amen Hui return ed from Nubi a to Thebes ,

bringing with him large qu antities of gold both ,

in the form of rings an d dust vessels of gold an d


silver b ags full of precious stones S
,

, dan i beds , ,

couches ch airs of st ate shi elds an d a chariot


With these precious obj ects c ame the sh ekh
.
, ,

of Maam the shekh of U eit the sons of all the


, ,

princip al chiefs on both sides of the river from


Buhen ( W adi Half ah) to Eleph antin e an d a ,

considerable number of slaves Hui an d his .

p arty arrived in six bo ats an d when all the gifts ,

were unlo aded they were h anded over to T utan kh


amen s o i c ials who had gone to receive them

.
,

It is not e asy to decide whether this present ation


of the produce of Nubi a by Hui was an of cial
delivery of tribute du e to Tut ankhamen or a ,

person al offering to the n ew king of Egypt If .

Hu i was appointed Viceroy of Kesh by A men


hetep IV or his father it is possible th at he was ,

an adherent of the cult of A ten In this c ase hi s .


,

gifts to Tut ankhamen were prob ably person al ,

an d were offered to hi m by Hui with the set

Thi i
1
s m f Th b b t it w
s a na l p pli d t th
e o e es, u as a so a e o e

t w f N p t wh th g t t mpl f Am Ra f N bi
o n o a a a, ere e rea e e o en o u a
itu t d
-

was s a e
d wi g p bli h d by L p iu Dm kmal
'
.

2
S th
ee e ra n II Iu s e e s s, er ,

pl 1 1 6 1 1 8
-
. .
THE REI G N OF TUT A NKHA MEN 1 1
rpose of pl ac ating the restorer of the c ult of
pu n en. Be this as it m ay the gold an d silver an d,

precious stones from Nubi a were most accept able


to the king for they supplied him with me ans for
,

the re endowment of the priests an d the temples


-
.

Egyptologists generally h ave agreed that the


, ,

scenes in Hui s tomb representing the present ation


of gifts from Nubia h ave a hi storic al ch aracter an d ,

th at we m ay consider th at Tut ankh amen re all y


exercis ed rul e in Nubi a But there are also .

p ainted on the w alls scenes in whi ch the chiefs


? (3 ri m a
c
an d nobles of Upper R eten n u c

( Syri a) are presenting the s ame kinds of gifts


to Tut ankhamen an d th ese c annot be so e asily
,

accepted as being hi sto ric al in ch ar act er In his .

gre at inscription T ut ankhamen s ays explicitly that


,

during the reign of A akhun aten it was useless to


send missions to Syri a to enl arge the frontiers
of Egypt for they never succeeded in doing so
,

.

But he does not say th at he hims elf did not send


missions m ake r aids into some p arts of
Phoenici a an d Syria an d it is possible th at he
, , ,

did It is also possible that som e of the Syri an


.

chi efs he aring of the accession of a king who was


,

following the ex ample of Thothm es III an d


honouring Amen sent gi fts to him with the V iew
,

of obt aining the support of Egypti an arms against


their foes .

Ex actly when an d how Tut ankhamen died is


not known an d his age at the time of hi s de ath
,

c annot be st ated No tomb of hi s has b een found


.

in the mount ains of T all al A m arn ah an d up to -


, ,

the present there is no evidence th at he had a


,

tomb speci ally hewn for hi m in the Valley of the


Tombs of the Kings During the course of hi s .

exc av ations in this V alley Mr Theodore D avis .

found a tomb which he believed to be that of


,
1 2 TUT ANKH AM EN
Tut ankhamen In it there was a broken box .
1

cont aining sever al pieces of gold le af st amped


wi th the n ames of Tut ankh amen an d his wi fe
A n khsen am en etc In a pit some di st ance from t hi s
, .

tomb he discovered wh at he took to be the debris


from a tomb such as dried wre aths of le aves an d
,

owers The cover of a very l arge j ar which


.
,

had been brok en was wrapped up in a cloth on ,

whi ch was inscribed the n ame of Tut ankh amen .

One of the most be autiful obj ects found by D avis


was the little blue gl azed funerary v ase whi ch
is gured on plate XCII of his book It was .

discovered in a sort of hiding pl ace under a l arge


roc k an d be ars the inscription
,

Neb kheperu Ra giver of life


-

These facts cert ainly suggest that D avis


found a tomb of Tut ankh amen .

The obj ects in the British Museum th at be ar


the n ame of Tut ankh amen are few the l argest ,

an d most import ant being the gr anite lion w hi ch


he placed in the temple built by Am en hetep III
at Sulb ( the Soleb of Lepsius ) about h alf way ,
-

up the Third C at aract on the left or west b ank .

Several sc ar abs an d a be ad be aring his prenomen 2

or nomen are exhibit ed in T able C ase B ( Fourth -


.

Egypti an Room ) an d also the fragment of a ,

model of a boomerang in blue gl azed f ai enc e in


Wall C as e 2 2 5 ( Fifth Egypti an Room) N 0 5 4 82 2
-

, . .

Two ne porcel ain tubes for stibium or eye p aint ,


-

are exhibit ed in W all C ase 2 7 2 Sixth Egypti n


( a -

Room ) The one ( No 2 73 76 ) has a d ark bluish


. .

green colour an d is inscribed Be autiful god ,

Lord of the Two L ands Lord of Crowns Neb , ,

1
S D i M p D y Th T mb f H mh bi
ee av s -
as ero- aress , e o s o ar a
and Touat dn khamanoa Lon don 1 9 1 2
-

, , .

9
See H all H R C atalog ue of Egyptian Scarabs Lon don
, .
, ,

1 9 1 3 Nos 1 9 68 1 9 7 2 ,
, . 1 9 7 , 1 98 pp . .
TH E REI G N OF TUT A NKH AM EN 1 3

kheperu -
Ra , giver of li fe for ever ( 7

the other an d

( No 2 57 . te in colour is inscribed ,

with the n ames of hi s wife an d I


A writing
( EI G
X U

p lette be ring the king s prenomen


a a
W E:

1

was found during the time of the


at Hurn ah
French Expe di tion an d this an d the other objects ,

mentioned above suggest th at the royal tomb


was being plundered during the e arly ye ars of the
X I X th century .

A n interesting mention is m ade of Tu tan k h


am en in one of the t ablets from Bogh az Keui ,

an d it suggests th at communic ations p assed more


or less frequently between the kings of the Hittites
at th at period an d the kings of Egypt The .

document is written in cuneiform characters in 2

the Hittite l angu age an d st ates th at the Queen ,

of Egypt c alled Da kha m u um i E H W A


,
- - - ;

wrote to the f ather of the reigning Hittite


king to tell him th at her husb and Bi ib khu ru - - -

ri y a ash I L: !: I!
- - >
III t i ll was de ad ,

an d th at she had no son an d th at she


w anted one an d S he asked hi m to send to her
,

one of his m any sons an d him she would m ake ,

her husb and Now Bibkhuru riy aash is not hi ng


.
3

more nor less th an a transcription of NE B K HE PE RU -

RE the prenomen of king Tut ankhamen


, .

h
T is is the legen d as pi
r n ted

in II pl C X C I bi s No 2
t xt ft V
. . .
,

2
For the e see K ei lschri o 6
'
aas B og haz koi , H e , N . .

Rev I I I 1 1 7 1 3
.
, . .

3 See
Dr . F
Hrosn y Di e Losang des H elki ti schen P roblems,
.
,

in the M i ttei lung en der eutschen Ori en t Gesellschaft ec em D -

, D
ber, 1 9 1 5 , No 5 6 , 36 . p . .
TUTA N KH A MEN A ND TH E CU LT
OF AMEN .

THE e arly hi story of the god A men is somewhat


obscure an d his origin is unknown The n am e
, .

A men me ans hidden (one ) a ,

which might b e applied to m any gods A god .

Amen Ra, King of the Gd dd Amen it, a emale f


tL d o s,
tN pth t
T he g o ess
-

G rea or of T hb
e es c oun er ar o f Amen weller ind
k
.
,

the or ern A pt ( K arn a ) .

A men an d his consort A ment or Arn eni t are


m en tl on ed in the Pyr amid Texts ( UNAS line ,

where they are grouped with Nau an d Non , an d


TUT A NKH AMEN A ND CU LT OF AM EN 1 5
with the two Lion gods Shu an d Tefnut Thi s .

Amen was reg arded as an ancient n ature god -

by the priests of Heliopoli s under the Vth dyn asty ,

an d it is possible th at m any of his attributes


were transferred at a very e arly period to A men ,

the gre at god of Theb es Though recent exc ava


tions have S hown that a c ult of A men existed at
.

Thebes under the A ncient Empire it is doubtful ,

if it possessed an y more than a loc al irn portan ce


until the XII th dyn asty When the princes .

of Thebes conquered their rival s in the north


an d obt ained the sover eignty of Egypt their ,

god A men an d hi s priesthood bec ame a gre at


power in the l and an d an entirely n ew temple
,

was buil t by th em in his honour at K arn ak on


, ,

the right b ank of the Nile The temple was .

quite sm all an d resembled in form an d arrange


,

ment some of the sm all Nubi an temples ; it


consisted of a shrine with a few sm all ch ambers
,

grouped about it an d a forecourt with a


, ,

colonn ade on two sides of it A men was not .

the olde st god worshipped there an d his s anctu ary


seems to h ave absorbed the S hrine of the ancient
,

goddess A pit The n ame of Thebes is derived


.

from T A pe the Coptic n ame of the shrine of


-

the goddess Apit an d the city was not known as


,

N A men a the No mon of the


Q 63 ( W
A

Bible N ahum 3
,
i e the
,
city of A men unti l
. .
, ,

a very much l ater d ate .

A lthough the ki ngs of the X II th dyn asty


were Theb ans it is possible that they an d m any
of their nest w arriors had S dani blood in their
veins an d the attributes th at they ascribed to
,

A men were simil ar to those th at the Nubi an


peoples assigned to their indigenous gods To .

them Amen symboli z ed the hi dden but irr esistible


power that produces conception an d growth in
1 6 TUT ANK H AMEN

hum an beings an d in the anim al an d veget able


worlds A n d in some places in Egypt an d Nubia
.
,

an d the O ases the symbol of the god A men w as ,

either the umbilicus or the gr avid womb The 1

symbol of A men th at was Shown to A lex ander the


.

Gre at when he visited the temple of Jupiter


,

A mmon in the O asis of Siw ah was an obj ect ,

closely resembling the umbilicus an d it was ,

inl aid with emer al ds ( turquoises an d other


precious stones umbilico m axime simi lis est

h abitus sm arag do et g emmis c oagm en tatus The


,
.
2

n ame of A men was c arried into Nubi a an d the


Egyptian S dan by the kings of the X I I th
dyn asty when they m ade raids into those countries ,

an d his wors hi p took root there readily an d


ourished The booty which was brought b ack
.

to Thebes was sh ared by them with A men an d ,

m any c aptives an d sl aves were set apart as the


property of the god Soon A men gai ned the .

reput ation of the god of successful w arriors an d ,

hi s f ame grew an d spre ad abro ad an d little by ,

little the attributes an d powers of the older gods


of Heli opolis Memphis an d A bydos were united
,

to his own in the min ds of his priests an d followers .

Under the rul e of the kin gs of the X V I IIth


dyn asty the glory an d pow er of A men w axed
gre ater an d greater an d hi s f ame S pre ad through ,

the E astern Desert an d Syria A s he gave victory .

to the kings of the X IIth dyn asty in Nubi a so ,

he n ow gave undre amed of success to Egypti an .

arms in West e rn A si a an d the Ph araohs returned


to Theb es l aden with spo il of every kin d an d with
rich gifts from the non comb at ant peoples in -

See Daressy Um Nouvelle Forme d A mon in A n nales



1

t p
,

da Servi ce des A n ti qui tes de l Egy pie om e I X 64


t
. .
, ,

9
Q uin u s u rtiu s lib IV 7 C See also Navill
,
e L e i eu
.
, .
, D
de l Oasi s de J upi ter A mon in C omptes Ren dus dc l A cadmi e,

-

1 906 25,
p . .
TUT A NKH AMEN
e ffective hold on the S dan beyond Napata
( J ab al B ark al ) at
, the foot of the Fourth
C at aract During one of his wars or raids into
.
, ,

Syri a he slew a rebel chi ef an d sent his body to


,

N ap at a to be hung upon the city w alls so that ,

the n atives might see it an d tremble We m ay .

be sure th at the priesthood of A men at Thebes


took gre at c are to inform their colle agues at
Napata that it was their go d Amen who had given
the king the victory Am en hetep II was a loyal
.

serv ant of Amen for on the stele which he set up


,

after his return from Upper Rethen n u he s ays th at


he c ame b ack with a he art exp anded With j oy
to Father A men bec ause he had overthrown all
his enemies an d enl arged the frontiers of Egypt
, ,

an d had sl ain seven c hi efs wi th hi s own club whilst


they were living in Thekhsi an d had hung their ,

bodies up he ad downw ards on the bows of hi s


bo at as he s ailed up the Nile to Thebes .

A m en hetep II w as succeeded about B C 1 4 5 0 by . .

his son Thothm es IV who seems to h ave owed hi s


,

acc ession to the throne not to the priests of A men


, ,

b u t to the priests of Heliopolis His mother was .

not of royal rank an d it is prob able that her


,

religious sym p athies were with the old sol ar ods


of H eliopolis r ather th an with Am enM gRa

of Thebes On a huge red granite stele whi ch


st ands between the p aws of the Sphi nx at Giz ah
.
,

imme di ately in front of its bre ast is cut an impor ,

t ant inscription whi ch throws li ght on the subj ect


of the accession to the throne of Thothmes IV .

A ccording to the text the young prin ce Thothm es


,

was hunting at G iz ah an d sat down to rest hims elf


under the S hadow of the Sphinx Whilst there he .

fell asleep an d thef ourfold Sun god Heraakhuti


,
-
,

Khepera Ra Tem appe ared to hi m in a dre am


- -

an d promised him the crowns of Egypt if he would


clear aw ay from the Sphi nx an d his temple the
TUT ANKH AMEN A ND CU LT O F AM EN 1 9
desert s and which had sw allowed them up Now
,
.

the Sphin x was believed to be the im age an d


dwelli ng place of Temu Heraakhuti a sol ar god in
- -
,

whom were united the attributes an d powers of


Tem the oldest sun god of Heliopolis an d Heraa
,
-

khuti a still older sun god Thothm es di d as the


,
-
.

god wished th at is to say as the priests of Helio


, ,

polis wished an d by so doing forwarded their


,

H eraakh uti, i e , orus of th e H T em u , L d of the L d


T wo H oriz on s, the
f
.

rea G od
.

the m id day orm of the Sun god ,


G
R a, t . of An n ( O n )
N
or
G t
Gd
rea
T wo
G od, G
an
overn or
H e was pro
s,

ft d p t d th f b by d t
-
of the in e o s
h ddg
-
.

is o en e ic e in is orm man
a
yp tl the o l es ea e od in
-
.

Eg

politic al aspirations an d secured their assist ance


in obt ai ning the throne D uring his Short reign .

of about nine ye ars Thothm es IV m ade raids into


Syri a an d the Egypti an S dan an d the temple of ,

A men no doubt obt ained a sh are in the spoil


which he brought b ack in f act an inscription
,

at K arn ak cont ains a list of the gifts th at he


20 TUT ANKH AM EN
m ade to Amen on hi s return from a very successful
r ai d We m ay note in p assing that although the
.

n ame of A men forms p art of his person al n ame ,

his Neb ti n ame was St ablished in sovereignty



like Tem
The opening up of Western A si a by the victorious
.

arms of A m asis I an d his successors was followed


by a gre at incre as e in the communications th at
p assed between Egypt an d the peoples of Syri a ,

M itan ni A ssyria an d B abyloni a The trade between


,
.

these countries incre ased an d the merch ant c ara ,

vans c arried not o nl y the w ares an d products of


one country into the other but also inform ation ,

about the m anners an d customs an d religions of the


vari ous peoples with whom they c ame in cont act
T hothm es IV appe ars to h ave been the rst
.

Egyp ti an king who entered into frien dl y relations


with the kings of Karadun iy ash ( B abyloni a) an d
Mi t anni Tushratta king of Mit anni tells us in
.
, , ,

a letter whi ch he sent to Am enhetep IV th at the


1
,

father of his father Amen hetep III sent to his , ,

gr an dfather A rtatam a an d asked for his d aughter


, ,

to wife in other words Thothm es IV wanted to ,

m arry a princess of Mit anni Six ti mes did .

Thothm es IV m ake his request in vain an d it was ,

only after the seventh askin g th at the kin g of


Mit anni gave hi s d aughter to the ki ng of Egyp t
A s Queen of Egypt S he was styled
.

Heredit ary
P rincess Gre at Lady President of the South an d ,

the North Great Royal


,

, E M UKA - -
.

The princess would n aturally come to Egypt


escorted by a number of her people an d it is very ,

prob able th at she an d her followers introduced into


1
P v d i B li ;
reser e Wi kl nDi Th t f l v
er n see nc er, e on a e n an
T ll l A m m
e -
e -
N 24 p 5 1
a a, o
. , . .
TUT A N KH AMEN A ND C ULT OF AM EN 2 1
Eg ypt religious views th at were more in harmon y
with those of the priests of Heliopolis than of the
vot ari es of Amen
Little is known of the ki ngdom of Mit anni an d
.

i ts people There is one letter in Berlin wri tten


.

in the langu age of Mit ann i an d the A ssyriologists ,

who have m ade a speci al study of it assign to


the l angu age a place among the C aspian group
an d are inclined to comp are it wi th G eorgi an ;
,

an d they give it an A ry an origin The n am es of


1
.

four of their gods are mentioned in the text of a


Tre aty found at Boghaz Keui an d the Mit anni ans
swore b y them to o b serve this Tre aty These
,
1

1 a ! r
(I r

=
.

2 I I'
m =
lll i ll! J ! (I r

3 a "v

4 l I J I E ll $ 1 "
it EII I= J !

Omitting the deterrn in atives these n ames m ay ,


3

be transliter ated thus 1 Mi it ra ash shi il ,


- - - - -
.

2, U ru wa n a ash shi il 3 In tar 4 Na sha at


- - - - -
.
,
-
.
,
- -

ti y a an n a A n d their identic ations with the


- - -
.

In di an gods M itra ( Mithras ) Varun a Indra an d , ,

Nasati y a seem to be cert ai n The sol ar an d celes .

ti al ch aracter of these Indi an gods has much in


common wi th th at of the sol ar gods of Heliopolis
the princess of Mit an n i who m arried
,

an d if
Thothm es IV c arried her worship of them into
Egypt it is e asy to believe th at her religious
,

symp athy an d support would be ven to Term


an d his cogn ate gods an d not to men With ,


.

her arrival at Thebes there c ame an inuence

+
B k Di M i t
1 or i Sp h B li 1 909 e an n rac e, er n ,
H ft I p 7
, .

K i l h iftt t
2
c B gh 1 5 i
sc r N 1
ex e aus o az/ 2 . e , . . o
.
,

l 55 .

3
an d
Y are determin atives of g od an d

g0 5 3 .
1 3
2 2 TUT ANKH AMEN
which was hostil e to Amen but her husb and s ,

rei gn was too short for it to produce an y gre at


m ateri al effect .

Thothm es IV was succeeded by hi s son by


Queen Mutemuaa who ascended the throne under
,

the n ame of A men h etep ( III ) thus the n ame of


the god Amen once again formed p ar t of the
person al n ame of the reigni ng kin g The me aning

.

of this n ame Amen is content or s atised is


signi c ant He reigned for about thirty six y ears
, , ,

prob ably in the latter h alf of the


-
.
,

fteenth
century A legend was current in Egyp t under 1

the A ncient Empire in which it was asserted that


the god Ra c ame to e arth an d assuming the form ,

of a priest of R a the husb and of one Rutter , ,

appe ared to his wife an d comp anyi ng with her , ,

begot three sons e ach of whom bec ame King of


,

all Egypt From th at time every king prexed


.

to hi s person al n ame the title SA RX 253 2


,

son of Ra N early two thous and ye ars l ater


.

the gre at Queen Hatshepsut decorated her temple


at De r al B ahari with bas reliefs
-
on which were -

sculptured scenes connected wi th her conception


an d birth .In these the god Amen in the hum an ,

form of her f ather Thothm es I is seen comp anying ,

with Queen A ahm es an d the inscriptions prove


th at Hatshepsut believed th at S he was of the god s
,

seed an d th at hi s di vine blood owed in her veins .


2

A s A men had in the X V I I I th dyn asty assumed


all the powers an d attributes of R a of Heliopolis ,

the f ather of the kings who ruled from Memphi s ,

it was only tting th at he should assume hum an


form an d become the physic al f ather of the kings
who rul ed from hi s city of Thebes The s ame .

See E rman Die M archen des P apy rus Westcar Berlin ,


1
, ,

1 890
t x
.

9
See Naville s edi ion of the te ts Vol I I pl 46 5 5

. . .
, ,
T UT AN K H AMEN CU LT OF A MEN 2 3
24 TUT A NKH AM EN
ction was promulgated by the priests of Amen
in respect of their god an d Am enhetep III A ccord .

in g to the b as reli ef in the s anctu ary of the


-

temple which he buil t in the Northern A pt in


honour of Am en Mut an d Khen su Amen c ame , ,

to Queen Mutemuaa in the hum an form of


Thothm es IV an d begot by her the son who
,

reigned as Am en hetep III Both scen es an d texts .

were copied from the b as reli efs in Hatshepsu t s -


temple which in turn were prob ably copied from


,

some pop ul ar documen t compiled by the priests


of Amen at the beginning of the X VI I Ith dyn asty
perh aps with Special reference to Am en hetep I
,

Wh atever views Amen hetep III held concerning


Amen an d his worship he did not allow them to ,

interfere with or obstruct hi s public allegi ance to


that god Thi s fact is proved by hi s building
operations at Luxor an d the gifts whi ch he m ade
.

to the temples an d priesthood of Am en throughout


the country But he honoured other Egyptian
.

gods besides Amen for he built a temple at ,

Eleph antine to Khn em u a very ancient god of ,

the region of the First C at aract To c om m emo


r ate hi s victory over the Nub i ans in the fth ye ar
.

of his reign he built the gre at temple c alled


,

Het Kha em M aat - -


at Sul b in the ,

Egypti an S dan He dedic at ed it to Father Amen


.
,

Lord of the Thrones of the Two L ands to Khn emu ,

an d to hi s own Im age living upon earth Neb


On a has relief publi shed by Lepsius
,

m aat R a
-
1 -
2

we see hi m worshipping himself as Lord of T a


.

Ken set In several of the scenes sculptured on


.

the w alls he is represent ed m akin g o fferings to


A men Ra Khn em u an d other gods an d he is
-
, ,

1
Neb -
m aat~Ra is the
'
p ren omen of Amen hetep I II .

2
Den km aler, I II , 85 .
2 6 TUT A NK H AMEN

frequently accomp anied by hi s wife Ti A t Sad .


