2017-01-21

CVL312: Computer Aided Structural

Analysis
Dr. Imad Eldin Khalafalla
Office: MON208
Phone: (416) 979-5000 Ext: 3241
Email: kimadeld@ryerson.ca
Office hours: Tuesdays from 1 3 pm

Today

Introduction to force (flexibility) method;

application to trusses
composite structures
support settlements
Symmetric Structures
Three-Moment Equation for continuous beams

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Method of Consistent Deformations Force Method

General Procedure
Remove enough restraints from the indeterminate structure to render
it statically determinate and stable structure (primary structure).
The excess restraints removed from the indeterminate structure are
called redundants.
The redundants are then applied as unknown loads on the primary
structure.
The values of the redundants are determined by solving the
compatibility equations.
Once obtained, the remaining reactions are found from the
equilibrium equations.
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Force Method of Analysis: Trusses

Example
Determine the force in member AC of the truss shown in Fig. (a).
AE is the same for all the members.

R. C .Hibbeler, Structural Analysis

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Force Method of Analysis: Trusses

Solution
Principle of Superposition: the truss is indeterminate to the first degree, choose
member AC to be the redundant.

Compatibility Equation

Force Method of Analysis: Trusses

Solution
For we require application of the real load of 400 lb, Fig. (c), and a virtual unit force
acting at the cut ends of member AC, Fig. (d). Thus,

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Force Method of Analysis: Trusses

Solution
For we require application of real unit forces and virtual unit forces acting on the
cut ends of member AC, Fig. (d). Thus,

Substituting the data into Eq. (1) and solving yields

Composite Structures
Composite structures are composed of some members subjected only to axial
force, while other members are subjected to bending.

Example
Determine the force developed in member
CE of the composite structure shown in Fig. (a).
Neglect the thickness of the beam and assume
The truss members are pin connected to the
beam. Also, neglect the effect of axial
compression and shear in the beam. The
cross-sectional area of each strut is 400 2 ,
and for the beam = 20 106 4 .
Take E = 200 GPa.
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Composite Structures
Solution
Principle of Superposition
the structure is indeterminate to the first degree
choose the force in member CE to be the redundant

Compatibility Equation

Solution
The method of virtual work will be used to find
and .

1 = 61 12

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Composite Structures
Solution
For we require application of the real loads, Fig. (c), and a virtual unit load applied
to the cut ends of member CE, Fig. (d).

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Composite Structures
Solution
For we require application of a real unit load and a virtual unit load at the cut ends
of member CE, Fig. (d). Thus,

Substituting the data into Eq. (1) yields

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Structures with Multiple Degrees of Indeterminacy

For a structure having n redundant reactions , we can write n compatibility equations,
namely:

The above equations can be recast into a matrix form,

Or simply

Note that = (12 = 21 , etc.), a consequence of Maxwells theorem of reciprocal

displacements
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Method of Consistent Deformations Force Method

Example:
Determine the reactions and draw the shear and bending moment
diagrams for the beam shown in Fig. (a) by the method of consistent
deformations.

Kassimali, Structural Analysis

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Method of Consistent Deformations Force Method

Solution:
Degree of Indeterminacy i = 2.
The vertical reactions Cy and Ey at the roller supports
C and E, respectively, are selected as the redundants.

Compatibility Equations

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Method of Consistent Deformations Force Method

Solution (contd)
Deflections of primary beam by using the
deflection formulas, we obtain

By applying Maxwells law,

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Method of Consistent Deformations Force Method

Magnitudes of the redundants by substituting the deflections of the primary beam
into the compatibility equations, we obtain

Solving eqs. simultaneously for Cy and Ey, we obtain

Reactions

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Method of Consistent Deformations Force Method

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Method of Consistent Deformations Force Method

Support Settlements
Consider the vertical reactions By and Cy
to be the redundants.
Establish primary structure and load it
with external loads
Load primary structure with a unit value
for each redundant.
Compatibility equations:

Solve for redundants

Use equilibrium equations to obtain the
remaining reactions
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Method of Consistent Deformations Force Method

Support Settlements (contd)
Suppose that all of the supports of a beam undergo settlement as shown below

Then the displacements and of supports B and C, respectively, relative to the

chord of the primary beam should be used in the compatibility equations instead of
the specified displacements and .
Compatibility equations:

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Method of Consistent Deformations Force Method

Example
Determine the reactions and draw the shear and bending moment diagrams
for the beam shown in Fig. (a) due to the loading shown and due to the
support settlements of 40 mm at C and 25 mm at E. Use the method of
consistent deformations.

Kassimaly, Structural Analysis

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Method of Consistent Deformations Force Method

Solution:

The vertical reactions Cy and Ey at the roller supports

C and E, respectively, are selected as the redundants.
Support Settlements

Compatibility Equations

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Method of Consistent Deformations Force Method

Solution
Deflections of Primary Beam By using the deflection
formulas, we obtain

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Method of Consistent Deformations Force Method

Magnitudes of the Redundants: By substituting the numerical values into the
compatibility equations, we write:

Solving Eqs. (1a) and (2a) simultaneously for Cy and Ey, we obtain:

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Method of Consistent Deformations Force Method

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Symmetric Structures
The analysis of a statically indeterminate
structure can be simplified if the structure
has symmetry of material, geometry, and
loading about its central axis.
In particular, structures having an
asymmetric loading can be replaced with a
superposition of a symmetric and
antisymmetric load.
An analysis of half of the whole beam
structure using the symmetrical boundary
conditions would yield as complete a
solution as that of the full model.
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Symmetric structures Antisymmetric structures

Kassimali, Structural Analysis

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Symmetric Structures
Example
Determine the reactions and draw the shear and bending moment
diagrams for the four-span continuous beam shown in Fig. (a) using the
method of consistent deformations.

