Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Source: http://richard-rowland-perkins.com/professional/renewable-tech-wind-power
2
An introduction to aerodynamics
(See Chapter 3.4 of Wind Energy Explained by Manwell, McGowan & Rogers)
3
Airfoil aerodynamics
Airfoils
Souirce: http://www.ae.illinois.edu/m-selig/uiuc_lsat/lsat_5bulletin.html
5
Lift
FL
Drag FD
6
Pressure distribution around an
airfoil
-
http://www.desktopaero.com/appliedaero/
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Angle of attack
Angle of attck
a
Velocity
http://www.pagendarm.de/trapp/programming/java/profiles/NACA4.html
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Lift coefficient CL
Lift coefficient, CL
U2
FL CL Cordelength Depth
2
FL
Angle of attack, a
10
0.2
0.15
0.1
y/c
0.05
0
-0.05
-0.1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
x/c
1 1
0.5 0.5
0 0
-0.5 -0.5
-1 -1
Cp
-1.5
Cp
-1.5
-2 -2
-2.5 -2.5
CL=0.51 CL=1.73
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Pressure distributions
The pressure distribution is very sensitive to small changes in geometry.
HOG profile NACA 4416 profile
Lower surface
Upper surface
0.2 Lower surface 0.2
0.15 Upper surface 0.15
0.1 0.1
y/c
0.05
y/c
0.05
0
0 -0.05
-0.05 -0.1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
x/c x/c
1 1
0.5 0.5
0
0
-0.5
Cp
-0.5
Cp
-1
-1
Lower surface
-1.5
Upper surface
-1.5 Lower surface
-2
Upper surface
-2.5 -2
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
x/c x/c
CL=0.85 CL=1.12
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Airfoil geometry
Important definitions:
Chord length is the longest distance
between leading and trailing edges
Camber line is the mean height
above the chord line
R
Thickness is the height between
upper and lower surface (symmetric
about the camber line)
Angle of attack, a, is the angle
between the velocity vector seen by
the airfoil and the chord line
Drag force is the part of the force
vector in the direction of the velocity
vector
Lift force is the part of the force
vector normal to the velocity vector
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Lift Lift
FL
2
U
FL CL Cordelength Depth
2
Where:
FL Lift force [N]
U Velocity [m]
Density [kg/m3]
CL Lift coefficient [-]
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Lift coefficient
CL
U2
FL CL Cordelength Depth
2
FL
15
Drag
U
Drag FD
2
U
FD CD Cordelength Depth
2
Where:
FD Drag force [N]
U Velocity [m]
Density [kg/m3]
CD Drag coefficient [-]
16
Drag coefficient
CD
FD
U2
FD CD Cordlength Depth
2
17
Peripheral velocity = rW
Wind velocity = U
Relative velocity = Urel
rW
Urel
rW
18
FL
FD
19
20
U Fthrust
Fthrust
Mtorque
Mthrust
21
For a given angle of attack the lift force increases with increasing camber
Since the thickness is symmetric about the camber line it has very little effect on lift as
it affects the pressure distribution symmetrically
Airfoil Stall
Increasing velocity
Decreasing pressure
24
Airfoil Stall
25
Tip losses
The whole idea of lift generation on wings relies on generating a pressure difference
between the upper and lower surfaces. At the wing tip the pressure difference may
not be sustained and flow leaks from the high pressure to the low pressure area.
Tip vortex
Source: http://caebridge.com/wind-turbine-design
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Rotary Disk
W
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FL
FR
FD
FR Resultant force [N]
FL Lift force [N]
FD Drag force [N]
U Wind velocity [m/s]
rW Peripheral velocity [m/s]
Urel Relative velocity [m/s]
W Angular velocity [rad/s]
r Turbine radius [m]
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FR
FL
FD
FL FT FR
FR FThrust
FD
34
FL
FD
a
a
FL FR
FT
FR FThrust
FD