-

denga he bui lt a temple to Ti as the goddess of


the S dan .

In Egypt at all events the people were not


, ,

prohi bited from worshipping the old gods of

Am enhetep I I I wors i h ppi g h im lf m em b di


n

T em le p
se

of S
as a
ul b .
er o f the T ria n the

the country an d th at his own hi gh of


,
ci als did
so openly is evident from the grey ran ite stele
g
of the architects Her an d Suti in the British
Museum The stele is in the form of the door
.
1

of a tomb an d has a pl ain corni ce an d a raised


1
No475. B ay 9 ,Old . No . 826 . See A Guide to the
Egy pti an Galleri es, 1 34 p . .
TUT ANKH AMEN A ND CU LT or AM EN 2 7
border In the upper p art of the central p anel
.

are the two n i chai s or eyes of the Sun an d Moon

an d the winged di sk an d b elow these



,

are gures of Osiri s an d A nubis ; the gures of


the archi tects an d their wives are obliterated In .

the inscriptions above the p anel Her beseeches :


1 H athor of Thebes the mistress of the goddesses
, , ,

H th hb M ut, L dy As h fm l
a
t
or
in carn a e i n
and a wom an
of

.
T
the
e

f m
or
es,

s
who
of a
was
c ow t
a
p
c oun er ar t
of
of
er, a

Am en R a -
e

.
a e

to grant to hi m a coming forth into the presence


[ of the god ] 2 K hen su to give him all good
, ,

sweet an d ple as ant t hi ngs ; an d 3 H athor of ,

Thebes to r ec eive them in the temples Suti .

beseeches : 1 Amen R a to give hi m sepulchral


,
-

me als in Hermonthis ; 2 Mut to give hi m all ,

good things an d 3 H athor of the cemetery to ,

give him be autiful life an d ple asure upon e arth .


2 8 TUT A NKH AMEN

On the right h and side of the p anel Her be -

seec hes : 1 R a Heraakhu ti lord of he aven to let


,
-
, ,

hi m see A ten an d to look at the Moon as he did


upon e arth 2 Anpu (A nubis ) to give him a
be autiful funeral after old age an d a buri al In the
, ,

western p art of Thebes an d 3 the divine Queen ,

Nefertari to give him the sweet bre ath of the


north wind coolness an d wine an d a coming
, ,

forth into the presence [of the God]


On the left h and side of the p anel Suti b eseeches :
.

1 Osiris Governor of eternity to give him c akes


, , ,

an d o fferi ngs in the presence of Un N efer ; 2


Seker lord of the co f
-

, n ch amber to let him go ,

in an d out of the underworld without obstruction ,

to his soul at ple asure ; an d 3 Isis the mother


, , ,

of the god to grant him power to move freely


ab out in the P eq a ( at A bydos ) under a decree of
,

the gre at god .

Here then we h ave these two high o i cials the


, , ,

one overseer of the works in the temple of K arn ak ,

an d the other overseer of the works in the temple


of Luxor men of le arning an d culture praying
, ,

for the goodwill help an d favour of H athor of ,

the ec ity of H athor of the cemetery of Mut the


, , ,

consort of Amen of Khensu son of Amen an d , ,

Mut of the old Sun god Ra Heraakhuti of


,
- -
,

A npu god of the tomb of N efertarI the deied


, ,

Queen of A m asis I of Osiri s god an d judge of , ,

the de ad of Isis his consort an d of Seker the old


, , , ,

god of the Underworld of Memphi s Amen is .

not mentioned with these old gods into whose ,

h ands Her an d Suti were content to commit their


souls after de ath But Amen was the gre at god .

of their city an d to him they owed their occup ation


,

an d d aily bre ad an d they acknowledged his power ,

in the hym n which they c aused to be c ut on the


p anel of their funerary stele The import ance of .

this hymn is considerable for the stele is dated in , ,


T UT A NKH AMEN A ND C U LT OF AMEN 2 9
li ne 1 5 by the mention of the n ame of the king they
,

served Am en hetep III It is quite short consisting


, .
,

of less th an eight lines an d it tells us little about


,

A men The opening words say th at it is a hymn


.

to A men when he rises as Heraakhuti ; th at is


to say it is addressed to A m en in his ch aracter of
,

a sol ar god It might equ ally well be addressed


.

Khensu , a
b
M
oon g od,
t h
-
ir
m em er of the grea T eban T riad
th d An pu, or A n ub is,
N ph thy
e
son
s.
of Set an d

Amen Ra, M ut an d Khen su


-
.

to Ra or Horus or an y sol ar god The writer c alls .

the god a d aily be auty th at never fails to rise


an d identi es hi m with Khepera an ancient god
,

of cre ation who is mighty in works His r ays


, .

which strike the face c annot be known (or esti


m ated) an d the brilli antly b right an d S hinin g
,
3 0 T UT A NKH AMEN

met al c alled tcham c annot be comp ared for splen


dour with his beauti ful appe arance The c aps on .

the pyr amidions of obelisks were m ade of tcham


met al an d the brightness of them coul d be seen
,

m any le agues aw ay In line 3 Amen is s aid to .

h ave be en mab ta gi a i e he w as designed


-
. .
,

j ust as an object is designed or plotted o ut by , ,

a dr aughtsm an an d the correct me ani ng of the


,

Sbk
e a , an anc ien t d
Croc o ile god -
. Net ( Np t th ) S b k f S b k
ar
ei
of
, the
e a
em ale
or e e
coun ter
.
,

word m ay be th at A men design ed hi s own form .

Next the god plated his lim bs i e he m ade , . .


,

them to h ave the appe arance of pl at es m ade of


tcham met al This st atement is followed by the
.

words [He] gives birth but was not him se lf


, ,

born : Only One in his characteristics qu ali ties , ,

powers an d operations .

Thus we le arn th at A men was li ke Khepera self , ,

desi gned self cre ated self existent in a form that


,
-

,
-
TUT A NKH AMEN A ND CU LT OF A MEN 3 1

was never born as ordi n ary cre atures are an d that ,

he was One an d Al one without equ al or fellow or , ,

counterp art The writer next refers to the duration


.

of the god s existence as the traverser of eterni ty


, ,

an d the p asser over the ro ads of milli ons of ye ars


with hi s form His splendour is the splendour of
.

he aven an d though all men see his p ass age he is


, ,

H
er- S
e men , or H orus the A g ed
. H
er
1
-
kh
at
H
t ( H ar
orus the dm i
krates) ,
.

hidden from their faces (in his character of the


hi dden god ) He travels over the celesti al w aters

v ast dist ances in a moment of time every day There .

is no cess ation in his work an d every one sees him


never ce asing to do so When he sets he rises
, ,

upon the denizens of the T uat an d hi s r ays force ,

their way into the eyes [of the de ad] When he


sets in the western horizon men fall asleep an d
32 TUT A NKH A MEN
become motio nl ess like the de ad With the se .

words the H y mn to A men comes to an end .

But during the lifeti me of these twin brothers ,

Her an d Suti the cult of A ten must h ave m ade


,

considerable progress at Thebes for in spite of , ,

their loyal ty to A men an d to the old sol ar gods of ,

the country an d to Osiris an d Isis being m anifest


, ,

they c aused a Hymn to A ten to be engr aved on


their funerary st ele It has no title an d follows .
,

the Hymn to A men immedi ately beginni ng with


the words Hom age to thee A T E N of the day
,

, ,

He is c alled cr e ator of men an d women m aker


of their lives an d is identied with the Gre at
,

H awk of m any coloured plum age He pe rformed


-
.

the ac t of cre ation whi ch raised himself up


[ out of the p ri mev al w a tery ab yss ] The cre a tor of
He is next identi
.

himself he was not born ed .

with the A ged Ho rus the dweller in Nut the , ,

oldest sol ar god or sky god in Egypt an d is -

accl aimed j y
o q y at ri sing a n d settin He
cre ated the e arth The next words T i hn em ,

A men H en memi t are di i cult If the wri ter of


, .

the hymn me ant to identify A ten with Khn em


A men a god of the region of the First C at aract
, ,

th at is underst an dable but how then is Hen , , ,

m em it if th at be the correct re ading to be tted


, ,

in 1
A ten is next c alled Conqueror of the Two
L ands from the gre atest to the least A nother .

di fculty meets us in the words glori ous mother of


gods an d men an d the words that follow
gr acious arti
, ,

c er most gre at prospering in


her work seem to apply to this mother P erhaps
, ,

.
,

the writer of the hymn wished to comp ar e Aten


to such a mother or he m ay h ave regarded A ten ,

m l The true readin g m ay b e hememit an d so be c onn ected


with t he w o rd to

roar
Khn em Amen of the roari ngs
dd
.

Am en hetep IV e i cated =a sc ara to a g od of roarin gs b


( B t h
ri is M useum N o , .
34 TUT AN KH AM EN
the origin n atur e an d attributes of A ten closely
,

resemble those of A men Both gods are identied .

with the oldest gods in Egypt E ach is declared .

to be self cre ated an d not to h ave been born


-

therefore not b egotten an d to e ach is applied the


,

epithet O NE It is interesting to not e that


.

A t en is identied with P autti the oldest of all ,

the gods an d with the A ged Horus or Horus


, ,

the Elder A s A ten is s aid to be the m aker of


.

Summer an d Winter an d the months it is 'cle ar


th at a traditi on pro bably going b ack to pre
,
'
,

dyn astic ti mes associated hi m wi th the primitive


Ye ar god This Hymn Shows that our two archi
,

-
.

tec ts regarded A t en as a thoroughl y Egyp ti an god ,

an d as one who could be an d ought to be worshippe d


side by S ide with A men who had condescended to ,

become the begetter of their lord an d m aster ,

A m en hetep III .

Notwithst anding the inuence of his mother ,

the Mit anni an princess an d of his wives some of


, ,

whom also c ame from Mit anni A men hetep strongly ,

supported the cult of A men throughout the country ,

an d kept on good terms with the priesthood of


A men The consolid ation of th at order by Thoth
.

mes III has already been mentioned an d it ,

would seem th at this king instituted or at all , ,

events s anct ioned the d aily perform ance of a


,

very import ant service in the s anctu ary of A men


in the temple of K arn ak In the s anctu ary there
was pl aced a n aos or S hrine cont aining a gold or
.

, ,

gilded wooden g ure of A men with move able ,

he ad arms an d legs ; sometimes a bo at took


,

the pl ace of the shr ine an d in such c ases the ,

gure of the god was set inside the c abin The .

gure might represent the god st anding upright


or se ated on a throne During the service the .

king or his d eputy puried the s anctu ary an d


, ,

himself by burnin g incense an d pouring out


TUT A NKH A M EN A ND C U LT or AMEN 3 5
lib ations of fresh w ater He then advanced to the .

n aos broke the se al which closed its doors an d


, ,

m ade obeis ance to the gure of the g od H aving .

performed further rites of puric ation on the


gure he advan ced an d embraced it in order
, ,

th at the soul of the god might enter into his body .

The n aos was closed an d the king left the ,

s anctu ary but he returned immediately when the


, ,

n aos was reopened an d he performed further ,

acts of obeis ance an d m ade offerings which ,

included a gu re of the goddess M aat


,

T R UT H Next the king dressed the gure in


.

symbolic g arments an d puried it an d anointed , ,

it with scented unguents an d perfumes an d ,

pl aced on it a neckl ace amulets rings etc By , , , .

these acts the king intended to imply th at he ,

the son of a god was adoring his father j ust as , ,

children in general adore their fathers an d mothers


in the tomb During some of these ceremonies the
god laid hi s h ands on the b ody of the king an d
.

by so doing tr ansmitted to hi m the uid of life ,

which en abled the king to live day by day an d to ,

rule over his people with wisdom an d j ustice .

Now the king hi mself might well perform hi s p art


in this gre at solemn s ervice at Thebes but he could
, ,

not be a t the s ame tim e at A bydos or elsewhere


in Egypt Therefore in Thebes an d other cities
.

d eputies were chosen to represent the king an d ,

they were everywhere regarded with the reverenc e


that was due to the performers of such ex al ted
duties During the perform ance of these rites
.

an d ceremonies hymns were ch anted to A men


or A men R a an d of these the following are
-

specimens : 1

A hi
1
glyp hi t a ip t f th h i
ero ti t xt will b
c r nscr o e era c e e
f u d i M t L Rit l d C lt Divi j umali
.

o n n ore , e ue a u e n o er en
Egypt P i 1 902 p 69
e, ar s, , . .
36 TUT A NKH AM EN
Hom age to thee O A men R a Lord of The bes
,
-

, ,

Thou Boy the orn ament of the gods


,

A ll men lift up their f aces to g aze upon him .

Thou art the Lord inspiring awe crushing , ,

those who would revolt [against thee] .

Thou art the King of all the gods .

Thou art the great god the Living One , .

M K a m ut f, or M
en u , Bull of his m o th
th d t tyd th h
en u - -
er, a

god of n ew ir b
an d virili , wi w om A men
a n d Am en Ra were i en i e
-
.

Thou art beloved for thy words


W
,

[ hich are] the s atisfaction of the gods .

Thou art the King of heaven thou di dst ,

m ake the st ars .

Thou art the tckam met al (gold) of the


go ds the gold out of whi ch the gods '

are m ade ) .
TUT A NKH AMEN A ND CU LT O F A MEN 3 7
Thou art the M aker of he aven thou didst ,

o pen the horizon an d m ake the gods to


come into being according to thy behests .

O
[ ] A m en R a Lord of the Throne of
-
the
, Two
L ands President of the A pit A men R a
, ,
-

Bull of his mother who art upon thy gre at ,

throne Lord of rays M aker of multitudes


, , ,

god of the lofty plumes thou art the King ,

of the gods the Gre at H awk who m akest , ,

the bre ast to rej oice Thou art praised by .

all r ation al beings [bec ause] they h ave


life .

II Watch b eing at pe ace ! Thou watchest in


.
,

pe ace Watch A men Ra Lord of the


.
,

,

Throne of the Two Lands in pe ace , .

Watch being at pe ace ! Thou watchest in


pe ace W atch Chief in On Gre at One in
,

.
, ,

Thebes in pe ace ,
.

Watch being at pe ace ! Thou watc hest in


pe ace W atch Cre ator of the Two L ands
,

.
,

( Egypt ) in pe ace
Watch being at pe ace ! Thou watc hest in
.
,

pe ace W atch thou who didst build up


.
,

thyself in pe ace
Watch being at pe ace ! Thou watchest in
.
,

pe ac e W atch Cre ator of he aven an d the


.
,

hi dden t hings of the two horizons in pe ace , .

Watch being at peace ! Thou watchest in


p eace Watch 0 thou to w hom the gods
,

.
,

come with bowings Lord who art fe ared , ,

Mighty One whom the he arts of all ration al


beings hold in awe in pe ace I b
( id ,
. .
,

p .

III Im age of the Eldest Son Heir of the e arth


.

before thy f ather the E arth [G eb an d]


,

thy mother Nut Divine Im age who , ,

c amest into being in primev al time 0 o ,


38 TUT ANKH A MEN

when a god did not e xist an d when the ,

n ame of nothing wh atsoever had been


recorded when thou di dst open thy two
,

eyes an d didst look out of them li ght


ap pe ared unto every m an When sh adow is .

ple asing to thy two eyes day ex ists no ,

longer .

Thou O penest thy mouth thy word is therein , .

th e
G eb, the E ar
Gd G
tth -
g od, FLth d
a er of Nut
H , the goS ky ddb th L dy
-
ess, the a

E t ty
ern i
o
.
s, rea G od, or of of eaven , who g ave
an d I sis an d Set an d N phthy
ir
e
to O siris
s.

Thou stablishest he aven with thy two arms


West ( ment) in thy n ame of
,

an d the a

A men .

Thou the Im age of the Ka ( or Double ) of


art
all the gods Im age of Amen Im age of
, ,

A tem Im age of Kheper a Im age of the


, ,

Lord of all the e arth Im age of the Lord ,

who is crowned King of the South an d


North in the North an d South Im age who ,

gavest birth to the gods who gavest birth ,


TUT ANKH AMEN A ND CU LT OF AMEN 3 9
to men who g avest birth to everythi ng
the L ord of life thou Livi ng One who
, ,

, ,

possessest power gre ater th an that of all


the gods Thou hast conquered the Nine .

Gods thou h ast presented to them their


,

offering Thou h ast bound them together .


,

thou h ast m ade them to live 0 thou Im age .

who has t cre ated their doubles thou h ast

Pt h l d of M eat, kin g of the Sekhm it, the g rea la , the la tt dy dy


Two
a
L d , or
an s

M
( Eg
emp is
yhpt
) , the grea t L d
h
of eaven the mis ress of the T wo
,

yt t Pt h f
M an god of
g p ) She was a emale
t
an s ( E
-
. .

c oun er ar p of a .

given that which Horus has obt ai ned for


himself from the Comp any of the gods .

Thou art li ke a god who designs wi th thy


ngers like a god who designs with thy
,

toes Thou h ast become the Lord of every


.

thing A ten who c ame into being in primeval


,

time god of the two high plumes Thou


, .

Begetter thou hast cre ated more than all


,

the gods ( I bi d p . .
, .
4 0 T UT A NK H A MEN

p apyrus at Leyden cont ains a series of very


A
interesting hymns to A men an d the following ,

extr acts are quoted from it .

IV Thou sailest Heraakhu ti an d each


day thou dost ful
.
, ,

l the behest of yesterd ay .

Thou art the m aker of the ye ars an d


c apt ain of the months ; d ays an d nights
an d hours are according to hi s stride .

Thou m ak est thyself new to day for yester -

day ; though going in as the night thou


art the day The One Watcher he hat es
.
,

slumber M en sleep on their beds but


.
,

his eyes w atch ( Chap VI ) . . .

Fashi oning himself none knows his forms .

( Ch ap VIII ) . .

Mingling his s eed with his body to m ake


his egg to come into being within hi mself .

( Ch ap VIII ) . .

The A ten (Disk) of he aven his rays are ,

on thy face .

H e drove out the Nile from hi s c avern


for thy P autti The earth is m ade thy .

st atue Q gi @ Thy n ame is victorious ,

thy souls ( or W ill ) are weighty .

H awk destroying his attacker straightway .

Hidden ( or secret) Lion ro aring loudly ,

driving his claws into wh at is under hi s


p aws Bull for his town Lion for his
, ,

people The earth sh akes when he sends


.

forth his voice Every being is in awe .

of him mighty in power there 1 5 none like


him He i s the B en e c en t P ower of the
,

b irths of the Nine gods (Ch ap IX )


.

. . .
4 2 TUT ANKH AMEN
He had no mother for whom his n ame Was
m ad e He had no f ather who begot him
.
,

s aying It is even myself He sh aped his


,
.

own egg ; the divine god becoming of ,

himself ; all the gods were cre ated after


he c ame into being ( C h ap XIV ) . . .

One is Am en he hides himself from them , ,

he conce als himself from the gods .

The m an who utters his secret ( or mystery )


n ame which c annot be known falls down
, ,

upon his face straightw ay an d dies a violent


death No god knows how to c all upon
.

him ( Ch ap XV ) . . .
l

The extracts given in the last section are t aken


from a work on Amen whi ch was not intended to
be sung in the temples It is more or less a .
, ,

philosophi c al tre atise on the origin n ature an d , ,

powers of the god showing th at he is the source of ,

all life anim ate an d in anim ate


,
The e xistence .

of other gods is admitted but they are merely ,

forms of him the gre at god whose three ch aracters


,

or persons were c all ed Am en ( of Thebes ) R a ( of


Heliopolis) an d Pt ah ( of Memphis ) His O N E N E SS
,

.
,

or Unity was absolute We m ay n ow give an


,
.

extr act from the famous Hymn to Amen which


is preserved in a p apyrus in the Egyptian Museum ,

C airo an d was undoubtedl y sung by men an d


,
2

women to the accomp animent of music in the


temples .

1
t pt
For ran sc ri s of the i eratic e s ran sla ions etc see h t xt t t , .
,

p
,

G ardin er in A egypti sche Zeitschri Bd 4 2 1 2 ff


t t pt h t xt t h
. . .
,

9
A c om le e ran sc ri p of the i era ic te in o iero
gly ph
s, wi a ren c thtransla ion , has F een h
u lis ed by t b p b h
G rbau t, Hy mne aA mman Ra P aris 1 87 5 -

, , .
TUT A NKH AMEN A ND CU LT OF A MEN 43

A H Y M N T o AM E N R a -
.

I . Bull dwelling in On President of all the


, ,

gods ,

Beautiful god Meriti (he who is loved)


, ,

Giving all life of w armth


To all be autiful c attle .

H ail to thee A men R a Lord of the


,
-

Throne of the Two L an ds


First One in the A pts ( i e K arn ak ) .
,

Bull of hi s mother rst one of his p asture , ,

Extended of stride rst one of the


Land of the South
,

Lord of the Matchaiu ( Nubians) G over


,

nor of Punt ,

Prince of He aven Eldest one of E arth , ,

Lord of things whi ch are stablisher of ,

cre ation stablisher of all cre ation


, .

O NE through his unriv alled powers among


,

the gods Chi ef of all the gods


, ,

Lord of Truth F ather of the gods , ,

M aker of men cre ator of be asts , ,

Lord of the t hi n gs th at are creator of ,

the plant of life (whe at) ,

M aker of green pl ants m akin g to live ,

the c attle ,

PO WE R produced by Pt ah
, ,

Be autiful Boy of love ,

The gods ascribe pr aises to him ,

M aker of things below an d of thin gs


above il lumining Egypt
, ,

S ailing over the he av ens in pe ace .

King of the South an d North


Whose word is true Chief of the Two
Lands ( Egypt )
,

,
TUT A NKH AM EN
Great of power Lord of awe , ,

Chi ef m aking the e arth like his form


, ,

Dispenser of destinies ( or pl ans) more


th an an y god .

C asting down hi s enemy into the ame ,

His eye overthroweth the Seb au ends .

It m aketh her spe ar st ab Nun (the


abyss of he aven ) ,

It m aketh the serpent end Nak vomit


wh at he h ath sw allow ed .

H ail to thee R a Lord of Truth , ,

Hidden one in his shrin e Lord of the ,

gods ,

Khepera in his bo at
He sent out the Word the gods c am e
.

into being ,

Temu m aker of men


, ,

M aking di fferent their ch ar acters an d


forms m aking their life
, ,

Disting uishing by their skins one from


the other .

He hearkeneth to the gro an of the


aficted ,

Being gr acious to him th at crieth to


him ,

Delivering the tim id m an from the


bully .

Judging between the O ppressor an d the


helpless one

x v Im ag e O NE a g m aker of

.
,
r
everything th at is ,

f Q
5
O NE A L O NE ,

Q m aker of
things that are .
TUT A NKH AMEN A ND CU LT OF AM EN 4 5
Men proceed from his eyes
The gods come into b eing b y his
,

utter ance
M aker of green herb s Vivi
,
er of the
c attle,

The st aff of life of the H en m em et beings ,

M aking the sh to live in the river ,

A n d the geese in the sky ,

Giving air to the cre ature in the egg ,

M aking to live feathered fowl ,

M aking khei m ur birds to live ,

A n d creepin g t hi ngs an d insects likewise ,

Providing food for the mice in their holes


A n d m aking the b irds to live on every
,

br anch .

