Professional Documents
Culture Documents
+
1. Permeance is inversely related to + q
+
+
+ +
(a) resistance (b) conductance r
R
+ + +
+
(c) reluctance (d) capacitance Sol. (d)
+
+
+
Sol. (c)
+
+
TE
Permeance [P] is a measure of the quantity
Capacitance of a spherical capacitor is given
of flux for a number of current turns in
by:
magnetic circuits. In electromagnetic theory,
it is inverse of reluctance.
C = 4 r where = 0r
2. Consider the following statements regarding an
AS
ideal core material:
C is independent of charge q.
1. It has very high permeability.
4. The characteristic impedance of a transmission
2. It loses all its magnetism when there is no line depends upon
current flow.
(a) shape of the conductor
3. It does not saturate easily.
(b) surface treatment of the conductor
M
Which of the above statements are correct ? (c) conductivity of the material
(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 1 and 3 only (d) geometric configuration of the conductor
(c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 Sol. (d)
S
(ii) It loses all its magnetism when there is is not dependent on its length.
no current flow.
R j L
(iii) It does not saturate easily. Zo =
G j C
(iv) Has low I2R loss due to eddy currents.
3. The capacitance of a conducting sphere of R = Resistance per unit length
radius r with a total charge of q uniformly
distributed on its surface is L = Inductance per unit length
(a) proportional to qr (b) independent of r
G = Conductance of dielectric per unit length
q
(c) proportional to (d) independent of q
r C = Capacitance per unit length.
, 8010009955
5. In a series R-L-C circuit supplied by a source where: 0 = Permeability of free space
of 125V at a resonant frequency of 220 Hz,
the magnitudes of the voltages across the 0 = Permittivity of free space.
capacitor and the inductor are found to be
7. The magnitude of magnetic field strength H is
R
4150V. If the resistance of the circuit is 1
then the selectivity of the circuit is independent of
TE
(c) 0.0301 (d) 0.301 (b) distance only
Sol. (a) (c) permeability of the medium only
Quality factor is the measure of selectivity. (d) both current and distance
0 2. Twin-lead wire
(a) (b) 00
0 3. Coaxial cable
IE
0
0 = 0
, 8010009955
A+q
C= (F/m)
s
ln r
r
EC
(2) Twin lead wire : r = radius of conductor
EB
0 r
R
r
D EA
+q 30 +q
B C
C= (F/m)
TE
D
ln
r
(3) Coaxial Cable: The magnitude of electric field due to charge
+q (at A) at point O will be:
a
AS
1 q
| EA | =
4 0 r 2
b
Similarly,
2
C = (F/m)
b
ln 1 q
M
a | EB | =
4 0 r 2 = | EC |
For a given radius r of the conductor, the
distance between the condutors in Twin Lead
b Let | E A | = | EB | = | EC | = K
wire is less than open wire line. Also,
a
S
ratio in coaxial cable is small. Hence, Now, the direction of the fields or as below:
Capacitance per unit length of open wire line is
least. EC EB
IE
, 8010009955
Ey = 0 Now,
Net field in Horizontal direction The current I is uniformly distributed over its
cross sectional area. The current density is
Ex = EB cos 30 EC cos 30 given by:
R
=(EB EC) cos 30 I
(z)
J = a2
TE
Ex = (K K) cos 30 = 0
Electric field at the surface :
(c) ar (d) ar
0 2a3 0 2a3 Poynting vector P = E H
Sol. (d)
I I
= 2
(z )
2a
S
P =
( r)
a y 2 3
2 0 a
2
I
x I
0 P = 2 3
(a r )
2 0 a
, 8010009955
(a) 1 only (b) 1 and 2 only Magnetic field intensity (B) for a very long
(c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 straight conductor carrying a current I at a
distance r:
Sol. (d)
I
Square corner Reflector are directional antenna
used at VHF and UHF. They have moderate r
R
gain (10 to 13 db), High Front to Back ratio dl
and wide band widt h. Hence, they are
extensively used in applications like:
TE
(1) Radio Astronomy Applying Amperes law
|B|
(a) I
r B =
2r
1
ie. B ; rectangular hyperbola.
r
S
|B| So,
(b)
r Variation of B with r is,
IE
|B|
|B| rectangular
(c) hyperbola
r
O r
13. The resistivity of hard drawn copper at 20C is
|B|
(d) 1.9106 cm. The resistivity of annealed
r copper compared to hard drawn copper is
Sol. (d)
, 8010009955
(a) lesser (b) slightly larger Sol. (c)
(c) same (d) much larger Superconductivity in a material can be
Sol. (a) destroyed by:
i) increasing the temperature of material above
R
Localised strains produced by mechanical
treatment of copper increases its resistivity. transition temperature, Tc
Hence, a hard drawn copper wire has higher ii) applying a magnetic field above a certain
resistivity than annealed copper. ie. the
TE
limit, called critical field, Hc
resistivity of annealed copper compared to hard
drawn copper is lesser. T 2
Hc H0 1
14. The number of electrons excited into the Tc
conduction band from valence band (with =
iii) Passing a current above a certain limit, Ic.
forbidden energy gap and k = Boltzmanns
AS
constant) is proportional to Ic = 2rHc
H H
n e(E/kT)
Sol. (a)
15. Superconductiv ity in a material can be
Since, B = (H+M)
IE
destroyed by
1. increasing the temperature above a certain rH = (H+M)
limit. rH = H + M
2. applying a magnetic field above a certain
(r1)H = M
limit.