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Symmetric Structures
Solution
Symmetry: analyze only the right half of the beam with symmetric boundary conditions.

Principle of Superposition
The structure is indeterminate to the second degree
Select the vertical reactions at the roller supports D and E as the redundants

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Symmetric Structures
Solution

Compatibility Equations

By using the deflection formulas, we obtain

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Symmetric Structures
Solution
By applying Maxwells law,

By substituting into equations (1) and (2), we obtain

or

The remaining reactions of the substructure, obtained by applying the equations of

equilibrium

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Symmetric Structures
Solution

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Symmetric Structures
Example
Determine the member end forces of the frame shown in Fig. (a).

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Symmetric Structures
Solution

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Symmetric Structures
Solution

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Symmetric Structures
Example
Determine the force in each member of the Warren truss shown in Fig. (a).

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Symmetric Structures
Solution

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Three-Moment Equation

The three-moment equation represents, in a general form, the compatibility

condition that the slope of the elastic curve be continuous at an interior
support of the continuous beam.
This method, which can be used for analyzing continuous beams subjected
to external loads and support settlements, involves treating the bending
moments at the interior (and any fixed) supports of the beam as the
redundants.
The three-moment equation is then applied at the location of each
redundant to obtain a set of compatibility equations which can then be
solved for the redundant bending moments.

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Derivation of Three-moment Equation

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Derivation of Three-moment Equation

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Derivation of Three-moment Equation

Primary Structure Subjected to External Loading

By using the deflection

formulas, we obtain

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Derivation of Three-moment Equation

Primary Structure Subjected to Support Settlements

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Derivation of Three-moment Equation

Primary Structure Loaded with Redundant Bending Moments

By using the deflection

formulas, we obtain

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Derivation of Three-moment Equation

Compatibility equation:
The slope of the elastic curve of the actual
indeterminate beam is continuous at
interior support C.

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Derivation of Three-moment Equation

The general form of the three-moment equation:

(1)

where
= bending moment at support c; , = bending moments at the adjacent supports to the left and to
the right of c, respectively; = modulus of elasticity; ; = lengths of the spans to the left and to the right
of c, respectively; ; = moments of inertia of the spans to the left and to the right of c, respectively; ; =
concentrated loads acting on the left and the right spans, respectively; (or ) = ratio of the distance of
(or ) from the left (or right) support to the span length; ; = uniformly distributed loads applied to the
left and the right spans, respectively;
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Derivation of Three-moment Equation

If the moments of inertia of two adjacent spans of a continuous beam are equal

(2)

If both the moments of inertia and the lengths of two adjacent spans are equal

(3)

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Application of Three-moment Equation

1. Select the interior support moments of the beam as the redundants.

2. Apply the appropriate three-moment equation for each interior support
(No. of equations are equal to No. of redundants)
3. Solve the three-moment equations for the unknown support moments.
4. Apply the equations of equilibrium to obtain the shear forces at the
ends of the span.
5. Determine support reactions by considering the equilibrium of the
support joints of the beam and draw the SFD & BMD.

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Application of Three-moment Equation

Fixed Supports
The three-moment equation can be used to satisfy the compatibility
condition of zero slope at the fixed end supports of beams.
By replacing the fixed support by an imaginary interior roller support with an
adjoining end span of zero length simply supported at its outer end, as
shown in the figure.

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Three-moment Equation
Example
Determine the reactions for the continuous beam shown in Fig. (a) due to
the uniformly distributed load and due to the support settlements of 10
mm at A, 50 mm at B, 20 mm at C, and 40 mm at D. Use the three-moment
equation.

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Three-moment Equation
Solution
Redundants: The bending moments and , at the interior supports B and C,
respectively, are the redundants.
Three-Moment Equation at Joint B: Substituting
= 10 , = 200 106 2 , = 700 106 4 , = = 30 , = =
0.01 , = = 0.05 , = = 0.02 = = 0 . 3 , we obtain
0

Simplifying,

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Three-moment Equation
Solution
Three-Moment Equation at Joint C Similarly, by considering the supports B, C, and D as
l, c, and r, respectively, and by substituting the appropriate numerical values in Eq. (3),
we obtain

Simplifying,

Solving Eqs. (1) and (2) simultaneously, we obtain

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Three-moment Equation
Solution

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Three-moment Equation
Example
Determine the reactions for the continuous beam shown in Fig. (a) by the three-
moment equation.

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Three-moment Equation
Solution
Since support A of the beam is fixed, we replace it with an imaginary interior roller
support with an adjoining end span of zero length, as shown in Fig. (b).

Redundants: The bending moments MA and MB at the supports A and B, respectively,

are the redundants.

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Solution
Three-Moment Equation at Joint A By using Eq. (2) for supports A, A, and B, we obtain

or

Three-Moment Equation at Joint B. Similarly, applying Eq. (2) for supports A,B, and C,
we write

The bending moment at end C of the cantilever overhang CD is computed as

By substituting MC = -90 k-ft into the foregoing three-moment equation and

simplifying, we obtain

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Solution
Solving Eqs. (1) and (2), we obtain

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