XIX Ch
. i ef of the G re at Nine G ods ,

O NE A L O N E without a second
,
A H YMN TO A MEN A ND A TEN

H ER A ND S UT I O V E RS E E RS O F W O R K S
, AT T H EBES ,

I N T H E R E I G N or A M E NHET EP III .

[ British Museum Stele No ,


.

?
M T ?
R K
i f
5
.


ly a
T
Q
W M
El a
Il ia 8 0
0 o

1 . A Hymn of Praise to Am en when he riseth as


Horus of the Two Horizons by Suti the ,

Overseer of the Works of Amen [an d by]


Her ( Ho rus) the Overseer of the W orks of
,

Amen They say Hom age to thee R a

Be autiful ( or B en e
.
, ,

cen t) One of every


day Thou shootest up
at sunrise ( or d awn ) without fail Khepera $1 3
2 .
, ,

h
T is m on umen t has een u lis ed by P ierre Rec ueil
1
b pb h t
tome I 20 an d by B irc
.
, pTran s Soc Bi bl A rch Vol
. III h , .
,
,

. V ,

p
. .

1 43 E
t k th t
. .

2
Li erally he m a e n ot c essa ion
t h
.
,

3 Or
C rea or H ere Am en is iden ti ed wit the ancien
. t
g od of reation C .
A HYMN TO A MEN A ND ATEN 47

h Pim
( P)

IM

s r
s
( P)

lit 2 i E i? ii E :

u
El i? T s
i5 5 MP 0
4

M l?e
M M T

" m =
<
e if P Y Q E

4
2 A ti 2 i = i
CT m
c ,

77?I a

75 3 3
Q w ir 2

gre at one of works Thy radi ance is in thy .

f ace [thou] Unknown [A s for] shining


,
.

met al it doth not resemble thy splendours


1
.

3 Being . design ed thou didst mould into2


form
thy members giving birth but he was not , ,

born ; One by himself by re ason of his power


( or abilities ) Tr averser of Eternity, He who ,

is over ( or Chief of) the w ays of millions


of ye ars m aint aining his Divin e Form
, .

A a e the be auties of the celesti al regions


4 s
. r
even so are thy be auties More brill i ant IS .

thy complexion th an th at of heaven Thou .

sailest across the he avens all f aces ( i e , . .

m ankind ) look at thee as thou goest thougli


,

thou thyself art hi dden from their faces .

1
T ham p h p g ild d
c er pp a s g ld i t lf
e Th co er, or even o se e
d wi th it
.
,

p f th b li k w
ca s o e o e s v s ere c o ere

i gp h p th did t d ig thi w
.


M ean n er a s, ou s es n ne o n
48 TUT ANKH AMEN

U a t ? Q !

w
n
e c
it ! m l

( t ie) [II

C . z z: i ts
2
" C
: W

1 Q I A C
o
v
a l

m =9=
I I I t i a t]

"
l M
M

o P 0
a f
ki
IQ O
M U

5 Thou showest thyself at break of day in


.

be ams of light strong is thy S eqet Boat ,

under Thy M aj esty In a little day thou .

j ou rn ey est over a ro a d of millions an d


hundreds of thousands
6 of minutes ( or moments )
. Thy ( P) day with .

thee p asseth [thou] settest , .

Th e hours of the night likewise thou dost


m ake to full themselves No interruption .

t aketh pl ace in thy toil All eyes .

m ankind or all peoples) ,

7 direct
. their g a z e upon thee they cea se not to ,

do so When Thy M aj esty setteth thou


.
,

m akest h aste to rise up


morning thy sp arkling rays ,
1

eyes ( or penetrate the eyes ) .

Th t xt i p b bly
1 e e s p t h ; th w it m t t
ro a corru ere e r er ean o
sa
y W h
Th y M jen t y tt th tli hi t
a es d i t se e , ou s n es an r ses
p th T t (th U d rw ld)
u on e ua e n e or .
5 0 TUT ANKH AME N
e as Is I I
s a
: 2;

w
e

Ii u
Ge n
II
w

A D
i 3 o
d
;
Ins 11 1

we

1 1 . G ds
o men arti
an d cer gr acious one e x ceed
, , ,

in gly gre at progressing ( or ourishi ng) in


,

her work The c attle


. c annot be
counted The strong herdsm an driving
.

his strong b easts thou art their b yr e


,

, He .

provideth their life susten ance ) ,

up traversing the course


,
of
planning hi s birth r aising ,

beautiful [form] in the womb


He illum in eth the Two L ands
hi s A ten ( or Disk) [he is] ,

subst ance ( or plasm a) of the


He m ade himself .
A HY MNTo AMEN A ND A TEN 5 1

m o m
C
m m

A
o

El s e

law

I
He looketh on what he h ath m ade the
Lord O NE bringing al ong into c aptivit y
_ ,

countless l ands every day observin g those


who w al k about upon the e arth ; S hining
,

( or shooting up ) in the S ky [ he performeth]


transform ations by day ( or as R a) He, .

m aketh the se asons from the months He .

loveth the he at of summer .

He loveth the cold of winter He m aketh .

every member of the body to droop He .

em brac eth every l and The ape [s c ry out]


.

in adoration of him when he riseth daily .


5 2 TUT A NKH AMEN
i

[i f m a U
i el
r
O

s 0 m
m ;

No 4 D "

M
ct m ooo

th a
t$ 0
33

Suti overseer of works [an d] Her overseer


, , ,

of works [e ach] s aith I was the director


, ,

of thy throne [an d] overseer of works


in thy s anctu ary [whi ch] as was right , ,

thy beloved son the Lord of the Two ,

L an ds N ebm aatra the giver of life


m ade for thee My L ord appointed me to
, , ,

b e the ofcer in ch arge of thy monuments .

1 6 . I kept w atch diligently I served the ofce ,

of di rector of thy monuments strenuously ,

erformin g the l aws of thy heart I knew


pow to m ake thee to rest upon Truth
.

m aking thee great to do it upon the e arth .


A HYMN T o A MEN A ND ATEN 53

Mi I if

u
se i s l h e

S
H i
t
H< in Q)
! lo
i "

m u
?

I I I

$
M

D
1 &1 k

I was performing it [an d] thou didst m ake me


g re at Thou
. didst set the f avours [ or
pr aises] of me on the e arth in the Apts
( K a rn ak ) I.w as am ong thy followers when
thou didst ascend the throne I am truth .

who ab omin ateth false words an d deeds .

I never took ple asure in an y convers ation


wherein were words of ex agger ation an d
lies M y brother was like myself I took
. .

ple asure in his affai rs he c ame forth from


the womb with me on this the s am e)
day .
54 TUT A NKHA MEN

f l ll 1 ar e M

t
a N i
a f 1
. I$ h
0

Ill (ITE
M ? o 00 0

-
ill ?
R H W m

TREE) :

Suti the overseer of the works of Amen


,

in the Southern Apt Luxor) an d Her ,

[ the overseer of works ] say I w as

director over the western S ide an d he was


,

director over the e astern side ; we two


were directors of the great monum ents
in the Apt more p articul arly those of
,

Thebes the City of Amen Gr ant thou


, .

to me an old age in thy city an d in thy


b en e
,

c en c e m ake me a buri al in Am en tt ,

th at place of rest of he art .

Let me be placed among thy favoured ones ,

dep arting in pe ace Grant thou to me .

sweet air when [ an d] the we ar


ing ( or bearing) of ban dlets on the day of
the festival of Ug .
THE CULT or ATEN , THE GOD AND DISK
OF THE SUN ITS ORIG IN . . DEVELOP
M ENT AND DECLINE .

A mongst the m ass of the religious literature


all
of A ncient Egypt there is no document that
,

m ay be considered to cont ain a re asoned an d


conn ected account of the ide as an d beliefs which
the Egyptians associated with the god Aten .

The c auses of his rise into favour towards the close


of the X VI IIth dyn asty c an be surmised an d the ,

princip al dogm as whi ch the founder of his cult


an d his followers prom ul g ated are discover able in
the Hymn s th at are found on the walls of the
rock hewn tombs of T all al A m arn ah ; bu t the
- -

true history of the rise development an d fall of


.

the cul t c an never be completely known The .

' '
word aten q~8 or atken Q is a very M M
,
O
old word for the disk or f ace of the sun ,

an d A tenism was beyond doubt an old form of


worship of the sun But there were m an forms of
.

sun worship older th an the cult of


-
ten an d ,

several sol ar gods were worshipped in Egypt


m any m any centuries before Aten was reg arded
,

as a S peci al form of the gre at sol ar god at all .

One of the oldest forms of the Sun god worshipped -

in Egypt was HE R ( Horus) who in the e arliest


,

times seems to h ave represented the heigh t


or face of heaven by day He was sym b oliz ed.

by the sp arrowh awk k the right eye of the


b ird represen ting the sun an d his left the moon .
56 TUT ANKH AM EN
In l ater times he was c al led H er ur or H er -


sems the older Horus an d it was he who
, ,

fought daily against Set the d arkness of night an d


the night Sky an d triumphed over him
,

.
,

The oldest se at of the cult of the Sun god was -

the fam ous city of An u ll! g the On of the Bib le ,

an d the Heliopolis of G reek an d L atin writers .

H
hi twi
h wk h d d d S
b th
orus,
h f m
a -
T h g dd
di
ea e N ph th y wh
,

H li p i
an
Th l gy
et, e o ess e s o,

d h l tt t p t fS
s n w
ro er ; t e or er as c or ng to e o ol tan eo o

g d fm l ,

ig h t
g d f h d
o o t e w
ay , an t e a er o as a e a e c oun er ar o et .

of h t e n .

Here from time irnm emorial existed a temple


, ,

dedic ated to the Sun g od an d att ached to it was -

a college of his priests who from a very ,

period were renowned for their wisdom an d learn


W Q
0
ing They c alled their god TE M or Ar m

.

qw k
o
an d In l ater t i mes
, at least he , ,
5s TUT A NKHA MEN
in the X VI Ith Chapter he s ay s I am Tern in his
rising I was the Only One [when] I c ame int o
.

existence in Nenu ( or Nu ) I am Ra when he rose


for the rst time I am the G reat God who cre ated
.

himself [from] Nenu an d who m ade hi s n ames ,

to become the gods of his comp an y I am he .

who is irresistible among the gods I am Tern .


,

the dweller in his Disk (l


g or Ra in his rising o s
,

in the e astern horizon of the sky I am Yesterday .

I know To da I am the Bennu


-
Ph oenix)
which is in u ( Heliopolis) an d I keep the ,

register of the things which are cre ated an d of


those which are not yet in existence The Com .

p any of the gods over whom Father Tem


presided consist ed of Shu an d Tefn ut G eb an d ,

Nut Osiris an d Isis an d Set an d Nephthys


, ,
.

A ccording to one tradition Tem produc ed Shu


an d T efn ut from his own b ody an d these three
,

gods formed the rst Triad or Trinity Tem , ,

s ayin g From [being] god one I bec ame three


, .

In the extract from the XVI Ith Chapter given


above we must note th at 1 Tem origin ally
, .

existed in Nenu or Nu the gre at m ass of primeval


, ,

w aters 2 He w as the O nl y One in existence


. .

when he had come into being 3 He cre ated .

himself the Gre at God 4 He possessed v arious . .

n am es an d these he turned into the go ds who


,

formed hi s Pest or Enne ad merely by uttering ,

their n ames 5 He was irresistible among the


. .

gods i e he was the Over lord of the gods 6 He


, .
-
. .

comprehended time p ast an d time to come 7 He . .

dwelt in the Sol ar Disk (Aten ) 8 He rose in the . .

sk
y for the rst time under the form of R a an d ,

he was himself the Bennu i e the Soul of R a , . .

9
. He kept the Registers of things cre ated an d
uncreated Though the p apyrus from which we
.

get these f acts is not older th an the XVII Ith


CU LT O F ATEN 59
dyn asty e ach of the st atements which are here
,

grouped exists in the v arious religious text s th at


were written under the A ncient Empir e say , ,

two thous and year s e arlier .

Of the style an d n ature of the worship of Tern


we kn ow nothing but from the f act th at he was
, ,

depicted in the form of a m an we appe ar to be ,

j ustied in assuming that it was of a ch ar acter

O siris, L d
or
of
of E
Amen tt
t ty
.
erni , Bull I sis, fml
e
an d
a e
mo th
c oun te
er 0
art

H
of
o rus .
Osiris,

superior to th at of the c ul ts of s acred an im als ,

birds an d reptiles which were gener al in Egypt


,

under the e arlier dyn asties Tem the m an god .


,
-
,

absorbed the attributes of Her ur the old Sky god -

,
-
,

an d of Kheper a the Beetle god who represented


,
-
,

one or more of the forms of an ancient Sun god -

between sunset an d sunrise an d of Her aakhuti ,


-

Horus of the two horiz ons Khep era was


60 TUT A N KH AM EN
the sun during the hour th at precedes the d awn .

Her was the sun by day an d Tom was the settin g


,

sun the n ames of these gods are of n ativ e


origin We m ay conclude th at the priests of Tem
.

incorporated into their forms of worshi p as m any


as possible of the rites an d ceremonies to which
the people had b een accustomed in their worship
of the older gods For there was nothi ng strange
.

in the absorption of one god by another to the


Egyp ti an the god ab sorbed being reg arded b y him
,

merely as a ph ase or ch aracter of the absorbing


god The Egyptians like many other Orient als
.
, ,

were exceedin gly tolerant in such m atters .

The monuments prove th at quite e arly in the ,

Dyn astic Period there was known an d worshipped


in Lower Egypt another form of the Sun god who
,

Q
was c alled RX 90
Of his origin an d

e arly history nothi ng IS known an d the mean in g of ,

hi s n ame has not y et been s atisf actorily expl ained .

It does not seem to be Egyp tian but i t m ay be ,

th at of some A siatic sun god whose cult was -

introduced into Egypt at a very remote period .

His char acter an d attributes closely resemble those


of the B abyloni an god M ar duk an d both Ra an d ,

M arduk m ay be only different n ames of one an d


the s ame ancestor The centre of the cult of R a
.

in Egypt was An u or Heliopolis an d the city


, ,

must h ave been in h abited by a Cosmopolit an


population (who w ere chiey worshi ppers of the
sun ) from time irn m em ori al A ll the c ar av ans
.

from A r abi a an d Syri a h alted there whether ,

outw ard or homew ard bound an d men of m any ,

n ations an d tongues must h ave exch anged ideas


there as well as commodities The control of
the w ater drawn from the famous Well of the
.

Sun the A in ash Shams of A rab writers was


,

-

, ,

n o doubt in the h ands of the priests of An n


, ,
CULT OF ATEN 61

an d the p ayments m ade by gr ateful tr avellers for


the w atering of their beasts together with other ,

offerings m ade them rich an d powerful The .

w aters of the well were believed to Spring from the


,

Celesti al w aters of Nenu or Nu an d the Nubi an , ,

King Pian khi tells us that when he went to An n


he b athed his f ace in the w ater in which Ra
was wont to b athe his f ace We m ay note in .
1

p assing th at the Virgin M ary drew w ater from this


well when the Holy Family h alted at An n .

Under the I Vth dyn asty the p riests of An n


obt ained very considerable power an d they suc ,

c eeded in acquiring pre eminence for their god -

R aamong the other gods of L ower Egypt Whether .

or not they chose the kings c annot be s aid but it ,

is cert ain th at they c aused the n ame of Ra to


form a p art of the Nesu b at n ames of the builders
of the second an d third pyramids at Giz ah Thus .

w e h ave K H KF RA ( K hephren ) an d M E NKA U R K


-

( Mycerinus ) Not s at i
.sed with this they rej ected ,

the descend ants of the gre at pyr am id builders an d ,

set upon the thr one a number of kin gs whom they


declared to be the sons of their god Ra by the wife
of one of his priests The rst of these adopted .

as his fth or person al n ame the title of Sa


, ,

Ra i a son of R a This title which was cert ainl y


, . .
, .
,

adopted by the kings of the V th dyn asty was ,

borne by every king of Egypt afterw ards an d ,

the Nubi an Persi an M acedonian or Roman who


, , ,

bec ame king of Egypt saw no absurdity in styling


himself son of Ra Th anks to the exc avations .

m ade by Borch ardt an d Sch afer under the direc ,

tion of F von Bissin g sever al import ant facts


.
,

de aling with the worship of Ra h ave been brought


to light The sun temples built by the l ater
.

kings of the Vth dyn asty were usually buildin gs


1
St ele of Pi an khi 1 , . 1 02 .
62 TUT ANKH AM EN
about 3 2 5 feet long an d 2 4 5 feet bro ad A t the .


west end sto od a t runc ated or blunted pyramid , ,

A ) an d on the top of it was an obelisk m ade of


( ,

stone ( B ) In front of the e ast side


.

of the pyr amid stood an alab aster


al t ar an d on the north S ide of the
,

al t ar were ch annels along which


the blood of the vict ims both ,

an im al an d hum an ran into ,

al ab aster bowls w hich were pl aced


to receive it On the north side of the rect angular
.

walled enclosure was a row of store rooms an d ,

on the e ast an d south sides were p ass ages the ,

w alls of which were decorated with reliefs Oppo


site the al t ar on the e ast S ide was a gatew ay from
.

, ,

thi s ran a p ath whi ch led by an in clined c ause


,

way to another g ate which formed the entrance


,

to another large enclosure about I 000 feet squ are , , .

The priests li ved in thi s enclosure an d 1 1 1 special ,

ch ambers were kept the s acred obj ects which were


c arried ln procession on d ays of festival .

The princip al obj ect of the cult of Ra an d his


special symbol was the obelisk but it has been
suggested th at the e arliest wors h
,

ippers of the sun


believed th at their god dwelt in a p articul ar stone of
pyr amid al sh ape A t st ated se asons or for Special
.
,

purposes the Spiri t of the Sun was induced by the


,

priests to inh abit the stone an d it was believed to be


,

present when gifts were o ffered up to the god an d ,

when hum an victims who were generally prisoners


,

of war were s acriced The ex act signic ation of


, .

t hi s su n symbol is not known Some think th at .

the obelisk represented the axis of e arth an d


he aven but the Egyp tians c an h ardl y h ave evolved
such an idea ; others assign to it a ph all ic sign i
,

ca

tion an d others associate it with an obj ect th at


produced re an d heat Th at it sym b oliz ed Ra
,

is cert ain an d there was in ev ery sanctu ary a


,
C U LT or ATEN 63

Shrine in which behind se led doors


,
model a , was a
of an obelisk The cult of the st andin g stone
.
,

or pill ar was prob ably older th an the cult of R a


m
,

an d the old n ame of Heliopolis is An u


g ,

the city of the pill ar The Spirit of the Sun .

d
O siris Khen ti Amen tt,
d d
cd an d
of the
t
T he
R tt d riun e

tShk
g od of th e O sirian
ree m em ers b
th W d
j u g e of the ea an d lor
O er orl
.
esurrec i on
o f his

D th
ri a
. The
were e er,

M
an
ph Pt
o ld

C t
ea g od of em is ; ah, a
M ph
-

rea i on g od of em is ; an d
d d
-

O si ris, the vivi er of the ea .

visited the temple of the sun from time to time


in the form of a Benn u b ird an d alighted on ,

the Ben ston e in the house of the Ben nu in


-

,
I

An n in later times the Bennu bird which -

hl 2; Es l
l
m

Py mid T x
K [hg , ra e ts, II . N . 663 p 3 72
, . .
64 TUT A NKH AMEN
the Egypti ans reg arded as the soul of Ra ,

was known as the P hoin ix or Phoenix , .

Under the V Ith dyn asty the pri ests of Ra


succeeded in thrusting their god in to the position
of over lord of all the'gods an d as we see from
-

the n ames R a Kh ep er a Ra A tem R a Her


-
,
-

,
-

aakhu ti an d the like all the old sol ar gods of the


,

north of Egypt were reg arded as forms of Ra .

He was king of he aven an d j udge of gods an d men ,

an d the attempt was also m ade to m ake the people


accept him as the over lord of Osiris an d kin g -

of the Tu at or Underworld But in this l ast


, .

m atter the priests f ailed an d Osiris m aint ained ,

hi s position as the god an d judge of the de ad .

The priests had assigned to R a in the funer ary


compositions which are now known as the P yra
,

mid Texts gre at powers over the de ad an d


, , ,

in fact over all the gods an d demons an d denizens


,

of the underworld but before a century had


,

p ass ed Osiris had est ablished absolute sovereignty


,

over his re al m of A m en tt .

From wh at has been s aid above it is evident


th at before the close of the V Ith dyn asty the
priests of the v arious solar gods of Lower Egypt
, ,

h ad assigned to e ach of them all the essenti al


powers an d ch ar acteristics which Am en hetep
claimed for his god Aten But before we consider .

these powers in det ail we must summ arize bri ey


the princip al historic al facts rel atin g to the rise
an d development of the A ten c ult Wherever a .

sol ar god was worshipped in Egypt the h abit at


of thi s god was believed to be the solar Disk
Q
or i tiz en
cBut the oldest
8
A

6
solar god who was associated with the Disk was
Tem or Atmu who is frequently referred to
, ,

in reli gious texts as Tem in hi s Disk


Ra usurped the attributes of Tem he b ec ame the
66 TUT ANKH AM EN
em an ation of Ra or the b eloved an d
em an ation of Am en H is predecessors on the
.

throne of Egypt believed in all seriousness th at


they had divine blood in their veins an d the y ,

acted as they th ought gods wo ul d ac t they had


themselves hedged round with el aborate cere
monial procedure which m ade men believe that
,

their king was a god To Am en hetep all the gods


.

of Egyp t were alike an d we see from the b as


,

reliefs in the temple at Sulb some fty mil es ,

above the he ad of the Second C at ar ac t th at he ,

was as willing to worshi p himself an d to o ffer


sacrices to himself as to A men in whose honour ,

he had reb uilt the temple It is impossible to .

think of his performing d aily the rites an d cere


monies whi ch the king of Egypt was expected to
perform in the shrine of Amen Ra at K arn ak in -
,

order to obt ain from the god the power an d kn ow


ledge nec ess ary for govern ing his people .

One of the most import ant events in his life ,

an d one fr aught with very far re aching co use -

q u en c es w a s
, h is m arri ag e with the l ady Ti ( or
Tei) l[M (Q a priv ate in dividu al
, app ar entl y ,

of no high r ank or soci al position In the T all 1


.

al A m a rn ah letters her n ame is tr anscribed Tet



-

ii 1 I =
E= E Her father was c all ed l u au
QQ Q an d her mother Thu an 3:

Their tomb was discovered in an d it


is cle ar th at b efore the m arri age of their
d aughter to Am en hetep III they were humb le
folk A ccording to a consensus of modern Egypto
.

logic al O pinion they were n atives of Egypt not ,

foreign ers as the older Egyptologists supposed .