M
3. passing a current above a certain limit. (r1) =
H
4. decreasing the temperature to a point below
ie. realtive permeability of a medium.
the critical temperature
Which of the above are correct? M
r 1
(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only H
(c) 1, 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 17. The electrical resistivity of many metals and
, 8010009955
alloys drops suddenly to zero when they are (a) residual conductivity
cooled to a low temperature (i.e., nearly equal
(b) dielectric conductivity
to liquid helium temperature). Such materials
(metals and alloys) are known as (c) ionic conductivity
(d) bipolar conductivity
(a) piezoelectric materials
Sol. (c)
(b) diamagnetic materials
R
The conductivity of the insulator is very small
(c) superconductors
but not zero. It is associated with the motion
(d) high-energy hard magnetic materials of ions and is therefore called ionic conductivity.
TE
Sol. (c)
20. An intrinsic semiconductor has equal number
The electrical resistivity of many metals and of electrons and holes in it. This is due to
alloys drops to zero when they are cooled to
(a) doping (b) free electrons
a low temperature, such materials are known
as superconductors. (c) thermal energy (d) valence electrons
AS
Sol. (c)
eg. (i) Mercury has zero resistivity below 4.2K.
In intrintic semiconductor, all carriers from the
(ii) Aluminium has zero resistivity at 1.19K
electron-holes pairs generated when thermal
18. The dielectric strength of rubber is 40000 V/ energy breaks the covalent bonds. Electrons
mm at frequency of 50 Hz. What is the and holes are thus always present in equal
thickness of insulation required on an electrical concentration in an intrintic semiconductor. ie.
M
(a) increase
Thickness of the insulation required (b) decrease
IE
19. The conductivity of insulating materials (a very 22. An electrically balanced atom has 30 protons
small value) is called as in its nucleus and 2 electrons in its outermost
, 8010009955
shell. The materials made of such atom is or acceptors have lost their carriers, the
resistance starts to increase again slightly due
(a) a conductor
to the reducing mobility of carriers. At higher
(b) an insulator temperatures, they behav e like intrinsic
(c) a semiconductor semiconductors as the carriers from the donors/
acceptors become insignificant compared to the
(d) a superconductor
R
thermally generated carriers.
Sol. (a)
24. In the slice processing of an integrated circuit
Since atomic number = number of protons in
TE
an atom = 30 (a) components are formed in the areas where
silicon dioxide remains
Electronic configuration is,
(b) components are formed in the areas where
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 silicon dioxide has been removed
Given , number of electrons in outermost shell (c) the diffusing elements diffuse through silicon
AS
= 2 dioxide
The elements having small number of valence (d) only on diffusion process is used
electrons, which are loosely held, forms metallic Sol. (a)
bond. However a valence electron of a metal
atom has a small ionization energy, and in the In the slice processing of an integrated circuit,
solid state this valence electron is relatively the surface of the wafer are coated with a
M
free to leave one atom in order to assoicate layer of silicon dioxide (SiO 2) to from an
with another nearby. Such a free electrons can insulating base and to present any oxidation
be moved under the influence of an electric of the silicon which would cause impurities.
field, and it is responsible for the electrical The SiO2 is formed by subjecting the wafer to
conductivity of the metal. Hence, the material superheated steam at about 1000C under
S
, 8010009955
Permanent magnetism is lost upon heating (c) 65.6 (d) 54.7
because of alomic vibrations and dipole Sol. (b)
vibrations. Due to heat, domain gets jumbled Flux meter: Specification
and lose their alignment.
Air gap flux density = 0.05 wb/m 2
26. The magnetic field required to reduce the
residual magnetization to zero is called Number of turns on moving coil = 40
R
(c) hysteresis (d) saturation Now,
Sol. (b) N = 10
TE
The magnetic field required to reduce the A = 200 mm2
residual magnetization to zero is called
B = 0.5 wb/m2
coercivity This magnetic field is applied
externally in the opposite direction. Deflection = ?
Constant of flux meter, G = NBA
B
AS
2
(Wb/m ) G = 40 0.05 750 10 6 = 1500 10 6
Flux linking with search coil
Br
= 0.5 200 10 6
Hc = 100 10 6 Wb
H(A/m)
M
Change in flux,
In the B-H curve shown above, Br is residual N
magnetization and Hc is coercivity. N 10
= 200 10 6 rad
1500 10 6
IE
, 8010009955
materials make those domains that have (c) 74 V (d) 37 V
favourable orientation to the applied field
grow in size. Sol. (c)
R
where, RH is Hall coefficient,
4. The net magnetic moment in ferrimagnetic
materials is higher than that in ferromagnetic I is current flowing in the material,
TE
material. B is applied magnetic flux density,
Which of the above statements are correct? and t is thickness of material.
(a) 1 and 4 only (b) 1, 2 and 4 So,
(c) 2 and 4 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
Sol. (d) 100 1
AS
VH = 7.4 1011 volt
0.1 103
Like antiferromagnetic material, ferrimagnetic
materials have magnetic moments of adjacent = 7.410-5 volt
atoms which are aligned in opposite direction.
