TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

Manila
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Electronics Engineering Department
ELE 1L
Electronic Devices and Circuits (Lab)

BUBAN, CHRISTOPHER B. July 24, 2014

DE TORRES, BRYAN CARLO J. Engr. E.A. Galido
ELIZAGA, EULYSSIS EDISSON E.
RENEGADO, BOY JUDE P.

BSESE 3D

Design Plate 1
Regulated Power Supply

I. PROBLEM
Design a regulated power supply with an output of 20V DC and 1A.

II. THEORY

POWER SUPPLY

A power supply is an electronic device that supplies electric energy to an electrical

load. The primary function of a power supply is to convert one form of electrical energy to
another and, as a result, power supplies are sometimes referred to as electric power
converters. Some power supplies are discrete, stand-alone devices, whereas others are built
into larger devices along with their loads. Examples of the latter include power supplies
found in desktop computers and consumer electronics devices.

DC Power Supply
A DC power supply is one that supplies a voltage of fixed polarity (either positive or
negative) to its load. Depending on its design, a DC power supply may be powered from a
DC source or from an AC source such as the power mains.

AC-to-DC Supply

Schematic of basic AC-to-DC power supply, showing (from L-R) transformer, full-wave
bridge rectifier, filter capacitor and resistor load

Some DC power supplies use AC mains electricity as an energy source. Such power
supplies will sometimes employ a transformer to convert the input voltage to a higher or
lower AC voltage. A rectifier is used to convert the transformer output voltage to a varying
DC voltage, which in turn is passed through an electronic filter to convert it to an unregulated
DC voltage. The filter removes most, but not all of the AC voltage variations; the remaining
voltage variations are known as ripple.
The electric load's tolerance of ripple dictates the minimum amount of filtering that
must be provided by a power supply. In some applications, high ripple is tolerated and
therefore no filtering is required. For example, in some battery charging applications it is
possible to implement a mains-powered DC power supply with nothing more than a
transformer and a single rectifier diode, with a resistor in series with the output to limit
charging current.

Regulated Power Supply

A regulated power supply is an embedded circuit; it converts unregulated AC into a

constant DC. With the help of a rectifier it converts AC supply into DC. Its function is to
supply a stable voltage, to a circuit or device that must be operated within certain power
supply limits. The output from the regulated power supply may be alternating or
unidirectional, but is nearly always DC.

TRANSFORMER

A transformer is an electrical device that transfers energy between two or more

circuits through electromagnetic induction.
A varying current in the transformer's primary winding creates a varying magnetic
flux in the core and a varying magnetic field impinging on the secondary winding. This
varying magnetic field at the secondary induces a varying electromotive force (emf) or
voltage in the secondary winding. Making use of Faraday's Law in conjunction with
high magnetic permeability core properties, transformers can thus be designed to efficiently
change AC voltages from one voltage level to another within power networks.
Transformers range in size from RF transformers a small cm3 fraction in volume to
units interconnecting the power grid weighing hundreds of tons. A wide range of transformer
designs are used in electronic and electric power applications. Since the invention in 1885 of
the first constant potential transformer, transformers have become essential for the AC
transmission, distribution, and utilization of electrical energy.
The step-up transformer is used to increase the secondary voltage relative to the
primary voltage, whereas the step-down transformer is used to decrease the secondary
voltage relative to the primary voltage.
 RECTIFIER

A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC), which

periodically reverses direction, to direct current (DC), which flows in only one direction. The
process is known as rectification. Physically, rectifiers take a number of forms,
including vacuum tube diodes, mercury-arc valves, copper and selenium oxide
rectifiers, semiconductor diodes, silicon-controlled rectifiers and other silicon-based
semiconductor switches. Historically, even synchronous electromechanical switches and
motors have been used. Early radio receivers, called crystal radios, used a "cat's whisker" of
fine wire pressing on a crystal of galena (lead sulfide) to serve as a point-contact rectifier or
"crystal detector".
Rectifiers have many uses, but are often found serving as components of DC power
supplies and high-voltage direct current power transmission systems. Rectification may serve
in roles other than to generate direct current for use as a source of power. As
noted, detectors of radio signals serve as rectifiers. In gas heating systems flame
rectification is used to detect presence of flame.
Because of the alternating nature of the input AC sine wave, the process of
rectification alone produces a DC current that, though unidirectional, consists of pulses of
current. Many applications of rectifiers, such as power supplies for radio, television and
computer equipment, require a steady constant DC current (as would be produced by
a battery). In these applications the output of the rectifier is smoothed by an electronic
filter to produce a steady current.
Half-wave Rectifier