Be this as it m ay there is no doubt th at Ti was


,

1 See Davis, The Tomb of Q ueen Tiy i , Lon don , 1 9 1 0 .

See Davis, Tomb of l awyer and Touiy ou, London , 1 907 .


mm or ATEN 67

a very rem ark able wom an an d th at her inuence


over her husb an d was very gre at Her n am e .

appe ars in the inscriptions S ide by S ide with th at


of her husb and a fact which proves that he ,

acknowledg ed her authority as c o ruler with -

himself an d she assisted at public functions an d


in acts of ceremonial worshi p in a m anner unknown
to queens in Egypt b efore her time Her power .

inside the p al ace an d in the country generally


was very gre at an d there is evidence th at the
,

king s orders both priv ate an d public were only


issued after She had s an ctioned them In the


, ,

the king was worshipped as a god an d as ,

the son an d equ al an d counterp art of Amen R a -

an d in the temple which Am en hetep b uilt for her


,

at Saddn g a so m e twenty or thirty miles south


of K osh ah Ti was worshipped as a goddess When
,

.
,

Am en hetep m arried her or perh aps when he ,

bec ame king he c aused a numb er of unusu ally


,

l arge ste atite sc ar abs to be m ade with his n ames


an d titles an d those of Ti c ut S ide b y S ide on their
,

b ases On another group of l arge sc ar abs he


.
I

c aused his own n ames an d titles an d the n ames ,

of Ti an d her father Iuau an d mother Thu an to ,

be cut an d these are followed by the st atement


,

[ She is] the wife of the victorious king whose


territory in the South re aches to K arei ( i e .

Napata at the foot of the Fourth C at aract ) an d in


,

the North to N ab aru ( i a the country of the . .

he ad waters of the Euphr ates) Perh aps this is .


2

another way of s ayin g the gre at an d mighty king


Am en hetep was proud to m arry the d aughter of
p arents of humble birth an d to give her a position
equ al to hi s own A n d it is possible as M aspero
.
,

suggested long ago that some rom antic episode ,

1
F or an x m pl N 4094 i th B iti h Mu um
e a e see o n e r s se
F th Egyp tia R m)
.

(T b l C
a e B ase . our n oo .

2
See Nos . 4 096 an d 1 6988 .
68 TUT ANKH AM EN
is here referred to S imil ar to th at in the old story ,

where the king m arries a shepherdess for love


Wh at Ti s religious views were or wh at gods She
.

worshipped we h ave no me ans of knowin g but


, ,

the inscription which is found repe ated on sever al


large steatite scar ab s suggests that she favoured
the cult of Aten an d th at in the later y ears of ,

her life she was a zealous an d devoted follower


of th at god To ple ase her Amen hetep c aus ed
.

a gr eat l ak e to b e m ade on her est at e c alled

in Western Theb es This



Tcharukha
gj 1 a .

l ake was about I mile cubits) long an d


more th an gth of a mile (700 cubits) wide and its
modern represent ative is prob ably Birk at Hab
,

O n the sixteenth day of the third month of the


season Akhet ( October) in the 1 1 th ye ar of his
reign His M aj esty s ailed over the l ake in the
,

b arge c alled AT H E N TE B E N [l i A ten


g i a - n . .

sp arkles A n d in followin g ye ars this day was


.

celebrated as a festival Both l ake an d b arge .

were m ade to give the Q ueen ple asure an d the ,

fact th at the n ame of Aten formed p art of the n am e


of t he latter inste ad of Amen has b een t aken to
Show th at both the Kin g an d Queen wished to pay
, ,

honour to this sol ar g od In fact it was de nitely .


,

st ated b y M aspero th at this w ater procession of


the King m arked the in augur ation of the cult of
A ten at Thebes an d he is prob ably corr ect, .

Am en hetep s Chil dren by Ti consisted of four


d aughters an d one son hi s daughters were c alled


A st H en ttan eb Satam en an d B ak ten aten an d
, , ,

her son was Amen hetep IV the famous A akhun aten .

Western Thebes during her husb nd s


,

a
lifetime an d she continued to do so after hi s
,

death She visit ed Tall al A m arn ah from time to


.
-

t ime an d was present there in the twelfth year of


,
CU LT OF ATEN 69

her son s reign Wh at appe ars to be an excellent



.

p ortr ait of her is reproduced on P l ate XXXIII


of Mr D avis s book on her tomb
.

.

But his respect for Ti an d the honour in which


he held her did not prevent Amen hetep from m arry
ing other wives an d we know from the Tall al
,

A m arn ah t ablets th at he m arried a sister an d a

d aughter of Tushratta the King of Mit anni His ,


.

m arri age with G ilukhipa the d aughter of Shutarn a


an d S ister of Tu shratta took pl ace in the tenth
,

ye ar of his reign A n d he commemorated the .

event by m akin g a group of l arge sc ar abs in scribed


on their b ases with the st atement th at in the tenth
ye ar of his reign G ilukhi pa E Q the
d aughter of Shutarn a prince of N ehern a arrived , ,

in Egyp t with her ladi es an d escort of 3 1 7 persons 1


.

Ex actly when Am en hetep m arried Tushratta s

d aughter Tatumkhipa is not known but th at he ,

received m any gifts with her from her father is


cert ain for a t ablet at Berlin ( No 2 9 6) cont ain s a
,
.

long list of her weddin g gifts from her f ather In .

m arryin g princesses of Mit anni M enhetep followed


the ex ample of his father Thothm es IV whose , ,

wife whom the Egyptians c alled Mutem uaa was


, ,

a n ative of that coun try It follows as a m at ter of .

co urse th at the in uen ce of these foreign princesses


on the King must h ave b een very considerable at
the Theb an C ourt an d they an d the high o ic ials
,

an d l adies who c ame to Egypt with them would


undoub tedl y prefer the cult of their n ative gods to
th at of Am en of Thebes Ti s son Am en hetep IV .

, ,

an d his sisters would soon le arn the ir religious views ,

an d the prince s h atred of Amen an d of his arrog ant


priesthood prob ab ly d ates from the time when he


c ame in cont act with the princesses of Mit anni ,

an d le arned to know Mithr as Indr a V arun a an d , ,

1
See No . 49707 in the Britis hM useum .
70 TUT A NKH A MEN
other A ryan gods whose cults in m any respects
resemb led those of Horus R a Tem an d other
,

, ,

Egypti an sol ar gods .

During the e arly ye ars of hi s reign Am en hetep


spent a gre at de al of his time in hunting an d to ,

commemor ate his exploits in the desert he c aused


two groups of l arge sc ar abs to be m ade On the .

b ases of these were c ut det ails of hi s hun ts an d the


numbers of the beasts he slew One group of them .
,

the Hunt Sc arabs tells us th at a mess ag e cam e


,

to him s aying th at a herd of wild c attle had b een


sighted in Lower Egypt Without delay he set .

off in a bo at an d h aving s ailed all night arrived


,

in the morning ne ar the pl ace where they were .

A ll the people turned out an d m ade an enclosure


with st akes an d ropes an d then in true A fric an , ,

fashion surrounded the herd an d with cries an d


Shouts drove the terried b e asts into it On the
,

occ asion whi ch the sc arabs commemorate 1 70 wild


c attle were forced into the enclosure an d then the ,

King in his ch ar iot drove in among them an d


kill ed 5 6 of them A few d ays l ater he Slew 2 0
.

more This battue took pl ace in the second ye ar


.

of Am en hetep s reign
.
1

The other group of Hunt Sc ar abs was m ade in


the tenth ye ar of his reign an d after enumerating the ,

n ames an d titles of Am en hetep an d his wife Ti the ,

inscription st ates th at from the rst to the tenth


ye ar of his reign he Shot with his own h and Toz erce
lions No other King of Egypt us ed the sc arab as
.
2

a vehicle for advertisin g hi s person al exploits an d


priv ate affairs Th at Am en hetep had some re ason
.

for SO doing seems clear but unless it was to ,

secul arize the s acred symbol of Khepera or to c ast ,

F x mpl f thi g p f
or a ne e a eo b N 5 5 5 85 s rou o sc ara s, see o
th B iti h M
.

i
n e r sm useu
Fi x m pl i th B iti h Mu um
.

2 ne e a es n N 4095 e r s se are 05 .
,

1 25 2 0, 24 1 69 an d 2 9 438 .
CU LT O F ATEN 7 1

g ood n atured ridicule on some ph ase of n ative


-

Egyptian belief which he thought lightly of this ,

u se of the sc ar ab seems inexplic able .

The reign of Am en hetep III st ands alone in


Egyp ti an History When he ascended the throne .

he found himself absolute lord of Syri a Ph oenici a


Egypt an d the Egypti an S
, ,

dan as far south as


Napata His gre at ancestor Thothmes III had
.

conquered the world as known to the Egypti an s , ,

for him S ave in the war which he w aged in


Nubia in the
.

fth ye ar of his reign he never needed


to strike a blow to keep wh at Thothmes III had
won A n d this war was relatively an unim
.

p ort ant aff air It w as provoked


. b y the revolt
of a few trib es who lived near the foot of the
Second C at ar act an d according to the evidence
of the s andstone stele which was set up b y Amen
,

hetep to commemorate hi s victory he only took


u
,

74 0 prisoners a n d killed 3 1 2 rebels In the S d a n .


l

he m ade a royal progress through the country ,

an d the princes an d nobles not only accl aimed him


as their over lord but worshipped him as their
-

od .A n d ye ar b y year under the direction of the ,

ti an Viceroy of K ash they disp atched to him ,

in Thebes untold qu antities of gold precious stones


v aluable woods skins of b e asts an d S laves When
, ,

he visited P h oenicia Syri a an d the countries round


, ,

, ,

about he was welcomed an d acknowledged by the


Shkhs an d their tribes as their king an d they ,

p aid their trib ut e unhesit atingly The gre at in de .

p ndent chiefs of B abyloni a A ssyri a an d Mit anni


e , ,

vied with e ach other in seeking his friendship ,

an d prob ab ly the h appiest times of his ple asure

The stele was m ade by M erimes


1 iceroy of the ort ern V N h
Sudan an d set up by him at amn a some 30 miles sout of S h
,

h
h h
, ,

wadi Halfa It is n ow in the British Museum ( ort ern N


t
. .

Egyp ian G allery No 4 1 1 , B ay A n illustra ion of it t


f
.
,

will be oun d in the Guide 1 1 5 , p . .


7 2 TUT A NK H A M EN
loving life were the periods which he spent among
his Mesopot ami an friends an d allies H is j oy in
.

hunting the lion in the desert south of Sin j ar an d


in the thickets by the river Kh abur c an be e asil y
im agined an d his love for the ch ase would gain him
,

m any friends among the shkhs of Mesopot ami a .

His visits to Western A si a stimul ated tr ade for ,

c ar av ans could travel to an d from Egypt without


let or hi ndrance an d in those d ays merchants an d
,

traders from the isl ands an d co asts of the M edi ter


ran ean ocked to Egypt where gold was as dust
,

for abund ance .

Am en hetep devoted a l arge portion of the


we alth which he had in herited an d the reven ues
,

which he received annu ally from tribut ary peoples ,

to enl argin g an d be autifying the temples of


Thebes He had l arge ideas an d loved gre at
.
,

an d splendid e ffects an d he sp ared neither labour


,

nor expense in creatin g them He employed the


.

greatest architects an d en gineers an d the best


workmen an d he gave them a free hand
, ,

much as Hatshepsut did to her archi tect Sen mut .

On the e ast b ank he m ade gre at additions to the


temple of Karn ak an d built an avenue from the
,

river to the temple an d set up obelisks an d


,

st atues of hi mself He completed the temple of


Mut an d m ade a s acred lake on which religious
.

processions in b o ats might t ake place He j oin ed


the temples of K arn ak an d L uxor by an aven ue
.

of kriosphinx es e ach holding a gure of himself


b etween the p aws an d at Lux or he built the
,

famous colonn ade which is to this day one of


,

the nest obj ects of its kind in Egypt O n the .

west b ank he b uilt a m agnicent funerary temple ,

a n d before its pylon he set up a p air of obelisks


an d the two coloss al st atues of himself wh ch
i
are now known as the Colossi of Memnon .
A ro ad led from the river to the temple an d e ac h ,
74 T UT ANKH A M EN
The tomb was un n ished when the king was b uried
in it It was pill aged by the profession al robbers
.

of tombs an d the Government of the day removed


,

his mummy to the tomb of Am en hetep II where


it was found b y L oret in 1 8 9 9 Thus wh atever
,

views Amen hetep III m ay h ave held about Aten


he was buried in Western Thebes with all the
,

pomp an d ceremony betting an orthodox Pharaoh


,

.
DEV ELO PMEN T OF TH E CU LT

O F A T EN U N DER A M ENHETEP IV .

Am en hetep III was succeeded by his son by


his beloved wife Ti who c ame to the throne ,

under the n ame of Am en hetep IV He reigned


about seventeen ye ars an d died pro b ab ly before
.

he was thirt y The accur acy of the l atter p art


.

of this st atement depends upon the evidence


derived from the mummy of a young m an which
was found in the Tomb of Queen Ti an d is generally ,

believed to be th at of Amen hetep IV It is thought .

th at this mummy was t aken from a royal tomb '

at T all al A m a m ah in mist ake for th at of Ti



-
,

an d transported to Thebes where it was buried ,

as her mummy Dr Elliot Smith exam ined the


. .

Skeleton an d decided th at it was that of a m an


,

25 or 2 6 ye ars of ag e without excluding the


possibility th at he m ay h ave been several ye ars
,

older His evidence is very import ant for he


.
1
,

adds ,
The cranium however exhibits in an , ,

un mist ak able m anner the di stortion Ch ar acteristic


of a condition of hydroceph al us So then if .

the S keleton b e th at of Am en hetep IV the king ,

suffered from w ater on the brain an d if he was


2 6 ye ars old when he died he must h ave begun
'

to reign at the ag e of nine or ten But there is .

the possibility th at he did not b egin to reign


until he was a few ye ars older .

Even had his father lived he was not the ,

kind of m an to te ach his son to emul ate the


deeds of w arrior Ph ar aohs like Thothmes I II ,

1
See D avis , The Tomb of Q u een Tiy i , Lon don 1 9 1 0 , .
76 TUT A NKH AM EN
an d there was no gre at omcial to in struct
him in the arts of war for the long peaceful ,

reign of Amen hetep III m ade the Egypti ans


forget th at the e ase an d luxury which they
then enj oyed had been purch ased b y the arduous
raids an d wars of their forefathers To all intents .

an d purposes Ti ruled Egypt for S everal ye ars


de ath an d the b oy kin g
,

after her husb and s



-
,

did for a time at least wh at his mother told him


H is wife N e fertiti who was his father s d aughter


, ,

prob ably by a Mesopot ami an woman was no ,

doubt Chosen for him by his mother an d it is ,

quite cle ar from the w all paintin gs at Tall al -

A m arn ah th at he was very much under their

inuence His nurse s h usb and Ai was a priest


.

, ,

of Aten an d during his e arly years he absorbed


,

from this group of persons the fund ament als of


the cult of Aten an d much knowledge of the
religious b eliefs of the Mit ann i an ladies at the
Egyptian Court These S ank into his mind an d
fruc ti
.

ed with the result th at he b an to '

ab omin ate not only Amen the gre at god of heb es


,

b ut all the old gods an d goddesses of Egypt


, ,

with the exception of the sol ar gods of H eliopoli s .

In m any respec ts these gods resembled the


A ryan gods worshipp ed b y his gr andmo ther s

people especially Varun a to whom as to Ra


hum an sacri ces were sometimes offered an d to
, , , ,

them his symp athy in clin ed But besides this he .

saw as no doubt m any others saw th at the priests


, ,

of Amen were usurpin g roy al prerogatives an d ,

by their we alth an d astuteness were b ecoming the


domin ant power in the l and Even at th at time .

the revenues of Amen could h ardly be told ,

an d the power of his priests perv aded the kingdom


from N ap at a in the South to Syri a in the North
During the rst \j
.

v e or six y ears ( of hi s reign


Am enhetep IV p rgbabl y m s n he q esult of the
/

,
.

d

7 8 TUT ANKH AM EN
would h ave been so b lind to f acts as to attempt
to overthrow Amen an d his worship round which ,

thewhole of the soci al life of the countrycentred He

A ten , the t d fh
g rea god, lor o eaven , f
ro m wh om p roc eeds li f
e

benea th is Amenhetep IV who is h p td


ere re resen e c on ven t ionally as a

suffered from religious m adness at least an d spiritu al ,

arrog ance an d self sufficiency m ade hi m oblivious to


-

everything excep t his own feelings an d emotions .


CU LT OF ATEN UN D ER AMEN HETEP IV 7 9
Once h aving m ade up his mind th at A men
an d all the other gods of Egypt must be
swept aw ay Am en hetep IV determined to under
,

t ake this work without del ay A fter ye ars of .

thought he had come to the conclusion that only


the solar gods Tern Ra an d Horus of the Two
, ,

Horiz ons were worthy of veneration an d th at ,

some form of their worship must t ake the place


of th at of Amen The form of the Sun god which -

he chose for worship was ATE N i e the sol ar


.

.
,

Disk which was the abode of Tern an d later of Ra


,

of Heliopolis But to hi m the Disk was not only


.

the abod e of the Sun god it was the g od himself -

, ,

who by me ans of the he at an d light which


,

em an ated from his own body g ave life to every ,

thing on the e arth To Aten Am en hetep ascribed .

the attributes of the old gods Tern R a Horus , , , ,

Pt ah an d even of Amen an d he procl aimed th at


, ,

A ten was One an d A lone But thi s had also .

b een proclaimed b y all the priesthoods of the old


ods Tem Khepera Khn em Ra an d l ater of

, , , , , , ,

en The worshippers of every gre at god in


.

Egypt had from time


irn m em orial dec l ared th at

their god was One Oneness was an attribute

.

,

it would seem of everythi ng that was worshipped


,

in Egypt j ust as it is in some p arts of Indi a


, .

It is inconceivable th at Am en hetep IV knew of


the existence of other suns besides the sun he
saw an d it was o b vious th at A ten the sol ar disk
, , ,

was one alone an d without counterp art or equ al


, .

Some light is thrown upo n Am en hetep s views

as to the n ature of his god by the title whi ch he


g ave him This title is written within two c ar
.

touches an d re ads
The L iving Horus of the two horizons ,

exalted in the E astern Horizon in his


n ame of Shu who is in the D isk
- - - - -
.
80 T UT ANK H AM EN

It is followed by the words ever living ,


-

etern al gre at living Disk he who is in the Set


, ,

Festiv al lord of the Circle 1


everything which
the Disk Shines on in every direction) lord of
,

the Disk lord of h eaven lord of the earth


, , .

Am en hetep IV worshipped Horus of the two


horizons as the Shu who was in the disk If .

we are to regard Shu as an ordin ary noun ,

we must
tr ansl ate it by h eat or he at an d .
,

light for the word has these me anings In


, .

thi s c ase Am en hetep worshipped the sol ar heat , ,

or the heat an d light which were inherent in the


Disk Now we know from the Pyramid Texts
.
,

th at Tem or Tem R a cre ated a god an d a goddess -

from the em an ations or subst ance of his own


body and th at they were c alled Shu an d
,

T efn ut the former being the heat radiat ed


,

from the body of the god an d the l atter the mois ,

ture Shu an d Tefn ut cre ated Geb (the earth )


.

an d Nut ( the sky ) an d they in turn produced ,

Osiris the god of the river Nile Set the god of


, , ,

n atur al dec ay an d death an d their sh adowy ,

counterp arts Isis an d Nephthys But if we ,


.
,

reg ard Shu as a proper n ame in the title of


Am en hetep s god we get the s ame result an d c an

, ,

only assume that the kin g deied the he at of the


sun an d wors hipped it as the one etern al cre ative , , ,

fructifying an d life sust ain in g force -


.

Heliopolitan tr adition m ade Te rn or Tem Ra or -

Khepera the cre ator of A ten the Disk b ut this


,

, ,

view Amen hetep IV rej ected an d he assert ed ,

th at the Disk was self cre ated an d self subsistent - -


.

The common symbol of the sol ar gods was a


1 Th bj t f thi f t ival m t h v b t p l g
e o ec o s es see s o a e een o ro on
th lif
e f th ki g wh d
e o d him lf eO ii d n m d o resse se as s r s, an assu e
t
the a tri u b t ,

Osiris an d by m ean s of the ri es


es of t an d cere
m onies per f ormed b
,

ecame a sor ed in o the g od b b t . In h


t is
CU LT OF ATEN UN D ER AM EN HETE P IV 81

disk encircled by a serpent but when Am en hetep


,

adopted the disk as the symbol of his god he ,

abolished the serpent an d tre ated the di sk in a


new an d origin al fashion From the di sk the
.
,

circumference of which is sometimes hung round


with symbols of life he m ade a series
,

of r ays to descend an d at the end of e ach ray was


,

go e dd
ss Heqit, on e of the Eig ht
M b
em ers of the O g oa d d
o f Th o h t .

a h and as if the ray was an arm b estowing


life on the earth Thi s symbol never b ec ame
, ,

popul ar in the country an d the n ation as a whole


,

preferred to believe that the Sun god travelled -

across the S ky in two bo ats the Sektet an d t he


,

A tet The form of the old H eliopolitan cult of the


.

Sun god th at was evolved by Am en hetep could


-

never have appe aled to the Egypti ans for it was ,

F
82 TUT AN KH AM EN
too philosophi c al in ch ar acter an d was prob ably
b ased upon esoteric doctrines that were of foreign
origin Her an d Suti the two gre at overseers of
.

the temples of Amen at Thebes were content to ,

follow the exam ple of their king Am en hetep III


an d b ow the knee to A ten an d like other of
,

cial s , ,

to sing a hymn in his praise But they knew the .

toleran t char acter of their m aster s religious views

an d th at outw ardly at le ast he was a loy al follower


of Amen whose blood according to the dogm a
, ,

of his priests owed in the king s veins To


,

.

Am en hetep III a god more or less m ade no


difference an d he considered it quite n atural th at
every priesthood Shoul d extol an d m agnify the
,

power of its god He was content to be a count er


p art oi Amen an d to receive the of
.

, cial worship
due to him as such But with hi s son it was .

different The heat of Aten g ave hi m life an d


.

m aint ained it in him an d whil st th at was in him ,

A ten was in him The life of A ten was his life .


,

an d his life was A ten s life an d therefore he was


Aten ; his spiritu al arrog ance m ade him b elieve


th at he was an inc arn ation of Aten i e th at he
was G od not a mere god or one of the gods
. .
, ,

of Egypt an d th at his acts were divin e He felt



.

therefore th at he had no need to go to the temple


of Am en to receive the d aily supply of the uid
of life whi ch not on ly m aint ained the physical
,

powers of kings but g ave them wisdom an d un der


,

st anding to rule their c oun tr Still less would


he allow the high priest of en to act as hi s
vic ar Fin ally he determ ined that Amen an d the
.

gods must be done away an d all the dogm as an d


doctrines of their priesthoods abolished an d ,

th at A ten must be proclaimed the One self ,

cre ated self subsisting self existing god whose


,
-

,
-

son an d deputy he was


Without app arently considering the prob able
.

