Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2, FEBRUARY 2015
Bing Gao 1, Fan Yang 1, Minyou Chen 1, Pan Duan 2, Qing-jun Peng 3, and Yongming Yang 1
1
State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment & System Security and New Technology
School of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
gaobing.cqu@gmail.com, yangfancqu@gmail.com, mchencqu@126.com
2
Chongqing Power Company
South Bank Bureau, Chongqing, 404100, China
3
Postdoctoral Workstation of Yunnan Power Grid Corporation
Kunming, 650217, China
Abstract An improved local Petrov-Galerkin more and more attention in recent years [1-7,22].
method (MLPG) is proposed to solve the general In many fields, such as electric engineering and
electro-thermal problems in the paper, in which the chemical engineering [8-11], especially for
method to determine the support domain is microelectronic device and electrolysis industrial
improved. Two electro-thermal problems are materials often suffer impacts of electro-thermal
analyzed and solved with the method in the paper, coupling field. In addition, in power system,
the results indicate that the precision of the final electro-thermal characteristic parameter can be an
solution is increased. In addition, the electro- efficient method to design and dialogue [12-13].
thermal field and ampacity of 800kV ultra high The characteristic of device or material
voltage direct current (UHVDC) transmission line strongly depends on temperature which is also
are calculated, great accuracy of the solution to the affected by electric parameter; in power system, a
electro-thermal coupling problem is obtained. portion of device breakdown owes to overheat
Results indicate that the maximum and minimum caused by current. Therefore, analysis of the
value of surface electric field intensity on each sub- characteristic of device under electro-thermal
conductor lies on the inner and outer surface, the coupling field is particularly important.
ampacity of transmission line varies almost linearly For devices of complex physical model, if
with environment temperature inversely. finite element method (FEM) is adopted, huge
computer cost will be required for accuracy. Due to
Index Terms Ampacity, bundled conductors, the superiority of meshfree method, in this paper,
electro-thermal coupling, meshfree method, the an improved MLPG method is adopted to deal with
local Petrov-Galerkin method, UHVDC. the electro-thermal coupling problems, a
generalized support domain method is proposed to
I. INTRODUCTION get higher accuracy. Then two rectangle domain
The meshfree method does not require the problems are analyzed to verify the accuracy of this
generation of a mesh for the solution domain, only proposed MLPG method. Combing with the harsh
nodes scattered in the solution domain as well as climate of western of China, the ampacity of ultra
sets of nodes scattered on the boundaries. It not high voltage direct current (UHVDC) transmission
only overcomes the error caused by interpolation, line is analyzed, and influence of environment
but also in electromagnetic field, electric temperature on ampacity is also discussed.
parameters can be derived from shape function This paper is organized as follows, in Section
directly. Owing to these advantages, it has received II, the basic principle of MLPG is briefly
The widely used method for construction of the The following weight function is adopted in
meshfree shape function of MLS is adopted in this this paper [2]:
paper. Consider u(x) to be function of the field 2 2 3 1
3 4r 4r for r d
2
variable defined in the problem domain :. The
4 4 3 1
approximation of u(x) is denoted u h (x) : w(x x I ) { w(r ) 2
4 r 4 r r for r d1 , (11)
3 3 2
m 0 for r !1
u h (x) p (x)a (x) { p
j j
T
(x)a(x), (1)
j
where r x x I and d mI is the
d I / dmI , d I
where m is the number of terms of monomials, and
a(x) is a vector of coefficients given by: size of the domain of influence of the I th node.
aT ( x) {a0 ( x) a1 ( x) am ( x)}, (2)
B. The MLPG formulation
which are functions of x.
In this section, the strong form of the steady-
In this paper, the square function basis is used
state heat conduction equation for two dimensional
for 2D:
problem can be described as [8-9]:
pT (x) [1 x y x 2 xy y 2 ] . (3)
w 2T w 2T
The basis assures the MLS approximation can O O qv . (12)
reproduce any smooth function and its first wx 2 wy 2
derivative with arbitrary accuracy, the coefficient The essential and the natural boundary
aj(x) can be obtained at the point x by minimizing conditions are given by the following equations,
a weighted discrete L2 norm as follows: respectively:
n
J w(x x )[p I
T
(x I )a(x) uI ] , 2
(4) T T on * u , (13a)
wT
I 1
x
FI * sq
wI hT f d * qv wI d : a wI T d *.
