vii

CONTENTS

List of Contributors by Country of Residence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi

Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii

Contributing Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv

Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix
R.Kuhnel

Chapter 1. General Introduction: Clays, Clay Minerals, and Clay Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

F. Bergaya and G. Lagaly

Chapter 2. Structures and Mineralogy of Clay Minerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

M.F. Brigatti, E. Galan and B.K.G. Theng

Chapter 3. Surface and Interface Chemistry of Clay Minerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

R.A. Schoonheydt and C.T. Johnston

Chapter 4. Synthetic Clay Minerals and Purication of Natural Clays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

K.A. Carrado, A. Decarreau, S. Petit, F. Bergaya and G. Lagaly

Chapter 5. Colloid Clay Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

G. Lagaly

Chapter 6. Mechanical Properties of Clays and Clay Minerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247

R. Pusch

Chapter 7. Modied Clays and Clay Minerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261

F. Bergaya, B.K.G. Theng and G. Lagaly

Chapter 7.1. Acid Activation of Clay Minerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263

P. Komadel and J. Madejova

Chapter 7.2. Thermally Modied Clay Minerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289

L. Heller-Kallai

Chapter 7.3. Clay Mineral Organic Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309

G. Lagaly, M. Ogawa and I. Dekany

Chapter 7.4. Clay Minerals and the Origin of Life. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379

A. Brack

Chapter 7.5. Pillared Clays and Clay Minerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393

F. Bergaya, A. Aouad and T. Mandalia

Chapter 8. Properties and Behavior of Iron in Clay Minerals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423

J.W. Stucki
viii Contents

Chapter 9. Clays, Microorganisms, and Biomineralization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477

K. Tazaki

Chapter 10. Clays in Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499

F. Bergaya, B.K.G. Theng and G. Lagaly

Chapter 10.1. Conventional Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501

C.C. Harvey and G. Lagaly

Chapter 10.2. Clay Minerals as Catalysts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541

J.M. Adams and R.W. McCabe

Chapter 10.3. Clay Mineral and OrganoclayPolymer Nanocomposite. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583

E. Ruiz-Hitzky and A. Van Meerbeek

Chapter 11. Clays, Environment and Health. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623

F. Bergaya, B.K.G. Theng and G. Lagaly

Chapter 11.1. Clays and Clay Minerals for Pollution Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625
G.J. Churchman, W.P. Gates, B.K.G. Theng and G. Yuan

Chapter 11.2. Clays and Pesticides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677

S. Nir, Y. El-Nahhal, T. Undabeytia, G. Rytwo, T. Polubesova,
Y. Mishael, O. Rabinovitz and B. Rubin

Chapter 11.3. Clay Liners and Waste Disposal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 693

K. Czurda

Chapter 11.4. Clays and Nuclear Waste Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 703

R. Pusch

Chapter 11.5. Clays and Human Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 717

M.I. Carretero, C.S.F. Gomes and F. Tateo

Chapter 11.6. Clays and Clay Minerals as Drugs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 743

M.T. Droy-Lefaix and F. Tateo

Chapter 12. Critical Assessment of Some Analytical Techniques. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 753

F. Bergaya, B.K.G. Theng and G. Lagaly

Chapter 12.1. Mossbauer Spectroscopy of Clays and Clay Minerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 755

E. Murad

Chapter 12.2. Identication and Quantitative Analysis of Clay Minerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 765

J. Srodon

Chapter 12.3. X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 789

W.P. Gates

Chapter 12.4. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 865

H. Seyama, M. Soma and B.K.G. Theng
Contents ix

Chapter 12.5. Small-angle Scattering Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 879

D. Tchoubar and N. Cohaut

Chapter 12.6. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 909

S. Petit

Chapter 12.7. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 919

J. Sanz

Chapter 12.8. Transmission Electron Microscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 939

F. Elsass

Chapter 12.9. Surface Area and Porosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 965

L.J. Michot and F. Villieras

Chapter 12.10. Cation and Anion Exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 979

F. Bergaya, G. Lagaly and M. Vayer

Chapter 12.11. Thermal Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1003

F. Rouquerol, J. Rouquerol and P. Llewellyn

Chapter 13. Some Other Materials Related to Clays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1019

F. Bergaya, B.K.G. Theng and G. Lagaly

Chapter 13.1. Layered Double Hydroxides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1021

C. Forano, T. Hibino, F. Leroux and C. Taviot-Gueho

Chapter 13.2. Parallels and Distinctions between Clay Minerals and Zeolites . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1097
D.L. Bish

Chapter 13.3. Cement Hydrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1113

H. Van Damme and A. Gmira

Chapter 14. Genesis of Clay Minerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1129

E. Galan

Chapter 15. History of Clay Science: A Young Discipline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1163

F. Bergaya, G. Lagaly and K. Beneke

Chapter 16. Teaching Clay Science: A Great Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1183

R. Berry, F. Bergaya and G. Lagaly

Subject Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1197