, ,
84 TUT A NKH AM EN
these murmurings were ch anged to thre ats an d
curses an d disputes between the A menites an d
Wh at exactly h appened
,

A ten ites lled the city .

is not known an d never will be known but the ,

result of the confusion an d upro ar was th at


Am en hetep IV found residence in Thebes im
possible an d he determined to leave it an d to
remove the Court elsewhere Whether he was
, ,

driven to t ake this step through fe ar for the


person al s afety of himself an d his family or ,

whether he wished still further to insult an d


inj ure Amen an d his priesthood cannot be s aid , ,

but the reason th at induced him to ab andon his


c apit al city an d to destroy its import ance as
such must h ave been very strong an d urgent .

H aving decided to leave Thebes he sought for a


site for his n ew c apit al which he intended to
m ake a City of G od an d found it in the north
,

, ,

at a pl ace whi ch is about 1 60 miles to the south


of C airo an d 5 0 miles to the north of A sy t .

A t t hi s point the hills on the e ast b an k of the


Nile enclose a sort of plain which is covered with
ne yellow s and The soil was virgin an d had
never been de
.
,

led with temples or other buildin gs


connected with the gods of Egypt whom Amen
hetep IV h ated an d the pl ain itself was eminently
suit able for the S ite of a town for its surf ace was
,

unbroken by hills or reefs of limestone or s and


stone Thi s pl ain is ne arly three miles from the
.

Nile in its widest p art an d is about ve miles


in length The plain on the other side of the river


.
,

ended from the Nile to the western


hi lls was very much l arger than that on the
,

e ast b ank an d was also included by the kin g in


,

the area of hi s n ew c apit al He set up large .

stel ae on the borders of it to m ark the limits of


the territory of Aten an d had inscriptions cu t
,

upon them st ating t his f act .


CU LT OF ATEN UNDER AMEN HETE P IV 85
We have already seen th at Am enhetep IV had
whenever possible c aused the n ame of Ameri
,

to be chiselled out from stel ae st atues an d other , ,

monuments an d even from his father s c artouches


,

whilst at the s ame time the n ame of Am en formed


p art of his n ame as the son of R a It was e asy .

to remedy this inconsistency an d he di d so ,

by ch anging his n ame from Am en hetep which ,

me ans A men is content to AA KH UNATE N , ,

q %
&
M
n ame which
a b y an alogy

should me an something like Aten is content .

Thi s meaning has alre ady been suggested by more


th an one Egyptologist but there i s still a good
,

de al to be s aid for keeping the old transl ation


I transcrib e the n ew n ame of
,

Spirit of Aten .

Am en hetep IV A ak hun aten not with an y wish


, ,

to add another to the m any transliterations th at


h ave been proposed for it but bec ause it repre ,

sents with consider able accur acy the hieroglyp hs .

The P yr amid Texts S how th at the phonetic v al ue


of was or The rst S ign
represents
p a S hort vowel Z or the
, second z ,

a lik e the Hebrew aleph the third kh an d the


, , ,

fourth u therefore the phonetic v alue of


in Pyramid times was dah or dakku but in l ater , ,

times the d l] was prob ably dropped an d then ,

the v alue of woul d be akh as Birch re ad it ,

Sixty ye ars ago If this were so the n ame


.


will ,

be correctly tr ansliterated by A khen aten H ow .

the n ame was pronounced we do n ot know an d


never Sh all know but there 1 3 no good ground for
,

thinking th at Ikhn aton or Ikh em aton - -

represents the correct pronunciation In p assing .


86 TUT ANKH AMEN

we m ay note th at A ten has nothin g to do with


the Semitic adhn lord

,
.

A t this time Am en hetep IV adopted two title s


in connection with his n ew name i e A nkh ,
. .
,

em M aat an d A a em aha f the former me an


- - - -

ing Living in Truth


,

an d the l atter gre at


1 8 me ant ex actl y b y
,

i n hi s l i fe p eri od .

h th l d f h w iti g f M t dd t t h
T
g od,
o , or

H w
d f h p im l G d
o t e r n
e
o the
as the reali

piri ual
tyt d b th t tphdy p ht
aa ,

,
law,
the go
o
ess of
sical
ru

and
,

tth
m in
t d i t p h h will
ran sla e
is G od
o

.
t e r

n o S e ec
eva
t e
o , an d
of
s

ness, t ty
in
,

egri
or er,

,
rec

etc .
i u e, u rig

living in truth is not Clear M a i t me ans . c

wh at is straight true real law both physic al , , , ,

an d mor al the truth re ality etc


, He c an h ardly , , .

h ave mean t living in or by the law for he was ,

a law to himself but h e m ay h ave me ant th at in


,

A tenism he had found the truth or the real


thi ng an d th at all else in religi on was a ph antom
, ,
88 TUT A N KH AM EN

h
Amen etep IV , p
accom anie d by hi
s f mily
queen and a , making ferings to
of t
A en.
CU LT or ATEN UN D ER AM EN BETE F IV 8 9
semi m agic al rites an d ceremonies which the
-

holders of the title in Heliopolis perform ed He .

di d not hold the o ffice very long but tr ansferred ,

it to M erira one of his loyal followers


, .

Wh en still a mere boy prob ably before he ,

ascended the throne an d rej ected his n ame of


Am en hetep he seems to h ave dre amed of building
,

temples to Aten an d so when he took up hi s


,

residence in his new C ity he at once set to work


to build a s anctu ar y for th at god A mong his .

devoted followers was one Bek an architect an d ,

m aster builder who claims to h ave been a pupil


,

of the king an d who was undoubtedl y a m an of


,

eat skill an d t aste Him the king sent to Sun the


.
,

yene of the Greek writers to obt ain stone for ,

the temple of Aten an d there is re ason to think


,

that when the building was nished its w alls


, ,

were most be autifull y decorated with scul ptures


an d pictures p ain ted in bright colours A second .

temple to Aten was built for the Queen mother -

Ti an d a third for the princess B ak ten aten one


of her d aughters an d we Shoul d expect th at one
, ,

or more temples were built in the western h alf


of the C ity across the Nile With the revenues

lc hed from Amen A akhu n aten built sever al


temples to A ten in the course of hi s reign Thus he .

founded Per gem Aten in Nubi a at a place in the


- -

Third C at aract ; Gem pa Aten em P er Aten at


- - -

Thebes A akhutaten in Southern An u ( Her


a
m on thi s) ; the House of A ten a
k a K
o
in Memphis ; an d Res R a em A n u - -
,

H2 ill 8 It .will b e noticed th at no men

tio n is m ade of A ten in the n ame of this l ast


temple of A ten He also b uilt a tem ple to Aten
.

i n Syri a which is mentioned on one of the T all


,
TUT A NKH AMEN
92 TUT ANKHA MEN
an d songs an d chorus es must h ave lled the temple
d aily A n d the stele of Tut ankh amen proves
.

( see p 9) th at a consider
. able number of d ancing .

men an d acrob ats were m aint ain ed by the king


in connection with the service of Aten Not only .

was the king no w arrior he was not even a ,

lover of the C hase A s he had no son to train in .

m anly sports an d to te ach the arts of government


an d war for hi s o ffspring consisted of seven
,

d aughters his ofcers must h ave wondered how ,


1

long the st ate in which they were then living woul d


l ast The life in the City of Aten was no doubt
.

ple as ant enough for the Court an d the official


Cl asses for the king was generous to the of
, cers
of his government in the City an d like the , ,

Ph ar aohs of old he g ave them when they di ed ,

tombs in the hill s in which to be buried The n ames .

of m any of these offi cers are well known e g ,


.

M erira I M erira II P a me hsi ( the Negro ) Hu i


, ,
-

, ,

A ahm es P en thu M ahu Api R ames Suti Nefer


, , , , , ,

k hep eru her sekhep er P aren n efer Tutu Ai M ai


- -

, , , , ,

A n i etc ?
,

1
The names of the seven daug ters of Aakhun aten were h
1 A t en -
meri t q8 ,

Q .
[Ma Q 2 . k
M a et Aten , -
DO

3 A kh
MMM K ]
S
. n -
s eu- -

p a -
Aten ,
} i
4 . Nefer
g l In k
-
n eferu -
Aten the li tle t , 1] M m 0

5 Nf f R 0
6llg 6 S p . e er n e eru
- -
, . ete -
en

y? Q g
B k A E m 7 . a t -
ten , M

n
Th t d ght m i d h f th
e rs
r gg Sk
au er arr e er a er s

- co; e n t, a ara .

Th d di d y
e sec on g d w i d i m e oun an as ur e n a to in e

t hill Th thi d m i d T t khat ( Am )


eas ern s e r arr e u an en en
Th t m b f ll th h b dmi bly p bli h d
. .

2 ave s e
e o s o a ese een a ra u
by D
avi es, The Rock Tombs of E l A mam a -
. Six vols . Lon don ,
1 903 08 .
CU LT OF ATEN UN D ER AM EN HETE P IV
94 TUT ANKH AMEN
The tombs of these men are different from all
others of the s ame class in Egypt The w alls are .

decorated with pictures representing ( 1 ) the


worship of A ten by the king an d his mother ;
( 2 ) the bestowal of gifts on offi ci als by the king ;
( 3 ) the houses gardens an d est ates of the nobl es
,

( 4 ) domestic life etc The hieroglyphic texts on


, .

the wal ls of the tombs cont ain the n ames of those


buried in them the n ames of the of , ces whi ch
they held under the king an d fulsome adul ation ,

of the king an d of his goodness generosity an d


, ,

knowledge Then there are pra em for funerary


.

offerings an d als o Hym ns to ten The long


, .

H ymn in the tomb of Ai is not by the king as ,

was commonly supposed it is the best of all the


texts of the kind in these tomb s an d m any ,

extracts from it are found in the tombs of his


fellow ofcial s A shorter Hymn occurs in some
.

of the tombs an d of t hi s it is prob able th at


,

A akhun aten was the author We look in v ain for .

the gures of the old gods of Egypt Ra Horus , , ,

Pt ah Osiris Isis A nub is an d the cycles of the


, , , ,

gods of the dead an d of the T u at ( Underworld) ,

an d not a single ancient text whether hymn


prayer Spell incant ation lit any from the Book
, ,

, , , ,

of the Dead in an of its Recensions is to be found


there To the ten ites the tomb was a mere
.

hiding pl ace for the de ad body not a model of ,

the Tuat as their ancestors thought


,
Their .

royal leader rej ected all the old funer ary Liturgies
like the Book of Opening the Mouth an d the ,

Liturgy of funer ary offerings an d he tre ated ,

with silent contempt


such works as the Book
of the Two Ways the Book of the Dweller ,

in the T uat an d the Book of G ates


,
Thus .

it would appear th at he rej ected en bloc all funerary


rites an d ceremonies an d dis approved of all services ,

o f commemoration of the de ad which were so ,


9 6 TUT A NKH AMEN
Egyp ti an being of A fric an origin never understood
, ,

or c ar ed for philosophic al abstractions A nother .

question arises : di d the Atenites mummify their


dead ? It is cle ar from the existence of the
tombs in the hill s about A akhutaten th at import ant
o i c ials were buried ; but wh at bec ame of the
bodies of the working cl ass folk an d the poor ?
Were they thrown to the j ack al s in the bush
All this suggests th at the Aten ites adored an d
enj oyed the heat an d light which their god poured
upon them an d that they sang an d d an ced an d
praised hi s b en e
,

c en c e an d lived wholly in the


,

present A n d they worshipped the tri ad of li fe


.
,

beauty an d colour They aboli sh ed the con


.

v en tion ality an d rigidity in Egypti an p ainting


an d sculptures an d introduced new colours into
their designs an d cr afts an d freed from the, ,

c ontrol of the priesthoods artists an d workm en


,

produced extraordin arily be autiful res ul ts The .

love of art went h and in h and with their religion


an d was an inte gr al p art of it We m ay trace its .

inuence in the funerary obj ects even of those ,

who believed in Osiris an d were buried with the


ancient rites an d ceremonies especi ally in gures ,

v ases etc m ade of pottery Perh aps the brightly


,
.
,
.

coloured vignettes which are found in the gr eat


,

rolls of the Book of the Dead th at were produced


at thi s period were p ainted by artists who copied
,

the work of Aten ite m asters .

Now whilst A akhun aten was org anizing an d


developing the cult of A ten an d he an d hi s Court
,

an d followers were p assing their d ays an d years


in worshi pping their god an d in beautifying their
houses what was h appening to the rest of Egypt
,

Tut ankh amen tells us th at the revenues of the


gods were diverted to the service of Aten th at the ,

gures of the gods had dis appeared from their


thrones th at the temples were deserted an d that
, ,
CULT or ATEN UNDER AMEN BETE F IV 9 7
the Egypti ans gener ally were living in a st at e
of s ocial ch aos For the rst twelve ye ars or .

so of A akhun aten s reign the tribute of the N ubian s


was p aid for the Viceroy of Nubi a h ad at h and


,

me ans for m aking the tribes bring gold wood ,

Slaves etc to him In the north of Egypt G eneral


,

. .
, ,

Amen hetep I V td
sea e his t
p or able lion th ron e benea h t the y At
ra s of

y ty
on -
en

he h ld
o s in his h d
an s the old Ph araon ic s m b ols of sovereign

d mi i A
o n on .

H erem
h the Comm ander in Chi ef m an aged to
eb , - -

m aint ain hi s lord s authority but there is no

doubt as events showed when he bec ame king


,

of Egypt th at he was not a wholly sincere


,

worshipper of A ten an d th at his sym p athies lay


wi th the priesthoods of Pt ah of M emphis an d
,

G
9 8 TUT ANKH AM EN
R a of Heliopolis The Memphites an d the Helio
.

p olitan s must h ave resented bitterly the building


of temples to A t en in their C i ties an d there c an ,

be little doubt th at that astute soldier soon c ame


to an underst an ding with th em Moreover he
knew b etter th an his kin g wh at was h appening in
.
,

Syri a an d how the Khab iru were thre atening


Ph oenicia from the south an d how the Hittites
,

were consolid ating their position in N orthem


Syri a an d increasing their power in all directions
, .

He an d every one in Egypt who was w atching the


,

course of events must h ave been convinced th at


,

no power which the king could employ coul d


stop the spre ad of the revolt in Western A sia an d ,

th at the rule of the Egyptian s there was practic ally


at an end .

When the king as Am en hetep IV ascended


the throne all his father s friends in B aby
,

loni a A ssyri a Mit anni the l a nds of the


, , ,

Khet a an d Cyprus h astened to congratul ate


him an d all were anxious to gain an d keep the
,

friendship of the new king of Egypt Burr a .

b uriy ash king of K ardu n iash


,
hoped th at the ,

new king an d he would always exch ange pres ents ,

an d th at the old friendship between his country


an d Egypt would be m aint ained A Shu ru b allit .

sent him gifts an d asked for 2 0 t alents of gold


in return Tu shratta king . of Mit anni addressed , ,

him as my son in law sent greetings to Queen



- -

Ti a n d spok e with pride of the old friendship


,

between Mit anni an d Egypt He also wrote to .

Que en Ti an d again refers to the old friendship


,
.

But A akhun aten did not respond in the m anner


they expected an d letters s ent by them to him
later Show th at the gi fts which he s ent were me an
,

an d poor Cle arly he l acked the ope n h andedn ess


.
-

an d generosity of his father Am en hetep III .

A s ye ars went on the governors of the towns an d ,


1 00 TUT A N KH A MEN
my lord both upon my belly an d upon my b ack
, .

Let the king my lord know that I am al one an d


, , ,

let the king my lord s end troops in gre at multi


, ,

tudes let the king my lord know this


, , , .
1

The p eople of Tun ip who w ere vass als of ,

Thothm es III wrote an d told the king that,

A z iru h ad plund ered an Egypti an c ar avan an d ,

th at if help were not sent Tun ip would fall as Ni


had alre ady done Rib A dd a of Byblos writes : .
-

We h ave no food to eat an d my elds yield no


h arvest b ec ause I c annot sow c om All my .

vill ages are in the h ands of the K habiru I am


Shut up like a bird in a c age an d there is none to
.

deliver me I h ave written to the king but no


.
,

one heeds Why wilt thou not attend to the


.

affairs of thy country ? Th at dog A b d ,

A shratum an d the Kh abiri h ave t aken Shi g ata


,

an d A mbi an d Sirn y ra Send soldi ers an d an .

able o fcer 1 beseech the king not to neglect


.

this m att er Why is there no answer to my


.

lett ers ? Send Ch ariots an d I will try to hold


out else in two months time A bd A shratum
,

-

will be m aster of the whole country Geb al .

( Byblos ) will f all an d al l the country as fa


,
r as

1
tt h p t tt f
All t ese le ers an d re or s are wri en in c un ei orm
p
u on clay tb t h h
a le s of w ic th h
o ver ree f d
un dred were oun
t ,

S
by a n a ive wom an at T all al A m arn ah in 1 88 7 8 umm aries

t t th t h pb h
- -

of the c on en s of ose in the B ri is M useu m were u lis ed


d b t d
b y Bez old an d B u g e i n Tell el A mam a Ta le s Lon on 1 8 92
d t xt
-
, , ,

an d b y Bez old in Ori en tal Diplomacy L on on 1 89 3 The e s


tt d p b h
.
, ,

of all the le ers in Lon on B erlin C an d airo were u lis ed


t h h
og et er wi t a G erm an t t th
ran sla ion of emk
,

by Win c ler ;
, ,

h
an ot er G erm an t t p b h
ran sla ion w as u lis ed by Kn u dtz on
,

t x th t t
.

Th e e ts wi ran sla ion s b


y Th D
u reau an gi n of the six
tt q d
-
, ,

le ers ac u ire by th e Lou vre in 1 9 1 8 ,

Revu e d A ssy ri ologi e Vol X I X P aris 1 9 2


tt f t f S
.
, , ,

le ers are rom P al es in ian g overn ors an d two rom y rian


h f
c i e s ; theth pt
i rd is by the Kin g of Egy an d is addressed
to I n taruda, g overn or of A ksaph .
CU LT O F ATEN UNDER AMEN H ETEP IV 1 0 1
Egy pt will be in the h ands of the Kh abiri We .

have n o gr ain send gr ain I h ave sent my


possessions to Tyre an d also my S ister s d aughters
.

for s afety I h ave sent my own son to thee


.

he arken to him Do as thou wilt with m e but do


not fors ake thy city Geb al In former times when
.
,

Egypt neglected our C ity we p aid no trib ut e ;


do not thou neglect it I h ave sold my sons an d .

d aughters for food an d h ave nothing left Thou .

s ayest Defend thyself but how c an I do it 9


,

When I sent my son to then he was kept three


months waiting for an au d1 enc e Though my .

kinsmen urge me to j oin the rebels I will n ot ,

do it .

A bi Milki of Tyre writes :


-
To the king my ,

lord my gods my Sun Thus s aith A bi Milki -

thy Sl ave Seven times an d s even times do I f all


.
, , ,

down at the feet of the king my lord I am the .

dust under the s andals of the king my lord My .

lord is the sun th at riseth over the e arth day by


day according to the bid di ng of the Sun his
, ,

gracious Father It is h e in whose moist bre ath.

I live an d at whose s etting I m ake my mo an He


, .

m aketh all the l ands to dw ell in p eace by the


might of his h and he thu nd ereth in the he avens
like the Storm god so th at the whole e arth ,

trembleth at his thunder Behold n ow . .


, ,

I s aid to the Sun the F ather of the king my Lord


When Sh all I see the face of the king my Lord
, ,

A n d n ow behold also I am gu arding Tyre the ,

gre at city for the king my lord unt il the king S

mighty h and Sh all com e forth unto me to give me


,

w ater to drink an d wood to w arm myself with al .

Moreover Zim rida the king of Sidon sendeth


, , ,

word day by day unto the traitor A z iru the son ,

of A bd A shratum concerning all th at he h ath


-

he ard from Egypt Now behold I h ave written .


,

un to my lord for it is well th at h e should know this


, .
1 02 TUT ANKH AMEN

In a letter from Lapay a the writer s ays : If


the king were to write to me for my wife I would
not refuse to send her an d if he were to order
,

me to st ab myself with a bronzed d agger I would


cert ainly do so A mong the writers of the Letters
.

is a lady who reports the raiding of A j al on an d


Sarh a by the Khabiri A ll the letters tell the
.

s am e story of successful revolt on the p art of the


subj ects of Egypt an d the c apture an d plundering
an d burning of towns an d V i ll ag es by the Kh abiri ,

an d the robb ery of c ar av ans on all the tr ade


routes A n d whi lst all t hi s was going on the
.

king of Egypt rem ained unmoved an d only O ccupied


hi ms elf with the cul t of his god ! The gener al
testimony of the T all al A m am ah Letters proves
th at he took no trouble to m aint ain the friendly
relations th at h ad existed betwe en the kings of
B abyloni a an d Mit anni an d his father He seems .

to h ave been gl ad enough to r eceive emb assies


an d gifts from Mesopot ami a an d to welcome ,

attering letters full of expressions of loyal ty


an d devotion to hims elf but the gifts whi ch he
,

sent b ack di d not s atisfy his corr espondents H e .

s ent little or no gold to b e us ed in decor ating


temples in Mesopot ami a an d for m aking gures
of gods an d some of the lett ers seem to afford
,

inst anc es of double dealing on the p art of the


-

king of Egypt A t all events he w aged no w ars


.
,

in Mesopot ami a; an d when one city aft er anoth er


f ailed to s end tribute he m ade no attempt to force
them to do so It is unc ert ain how much he
.

really knew of what was h appening in Western


A si a but wh en T u shratta an d others sent him
,

disp atches dem anding compensation for att acks


m ade upon their c aravans when p assing through ,

his territory he must h ave re alized th at the power


,

p f Egypt in th at coun try had gre atly w eakened .

A s the ye ars went on he must h ave known th at

1 04 TUT A NKH AMEN


d aughter Merit A ten an d di ed prob ably soon
-

w ards He was buried in a rock hewn tomb


.
-

which he had prepared in the hills ve miles


aw ay on the e astern b ank of the Nile inste ad of
i n the western hill s where all the kings of the ,

X V I I Ith dyn asty w ere buried Even in the .

m atter of the position of his tomb he woul d not


follow the custom of the country Thi s tomb .

was found in 1 88 7 8 by n ative diggers who


,

cut out the c artouches of the king an d sold them


to travellers .