But the magnetic moments are not equal so = 74 V.
that there is a net magnetic moment ie. net 30. A Zener regulator has an input voltage varying
M
magnetic moment are not zero or, material between 20 V and 30 V. The desired regulated
exhibits a net magnetic moement. voltage is 12 V, while the load varies between
But the net magnetic moment in ferrimagnetic 140 and 10k . The maximum resistance in
material is lesser than that of ferromagnetic series with the unregulated source and Zener
material diode would be
S
Antiferromagnetic : pm= 0
Sol. (d)
Ferrimagnetic pm 0 RS
N
IL
So,
Iz
IS
Statement (3) is correct.
+ +
Load
, 8010009955
3. current to increase
V s Vz
IS = Rs Which of the above are correct?
(a) 2 and 3 (b) 2 and 4
Now, If Rs is maximum
(c) 1 and 4 (d) 1 and 3
Is will be minimum Sol. (d)
Applying KCL at N Short circuit reduces the resistance of network
and as a result current from the source also
R
Is = Iz + IL
increase.
Now, for Zener diode to work as a voltage
regulator the current through the series resistor Hence, the correct option will be d.
TE
must satisfy 32. An air-cored soleniod of 250 turns has a cross-
sectional area A = 80 cm 2 and length l = 100
IS IZ min IL max cm. The value of its inductance is
So, at limiting case, (a) 0.425 mH (b) 0.628 mH
(IZ)min = 0 (c) 0.751 mH (d) 0.904 mH
AS
Sol. (b)
and IS = IZ min IL max
oN2 A
Inductance (L) =
IS = IL max l
Putting all the values
M
VL 12
Hence, IL max R
140
0.0857 A o 2502 80 104
L min L=
100 102
VS Vz = 0.628mH.
Now, Is
Rs 33. The current in a coil changes uniformly from
S
Rs
(a) 0.5 H (b) 1 H
[ Is is to be minimised Vs has to be
minimized so that Vs Vz is minimised] (c) 2 H (d) 4 H
Sol. (c)
8
Rs = = 93.3 10A
0.0857
, 8010009955
di
10 1 R = 100 10
= 9 2 18
dt1/ 2
36. For a series R-L circuit
Voltmeter reading is 36 V
di
i(t) = 2 sin t 45
L = 36
dt If L = 1 , the value of R is
R
36 (a) 1 (b) 3
L= 2H
18 (c) 3 (d) 3 3
TE
34. In a mutually coupled circuit, the primary current Sol. (a)
is reduced from 4A to zero in 10 s. A voltage Here = 45
of 40000 V is observed across the secondary.
The mutual inductance between the coils is XL
tan = 1 =
R
(a) 100 H (b) 10 H
AS
R = L
(c) 0.1 H (d) 0.01 H
Sol. (c) R =1
di1 40
=
dt 10 10 6 angle is radian, then the average value of
3
40 output voltage is
M = 40000
10 10 6
(a) 0.32Vm (b) 0.48Vm
S
M = 0.1 H
(c) 0.54Vm (d) 0.71Vm
35. N resistors each of resistnace R when
Sol. (a)
connected in series offer an equiv alent
IE
resistance of 50 and when reconnected in Average value of output voltage of single phase
parallel the effective resistance is 2 . The full wave rectifier is
value of R is
2Vm
V0 = cos
(a) 2.5 (b) 5
(c) 7.5 (d) 10
Sol. (d) = = 60
3
NR = 50 (when connected in series)..(1)
R 2Vm
= 2 (when connected in series) ...(2) V0 = cos60
N
By equation (1) & (2) = 0.32Vm
, 8010009955
38. The potential difference VAB in the circuit
2502
2 2
= 250 250
1A
100 150
= 60 W
+ VAB
40. Thevenins equivalent of a circuit, operating at
VA
VB
1 3 = 5 rad/s, has
5V
R
VOC = 3.71 15.9V
4 3
ZO = 2.38 j0.667
At this frequency, the minimal realization of the
TE
is Thevenins impedance will have
(a) 0.8 V (b) 0.8 V (a) a resistor, a capacitor and an inductor
(c) 1.8 V (d) 1.8 V
(b) a resistor and a capacitor
Sol. (b)
(c) A resistor and an inductor
Writing node equations:
(d) a capacitor and an inductor
AS
VA 5 VA Sol. (b)
1 = 0 ... (i)
1 4
Given Z 0 = 2.38 j0.667
VB 5 VB Here R = 2.38
and = 1 ... (ii)
3 3 and X = 0.667
By (i) & (ii), This represent a capacitance (as it is
M
, 8010009955
2 2
5V 4 4
2n = irms = 32
10 10 3 V
2 2
2n = 5 102 = 25
= 5A
2n = 500
R
2
Power dessipated = irms R
n9 = 25 10
= 250 Watts
TE
Option = (b)
44. Thevenins equivalents of the network in Fig.
42. Three 30 resistors are connected in parallel
(i) are 10 V and 2 . If a resistance of 3 is
across an ideal 40 V source. What would be
connected across terminals AB as shown in
the equivalent resistance seen by the load
Fig. (ii), what are Thevenins equivalents?
connected across this circuit?
AS
A A
(a) 0 (b) 10
3
(c) 20 (d) 30
B B
Sol. (a)
Fig. (i) Fig. (ii)
Given
A (a) 10V and 1.2 (b) 6V and 1.2
M
Since, RTH = 0
10V 3
Load will see zero resistance.