:s * su
IV. ELETRO-THERMAL FIELD MODEL Then the Joule heat per unit length in the
In power system, the characteristic of device is conductor can be calculated as follows [8-9]:
often affected by more than one field, and these JJ
fields also have interaction with each other. The q dS , (28)
V
typical one is electro-thermal coupling. The where J is the current density.
temperature of electric device depends on the The losses in a model are dependent on the
losses which can be calculated by solving the temperature. The temperature distribution can be
following equation [8-9]: obtained by solving the nonlinear electro-thermal
(V (T )u ) Q j , (22) coupling model. Solution of this dynamic
where (T) is the electrical conductivity, u is the procedure can be obtained by applying the Newton-
electrostatic potential, Qj is the current source. Raphson iteration method as shown in Fig. 2 [14].
By applying the same theory analysis just In order to investigate the accuracy of the
shown in the above part, equation (23) can be got: improved MLPG method, a relative error is
calculated as follows [21]:
(wi Vu wi Q j )d : N
:s
(u i
fem
uinum )2
w Vu U u d : w Q )d : (29)
2 i 1
i i j (23) error N
,
:s :s (u
i 1
i
fem 2
)
w Vud : w V ud : w Q d :.
2
:s
i
:s
i
:s
i j
where uinum denotes the numerical solution of the
The second part equals with: ith node and the ui fem denotes the FEM solution of
the ith node.
wiV ud :
2
:s
Initial value
w Vu d : w Vu d : w Vud : (24)
:s
i
:s
i
:s
i Tk+1=Tambient
w Vu nd * w Vu d : w Vud :.
i i i i
0
*i :s :s =1+T 0
The local weak form can be written as:
(wi Vu wiQ j )d :
:s Calculate u
(25) by Eq.(26)
w Vu nd * w Vu d : w Q d :.
*i
i i
:s
i
:s
i j
where u 0 and q are electric parameters for essential Fig. 2. The flowchart of solving the electro-thermal
and the natural boundary. coupling model.
161 ACES JOURNAL, Vol. 30, No. 2, FEBRUARY 2015
1
V. NUMERICAL EXPERIMENTS 26
In some conditions, such as the breakdown
24
process of cable, the temperature rising is a 0.8
wT w 2T w 2T 16
Uc O O 2 qv , (30)
wt wx 2
wy 0.2 14
capacity. 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
According to the derivation principle as (a) Temperature distribution at t=1 of MPLG
described in Section II, the final equation is written method
as follows:
x
CT KT F, (31)
[C ] [C ]
{[ K ] }^T `t { f }t ^T `t 't , (32)
't 't
where Cij w( x, xi )U cN j ( x)d :.
:S
y
q:
T
=0
n
In this section, a steady rectangle domain as The relative error between improved MLPG
described in Fig. 6, was first discussed. and FEM method is about 0.117%. We can observe
The parameter of k is set as 12, and the local good agreement between the improved MLPG
quadrature domain with four subdivision cells and results and FEM results both for electric and
44 integration points in each cell. The comparison temperature distribution from Figs. 8 and 9. And,
between improved MLPG method results and finite we can conclude that the improved MLPG method
element method (FEM) results is shown in Fig. 7. has a great accuracy. In addition, this method can
be more accurate if more nodes are used in the
y
calculation.
180
T u
q: =0 , =0
n n 160
Improved MLPG
140
FEM solution
T=26.85 T=26.85
120
u=0.1V u=0V
T( )
100
80
q:
T
=0 ,
u
=0
x
n n 60
40
Fig. 6. The rectangle problem domain.
p [ ] 20
1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
160 x(m)
0.9
0.8 140
Fig. 8. Comparison between improved MLPG and
0.7
120
FEM method along y=0.5.
0.6
100 0.115
0.5
0.11
0.4
80
0.3 0.105
60
0.1
Electric Field(V/m)
0.2
Improved MLPG
0.1 40 0.095 FEM Solution
0 0.09
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
0.08
0.075
temperature of aluminium cable steel reinforced observation plane is chosen to analyze the electric
cannot exceed 70 [15-19]. However, the climate and thermal characteristics. The temperature and
of western of China is harsh, especially for electric field intensity distribution are shown in Fig.
Chongqing city where the outer environment 11 and Fig. 12, respectively.
temperature can be over 40 in summer; in It can be seen that the highest temperature lies
addition, with highly electrical consumption at the on the transmission line, because the lines are heat
same time, causing serous heating. Therefore, we source. The temperature of the space surrounded by
should make the most use of the capacity of sub-conductors is higher than that of outer space,
transmission line under safety permission. Effect of this is mainly because the inner space is nearest to
wind is not taken into account because of low wind all heat source. Temperature and electric field
speed in this city. As the length in the axis direction intensity distribution of the space surrounded by
is much longer than that of radial direction, in sub-conductors are non-uniform. Moreover,
addition, the impact of sag is ignored, then the line temperature in the right side of space surrounded
can be regarded as limitless long. Therefore, the by positive sub-conductors is higher than that of the
electro-thermal distribution can be presented by 2D left side. However, this situation is opposite for
situation. negative sub-conductors. This owes to the electric
As shown in Fig. 10, the main line used is 6 field intensity in space between positive pole and
split conductor. Impact of sunshine is assumed as a negative pole, which is higher than that of other
heat flux into the domain. In order to get higher space.