Under the section de ali ng with Amen hetep III


reference has been m ade to the seri es of large
ste atite sc arabs on whi ch t hi s king commemorated
in writing noteworthy events in his life Up to .

the present nothing has been found at T all al

A m arn ah or i n Egypt which would le ad us to


suppose that his son Am en hetep IV copied his
ex ample but a v ery interesting sc arab found at
Sadn g a in the Egypti an S
,

dan proves th at 1

he did at le ast on one occ asion Thi s sc arab


,
.

is n ow in the British Museum ( No On


one S ide of the body of the sc arab is the king s
.

prenomen an d on the other is

hi s nomen 1) : i On the b ase whi ch ,

is mutilat ed at the S ides , are seven lines of text


whi ch re ad
0 m
0
09 5 ;

1
I t was rst published by H all , C atalog ue of Scarabs .

p . 302.
CULT OF ATEN UNDER AMEN H ETE P IV 1 05

$
7
1
1

i n l l)
N
i e
l
1 2 5 7
? l i l l hl i ll ill
This inscription shows th at the sc arab was m ade
for Am en hetep IV before he adopted his n ew n ame
of A akhun aten The l ast three lines give n ames .

an d titles of the king an d hi s queen an d the ,

rst four cont ain an address or prayer concerning


some god The bre aks at the b eginni ngs an d ends
.

of the lin es do n o t permit a connected translation


to be m ade but the general me aning of the in scrip
,

tion is as follows
The king of the South an d of the North ,

Nefer kheperu Ra u a en Ra giver of life son of


- - - - -

Ra loving him Am en hetep G od G overnor of


, ,

, , , ,

Thebes gre at in the dur ation of his life [an d]


, ,

the gre at roy al wife Nefertiti living an d young


Long live the Be autiful God the gre at
, ,

say : ,

one of ro arings (thunders in the


gre at an d holy n ame of Dweller in
the Set Festival like Ta Thun en the lord of -

the A ten (Disk) in he aven st ablis hed of ,

face gracious (or ple as ant ) in An n (On)


, This .

address or pr ayer seems to h ave been m ade to


some Thunder god whose n ame was gre at an d -

holy the ordin ary god of the thunder in Egypt


_

was A apep who in t his ch aracter is c alled


,

H emhem ti The mention of T athun en is


-
.
1 06 TUT ANKH A MEN
interesting for he was of course one of the gods
, , ,

whom Am enh etep IV at a l ater period of his life


wished to abolish Can t his inscription r epres ent
an attempt to assim il ate an indigenous S
.

dan i
Thunder god with A ten ? The writer of one of
-

the T all al A m arn ah Letters quoted above ( p 1 0 1 )



-
.

spe aks of the Thundering of A m en h etep IV an d ,

s ays that when he thund ers all the people qu ake


with fe ar From this it s eems th at some ph ase
.

of A t en w as associ ated in the min ds of foreigners


with the Thunder god but there is no evid ence to
-

Show who th at god was


,

The facts known about the life an d reign of


A hu n aten seem to m e to prov e th at from rst
to last he was a r eligious fan atic intoler ant , ,

arrog ant an d obstin ate but e arn est an d sincere ,

in his s eeking aft er God an d in his att empts to


m ake A ten the n ation al god of Egypt Mod ern .

writers describe hi m as a reformer but he ,

reformed nothing He tried to force the worship .

of Horus of the Two Horizons in his n am e of


Shu H eat ) who is in the A t en upon his
people an d f ailed Wh en he found th at his .

subj ects refus ed to accept his p erson al views


about an old perh aps the oldest sol ar god whos e
, , ,

c ult had been de ad for c enturi es he ab andoned ,

the c apit al of his gre at an d w arlik e anc estors


in disgust an d like a spoilt Child whi ch no doubt
, ,

he w as he withdrew to a n ew city of his own


,

m aking Like all such religious m eg alom ani acs


.
,

so long as he could s atisfy hi s own peculi ar aspira


tions an d gr atify his wishes no m att er at what ,

cost he was content Usu ally the h arm whi ch


, .

such men do is limit ed in Ch aracter an d ext ent ,

but he being a king was able to in ict untold


, ,

misery on his country during the seventeen ye ars


of his reign He spent the revenues of hi s .

country on the cult of his god an d in s atisfying ,


1 08 TUT A NKH AM EN

in a serio us degree were not removed by the


methods th at h ave been well known at Orient al
Courts from time immemori al .

A akhun aten was succ eeded by his c o regent -

S ak ar a whose reign was prob ably very shor t


,

an d unimport ant H e was the son in law of


.
- -

the king an d a devoted worshipper of Aten ,

whos e cul t he wished to m ake perm anent Nothing .

is known of hi s acts or whether d eposition or


de ath removed him from the thron e He was .

succeeded by Tut ankh amen whose reign has


been alre ady described The S hort reign of Ai
,

.
,

who had m arried the nurse of Am en h etep IV ,

an d was M aster of the Horse followed an d he , ,

was succeeded by Her em heb a milit ary o fcer


- -

who served in the north of Egypt during the


reign of A akhun aten The restoration of the
.

cult of Amen b egun by Tut ankh am en was n ally


conrmed by him an d the triumph of Am en w as
,

complete The immedi ate result of this was


.

the d ecline an d f all of the cult of At en an d the ,

city Horizon of A ten lost all its import ance


an d fell into dec ay The artis an cl asses n ding
.
,

no work migrated to Thebes an d other places


,

where they co ul d ply their cr afts in the service


of Am en an d m any of the Aten ites ab andoned
,

their god an d transferred their worship to Amen .

It is prob able th at the t emples an d houses of the


ofcials were plundered by the mob who tre ated ,

them in the way th at the prop erty of an overthrown


religious faction has alw ays been tre ated in the E ast .

The fors aken city soon fell into ruins an d was


never rebuilt or again inh abited A li beral .

estim ate for the life of the city is 5 0 ye ars .

The rem ains of A akhu taten are m arked to day -

by the ruins an d rock hewn tombs which lie


-

ne ar the A rab vill ages of Hagg Kandil an d


A t Tall
-

,
an d are commonly known as T all
CU LT OF ATEN UNDER A MEN HETE P IV 1 09
al Am a -
rn ah

In 1 887 this n am e was in common
.

u se among the Eg ypti ans of Upper Egypt an d ,

I asked Must afa A gh a


Vice Consul ,
-

at Luxor to expl ain it He s aid th at the B ani


, .

A mran A r abs settled at A t Tall ( ordin aril y pro

noun c ed A t Tell or even A t Till ) an d th at for


- -

, ,

m any ye ars the vill age was known as T all B ani

A mran Wh en most of the B ani A mr an left


.

the place an d returned to the desert the vill age ,

was c alled T all al A m arn ah ( pronounced T ellel



-

A m arn ah) The site which is a very l arge one


.
, ,

needs c areful exc av ation from one end to the


other for only here c an possibly be found m ateri al
,

for the re al history of Am en hetep IV an d his


reign The discoveries alre ady m ade there prove
.

this for over three hundred Letters an d Des


,

p atches written in cuneiform from kings an d


governors in Western A si a were found on the site
by a wom an in an d S he sold them to
a neighbour for 1 0 pi astres A S a result of
the wom an s discovery Petrie m ade exc avations

at T all al A m arn ah an d succeeded in nding



several sm all fragments an d C hips of lists of signs


an d words etc an d some be autifully p ainted
, .
,

p avem ents The Deutsche Orient Gesellsch aft


? -

beg an to exc av ate there in 1 9 1 3 an d in the ye ar ,

following they discovered a number of very


import ant obj ects among which m ay be speci ally ,

mentioned a cuneiform t ablet an d a m arvellously


be autiful he ad of Queen N efertiti which is n ow ,

in the Museum at Berlin This he ad is the nest .

ex ample known of the p ainted sculpture work


from Tall al A m arn ah an d S hould h ave been -

,

h
T is disc overy has een attri u ted to P etrie by M r
1
b b
h t
.

G arvin in the Observer e ruary 2 5 1 9 23 I ave old the Fb


t ff
.
,

tru e s ory of the nd in my Ni le and Tigri s, Vol 1 1 40 p


h f h
.
, . .

2 He
dug t ere rom ovem er 1 89 1 to the en d of M arc N b , , ,

1 89 2 See his T ell el A mam a Lon don 1 894 4 to


.
, , , .
1 1 0 TUT AN KH AMEN
kept in Egypt an d pl aced in the Egyptian Museum
at C ai ro This oversight on the p art of the
o i c ials of the C airo M useum seems to require
.

an expl an ation A mong the cuneiform fr agments


.

discovered by the Germ an exc avators at T all al


A m arn ah in 1 9 1 3 was one which w as inscribed

with a legend describing the expedition of Sargon


of A kk ad to A si a Minor The origin al text of the .

legend of the King of the B attle is published


by Schroeder in Vorderasi atische Schriftdeukmaler ,

xii pp 2 4 an d it has been transl ated by Weidner


, .

,

under the title of Der Zug Sarg ous vou A kkad


u ach K lein asi en .

In the winter of 1 9 2 0 2 1 the Egypt Exploration

Society sent out an expedition to T all al A marn ah -


under the direction of P rof T E Peet to c arry


,

. . .
,

on the work of exc av ation from the point where


the G erm ans left it in 1 9 1 4 During the course .

of the work a considerable number of very


interesting obj ects were found includi ng a frag ,

ment of a cuneiform t ablet inscribed with a ,

list of signs an d som e ne ex amples of v ariegated


,

glass vessels an d pottery The d at a he collected .


1

answered a number of questions an d settled


some dif culties an d the Society determined to
,

continue th eir exc av ation of the site In 1 9 2 2 .

Mr Wooll ey succeeded Prof Peet as Director of


. .

the Expedition an d continued the work as long


,

as funds permitted The discovery m ade by .

Lord Cam arv on an d Mr How ard C arter in .

December 1 9 2 2 h as stirred up public interest


, ,

in all th at concerns the reigns of Tut ankh amen


an d his pred ecessor A m en ete IV the notorious
h p ,

H eretic King It is more necess ary now than

ever that exc avations should be c arried on until


1
p
See hi s reli min ary Re port in the j ournal o f Egypti an
A rche ology Vol VI I
, . p . 1 69 .
1 1 2 TUT ANKH AM EN
text with a L atin translation was published by
Bre asted in his De Hy mn is i n Salem sub reg e
A men opki de I V con cepti s Berlin 1 89 4 an d , , ,

English versions of most of it were given by


hi m in his H i story of Egy p t p 3 1 5 an d in other ,
.
,

public ations Other versions an d extracts have


.

been published by Grifth World s Literature ,


p 5 2 2 5 Wiedem ann Religi on pp 4 0 4 2 H all


.
, , .

,

A n ci en t H i story p 3 0 6 ; Erm an Relig i on p 64


,
.
, , .
,

etc The best text yet published is that of


.

D avies an d th at with a few trivi al alterations


1
, ,

is reproduced in the following p ages In recent ye ars .

this Hymn has been extolled as a m arvellously


be autiful religious composition an d p arts of ,

it h ave been comp ared with some of the Hebrew


Ps al ms In consequence it has been reg arded
.

as an expression of sublime hum an aspir ations ,

an d the outcom e of a rm belief in a God who


was a counterp art of the Y ahweh of the Hebrews
an d identic al with God A hn ig hty But if we .

ex amine the Hymn line by line an d comp are , ,

it with the Hymns to Ra Amen an d other gods , ,

we nd th at there is h ardly an ide a in it w hi ch


is not borrowed from the older Egypti an religious
books A ten is c alled the etern al ahn ighty
.
, ,

self produced living or self subsisting cre ator


-

, ,
-

of he aven an d e arth an d all th at is in them ,

an d one god alone His he at an d light are .

the sources of all life an d o nl y for these an d the ,

m ateri al benets th at they confer on m an an d


be ast is A ten praised in these hymns There is .

nothing spiritu al in them nothing to appe al to ,

m an s hi gher n ature The l angu age in which



.

they are written is simple an d cle ar but there is ,

nothing rem ark able about the phr aseology unless ,

the st atements are dogm atic decl arations like


1 I bid , Vol VI, pl
. . . xx vii .
CULT O F ATEN UNDER AMEN HETE P IV 1 1 3
the articles of a creed A very interesting .

characteristic of the hymns to Aten is the writer s

insistence on the be auty an d power of light an d ,

it m ay be permitted to wonder if this is not due


to Mit anni an inuence an d the penetration into ,

Egypt of A ryan ide as concerning Mitra V arun a


an d S u ry a or S avitri
, ,

the Sun god A ten or ,


-
.
,

Horus of the Two Horizons corresponds closely


to S urya the rising an d setting S un Ra to
,

.
, ,

S avitri the sun shining in full strength


,
the ,

golden eyed the golden h anded an d golden


A s the V iv i
- -

tongued . er an d Quickener ,

he r aises his long arms of gold in the morning


rouses all beings from their S lumber infuses
,

an d buries them in S leep in


,

energy into them

Su ry a the rising an d setting


,

the evening .
1
,

sun like A ten was the great source of light an d


, ,

heat an d therefore Lord of life itself He is


,
.

the Dyaus Pit ar the He aven Father A ten -

like Su rya was the fount ain of living Light


.
, ,
2
, ,

with the all seeing eye w hose be ams reve aled


-

his presence an d gle aming like brilli ant ames


,
3

went to n ation after n ation A ten was not only the .

light of the sun which seems to give n ew life ,

to m an an d to all cre ation but the giver of light ,

an d all life in g en er al The bringer of light an d .

life to day he is the s ame who brought light an d


-

life on the rst of d ays therefore A ten is etern al , .

Light begins the day so it was the beginning ,

of cre ation therefore A ten is the creator n either ,

m ade with h ands nor begotten an d is the ,

Governor of the world The e arth was fertilized .

by A ten therefore he is the Father Mother of all


,
-

cre atures His eye saw everything an d knew


.

everything The hymns to A ten suggest th at.

Wilk i H i d M y th l gy p 3 3
1 n s, n u oo
S M t i G d f I di p 3 5
. .
,

2 ee ar n, o so n a, . .

M i W illi m I di
3
Wi d m p 1 9
on er -
a s, n an s o , . .
1 1
4 TUT A NKH A MEN
enhetep IV an d hi s followers conc eiv ed an
Aa
m
im ge of him in their minds an d worshipped
him inwardly But the abstract conception of .

thinking was wholly in con ee wableg to the average


E w m u 8 7 m a
concret e form It was prob ably some conception
.

of t hi s kind th at m ade the cult of A ten so unpo ul ar


p
with the Egypti ans an d c aus ed its downfall ,
.

A ten li ke Varun a possessed a m y sterious presence


, , ,

a mysterious power an d a mysterious knowledge , .

He m ade the sun to shine the winds were his ,

bre ath he m ade the sea an d c aused the rivers


, ,

to ow He was omniscient an d though he lived


.
,

remote in the he avens he was everywhere present


on e arth A n d a p ass age in the Rig Veda would
.
-

form an adm irable description of him .

Light giving Varun a ! Thy piercing glan ce


-

doth sc an
In quick succession all this stirring active
world .

A n d pen etrateth too the bro ad ethere al , ,

sp ace ,

Me asuring our d ays an d nights an d spyin g out


all cre atures
1
.

But V arim a possessed one attribute which , ,

so far as we know was w anting in A ten ; he


W
,

M M Q The e arly .

A ry an pr ayed to hi m s ayi ng Be gr acious O


, , ,

Mighty God be gr acious I have sinned through


, .

w ant of power ; be gracious What gre at sin is .

it Varun a for which thou seekest in thy


, ,

worshipper an d friend Tell me O un as s ailable ,

an d self dependent god ;


-
an d freed from sin
1
, ,

I sh al l speedily come to thee for adoration .


1

1
M onier William s ranslation

t
V
-
.

9 Rig eda VI I 86 3 6
-
, , ,
.
A .

A H YMN TO ATEN BY TH E KIN G .
1

1 i h

w
e
a
s:

s i s uh e v


i l i a ti o v
l H as
A H YMN OFPRA I S E T o T H E L IVI N G H OR U S O F T HE
T wo H O RIZO NS W H O RE J O I CE T H I N T HE
,

H O RI ZO N I N HI S N A M E O F SH U W HO I S I N T HE ,

A TE N D I S K) T HE GI VE R O F LI FE FO R ,

E V E R A ND E V E R B Y T H E K I N G W H O L IVE T H
,

I N TR UT H T H E L O R D O F T H E T wo L A N D S
, ,

NE FE R Ra UA EN RA SO N RX

-
K H E PE RU - - -

,
OF ,

W HO LI VET H I N T R UT H LO RD O F T HE C RO W NS , ,

A A K H UNAT E N GRE A T I N T HE D URA T IO N O F


,

H I S L I F E GI VE R O F L I F E FO R E V E R A ND E VE R
,
.

ISee de G N D
avi es The Rock Tombs of El A marn a
xxx xxx t xt f b Of
. .
, ,

Vol I V pl ii iii The e is rom the Tom


th f t
.
, .
, .

T all al A marn ah, wi


-

an additi on rom the om b
A .

HYMN To ATEN BY T H E KIN G 1 1 7

i <7
1 1 th
0 o
ll w t
ttt == - ~
v

J
lQ T h h'

o
h m
ih m
8 & 1 ?t
"
Mi . Pi ni lZi -

a e. a s

K l fl i
Q I :
l j a

Q
QQQ U
I s I n

[ He s aith]
Thou risest gloriously O thou Living A ten , ,

Lord of Eternity Thou art sp arkling ( or c orusc at


ing) be autiful [an d] mighty Thy love is mighty
, ,
.

thy light of diverse colours , ,

leadeth c aptive ( or bewitcheth) all faces Thy ,


.

Skin shineth brightly to m ake all hearts to live .

Thou llest the T W O L ands with thy love O ,

thou god who did [st] build [thy] self M aker of


, .

every l and Cre ator of wh atsoever there is upon it


, ,

[via ] men an d women c attle be asts of every kind , , ,

an d trees of every kind th at grow on the l and .


1 1 8 TUT A NKH AMEN

hill m Q T

s
W w
a .

1
E1 1
1}t W
11 3 .

m
e
)

a
ffai ? r M

ll i :

U P?
9 0
h ill
h P

They live when thou shin est upon them Thou .

art the mother [an d] f ather of wh at thou h ast

m ade ; their eyes when thou risest turn their


, ,

gaze upon thee Thy r ays at d awn light up the


.

whole e arth Every he art be ateth high at the


.

Sight of thee [for] thou risest as their Lord


, .

Thou sett est in the western horizon of he aven ,

they lie down in the s ame way as those who are


de ad Their he ads are wr apped up in Cloth their
.
,

nostrils are blocked un til thy rising t aketh place


,

at d awn in the e astern horizon of he aven Their .

ha nds then are lifted up in adorati on of thy


1 20 TUT ANKH AMEN

us W

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31 t 11

Every cre atu re th at thou h ast m ade skippeth


tow ards thee thy honoured son [rej oiceth] hi s
, ,

heart is gl ad O thou Living A ten who [appearest]


, ,

in heaven every day He h ath brought forth hi s .

honoured son UA E N RA like his own form never


,
- -

, ,

ce asing so to do The son of R a supporteth his


.

be auties ( or ben e c en t acts ) .

N E FE R K HE P E RU RA UA E N RA [s aith]
- - - -

I am thy son s atisfying thee ex alting thy


, ,

n ame Thy strength [an d] thy power are est ab


.

lished in my h eart Thou art the Living Disk


.
,

eternity is thine em an ation ( or attribute) Thou ,


.

h ast m ade the he avens to be remote so th at thou


A .

HYMN TO ATEN BY THE KING 1 2 1

e m c
i ha i

Q " D
h A C
Ql

' K Q
W

mightest Shi ne therein an d gaze upon everyt hi ng


th at thOu h ast m ade Thou thyself art A lone but .
,

there are millions of [powers of] life in thee to


m ake them thy cre atures ) live Bre ath of .

life is it to [their] nostrils to see thy be am s Buds .

b urst into ower [an d] the pl ants which grow


on the w aste l ands send up shoo ts at thy rising
they drink themselves drunk before thy face .

A ll the be asts frisk about on their feet ; all the


fe athered fowl rise up from their nests an d ap
their wings with j oy an d circle round in praise ,

of the Living Aten .

1 Th p g i b
e k t i dd d f m th py f th
assa e n rac e s s a e ro an o er c o o e
H ymn , viz .
,
th t
a of t
Tu u .
B .
-
HYMN To AT EN

BY

AI ,
O VE R S E E R O F THE HO R S E OF

AA K H UNAT E N .

H i
1 . A Hymn of praise of Her aakhuti the living -

one exalted in the E astern Horizo n in his


,

n ame of Shu who is in the Aten who ,

liveth for ever an d ever the living an d ,

gre at A ten he who is in the Set Festival


,
-
,

the lord of the Circle the Lord of the ,

Disk the Lord of he aven the Lord of earth


, , ,

the lord of the House of the A ten in


A akhut A ten [of] the King of the South
-

an d the North who liveth in Truth lord , ,

of the Two L ands Egypt ) N E PE R ,

KH E P E RU RA UA E N RA the son of R a
- - -
, ,

1
See N . de G . Davies , op ci t
. Vol VI , pl
. . xxvn .
1 2 4 TUT ANKH AMEN


Q I U J I I I I I t

1 5 1
w
I I I A

o n

w
IIZP [l ist

rays ) envelop penetrate) every


where all the l ands whi ch thou hast m ade .

Thou art as R a Thou bringest [them] accord


.

ing to their number thou subduest them for


,

thy beloved son Thou thyself art afar


.

off but thy be ams are upon the e arth ;


,

thou art in their faces they [admire] thy ,

goin gs .

Thou settest in the horizon of the west ,

the e arth is in d arkness In the form of ,

de ath Men lie down in a booth wrapped


.

up in cloths one eye c annot see its fellow


,
.
B .
HYMN T o ATEN B Y A I 1 2 5

m m . C
h
im
a
i ii
4
h? <7
L a i r:
a U s.

If all their possessions which are under


,

their he ads be c arried away they perceive


,

it not .

Every lion em erg eth from hi s lair all the creep ,

ing things bite d arkness [is] a w arm


,

retre at The l and is in silence He who .

m ade them h ath set in his horizon .

The e arth becometh light thou shootest ,

up in the horizon S hin in g in the Aten in


,

the day thou sc atterest the d arkness


, .

Thou sendest out thine arrows rays ) ,


1 2 6 TUT A NKH AMEN
'
Z
J CD lit l 1 4 >I A

is $ 1 01 1 (3
I I I
i 8

I

c m

the Two L an ds m ake festival [men] w ake ,

up st and upon their feet it is thou who


, ,

raisest them up [They] w ash their mem


.

bers they t ake [their app arel]


,

5 . an d arr ay themselves therein their h ands are ,

[stretched out ] in praise at thy risin g ,

throughout the l and they do their works .

Be asts an d c attle of all kinds settle down


upon the p astures Shrubs an d veget ables
,

ourish the feathered fowl y about over


,

their m arshes their fe athers praising thy


,

K a ( person ) All the c attle rise up on


.

their legs creatures that y an d insects of


,

all kinds
1 2 8 T UT A NK H AMEN

Q u il l" $ ' 3 O
t s a

v El
k / x

(Wy e V
U
lm -
c .

m z mo
a

o n
O K
Q A

O O M z a

in the womb giving breath to vivify that


,

whi ch he h ath m ade [When] he droppeth .

from the womb on the day of his


birth [he] O peneth hi s mouth in the
[ordin ary] m anner thou providest his
,

susten ance .