IE
, 8010009955
(500+j100) . The maximum power that can 47. Consider the following values for the circuit
be transferred to the load is shown below:
R
ZL = 500 j100
Circuit will be like = I
100j
TE
1. VR 100 2 V
500 500 2. I = 2A
10V
3. L = 0.25 H
100j
Which of the above values are correct?
(a) 2 and 3 only (b) 1 and 2 only
VL2
AS
Power transferred to load = (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
R
Sol. (*)
10 / 2 2
= None of the options is correct.
500
V = [VR2 + VL2]1/2
= 0.05 W
M
L = 0.125H
Sol. (d)
48. The response of a series R-C circuit is given
220
Turn ratio (a) = 2 by
110
Transferring load to primary side: q0
2V
Z L will become a2Z L I(s)
C
For maximum power transfer 1
Rs
|a2Z L| = 2 RC
2
|Z L| = .5 where q0 is the initial charge on the capacitor.
4
What is the final value of the current?
, 8010009955
(c) resistors with a negative temperature
1 2V q0 e t/RC 2V q0 coefficient
(a) (b)
R C R C (d) resistors with a positiv e temperature
(c) Infinity (d) Zero coefficient
Sol. (d) Sol. (b)
Variable resistor are two types: general
R
i(t) t = lim sI(s)
s 0
purpose resistors and precision resistors. The
2V q general-purpose resistors may be sub-divided
s s 0
C into wire-wound and carbon-composition type.
lim
TE
= s 0 L Precision resistor are always wire-wound.
RS
RC 52. In nodal analysis, the preferred reference node
= 0 is a node that is connected to
Final value of current is zero. 1. ground
49. What should be done to find the initial values
AS
2. many parts of the network
of the circuit variables in a first-order R-C circuit 3. the highest voltage source
excited by only initial conditions?
Which of the above is/are correct?
(a) To replace the capacitor by a short circuit (a) 1 only (b) 2 only
(b) To replace the capcitor by an open circuit (c) 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
(c) To replace the capacitor by a voltage source Sol. (d)
M
50. In a parallel resistive circuit, opening a branch (c) their loop equations are the same
results in (d) the voltage sources of one network are the
current sources of the other
IE
, 8010009955
2. Network should be linear (c) 5 V and 12.5 (d) 2.5 V and 6.25
3. Network should not have any time varying Sol. (d)
element
55. Which of the following is true for the complete
response of any network voltage or current
variables for a step excitation to a first-order 5A 1 RL
circuit?
R
(a) It has the form k1eat
1
(b) It has the form k
TE
(c) It may have either the form (a) or the form
of (a) plus (b)
5V RL
(d) It has the form e+at
Sol. (c)
Complete response of any network voltage
AS
or current variable is in the form A Bet/ convert it in voltage source.
Where A and B are constants and is the for maximum power transfer RL should be 1
time constant of circuit. (2.5)2
Power transferred to R = = 6.25 W
56. A piezoelectric crystal has a coupling coefficient 1
K of 0.32. How much electrical energy must be
applied to produce output energy of 7.06 58. Three star-connected loads of 360 each
M
, 8010009955
Delta connected load: (c) 16 kW (d) 19 kW
960 Sol. (b)
Given, Line current = 54 A
Line voltage = 400 V
R
Case I: When current coil is connected to R-
Converting to
star configuration phase and potential coil is connected between
R-phase and neutral.
TE
VR
9 60= 3 60
3 IR
360
AS
360
360
360 2 cos= 0.80
2
Case II: When current coil is connected to R-
IE
, 8010009955
So, wattmeter reading, (b) unbalanced star-connected load only
(c) balanced delta-connected load only
P = | VBy | | IR | cos(90 ) = VBy IR sin (d) balanced or unbalanced star as well as
delta-connected loads
= 400 54 0.6 = 12.96 kW 13 kW
Sol. (d)
60. The phase voltage of a three-phase, star-
connected alternator is V. By mistake, the Two wattmeter method:
connection of R phase got reversed. the new Wattmeter
R
line voltages will have a relationship P1
1
VYB i1
TE
(a) VRY VBR v1
3
v3 O
VBR C
(b) VRY VYB 3 v2
3 i3
P2
VRY 2
AS
(c) VYB VBR i2
3 Wattmeter
Two wattmeter method Star connection
(d) VRY VYB VBR
Wattmeter
Sol. (a) P1
i1i3
Under normal condition, phases are like this: 1 i1
P1
M
B v3 v1
O
R i3
C i3i2
3
Y i2
v2
S
P2 i2i1
phase is reversed:
But in question R 2
i2
Phasor diagram becomes Wattmeter
IE
, 8010009955
effect of adding a pole in the open-loop transfer Unit-step resopnses of the system with the
function on the closed-loop step response: closed-loop transfer function in above equation
1. It increases the maximum overshoot.
= 1, n 1, and Tp 0,1,2, and 5
2. It increases the rise time.
3. It reduces the bandwidth. Fugure illustrates the unit-step tesponses of
Which of the above statements are correct?