Half-wave rectifiers only have one side of a waveform, while the full-wave
rectifiers use both sides of a waveform. The left-hand side of the full-wave rectifier circuit
consists of four diodes: a diode bridge. Half-wave current is a current that can only flow in
alternate current, a full-wave current can flow both alternating current and direct current.

Half-wave rectification
In half wave rectification of a single-phase supply, either the positive or negative half
of the AC wave is passed, while the other half is blocked. Because only one half of the input
waveform reaches the output, mean voltage is lower. Half-wave rectification requires a single
diode in a single-phase supply, or three in a three-phase supply. Rectifiers yield a
unidirectional but pulsating direct current; half-wave rectifiers produce far more ripple than
full-wave rectifiers, and much more filtering is needed to eliminate harmonics of the AC
frequency from the output.

Full-wave Rectifier

A full wave rectifier converts the whole of the input waveform to one of constant
polarity (positive or negative) at its output by reversing the negative (or positive) portions of
the alternating current waveform. The positive (negative) portions thus combine with the
reversed negative (positive) portions to produce an entirely positive (negative)
voltage/current waveform.
 For single phase AC, if the transformer is center-tapped, then two diodes back-to-back
(i.e. anodes-to-anode or cathode-to-cathode) form a full wave rectifier.
Full-wave Rectification
Full-wave rectification converts both polarities of the input waveform to DC, and is
more efficient. However, in a circuit with a non-center tapped transformer, four rectifiers are
required instead of the one needed for half-wave rectification. This is due to each output
polarity requiring two rectifiers each, for example, one for when AC terminal 'X' is positive
and one for when AC terminal 'Y' is positive. The other DC output requires exactly the same,
resulting in four individual junctions (See semiconductors/diode). Four rectifiers arranged
this way are called a bridge rectifier:

While half- and full-wave rectification suffices to deliver a form of DC output, neither
produces constant voltage DC. In order to produce steady DC from a rectified AC supply, a
smoothing circuit, sometimes called a filter, is required. In its simplest form this can be what
is known as a reservoir capacitor, Filter capacitor or smoothing capacitor, placed at the DC
output of the rectifier. There will still remain an amount of AC ripple voltage where the
voltage is not completely smoothed.

Sizing of the capacitor represents a trade off. For a given load, a larger capacitor will
reduce ripple but will cost more and will create higher peak currents in the transformer
secondary and in the supply feeding it. In extreme cases where many rectifiers are loaded
onto a power distribution circuit, it may prove difficult for the power distribution authority to
maintain a correctly shaped sinusoidal voltage curve.

For a given tolerable ripple the required capacitor size m'kay is proportional to the
load current and inversely proportional to the supply frequency and the number of output
peaks of the rectifier per input cycle. The load current and the supply frequency are generally
outside the control of the designer of the rectifier system but the number of peaks per input
cycle can be effected by the choice of rectifier design.

A half wave rectifier will only give one peak per cycle and for this and other reasons
is only used in very small power supplies. A full wave rectifier achieves two peaks per cycle
and this is the best that can be done with single phase input. For three phase inputs a three
phase bridge will give six peaks per cycle and even higher numbers of peaks can be achieved
by using transformer networks placed before the rectifier to convert to a higher phase order.

To further reduce this ripple, a capacitor-input filter can be used. This complements
the reservoir capacitor with a choke and a second filter capacitor, so that a steadier DC output
can be obtained across the terminals of the filter capacitor. The choke presents a high
impedance to the ripple current.
 If the DC load is very demanding of a smooth supply voltage, a voltage regulator will
be used either instead of or in addition to the capacitor-input filter, both to remove the last of
the ripple and to deal with variations in supply and load characteristics.