The young bird in the egg spe aketh in the


shell thou givest bre ath to him inside it
,

to m ake him to live Thou m akest for .

him his m ature form so th at he c an crack


the shell [ being] inside the egg He cometh .

forth from the egg he c hi rpeth with all,


B .
-
HYMN T O ATEN BY AI 1 2 9

N w
a
l
l a
W

k A
h: a .

s ? ? [M lw vvw

m
c

i i s;
his might when he hath come forth from
,

it (the egg) he w alketh on hi s two feet


, .

0 how m any are the things which thou


hast m ade !
They are hidden from the face 0 thou ,

8 . One God li ke whom there is no other Thou


, .

didst cre ate the e arth by thy he art ( or


will) thou al one existing men an d women
, , ,

c attle be asts of every kind that are upon


,

the e arth an d th at move upon feet ( or


,

legs) all the cre atures that are in the sky


,

an d th at y with their wings [ an d] the ,

deserts of Syri a an d Kesh ( Nubi a) an d the ,

L and of Egypt .
1 30 TUT A NKH AMEN

Thou settest every person in his place .

Thou providest their daily food every m an


,

h aving the portion allotted to him [thou] ,

dost compute the duration of his life Their .

tongues are different in speech their ch arac


,

teristics ( or fo rms ) an d
,

likewise their skins [in colour] giving dis


,

tin guishin g m arks to the dwellers in foreign


l ands .

Thou m akest Hapi (the Nile ) in the


T u at ( Underworld) thou b ringest it when
,

thou wishest to m ake mort al s to live ;

in asmuch as thou hast m ade them for thy


self their Lord who dost support them to
,
1 32 TUT A NKH AMEN

i n u m

Wg
3

2 a
e
m
u
lq lo q
o z
o

a
O G
h
'
lQ M oo

= >
8 l
m
= W f i
l]
l ll
f
feet (or legs) Hapi (the Nile) cometh from
.

the T uat for the land of E gypt Thy .

be am s nourish every eld thou ri sest up


[an d] they live they germin ate for thee ,
.

Thou m akest the Se asons to develop


everything that thou h ast m ade
I I The season of Pert Nov I 6 M arch 1 6) .

so th at they m ay refresh themselves an d ,

the se ason Heh M arch I 6 Nov 1 6) in


.

order to t aste thee Thou h ast m ade the .


l

heaven which is remote that thou m ayest


shine therein an d look upon everything
1
1 . e
.
, for men to f eel the h eart of Shu who is in the A t en .
B .
HYMN TO ATEN BY AI 1 33

-

li\ l ]
l lq ga
s M
w e

l l Q C .

2W k iw
" i
6

t
c b

m g
EM
r
"

.
a .

A ll m W U C

D
W
E
E C Z

?
_JL

a
.

0 c .

th at thou hast m ade Thy bein g is one .


,

thou shi n est ( or shootest up ) among thy ,

cre at ures as the LI VI N G ATE N rising shi ning , , ,

departing afar off returning Thou h ast , .

m ade millions of cre ations ( or evolutions ) ,

from thy one self (viz ) towns an d cities .


,

villages elds ro ads an d river Every eye


, ,
.

all men ) beholdeth thee confronting

it Thou art the Aten of the day at its


.

zenith .

A t thy dep arture thine eye thou


didst cre ate their f aces so that thou
O NE thou didst
g m EJ Q c a I l l

it s
n
o
rm 2430' s ?

t
r M o 0 7:

m ake Thou art in my heart .

There is no other who knoweth thee except


thy son N efer kheperu RaU en R Thou
- - - -
.

h ast m ade hi m wise to underst and thy


plans [an d] thy power The e arth c ame.

into being by thy h and even as thou ,

h ast created them men) Thou risest .


,

they live thou settest they di e A s for


, .

thee there is duration of life in thy mem


,

bers life is in thee [A ll] eyes [gaze upon]


,
.

thy be auti es until thou settest [when] all ,

labours are relinquished Thou settest in .

the West thou risest m akin g to ourish


, ,
HYMN S TO TH E S U N GO D -
.

[ From the P payrus of A i Sheets 8 d n , 1 an

The followin g H ymns are good typic al ex amples ,

of the songs of prai se an d th anksgiving which


were addressed to the Sun god b y orthodox -

Egypti ans under the XVI I Ith dyn asty .

A H Y MN TO R71 WHE N HE RI S E S O N THE H O RIZO N


A ND WH E N H E S E T S I N T H E L A N D O F L I FE .

Hom age to thee , 0 R5 , who risest as Tem


Heraakhu ti .

Thou art adored Thy be auties are before my


.

eyes an d thy splendour falleth upon my


,

body .

Thou goest to thy settin g in the Seqtet Bo at


with fair winds an d thy he art is gl ad The
, .

he art of the M atet Bo at rej oices .

Thou stridest over the he avens in pe ace all thy ,

foes being c ast down .

The st ars which never rest the planets) hymn


thee an d the st ars which never v anish
,

the circumpolar st ars ) glorify thee as thou


si n kest to rest in the horizon of M anu .

Thou art be autiful at m om an d at eve O thou


Living L ord the Unchanging One my
,

, ,

Lord .

Hom age to thee who risest as R5 an d settest as


Tem in be auty .
HYMNS TO TH E SUN GO D 1 37 -

Thou risest an d shin est on the b ack O f thy mother


[the Sky goddess ] O thou who art crowned
-
,

king O f the gods .

Nut (the Sky goddess ) p ays hom age to thee an d


-

, .

M aat (the goddess O f L aw an d Truth) em


braces thee at m om an d eve .

Joyfullythou stridest over the he avens an d theL ake


O f Testes ( a p art O f he aven ) is content thereat .

Thine enemy Seb au is c ast down he adl ong ,

hi s arms an d h ands are cut Off an d thy ,

d agger has severed the j oints O f hi s b ack


bone .

R51 has a fair wind the Seq tet Bo at adv an ces


,

an d comes into port .

The gods O f the South the North the West an d , ,

the E ast praise thee O thou divine subst ance , ,

from whence all forms O f life sprang .

Thou spe akest e arth is ooded with silence


O thou O N LY O NE who di dst dwell in he aven


,

before ever the e arth an d the mount ain c ame


into being .

O S H E PH E R D O L O RD O O N LY O NE Cre ator
, , ,

O f wh at is thou didst m ake the tongue


,

of the Nine Gods Thou h ast m ade all .

th at sprang from the w aters an d thou ,

shootest up from them over the land O f


the pools O f the L ake O f Horus .

Let me bre athe the air which comes from thy


nostrils an d the north wind which is from
thy mother Nut Glorify my spirit 0 Osiris
.
, ,

m ake di vine my soul .

0 Lord O f the gods thou art worshipped at ,

sett ing in pe ace an d art ex alted b ec ause


,

O f all thy wondrous works ,

Shin e thou upon my body e ach day .


1 38 TUT A NKH AMEN

A H Y M N TO RA WH E N H E RI S E S I N T H E E A ST .

H ail thou A ten thou lord O f rays who risest


, , ,

on the horizon day by day Shine thou with


thy be ams O f light upon the face O f the Osiris
A n i the truth spe aker who sings hymns to
,
-
,

th e e at d awn an d adores thee at eventide


,
.

Let hi s soul appe ar with thee in heaven .

Let hi m s ail out in the M atet Boat an d arrive


in port in the Seq tet Bo at an d let him cleave ,

his way among the st ars th at never v anish .

Hom age to thee O Her aakhuti who art Khepera


,
-
, ,

the self cre ated !


When thou ris est an d sendest forth thy beams


upon the l ands Of the South an d the North ,

thou art be autiful y ea be autiful an d all the


, ,

gods rej oice when they see thee the King ,

of He aven .

N ebt Unn ut ( a goddess) is on thy he ad her


-
,

serp ents are on thy he ad an d she t akes her ,

place before thee Thoth st ands in the .

bows O f thy bo at to destroy thy foes .

The denizens O f the T u at ( Underworld) come to


meet thee they bow before thee in hom age
,

at the sight O f thy Be autiful Form .

I wo ul d come before thee d aily to be with thee


an d to behold thy Be autiful A ten ( Disk ) Let .

me be neither prevented nor repulsed .

Grant that when I look upon thy be auties my


m emb ers m ay be m ade young ag ain even ,

as are the members O f thy f avoured on es .

I am one who worshipped thee on e arth Let me .

enter the Etern al L and in the Everlas ting


Country 0 my Lord I beseech thee to
.
,

decree t his for me .


EG YPTI A N MONO TH EI S M .

During the l ast eighty ye ars the gods O f Egypt


an d the religion O f the A ncient Egypti ans h ave
been c arefully studied by m any Egyptologists
but the dif
,

culties which surround these subjects


h ave not y et been cle ared aw ay The respon
for the exist ence O f these dif
.

sib ility culties


rests upon the Egypti ans themselves bec ause ,

they di d not write books on their religion or


expl an ations O f wh at they believed But a gre at .

m any hymns to their gods an d legends O f their


gods an d goddesses h ave come down to us an d ,

from these th anks to the public ation of Egyp tian


,

texts during the l ast thirty ye ars it is n ow possible ,

to arrive at a number O f import ant conclusions


about the Egypti an religion an d its general
ch aracter The O lder Egyptologists deb ated the
.

question whether it was monotheistic polytheistic , ,

or p antheistic an d the differences in the opinions


,

which they form ed about it will illustrate its


difculty Champollion believed it to h ave been
.

a pure monotheism which m anifested itself ,



extern all y by a s y mbolic polytheism Tiele .
1

thought th at in the beginning it was polytheistic ,

but th at it developed in two opposite directions


in the one direction gods were multiplied an d ,

in the other it drew ne arer an d ne arer to mono


theism Naville tre ated it as a religion O f
.
2

1 L Egy pte Paris 1 83 9



2 45, , , p . .

2
Geschi edeni s van den Godsdi en st i n de Oudhei d A m sterdam , ,

1 89 3, p
25 . .
E G Y PTIA N MONOTHEISM 1 41


nature inclini ng to p antheism M aspero admitted
,
.
1

that the Egypti ans applied the epithets on e


God an d only God to several gods even
,

when the god was associ ated with a goddess


an d a son but he adds c e di eu Un n tait j am ais

D IE U tout court ; the onl y god is the only 2

god A men or the only god Pt ah or the only


, ,

god Osiris th at is to say a being determin at e


, ,

possessing a person ality n am e attributes app arel , , , ,

members a family a m an innitely more perfect


, ,

th an men H e is a likeness O f the kings O f


.

thi s e arth an d his power like th at O f all kings is


, , ,

limited by the power O f neighbouring kings .

The conception O f his unity is geographic al an d


politic al at least as much as it is religious R a .
,

only god of Heliopolis is not the s ame as Amen , ,

only god of Theb es The Egyptian of Thebes .

proclaimed the unity O f Amen to the exclusion O f


R a the Egypti an O f Heliopolis procl aimed the
,

unity O f Ra to the exclusion O f M en E ach .

O n e god conceived O f in this m anner is only the


, ,

one god O f the nom e or O f the town an d not the ,

one god O f the n ation recognized as such through


out the country .

On the other h and de Roug wrote in 1 860 , ,

The unity O f a supreme an d self existent being -

hi s eternity his al mightiness an d etern al r epro


, ,

duction as God ; the attribution O f the cre ation


of the world an d O f all living beings to this
supreme God ; the immort ality of the soul ,

completed by the dogm a O f punishments an d


rew ards ; such is the sublime an d persistent
b ase whi ch notwithst anding all devi ations an d
,

all mythologic al embellishments must secure for ,

the beliefs O f the A ncient Egypti ans a most


1
La Religi on , p . 92 .

2
H i stoz rc A n ci emte, Paris, 1 904

, p . 33 .
1 42 TUT A NKH AMEN
honour able place among the religions O f antiquity .

A n d in his work on the Religion an d Myt hology


O f the A ncient Egypti ans Brugsch expressed 2

hi s conviction th at from the e arliest times a


, ,

n ameless incomprehensible an d etern al God was


,

worshipped by the inhabit ants of the Valley Of


the Nile This conviction he b ased on m any
.

p assages in the religious an d moral texts O f


the Egyptians in which referenc e is m ade to a
,

self existent almighty Being who seems to be


-

none other th an the God O f modern n ations .

From these documents we le arn th at the Egyptian


theologi ans believed th at at one time which was ,

even to them innitely remote nothin g exist ed ,

except a boundless primeval m ass O f w ater which


was shr ouded in d arkness but which cont ained ,

the ultim ate sources O f everyt hing th at n ow


exists in the un iverse In late times this w atery .

m ass which was c alled Nunu was regarded as ,

the F ather O f the Gods A somethi ng in .

this w ater which formed an essenti al p art O f it


, ,

felt the desire to cre ate an d h aving im agined ,

in itself the forms of the beings an d things th at


it intended to cre ate bec ame operative an d the , ,

rst cre ature produced was the g od Tern or


Khepera who was the person ic ation O f the
,

creative power in the primev al w ater This god .

sent forth from hi s body Shu He at ) an d


T efn u t ( Moisture ) an d these produc ed Geb ( Earth )
,

an d Nut ( Sky ) Tem or Khepera fashioned the '

form O f everything in his mind an d m ade known


hi s desires to creat e to hi s h eart which was ,

person ied as Thoth T hi s god received the .

cre ative impulse an d invented in hi s mind a


1 Etudes sur le Ri tuel Fun raire ( in Rev A rch .
, P aris 1 860
, ,

p .

2
Religi on an d M y thologi e Lei , p
z ig 1 885
, , p . 90 .
1 44 TUT A NKH A M EN
Nile god is thus described only bec ause he was the
-

di rect em an ation from the gre at unseen unknown ,

an d incomprehensibl e cre ative power which h ad ,

existed for ever an d was the source O f all created


things St atues of the Nile god were m ade under
.
-

the last dyn asties O f the New Empire but the ,

hymn quoted above was written m any centuries


e arlier .

The religious literature O f A ncient Egypt O f all


periods is abund ant yet in no class of it do we,

nd an y prayer or petition addressed to this


uns een an d unknown god But in the Collec .

tions O f Moral A phorisms or Te achings , ,

composed by ancient s ages we nd several ,

all usions to a divine power to whi ch no person al


n ame is given The word used to indic ate
.

or 1 or j y
C
this power is N ETE R O
O
, ,

or N ET H E R M any h ave tried to assign


a m eaning to this word an d to nd its etym ology ,

but the origin al me an ing O f it is at present


un known The contexts O f the p ass ages in
.

whi ch it occurs suggest th at it me ans somethi ng


like etern al God The s ame word is O ften
.

used to describe an O bj ect anim ate or in anim ate , ,

which possesses some unusu ally rem ark able power


c

or quality an d in the plural n eteru j i ) @


, ,

g y y i i
represents the ,beings it

an d things to w hich ador ation in one form or

another is p aid The gre at God referred to in the


.

Moral A phorisms is also spoken O f as pa n eter ,

Kk j@

the God j ust as the A r abs ,

spe ak O f A l A ll ah i e the A llah


-
, The follow
. .
, .

ing exarn ples drawn from the Precepts Of K ag emn a


E GY PTI A N MON OT H EISM 1 45

dyn sty the Precepts O f P t ah hetep


( I Vth a ) a n d -

( V th dyn asty ) will illustr ate t his use O f Neter .


1

The things which G od ll doeth c annot b e


E
1 . , .

known .

Terrify not men G od ll is O pposed thereto


E
2 . .
, , .

3 The d aily
. bre a d is under the dis p ens ation O f

God ll
E
.
,

4 W hen thou
.
p lou g h est l a b our in the eld ,

God 1 1 h ath given thee


5

, , .

5 If thou . wouldst be a perfect m an m ak e thy


l
c
son ple asi n g to G od l ,
.

6 . God j l lovet h obedience ;


, , di sobedience
is h ateful to God
1 ,

7 . Verily a good ( or be autiful) son , is the gift of



God 1 I ,
.

These extracts suggest th at the writers O f the


Precepts believed in a G od whose plans were
inscrut able who was the feeder O f men who
assigned to e ach a S h are O f the goods O f this
, ,

world an d who expected m en to O bey hi s behests


,

an d to bring up their children in a way leas i g


p n
to him A s time went on the ide as O f the Egyp
.

tians about God ch an ged an d un der the XV II Ith ,

dynasty he lost something O f the al oofness with


1
T hy
e are ta en k f
ro m the Prisse Pa yrus w i c was wri ten p h h t
un der the X I th or XII th dy n as y See irey Etudes t V
h pt
.
,

le P apy rus P risse P aris 1 87 7 w ere a tran scri of the


h h f
, , ,

ieratic tex t an d a F ren c tran slation will be ound .


1 46 TUT ANKH AMEN
which they regarded him an d a fuller ide a O f his ,

erson ality existed in their minds This is clear


p
.

rom the following extracts t aken from the


Precepts or Te achi ng O f Khen su hetep more
, ,
-

,
l

generally known as the M axims O f A n i



.

1 The G od x x j
.
, m agnies his n ame , .

2 The house of G od abomin ates overmuch


.

spe aking Pray with a loving he art the


.
,

words of which are hidden He will do .

wh at is needful for thee he will he ar thy ,

petitions an d will accept thine obl ations .

3 It is thy G od I Q
C
. who gives thee existence , , .

4 The. G od x x j@ , is the j udge O f ,

the truth .

5 W .hen thou m akest an O ffering to thy God


bew are of O ffering wh at he abomin ates .

The unknown G od Of the e arly dyn asties has now


become a Being who gives men their lives an d
me an s O f subsistence who c an be appro ached in ,

a temple or house who is ple ased with O fferings


, , ,

an d with pr ayers O ffered up s ilently to him an d ,

who wishes his n ame to be m agnied A nother .

extract re ads
6 Observe with thine eye his plans ( or dis
.

p en sati on ) Devote thysel f to si


. n gin g
praises to his n ame He ves souls to .

hun dreds O f thous ands 0 forms H e .

m agnies him th at m agnies him .

1See C a as hb , L Egyptolog i e Srie I



C alon sur Sa/bne
, h - -
,

Paris 1 8 76 78
,
-
an d A mlin eau La M orale Egyptia n s , ,

P aris, 1 89 2 .
1 48 TUT ANKH AMEN
A m an prep ares the str aw for his building ,

but God is his architect .

It is he who throws down it is he who ,

builds up d aily .

It is he who m akes a m an to arrive in


Am en tt ( the Other World) [where] he is
s afe in the h and O f G od ( Col XXIV) . .

8 . The love Of G od praised an d adored be he,

is more th an the respect O f the Chief ( Col .

XXVI) .
l

It will be noted th at in none of these extracts


is an y attempt m ade to describe God Neter an d , ,

th at he is never c alled One or Only One , .

The t ruth is th at the Egypti ans felt th at they


coul d not describe hi m an d th at they knew nothing
about hi m except th at he existed This gre at .

n ameless unseen an d unknown God h an ded


over to a number of inferior b ein g s the direction

an d m an agement O f heaven an d e arth an d


everything which was in them Thos e th at were .

kind an d consider ate to the hum an r ace men


c alled gods an d those th at were m alevolent an d
,

in irn ic al they c alled dev ils E ach community .

or vill age however sm all possessed its own


, ,

g od whose ,
power

an d import ance depended
upon the we al th an d social position of his wor
shippers But the Eg ypti an whilst adoring the
.
,

god Neter O f his n ative city was ready to


, , ,

admit the exist ence O f another Neter who w as ,

prob ably the Bein g whom we c all Go d Thus .


,

in Ch apt er CXXV O f the B ook O f the Dead ,

the deceased s ays in his d ecl ar ation before the



Forty two gods -
I h ave not cursed God , ,

1
S Egypti Hi
ee ti P py i d B dg
an S dS i era c a r e u e, econ er es,
d
.
,

Lon on , 1 92 3 .
EGYPTIA N MONOTHEISM 1 49

w e 3?j I h ave not contemned



Q , and
c
the god O f my city
1
P k g lr
,
M N

a

CbJ
The di stinction between
. God an d

g O d O f th e city was quite cle ar in the


mind O f the Egypti
It has been cl aimed by som th at Am en hetep IV e

was the rst monotheist in Egypt but the ,

accept ance O f this st atement depends upon wh at


me aning i s given to the word monotheism i ,
. e .
,

the doctrine O f there being only one god The .

p ass ages from the Mor al Papyri quoted above


show th at th Egypti an pr ests an d le arned men
e i

were monotheistic even though they do not ,

proclaim the oneness O f the god to whom they


ref r The ide a O f oneness was well understood
e .

under the A ncient Empire but in the Pyr amid ,

Texts the attribute is ascribed to the gods


an d to kings as well as to God Thus in Tet a

.

( l . 2 3 7) the lord one v d

mentioned ; in M erenra I the king is c alled



gre at god al one n ) s ( l an d is , e .
.

s aid to be stronger than every god ; an d in


P epi II (1 9 5 2 ) the king is c alled the one O f
.

D
he aven 5
, Now the monothei sm
1

mm
a

O f A m en hetep IV was different from th at of


the writers O f the Mor al P apyri an d the oneness ,

O f A ten which he procl aimed resembled th oneness e

O f sever al other Egypti an sol ar gods an d also

1 F rom p
the P a y rus of Nebseni . E arly XVIII th dy n as y t .

3 A nd Lord Of the eart h to its lim i t


1 5 0 TUT A NKH AMEN
gods to whom solar attributes had not been
origin ally ascribed Tern Hor us O f the Two .
,

Horizons an d Ra e ach O f these is c alled One


, ,

an d onl y on e whether mentioned singly or


,

together as a tri ad an d the s ame title was given,

to Amen after his fusion with R a A n d whilst .

A m en hetep IV was procl aiming the on eness O f


A ten in the city O f A ten the worshipper O f Am en ,

was procl aiming the oneness O f Amen in Thebes ,

the worshi pper O f Ra or Tem was proclaiming


the oneness O f his god in Heliopolis an d so on ,

throughout the country A n d it is interesting to .

note th at vot aries O f Neith O f S ais procl aimed


that their goddess was One 5
5 th at ,
1

sh e rst cre ated hers elf an d then produced


R a from her O wn body The second portion O f .

a ne Hymn to the sol ar tri ad which is pr eserved ,

in the P apyrus O f A n i (sh eet an d is addres sed


to R a Tem H eraakhuti the onl y on e adds
- -

,

Osiris to thi s only one thus Prais e be to th ee ,

O Osiris etern al Lord Un n efe H eraakhu ti


, ,
-
r, ,

whose forms are m anifold an d whos e attributes


are m aj estic Pt ah Seker Tem in An u lord O f
,
- -
,

the hidden shrine an d cre ator O f Hetkaptali


( Memphis ) thou turnest thy f ace to
the Other World thou m ak est the e arth to shin e
,

like tchdm (gilded copper The de ad ris e up


to look at thee they bre athe the air an d they
,

see thy f ace like th at O f the A ten ( Disk ) when


he rises on hi s horizon Since they see thee their .

he arts are content O thou who art Etern itv an d


Everlastingness .