accuracy, nodes around the sub-conductors is
intensive, while in other parts is coarse. 1 51.5
51
0.5
50.5
y(m)
0 50
49.5
observation -0.5
object
49
-1
48.5
0
50
18m positive negative
-0.5 49.5
49
ground -1
48.5
(b) Detailed explanation of observation object in (a) 21.5 22 22.5 23 23.5
x(m)
Fig. 10. Schematic diagram of UHVDC (b) The temperature distribution of space
transmission lines. surrounded by negative sub-conductors
Because the transmission line is two-orders Fig. 11. The temperature distribution of UHDC
lower than that of the total domain, thus, an transmission line.
GAO, YANG, CHEN, DUAN, PENG, YANG: AN IMPROVED MLPG METHOD AND APPLICATION 164
20
1
0.5 15
y(m)
0 10
-0.5
5
-1
(a) Maximum electric (b) Minimum electric
0 field field
-0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
x(m) Fig. 13. The maximum and minimum electric field
(a) The electric field intensity in space surrounded intensity positions of the positive and negative sub-
by positive sub-conductors conductors.
20
1 Because the environment temperature has a
great impact on transmission capacity, influence of
0.5
15 it should be considered seriously for the design and
operation of ultra-high-voltage transmission lines
[16]. Here in this paper, the city of Chongqing is
y(m)
0 10
taken as an example to analyze the influence of
environment temperature on the capacity of
-0.5
5 transmission line. According to the history data, the
range of environment temperature of Chongqing
-1 city is 28~42. Variation of the ampacity with
0
environment temperature is shown in Fig. 14.
21.5 22 22.5 23 23.5
x(m)
800
(b) The electric field intensity of space surrounded
780
by negative sub-conductors
760
conductors. 720
700
It can be seen in Fig. 12, the electric field
680
intensity in space between positive polar and
660
negative polar is higher than that of other pace, the
main reason is that the grounded capacitance and 640
[17] G. T. Yin, Study on Improving Transmission Line Bing Gao was born in 1987, Hunan
Current Capacity Based on Line Temperature Province, China. He received his
Monitoring, Department of Electrical and B.E. degree in Electrical
Eengineering, Chongqing University, MS, Spring Engineering at Chongqing
2011. University in 2011. Now he is a
[18] T. O. SEPPA, Increasing transmission capacity by Ph.D. candidate with the School of
real time monitoring, Proceedings of the IEEE Electrical Engineering, Chongqing
Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting, New University, China. His research
York, USA, pp. 1208-1211, August 2002. activities mainly include: multi-fields of power
[19] Y. Yang and D. Divan, MLPN based parameter converter and meshless methods for solving
estimation to evaluate overhead power line dynamic electrothermal problems.
thermal rating, 15th International Conference on
Intelligent System Applications to Power Systems, Fan Yang was born in ShanDong
Curitiba, Brazil, pp. 8-12, November 2009. Province, China. He received his
[20] Z. Yu and Z. Wei, Numerical calculation of Ph.D. degree from the School of
electric field intensity on the surface of bundle Electrical Engineering, Chongqing
conductors of overhead transmission lines, High University, China and now he is a
Voltage Engineering, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 23-24+27, Ph.D. Supervisor in Electrical
January 2005. Engineering of Chongqing
[21] Q. Li, S. Shen, and S. N. Atluri, Application of University. His research interests
meshless local Petrov-Galerkin (MLPG) to includes high voltage electrical apparatus,
problems with singularities, and material electromagnetic devices and sensors, electromagnetic
discontinuities, in 3-D elasticity, Computer environment of power system.
Modeling in Engineering & Sciences, vol. 4, no. 5,
pp. 571-585, March 2003. Minyou Chen was born in
[22] W. He, Z. H. Liu, and R. K. Gordon, A comparison Chongqing, Province. He received
of the element free Galerkin method and the the Ph.D. degree in Control
meshless local Petrov-Galerkin method for solving Engineering from the University of
electromagnetic problems, Applied Computational Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K., in 1988.
Electromagnetics Society (ACES) Journal, vol. 27, Now he is a Professor at the School
no. 8, pp. 620-629, August 2012. of Electrical Engineering,
Chongqing University, China. His
current research interests are control, state monitoring
and algorithms of new energy power system.