Bridge Type Rectifier

A bridge rectifier is an arrangement of four or more diodes in a bridge circuit

configuration which provides the same output polarity for either input polarity. It is used for
converting an alternating current (AC) input into a direct current (DC) output. A bridge
rectifier provides full-wave rectification from a two-wire AC input, therefore resulting in
lower weight and cost when compared to a rectifier with a 3-wire input from a transformer
with a center-tapped secondary winding.

FILTER

Electronic filters are analog circuits which perform signal processing functions,
specifically to remove unwanted frequency components from the signal, to enhance wanted
ones, or both.

Passive filters
Passive implementations of linear filters are based on combinations
of resistors (R), inductors (L) and capacitors (C). These types are collectively known
as passive filters, because they do not depend upon an external power supply and/or they do
not contain active components such as transistors.
Inductors block high-frequency signals and conduct low-frequency signals,
while capacitors do the reverse. A filter in which the signal passes through an inductor, or in
which a capacitor provides a path to ground, presents less attenuation to low-frequency
signals than high-frequency signals and is therefore a low-pass filter. If the signal passes
through a capacitor, or has a path to ground through an inductor, then the filter presents less
attenuation to high-frequency signals than low-frequency signals and therefore is a high-pass
filter. Resistors on their own have no frequency-selective properties, but are added to
inductors and capacitors to determine the time-constants of the circuit, and therefore the
frequencies to which it responds.
The inductors and capacitors are the reactive elements of the filter. The number of
elements determines the order of the filter. In this context, an LC tuned circuit being used in a
band-pass or band-stop filter is considered a single element even though it consists of two
components.
At high frequencies (above about 100 megahertz), sometimes the inductors consist of
single loops or strips of sheet metal, and the capacitors consist of adjacent strips of metal.
These inductive or capacitive pieces of metal are called stubs.

Active filters
Active filters are implemented using a combination of passive and active (amplifying)
components, and require an outside power source. Operational amplifiers are frequently used
in active filter designs. These can have high Q factor, and can achieve resonance without the
use of inductors. However, their upper frequency limit is limited by the bandwidth of the
amplifiers.
 REGULATOR

A voltage regulator is designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. A

voltage regulator may be a simple "feed-forward" design or may include negative
feedback control loops. It may use an electromechanical mechanism, or electronic
components. Depending on the design, it may be used to regulate one or more AC
or DC voltages.
Electronic voltage regulators are found in devices such as computer power supplies where
they stabilize the DC voltages used by the processor and other elements. In
automobile alternators and central power station generator plants, voltage regulators control
the output of the plant. In an electric power distribution system, voltage regulators may be
installed at a substation or along distribution lines so that all customers receive steady voltage
independent of how much power is drawn from the line.
A simple voltage regulator can be made from a resistor in series with a diode (or
series of diodes). Due to the logarithmic shape of diode V-I curves, the voltage across the
diode changes only slightly due to changes in current drawn or changes in the input. When
precise voltage control and efficiency are not important, this design may work fine.
Feedback voltage regulators operate by comparing the actual output voltage to some
fixed reference voltage. Any difference is amplified and used to control the regulation
element in such a way as to reduce the voltage error. This forms a negative feedback control
loop; increasing the open-loop gain tends to increase regulation accuracy but reduce stability
(stability is avoidance of oscillation, or ringing, during step changes). There will also be a
trade-off between stability and the speed of the response to changes. If the output voltage is
too low (perhaps due to input voltage reducing or load current increasing), the regulation
element is commanded, up to a point, to produce a higher output voltageby dropping less of
the input voltage (for linear series regulators and buck switching regulators), or to draw input
current for longer periods (boost-type switching regulators); if the output voltage is too high,
the regulation element will normally be commanded to produce a lower voltage. However,
many regulators have over-current protection; so that they will entirely stop sourcing current
(or limit the current in some way) if the output current is too high, and some regulators may
also shut down if the input voltage is outside a given range.

The power supply shall be used on a speaker system which requires 20v DC 1 ampere.