It is impossible for Am en hetep IV to h ave


indulged in the philosophic al speculations as to
the un ity of God with which he is sometimes ,

credited but which were only evolved by the Gree k


,

1
See Budg e, Gods f the Egy pti ans
o , Vol I .
, p . 45 8 .
1 52 TUT ANKH AMEN
Am en hetep IV attempted to est ablish a p osi tive
religion an d as a religious innov ator he spoke an d
,

acted as if he were divinely inspired an d had a


divine revelation to give to men an d in every way
,

he tried to dep art from the traditions O f the p ast .

He never re alised th at if hi s religion was to t ake


root an d ourish it must be in cont act all along
the line with the O lder ideas an d practices which
he found among his people Religion did not
.

b egin with him in Egypt He failed in his self


.

appoint ed t ask bec ause his religion did not app eal
to the tradition an d religious instincts an d su sc ep
tib ili ties th at already existed among the Egypti ans
,

an d bec aus e he would not tolerate the tr adi tion al


forms in which their Spiritu al feelings were em
bodi ed .
IN DEX .

Aa em aba , 8 6 f Am en hetep I f
ou n d Of er the
t mb p th d Of
- -
.
,

Aahm es I 1 5 1 his , o , 92 . ries A m en , 9 oo .

Aakhun aten 68, 85 , 1 06 A m en hetep I I , 1 7, 1 8 , 7


t A
,
.

Aak hut A en 8 7, 9 6 , 1 08 A m en hetep I II, son of m en ,


t Of
-

65 ; in c arn a ion Am en
Aapep, I 0
5 ' R a, 2 4 his reig n an d wor s, k
A bd A shratum, 1 0 0 , 1 0 1 2 2 ff ; g o u a, 2 4 ; d O f N bi
k t p
-

S b
. .

A bi M il i, I O I his em le at ul , 1 2 his
ph t t b
-
.

A bu ( E le an in e) , 5 om , 73 his wives, 6 9
b yd y
. .

A os, I 6 , 2 8 , 3 5 A m en hetep I V , 4 , 6 8 ; en em
b t d
.

A c ro a s, 9 , 9 2 of A m en an d the g o s, 7 6 ;

p t k f d t h
.

Ai , ries an d in g, 7 6 , 7 7, 9 2 , o un s a c i y, 8 4 ; c an g es

1 08 H y m n of, to A en , 9 4 , t his n am e, 8 5 his i les, 8 6 tt


1 2 3 h
hi s T eac in g , 8 7 ec omes b
Sh h hp t O
.

A in ash ams, 6 0 ig ries , 8 8 ; fferin g s to

t
- -

S
.

A j alo n , 1 0 2 A en , 8 8 ; loses yria, 9 8


kh t t ph
.

A en a on , 8 5 an d see A ak g if s, m ean , 9 8 ysic al


hun aten form of, 1 03 ; ea an d d th
b b
.

A ksaph, 1 0 0 urial, 1 0 4 ; sc ara of, 1 0 4 ;

x d
A le an er the rea , 1 6 G t h t Of
c arac er 1 06 had wa er t
k b
,
.

A l H a im, I O 7 O n the rain , 7 6 his H ym n


t
-
.

A l Kab, I O to A en , 1 1 6 ff
h h
-
.

A lla , A l A lla , 1 4 4 Amen it, gure of, 1 4


t
-
. .

A m asis I , 2 0 , 2 8 A men i es, the, 8 4


b d
. .

A m i, I O O A m en M u t K hen su T ria , 2 4
- -


. .

A m lin eau , E , 1 4 6 A men R a, 4 , 6 6 , 1 5 1 gure


tt k d b y Of k d
-
. .

Am en a ac e A m en hetep 1 4 ac n owle g es Am en
I V , 7 9 ff ; b
ec om es in c ar
,

hetep I I I, 2 3 ; H mn s to, y
n a e, 2 2 ; t Ct
i y of, 1 5 ail d y 3 5 if
wors i O f, 3 4 hp his n am e Am en tt, 6 4 , 1 4 8
x
.

erased , 8 3 g ures Of in A n i, 9 2 ; M a im s of, 1 4 6 ;


g ol an d silver, 6 ;d ,

is ory ht py O f
P a rus 1 5 0

kh t , .

of, 1 4 H y mn to, 2 9 ; in An e m M aa , 8 6

kh p
- -

N b
.
o

u ia an d O ases, 1 6 ; his An s en pa A m en , rin c ess,

d
- - - -

reven ues seiz e , 96 his 1 3


t p k kh m At p i
.

em le at Karn a , T he O NE, An s e pa en, r n c ess,


d
- -

31 as the orl g od, I 7 W 2 91 92


th h t p ( b)
-

, .

his ree c arac ers, 42 An u A n u is 2 8 ; gure of,


triu m ,
1 08 ph O f
his weal , th 2 9 .
,

76 A n qit, g ure of, 2 5


h Of
. .

Amen emapt T eac in g 1 1 5, An n ( O n ) , 4 5 6, 1 50 ; the


1 47 .
, ,

pil lar c i y, 6 3 t ,

.
1 54 INDEX
Ann Of the B 5 bd So u th 3 en n u, 8 ; ir 63
bi B dD , ,
. .

A n u s, 2 7 ez ol 1 00

p
.
, r .
, .

A es, the s ng in , 3 3
i g i bk B i hu t u ri y a a b
t mb
s I 3
Bi h D S
- - - - - -
.
, .

A pi, 9 2 o of, 1 1 6
5 rc r 4 6, 8
A p it 5 Bi k t H b
. . .
, , .

,
1 . r a a u, 68
F
.

A pt, 2 . 4
5 5 i Biss n g , vo n , 6 1
b B k S l ght 5
. . .

A ra ia, 6 0 loc of au er, 9


B d S d
. .

m
A rtata a, 2 0 loo of un go 83
ft B h K i t b t Of
-
.
,
.

d
A rts an c ra s, 7 3 . og az eu ,
2 1 a le s ,

A shuru all t, 9 8
b i 1 3
B k Of G t
. .

b
A ssal erg s, D r , 1 0
3 oo a es, 94
y Of O p i g h M h
. . .

A ss ria, 2 0 BO O k en n t e on t
d ht Of i ,
.

A st, aug er T , 68 94
B k Of D d j t d b
.

A sy t, 8 4 oo the ea re ec e y
At S Di k
.

en , the o lar s , 2, 2 8 ; i the A ten tes, 9 4


t Of 5 5 O f y B k D
.

'
c ul c iall i h oo of the weller n t e
,

d t mp O f T t
.

rec og n ise , 6 8 e les ua 94


d p m t Of t O f B k Of T W , , .

92 evelo en c ul oo the wo ays, 94


H ym B m g Of T t kham
.
,

5
7 ; n s to, 3 2 , 1 1 1 ff , oo eran u an en ,
1 1
3 , 1 1 4, 1 3 1 , 1 38 ; g ure
o Borc hart, Dr 61
t t mp Of h b B k D q td
.
, .

A en , e le at T e es, 2 or r uo e 2 1

L x B d St
, , .
, ,
.

at u or, 8 3 oun ary elae of Amen hetep


t O y O
.

A en , O the ne or nl n e, . IV , 8 4 .

Bourian t 1 1 1
t m B h
.
,

A en is , 8 6 ra m an s, 1 1 5

b i f Of B td f
. .

i
A ten tes, 8 4 , 1 0 8 ; el e s reas e , P ro , 1 1 2

ypt B hD H
. .
,

96 i
ru n E g 8 rug sc r 1 42
Bh
.
, ,
. . .
,

m i
A ten er t, 2 , 9 2 u en , I O

At t B t
. .

e oa 8 1 b i
B urra ur yash, 9 8
th t b B t Of ,

Byb '
. .

A en -
e en, oa ,
68 . los, 1 0 0 .

Atmu 64 , .

A t Tall, 1 0 8 , 1 09

p
.

A t T ill, 1 0 9 . Ca ravan s, 2 0, 6 0, 72 ; illag e


A z iru, 1 0 0 , 1 0 1 o h 1 02

t
. .

Cam arvon ollec ion , 6 C


t d
.

Car er, M r H owar , 1 1 0


B b yl p p
. .

a on, 87 C as ian G rou of Lan guag es;


B byl
.

a on ia, 2 0 , 7 1 , 73 2 1

t Ct t 4 t Fi
. .

Bakt A en 68, ( Bak tena te )


n , a arac rs 2

Ct th tF
-
.
, ,

8 9, 9 2 a arac our 1 0, 1 8, 67
B Chab F 4 6
.
.
, ,

an i A m ran , 1 0 9

as, 1

B t C h mp lli q t d
.
. .
,

ee le g od, 5 9 a o on uo e I 3, 1 40
ht t Ch i t ia
-
.
.
,

Bek the arc i ec , 8 9 rs 7 n s, 1 0

B b b k
. .

en en O elis , 1 1 9 C i l th 8
rc e, e, 0

B b St C it y O f Am 5 4
. .

B en ( en e n o n e, 6 3 , 8 3 . en , .
g m INDEX
H er ur,
-

56 K hab r, 7 2

. .

Hetkaptah 50 1 K hart m, 1 7
,

t Of
.

Het K ha em m aa , 2 4 Khen su , 2 7 g ure , 2 9

pt Of
- -
.

P
.

Hinatun a, 9 1 Khen su hetep, rec e s , 1 4 6


tt t hp

. .

H i i es, 9 8 K e era, 2 9 . 4 4 . 4 6 , so . 6 0 .
d
.

H o ru s, 4 , 1 4 7 lan s of, 6 ; 70, 1 3 8, 1 4 2 . I 4 7


Ofthe T wo H oriz on s, I 9 ; hp
K e era, the O n e, 3 1
Of
.

the A g ed, g u re 3 1 ; K hephren, 6 1


f th
.
,

A ven g er of his a er, gu re K heprer, 4 9


Of Ch d ht
.

, 3 3 ;
the il , 3 1 . K e a, 9 8

.

H orus an d Set, g ures, 5 6 . K hn em u, 7 3 , 1 43 ; the O n e,


H orus n am e, 3 79
t h m t mp
-
.

H ouse of A en , 8 9 K ue 5 g ure of, 2 ; e le


Of
.
,

H rosn y, Dr F , 1 3 2 4
t b
. . . .
,

Hui, 1 1 , 9 2 ; om of, 1 0 K Am
hn em en , 32 , 49
tS b Kh m
. .

H un cara s, 7 0 ue R a, 1 47
yk B tt
-
. .

H sos, 1 5 1 Ki n g of the a le, 1 1 0

y t K h t b Of t kh m
. .

H mn s to A en , 9 4

. o l u es T u an a en ,

1 2

t 5
.

Ikh en a en , 8 K OShah, 6 7
kh t 5
- -
. .

I n a on , 8 . Kriosphin xes, A ven ue of, 72 .

m h O
I ag e, t e ne, 3 8 , 3 9 , 4 4 K urn ah, 1 3
Of h g d
. .

m
I ages t e o s, 7
d k
.

I n ra, 2 1 , 6 9 La e of H oru s, 1 3 7
k Of
. .

I n tar, 2 1 La e M ut, 7 2
k Of t
. .

I n taruda, 1 0 0 La e T es es, 1 3 7
Of d
. .

I sis, 2 8 , 8 0 ;
' gu re , 5 9 . L an , the E tern al, 1 3 8 .

I uaa, 66 Lapay a, 1 0 2
th
. .

Law an d T ru , 1 3 7
b B k d
.

J a al ar al, 1 0, 1 8 Legrain , isc overies of, 3


k p
. .

J ac al A ven ue 7 3 L e sius, 1 0 , 1 2
ht
. .
,

J eru salem 8 7 L ig , 1 1 3
h t Of
. .
,

J ews 1 0 7 Lion u n s Am en hetep III ,


d t t
.
,

J g
u m en th e Las 95 72
pt ,
.
,

b 7
.

J u i er A m m on 1 6 L ion scara s, 0

t y y
.

'
.
,

L i urg of F un erar O erin g s,

Kagem n a, Prec e s , 1 4 4 pt Of 94
dO
.

Kam utf, 4 L or , n e, the, 1 4 9

t
. .

K an ekht, 1 1 5 , 1 4 7 L ore , V , 74
x
. . .

K an ekht tu t m es, 3 - -
. L u or, 2 4 , 2 8 , 7 2 .

K aradun iyash, 2 0 , 9 8 .

K arei 6 7 M i am 1 0

k ,
, . .

K arn a , 4 , 1 5 , 1 9 , 2 8 , 3 4 , 4 3 ,
S2 7 2
:

h
K es , Prin c e , 1 0 Of
hb
.

K a iri, K habiru, 9 8 , 1 0 0 , 1 0 1 .
INDEX 1 57

Ma kk h a , 87 . N asariya, 2 1 .

M an g od. 5 7. x4 3 Nau an d Nen 1 4


f
-

, .

M an n , 4 9 Naville Pro E 1 6, 2 2 1 40
dk
. .
.
, .
, ,

M ar u 60 Neber tc her 1 4 7
y Vi i
.
, .
,

M ar ,
the r
g n, 61 . Nebkheperura , 3, 1 2 .

M atc hau, 43 Nebmaatra 2 4 5 2

M tt B t
,

py
.
.
,

ae oa 1 3 6, 1 38 N e bsen i, Pa rus of, 1 49


M x
. .
,

a S J
well, ir 1 1 1 Nebt Un n ut 1 3 8
M dit
-
.
,
. .
,

e erran ean , 72 1 2 7 Nebti n am e 3 2 0 6 5


M mphi d hp t
-
.
, .
, , ,

e 5 s, 4, 6, 1 6, 1 0 un er Nefer a us g erh aui 3


d
- - -
.
,

worl O f, 2 8 N efer kheperu her sekheper,


M m ph t
-
.

e i es, 98 92
Of t
. .

M en thu, g u re
33 Nefer n eferu A en , 9 2
Of
- -
.


, .

M en uK m a utf, g ure 36 Nefer n eferu Ra, 9 2


t
- -
.
, .

M m
eri es, s ele of, 71 Nefertari, Q ueen, 2 8
hi h p i t f tt
. .

M erit a g r es 89 Ne er i i, Q ueen , 7 6, 9 1 9 3,
I t m b Of h d
.
, , ,

M i er ra o 9 2 1 05 35 ; 1 ea of, 1 09

I t mb Of
.
, , , .

M i er ra I , o , 92 . Neg an , 8 .

M iaer t ten , i Pr n c ess, 2 1 04 Nehern a, 6 9


M ti th
.
, .

eri 43 N ei 3 0, 1 5 0

M it I , .
, .

er Ra, Nekhen 1 0.

M p t mi
-
.
,

eso o a a, 1 0 2 Nen I 4
M ta g
. .
,

es 5 ure of, 9 N en u , 5 8, 6 1
I phth Of
. .
,

Mi h hi
it ra as s i l, 2 Ne y s, 8 0 gure , 5
6
M it tt hb
- - - - -
.
.

ann i. 25 7 0, 6 69. 1 73 Nes aui ( T e es , 1 0


)
Of d Of
-

, . .

lan
g uag e 2 1 go s 2 1 Nesubat n ame, 3
M ith th
-

,
.
, .

ras, 2 1 69 N
Net ( ei ) , gure of, 3 0
M it t
.
, .

ra, 2 1 1 1 3 . Ne er, G od an d

g od, 1 4 4
M i W i m
, .

on er ill a s, 1 1 3 Ni, 1 0 0
th i m ypt i
. .

M on o e s ,
1 49 Eg an , Nile, 1 3 0 3 2 .

1 40 if Nile god, 2 3 , 1 4 3 , 1 4 4
d
-
.

N G
.

M oon g od 1 4 7 in e o s, 4 5
tq t d NO
-
.
, .

M ore uo e 3 5 A m on , 1 5
th t
-
. .
,

M o er A en 4 9 N1 1 . 5 8 . I 3 9 , I 4 3
mmi i d Of
.
,

Mu cat on , 96 N b
u ia, 1 0, 8 9 5
g ol
g ha t b t Of
.

, 1 1 ;
M us afa t A 1 09 ri u e , 9 7

g O f t mp Of
.
, .

M ut, ure , 2 7 ; e le , Nun , 44 .

72 . Nu n u, 3 9, 1 4 2 , 1 4 3
1

M ut em uaa, 2 0, 2 2 2 4, 65 ut. 3 . 4 9 . so. 1 3 7 ; g ure 0 13 3 8


y
- -
.
,

M ceri n us, 61 . ut m en , 1 5 .

Naharn 67 b k b
O elis , sym ol of Ra, 6 2 ff
p
.
, .

O ffering s, ure, 1 4 6
d d h th
.

Napata 1 0, 1 8, 6 7, 71 76 ; Og oa of T o , 8 1
Sy i h fh k
, , .

r an c ie un g o n walls O f, O ld H aw , 4
1 8 . O n . 4 3 ; see n u .
1 58 I NDEX
One 1 48 tit Of R le a an d o th er h t
P un is m en , 9 5
d t
.
,

g o s, 3 1
33 P un , 4 3
d x
. .

O n e A lo n e, 4 4 , 4 5 . Pyrami T e ts, 1 4 , 5 7, 6 3 .

O n e G od, 1 4 1
Of Of O i i
.

O ne H eaven , 1 4 9 e hsen uf son s r s, 95


th t ,

t
.

W Q uin us C ur ius
.

On e a c er, the, 4 9 .
,
1 6 .

O n en ess, 4 2 , 7 9 , 1 4 9 , 1 5 0
y
.

O n l G od, 1 4 1 R5 . 5 8. 9 8. 1 2 4. 1 4 3. 1 47
b t
.

O n ly O n e, 5 8 , 1 3 7, 1 4 8 . ec om es in carn a e, 2 2

O siris. 2 7. 6 4 . I 3 7. 1 4 1 H y mn to, 1 1 2 , 1 3 6 iii ; soul


g Of 5ures 9, 63 Of
, 5 8 ; the Sun god, 6 0 If
t
-
. .
,

O i U N
sir s n eier, 2 8 R a A em, 6 4
O th W ld T t t
- -
. .

er or see ua ,
1
5 0 . R a A en, 1 3 8
-
.

Ra Heraakhuti, 4 , 2 8 , 6 4
ti 5 hp
-
.

Pales n e, Ri K e era, 6 4
tt f T t kham
-
. .

Pale e o u an en , 1 3 . Rames, 9 2 .

hi
P an e s , 9 2 Ra T em Heraakhuti, 1 5 0
th m d
- -
. .

P an eis , 1 4 1 . Red L an , 6 .

Paren n efer, 9 2 R ed Sea, 1 2 7


ti t
. .

P an t , 3 4 , 4 0 , 4 1 R eg is er, the elestial, 5 8 C


tP f
. .

P ee , ro , 1 1 0 . . Ren p khaus hetep n eteru , 3


- - -
.

Pen thu, 9 2 R es R a em An u, 8 9
pi I t
- - -
. .

Pe I, 1 4 9 R esurrec ion , the O sirian , 6 3


byd pp
. .

P e a at A
q os, 2 8 . R eten n u ( Rethen n u) , U er,
P A
er k
akheper ara, 6 1 1 8 1

t tbt
-
.
, .

P er A en , 8 3 , 8 9 Re ri u ion , 9 5
m At dd
-
. .

'
P er g e en , 8 9 R ib A a, 1 0 0
P t S Vd
- -
. .

er eason , 1 32 R ig e a, 1 1 4
d) 5
-
. .

P est (E nn ea 8 R uttet, 2 2
ti f
.
, .

P e r e, Pro , 1 0 9
h ii
. .

P oen c a, 1 1 , 1 7, 7 1 , 9 8 S i 6
acr ces, 2

P h ix 5
. .

oen , 8, 64 S d g 6 7
a n 4 a, 1 0

Sak a 9
. .
,

P hoin ix, 6 1 ar 3 8 2 1 0 1 0

Sm h 7
, ,
. .
,

P ian khi, 6 1 a na 1
h S g Of A kk d
,
. .

P ie l, K , 1 1 1 ar on a 1 1 0

t S h
. . .
,

P ierre , P , 4 6 ar a, 1 02

t Of
. . .

P illar, c ul the, 6 3 S tam


a 68 en ,

t S ti g
. .

Plan e s, 1 3 6 a f 5 ure o 2

y t S it i I I
.
,
.
,

P ra er, silen , 1 4 6 av r

y t
.

S b f A m h t p I II
,

Pra er to A en , 1 1 5 c ara s o en e e an d
py
.

P ri sse Pa rus, 1 4 5 hi 67s son ,


4 1 0

t S h af D 6
.

g
, .

P ah. 4 . 9 7. 1 4 1 . 1 4 3 ; ure c er, r 1

Sh d D
.
, .

of. 7. 3 9 c roe er, r 1 1 0


Pt h h p
.
,

S
.

a 5 ete 1 4 eason s,th T w 33 3 e o, 1 2

t hS k a S bak g Of 3
-
.
, ,
.

P a e er- A s r, 63 e ure 0
t hS k T m S ba d 44 3 7
-
.
, ,

P a -
e er -
e ,
1 50 . e u en s, , 1 .
1 60 INDEX
T iele, 1 4 0 . Un Ne fer 1 5 0
-

,
.

T od ay, 5 8 Ur m aa, 8 9
I
-
.

b
.

T om s at T all al A marn ah , 9 2

U ru un n aash shi il, 2

t
- - - - - - -
.

b
.

T om s of the A ren i es, 9 4


b
.

T om s of the Ki n g s, 1 1
ty t
.
V aruna, 2 1 6 9 , 7 6, 1 1 3

1
5
V d , .

T rin i , the rs , 5 8
th b e as, 1 1 5
.

T ru , 3 5 ; the earer of G od,


1 47 .

Of wad BaN agaa 1 7


h
-

T uam utef, gure ,


.

95
t Wi th Halfa ,
.
,
Io
Tua . the. 3 1 . 4 1 64 . 94 . 9 5 .
W d
.

ei n er Dr
.
1 1 0

W ll Of th S
, .
, .

e e un , 60
T un ip, 1 0 0
Wh it C w
.

e ro n, 1 43
T ushratta, 2 0 , 6 9 , 9 8 , 1 0 2
Wi k l
.

t kh
.

nc er, 2 0 , 1 0 0
T u an amen , reig n of, 1 1 2 H ,
Wi t 5
.

t bd d
.

n er, 1
6 08 h m i
Wi d m 4 3
.

9 1 t e o sc o vere

by
,

D
avis, 1 2 ; res ores wor t W ll y M
s o ,
1 .

s i hp
O f A men , 1 4
' oo e , r
.
,
1 1 0 .

t kh t
.

T u an a en , 2
t t b h h
.

T u u, 9 2 ; om of, 1 1 6 Ya we , 1 1 2
y
.

T re, 1 0 1 Y ear g od, 3 4


t dy
-

Yes er a , 5 8 .

'
b
Um ilic us, 1 6
k
.

Un n own =Am en , 47 . Zim rida, 1 01 .


Ri dg e , ( Si r ) Ern e s t Al f r e d
Thomp s on Wal l i s

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