R
the closed-loop system when n = 1, = 1, and
(a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 1 and 2 only Tp = 0,1,2 and 5. These responses again show
(c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1 and 3 only that the addition of a pole to the forward-path
TE
Sol. (a) transfer function generally has the effect of
increasing the maximum overshoot of the
To study the general effect of the addition of a
closed-loop system.
pole, and its relative location, to a forward-path
transfer function of a unity-feedback system, As the value of Tp increases, the pole at1/Tp
consider the transfer function moves closer to the origin in the s-plane, and
AS
the maximum overshoot increases. These
n2 responses also show that the added pole
G(s) = increases the rise time of the step response.
s(s 2n )(1 Tp s)
This is not surprising. since the additional pole
The pole at s = 1/Tp is considered to be added has the effect of reducing the bandwidth of the
to the prototype second-order transfer function. system, thus cutting out the high-frequency
components of the signal transmitted through
M
, 8010009955
V(t) L
+5
C R
t
= + 45
R
T = 20 m sec
(a) 1 rad/s (b) 2 rad/s
Now, Line base setting = 5 ms/div, and total (c) 3 rad/s (d) 4 rad/s
TE
division present = 10 Sol. (b)
Total time span = 5 ms/div 10 div
= 50 msec. R
Z = jL + 1 jCR
50 m sec
Hence, number of cycle = = 2.5
20 m sec At resonance, imaginary part of Z is zero.
cycle.
AS
CR 2
64. A series R-L-C circuit is connected to a 25 V L = 0
1 ( CR)
source of variable frequency. The circuit current
is found to be a maximum of 0.5 A at a
R2C
frequency of 400 Hz and the voltage across C L=
is 150 V. Assuming ideal components, the 1 (CR)2
values of R and L are respectively put all values
M
supply?
(d) 12.5 and 300 mH
(a) The bulb in R phase will be the brightest
Sol. (c)
(b) The bulb in Y phase will be the brightest
IE
, 8010009955
Sol. (b)
I1 I2
+ +
V1 V2
R R
R
V1 = 60I1 + 20I2 and V2 = 20I1 + 40I2
Consider the following for the above network:
1. The network is both symmetrical and R
TE
power consumed w1
reciprocal
2. The network is reciprocal
3. A = D R
1 3R 3R
4. y11
50
AS
Which of the above is/are correct? R R
(a) 2 only (b) 2 and 4
3R
(c) 1 only (d) 1 and 3
Sol. (b)
power consumed w2
V1 60 20 I1
M
v1 1/ 20 2 V2 power consumed w2
= clearly w2 = 3w1
I1 3 100 I2
A D w2
IE
Y parameters: w1 =
3
0.02 -0.01
[y]= = z-1 69. A 100 A ammeter has an internal resistance
-0.01 0.03
of 100. For extending its range to measure
y11= 1/50. 500 A, the required shunt resistance is
68. If the total powers consumed by three identical (a) 10 (b) 15
phase loads connected in delta and star
(c) 20 (d) 25
configuration are W 1 and W 2 respectively, then
W 1 is Sol. (d)
W2
(a) 3W 2 (b)
3
W2
(c) 3 W2 (d)
3
, 8010009955
Full scale deflection (% accuracy)
=
Voltage measured
100 A, 200 2
500 A Rsh A 100 = = 4%
100
Alternate
R
Full scale deflection, As = 200 V
Accuracy = 2% of full scale.
From above circuit,
TE
Magnitude of limiting error of voltmeter
R sh
100 A 500 A
R sh 100 A = r A s = 0.02 200 = 4 V
s3 2s 1
Rm 100 100 F(s) =
Rsh = = = = 25 s2 3s 2
m1 51 4
IE
70. A 200 V PMMC voltmeter is specified to be (s 0.453)(3 0.226 j1.46)(s 0.226 j1.46)
accurate within 2 of full scale. The limiting F(s) =
(s 1)(s 2)
error, when the instrument is used to measure
a voltage of 100V, is F(s) has 2 poles.
, 8010009955
Sol. (d) instruments and hence errors in the measured
Fidelity: It is defined as the degree to which parameter due to loading effects will be lesser.
a measurement system is capable of faithfully Therefore, CRO gives the most accurate result.
reproducing the changes in the input, without
any dynamic error. 74. A moving-coil galvanometer can be used as a
DC ammeter by connecting
R
Fidelily is the dynamic characteristics of a
measurement system (a) a high resistance in series with the meter
Howev er, repeatabilit y, hysteresis and (b) a high resistance across the meter
TE
precesion are the static characteris of a (c) a low resistance across the meter
measurement system.
(d) a low resistance in series with the meter
Repeatability: It is defined as the variation of
scale reading and is random in nature. Sol. (d)
A moving-coil galvanometer can be used as a
Precesio n: It is a measure of the
AS
reproducibility of the measurements i.e. given DC ammeter by connecting a low resistance
a fixed value of a variable, precesion is a across the meter.
measure of the degree to which successive Explanation:
measurements differ from one another. The coil winding of a basics moving coil
Therefore, precesion refers to the degree of galvanometer is small and light and can carry
very small currents since the construction of
M
, 8010009955
2.Fluid-friction damping can be tolerated.
3.Eddy-current damping Digital data acquisition system are used
when narrow bandwidth, high accuracy
PMMC type instruments use which of the and low per channel cost is required.
above?
Digital data acquisition systems are used
(a) 1 only b) 2 only when t he physi cal proce ss bei ng
(c) 3 only (d) 1,2 and 3 monitored is slowly varying (example:
temperat ure) i.e., narrow bandwidth
R
Sol. (c) required.
PMMC type instruments use Edely-current
Digital data acquisiton systems are in
damping.
TE
general m ore com plex t han analog
Eddy current damping is very convenient
syst em s, bot h i n t erm s of t he
to use in instruments where a metallic disc
or a former and a permanent magnet instrumentation involved and the volume
already from part of the operating system. and complexity of input data they can
For these reasons this method is used in handle.
hot wire, moving coil, and induction type 77. During the measurement of resistance by carey
AS
instruments.
foster bridge, no error is introduced due to
Air friction damping is used in hot wire
and moving iron instruments. 1.contact resistance
Fluid-friction damping is suitable for 2. Connecting leads
instruments such as electrostatic type
where the movement is suspended rather 3.thermoelectric e.m.f.
than pivoted.
which of the above are correct?
M
(c) when qunatity to be monitored varies slowly, Note: The effect of thermo-electric emfs can be
while its counterpart is preferred if the el i m i nat ed by m aki ng t wo sets of
qunatity to be monitored varies very fast measurement, one with normal battery
connection and second one with the battery
(d) when qunatity to be monitored is time- connection reversed. The true v alue of
variant, while digital data acquisition system resistance will be then the mean of the two
is preferred when quantitiy is time invariant. readings.
Sol. (b) 78. Schering bridge is a very versatile AC bridge
Analog data system are used when wide and is used for capacitor testing in terms of
bandwidth is required and lower accuracy
, 8010009955
1. capacitance value (magnitude) b
2. loss angle measurement
3. simple balance detector like PMMC p
Q
instrument
4. Prov iding saf ety to operators by
R
+
incroporating Wagner earthing device c eo
a
Which of the above are correct?
(a) 1 and 3 only (b) 3 and 4 only
TE
Strain
(c) 1, 2 and 4 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 gauge Dummy
strain
Sol. (c) gauge
d
Statements (1), (2) and (4) are correct wrt
Schering bridge.
+
AS
Vibrational galv anometer is used as a
bal ance d et ect or i n pl ace of PMMC E
instrument. As pressure under measurement changes R
79. Consider the following instruments: changes and this change in Resistance is
1. MI instrument sensed using wheatstone bridge. If pressure is
not applied e0 = 0. But, if temperature changes,
2. Electrostatic instrument
M
, 8010009955
XP = LP= 2fLP 0.01Rsh + 0.01 = 100Rsh
= 23.14500.5
100Rsh - 0.01 Rsh = 0.01
= 3140.5
= 157 99.99Rsh = 0.0001
XP 157 Alternate
tan = =
RP 1000 I = 100 A
tan = tan 45.57 = 1.02 Im = 10 mA, Rm = 1
R
Percentage error = tan tan100
157 I 100
= 1.02 100 multiplying factor, m = =
1000 Im 10 103
TE
16%
82. A moving-coil instrument gives full scale Rm 1
Rsh = = 0.0001
deflection of 10mA, when a potential difference m 1 10000 1
of 10mV is applied across its terminals. To
83. A 400V, three phase, rated frequency balanced
measure currents up to 100A, the same
source is supplying power to a balanced three
AS
instrument can be used
phase load carrying a line current of 5 A at an
(a) with shunt resistance of 0.0001 angle of 30 lagging. The readings of the two
wattmeters W 1 and W 2 used for measuring the
(b) with series resistance of 0.01
power drawn by the circuit, are respectively.
(c) with shunt resistance of 0.01
(a) 2000 W and 1000 W
(d) with series resistance of 0.0001
M
Rm = = 1
10mA Total power = 3 4005cos30
= 3000 watts.
IE
, 8010009955
PMMC always reads DC (or) average value. R = 7.26m
Hence, PMMC will read = 4 A.
Since guage factor is in negative, therefore change
in resistance due to compresive strain will decrease
Moving iron meter reads RMS value.
the resistance by 7.26m
86. The v alues of ammeter and v oltmeter
2
R
3 2 resistances are 0.1 and 2000 respectively
Hence iRMS = (4)2
2 as shown in the figure below. The percentage
error in the calculated value of R=100
TE
(voltmeter reading 200 V/ammeter reading 2
iRMS = 16 9 25 A) is nearly.
iRMS = 5A
85. A structural member is compressed to produce
AS
a strain of 5m. The nickel wire strain gauge A
has a gauge factor of 12.1. The pre-stress R
resistance of the gauge is 120. The change RA = 0.1
in resistance due to compressive stain will
(a) increase the resistance by 7.26 m V
M
Strain = 5m/m
Ra IR
A
gauge factor = -12.1 I IV
IE
R = 120
V
R = ? RV
R
R / R
Gauge factor Gf =
strain
, 8010009955
converter is driven by a 2 MHz clock. Its
(200V / 2A)
= 100 conversion time is
2000
(a) 18 s (b) 16 s
100 (c) 8 s (d) 4.5 s
= 100
2000
Sol. (d)
= 5% A n bit SAR A to D converter takes maximum
R
87. What is the multiplying power of a shunt of n clock cylces for conversion.
200 resistance when used with a 8 bit SAR will take 8 clock cycles.
galvanometer of 1000 resistance?
TE
(a) 4 (b) 6 1
time = 8 sec.
(c) 12 (d) 20 2 106
Sol. (b)
= 4sec
Rsh = 200
Correct option will be (d).
AS
Rm = 1000
90. In using instrument transformers, care should
we know, be taken not to open circuit the
(a) primary of a voltage transformer when the
Rm
Rsh = secondary is connected to the rated load
m 1
(b) secondary of a voltage transformer when
the primary is energized with the rated
M
Rm 1000
m-1 = R = = 5 voltage.
sh 200 (c) primary of a current transformer when the
m-1 = 5 secondary is connected to the reated load
(d) secondary of a current transformer when
m = 6
S
89. An 8-bit successive approximation A to D i.e. No-load com ponent of current (or
magnetising current) would be equal to the
, 8010009955
primary rated current which is very high. Hence, So, x(KT) = (1)K1 ea(K1)T
the core of the instrument transformer leads to
= 1 ea(k 1)T
deep sat urati on and may damaged
permamently. No given option is correct.
Hence, secondary of instrument transformer is 92. A system has a t ransf er f unct ion
never left open circuit.
R
c(s) 4
91. An inv erse z-transf orm x(kT) of 2 for a unit-step response
R(s) s 1.6s 4
1 e aT and 2% tolerance band, the settling time will
TE
X(z) is
(z 1)(z e aT
) be
(a) 5 seconds (b) 4 seconds
(a) 1e-akT (b) 1+e-akT
(c) 3 seconds (d) 2 seconds
(c) 1-eakT (d) 1+eakT
Sol. (a)
Sol. (*)
AS
No option is correct (s) 4
= 2
R(s) s 1.6s 4
1 eaT
x(z) =
(z 1)(z eaT ) Now,
1 eaT 1 1 Here,
=
(z 1)(z e aT
) (z 1) (z e aT ) 2 n = 1.6 and n2 = 4
1 1 z n = 0.8, n = 2
S
= z
(z 1) z 1
n = 2 = 0.8
1 z
IE
1 = 0.4
=z
z eaT z e aT
for a unit step function, settling time is given
z by
Inverse z-transfer of (1)k
z 1
4
ts =
z n
eakT
z z aT
Also Z-n f(z) f(k-n) 4 4
ts = =
0.4 2 0.8
1 z
so z (1)k-1 ts = 5 sec.
z 1
93. Consdier the f ollowing statements with
z
z1 a(k 1)
reference to the response of a control system:
z eaT e T
, 8010009955
1. A large resonant peak corresponds to a
small overshoot in transient response. c(s) k
=
2. A large bandwidth corresponds to slow
R(s) s(s 4)
k
response. 1
s(s 4)
3. The cut-off rate indicates the ability of the
system to distinguish the signal from noise.
c(s) k
4. Resonant frequency is indicative of the = 2
R(s) s 4S k
R
speed of transient response.
which of the above statements are correct? Now,
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 3
S2 + 2ns+n2 = s2 + 4s + k
TE
(c) 1 and 4 (d) 3 and 4
Sol. (d) Here
2 n = 4 and n2 = k
0.35 0.35
Rise time, tr =
fH BW
n = 2 n = k
AS
If BW increases, rise time (t r ) decreases
and hence response will be faster. at = 0.5
0.5
(4) is correct.
Further, the cut-off rate indicates the ability of n = k
the system to distinguish the signal from noise.
k = n2
94. The open-loop transfer function of a unity
S
K k = 42 = 16
feedback system is for a damping
s(s 4) Hence k = 16
factor of 0.5, the value of the gain K must be
IE
, 8010009955
input, the steady state error in terms of feedback, is
acceleration given as
(a) 5 r/s (b) 6 r/s
1
e(ss) = , where K a lim s 2G(s) (c) 5 r/s (d) 6 r/s
Ka s 0
Sol. (a)
R
Table below summarises the value of Ka as a
function of type of system and corresponding characteristic equation = 0
steady state errors C.E = 1+G(s) H(s) = 0
TE
Type of Position Steady 2K
System constant state error C.E. = 1+ =0
s(s 1)(s 5)
0 0 0
1 s(s+1)(s+5) +2k = 0
1 Ka
Ka
s(s2+6s+5) +2k = 0
AS
2 0
. . s3+6s2 + 5s +2k = 0
. .
. . R-H Table is
n, where n > 2 0 s3 1 5
From the results summariesed in Table we can s2 6 2K
M
, 8010009955
n = Sol. (c)
5 r/s.
Given,
98. Consider the following statements:
1. Adding a zero to the G(s)H(s) tends to push s2 10s 24
root locus to the left. Gc (s) =
s2 10s 16
2. Adding a pole to the G(s)H(s) tends to push
root locus to the right.
(s 4)(s 6)
3. Complementary root locus (CRL) refers to Gc (s) =
R
(s 2)(s 8)
root loci with positive K.
4. Adding a zero to the forward path transfer sz = 4, 6
function reduces the maximum overshoot
TE
sp = 2, 8
of the system.
j
which of the above statements are correct?
(a) 1,2 and 3 only (b) 3 and 4 only
(c) 1, 2 and 4 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
Sol. (c)
AS
X 0 0 X
Effects of the Addition of Poles. The s=-8 s=-6 s=-4 s=-2
, 8010009955
4z2 2z C 225
A B = Wh
f(z) = = + + 2 36
(z 1)(z 2)2 z 1 z 2 (z 2)
= 0.00625kWh
Now,
Re volutions
4z2 2z = (z2)2 A + (z1) (z2)B + (z1) C Meter constant =
R
KWh
at Z= 1, 5
=
4(1)2 2(1) = (1)2A 0.00625
TE
4 2 =A = 800 rev/kWh
H(s)
2 2 12
S
, 8010009955
denominator polynomial of a closed loop tranfer = 60t degree/sec.
function.
R(s) = 60/s2
104. For a critically damped system, the closed loop
poles are So, steady state error,
R
(d) real, unequal and negative s. 60 / s2
Lt
Sol. (b) 1 = s 0 1 57.3K
TE
s s 10
For critically damped system = 1
K = 10.47
S1,2 = n jn 1 2
106. Gain margin is the factor by which the system
at = 1 gain can be increased to drive it to
AS
S1, 2 = n (a) stability
j (b) oscillation
Sol. (c)
X
-n, -n Gain margin is the factor by which the system
gain can be increased to drive it to the verge
of instability.
S
105. A second order position control system has an (b) closed-loop frequency response
57.3K (c) open loop frequency response
open loop transfer function G(s) =
s(s 10) (d) settling time due to step input
What value of K will result in a steady state
error of 1, when the input shaft rotates at 10 Sol. (b)
r.p.m.?
The Nichols chart is useful for determining
(a) 21.74 (b) 10.47 the frequency response of the closed loop from
(c) 5.23 (d) 0.523 that of the open loop.
Sol. (b) 108. For a type-I system, the intersection of the initial
slope of the Bode plot with 0dB axis gives
Input, r(t) = (102180/60t
, 8010009955
(a) steady-state error of two statements, one labelled as statement
(I) and the other as statement (II). Examine
(b) error constant these two statements carefully and select the
(c) phase margin answers to these items using the code given
below:
(d) cross-over frequency
R
Code:
Sol. (b)
(a) Both statement (I) and statement (II) are
Type of system (N) Initial Slope Intersection with individually true and statement (II) is the
TE
0 DB axis at
correct explanation of statement (I).
0 Initial Slope Parallel to 0 db axis
1 20 db decade =K (b) Both statement (I) and statement (II) are
2 40 db decade = K1/2
3 60 db/decade = K1/3
individually true but statement (II) is not the
correct explanation of statement (I)
(c) Statement (I) is true but statement (II) is
N 20 N db decade 1/N
=K
AS
false
For the type zero system draw a line upto 1st corner frequency (lowest)
having 0 db/ dec (d) Statement (I) is false but statement (II) is
For the type 1 system draw a line having a slope of 20 db/dec upto
true.
= K. 110. Statement (I):
For type 2 system draw line having slope of 40 db/dec upto = K
Now draw a line upto 2nd corner frequency by adding the For type-II or higher systems, lead compensator
slope of next pole or zero to the previous slope and so on may be used.
M
, 8010009955
Self-loops can exist in block diagram but not in SII : Power is energy per unit time and also is
signal flow graph. the product of terminal voltage and current. It
has the unit watt
Statement (II):
Both block diagram and signal flow graphs are dw
P =
applicable to linear time invariant systems. dt
Sol. (d) Statement I and Statement II are individually
correct but statement II is not the correct
R
Self loop exist in signal flow graph but not in explanation of statment I.
block diagram.
115. Statement (I):
113. Statement (I):
TE
The electrical conductivity of a solid solution
The gauuge factor of a strain gauge is the alloy drops off rapidly with increased alloy
ratio of strain to per unit change in resistance. content.
Statement (II): Statement (II):
Poissons effect is defined as producing less A solid solution has a less regular structurer
AS
strain with opposit e sign on the plane than a pure metal.
perpendicular to the applied load.
Sol. (a)
Sol. (d)
Statement (I) is false becaue guage factor of The electrical conductivity of a solid solution
a strain guage is the ratio of per unit change alloy drops off rapidly with increased alloy
in resistance to strain. content because the lattice periodicity gets
M
L
where = strain = is possible if gain is suitably reduced.
L
Statement (II):
114. Statement (I):
IE
, 8010009955
Statement (II): temperature where physical contact with the
process to be measured is impracticable or
Closed loop system is inaccurate as it can not
impossible.
account environmental or parametric changes
and may become unstable. Statement (II) is also true. Since flame
temperature in a boiler is very high and rapidly
Sol. (c) moving, hence non-invasive methods such as
R
Open loop system is inaccurate and unreliable optical pyrometers are suitable.
due to internal disturbances and lack of Theref ore statement (II) is the correct
adequate caliberation. explanation of statement (I).
TE
Closed loop system can account environmental 120. Statement (I):
or parametric changes and may also become The null voltage of an LVDT can not be reduced
unstable. The parametric change is sensed to an insignificant value.
and minimised due to presence of feedback Statement (II):
mechanism and error at output is reduced.
AS
Hall effect transducers are primarily used to
118. Statement (I): measure flux density.
A constant temperature type hot wire Sol. (b)
anemometer is suitable for turbulent flow Statemennt (I) is true. The null voltage of an
measurements. LVDT can not be reduced to an insignificant
Statement (II): value. To make null voltage equal to zero, we
M
, 8010009955