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electricalengineeringportal.com/understandingvectorgrouptransformer2
6/4/2012
220kVClass110kVClassSinglePhaseTractionTransformer
ContinuedfromfirstpartUnderstandingVectorGroupofTransformer(part1)
PointstobeconsiderwhileSelectingofVectorGroup
VectorGroupsaretheIECmethodofcategorizingtheprimaryandsecondarywindingconfigurationsof3
phasetransformers.Windingscanbeconnectedasdelta,star,orinterconnectedstar(zigzag).Winding
polarityisalsoimportant,sincereversingtheconnectionsacrossasetofwindingsaffectsthephaseshift
betweenprimaryandsecondary.
Vectorgroupsidentifythewindingconnectionsandpolaritiesoftheprimaryandsecondary.Fromavector
grouponecandeterminethephaseshiftbetweenprimaryandsecondary.
Transformervectorgroupdependsupon:
1.Removingharmonics:Dyconnectionywindingnullifies3rdharmonics,preventingittobe
reflectedondeltaside.
2.Paralleloperations:Allthetransformersshouldhavesamevectorgroup&polarityofthe
winding.
3.EarthfaultRelay:ADdtransformerdoesnothaveneutral.torestricttheearthfaultsinsuch
systems,wemayusezigzagwoundtransformertocreateaneutralalongwiththeearthfault
relay..
4.TypeofNonLinerLoad:systemshavingdifferenttypesofharmonics&nonlinearTypesof
loadse.g.furnaceheaters,VFDSetcforthatwemayuseDyn11,Dyn21,Dyn31configuration,
wherein,30deg.shiftsofvoltagesnullifiesthe3rdharmonicstozerointhesupplysystem.
5.TypeofTransformerApplication:GenerallyforPowerexporttransformeri.e.generatorside
isconnectedindeltaandloadsideisconnectedinstar.ForPowerexportimporttransformers
i.e.inTransmissionPurposeTransformerstarstarconnectionmaybepreferredbysomesince
thisavoidsagroundingtransformerongeneratorsideandperhapssaveonneutralinsulation.
Mostofsystemsarerunninginthisconfiguration.Maybelessharmfulthanoperatingdelta
systemincorrectly.YdorDyconnectionisstandardforallunitconnectedgenerators.
Thereareanumberoffactorsassociatedwithtransformerconnectionsandmaybeusefulindesigninga
system,andtheapplicationofthefactorsthereforedeterminesthebestselectionoftransformers.
Forexample:
ForselectingStarConnection:
Astarconnectionpresentsaneutral.Ifthetransformeralsoincludesadeltawinding,thatneutralwillbe
stableandcanbegroundedtobecomeareferenceforthesystem.Atransformerwithastarwindingthat
doesNOTincludeadeltadoesnotpresentastableneutral.
Starstartransformersareusedifthereisarequirementtoavoida30degphaseshift,ifthereisadesireto
constructthethreephasetransformerbankfromsinglephasetransformers,orifthetransformerisgoingto
beswitchedonasinglepolebasis(ie,onephaseatatime),perhapsusingmanualswitches.
Starstartransformersaretypicallyfoundindistributionapplications,orinlargesizesinterconnectinghigh
voltagetransmissionsystems.Somestarstartransformersareequippedwithathirdwindingconnectedin
deltatostabilizetheneutral.
ForselectingDeltaConnection:
Adeltaconnectionintroducesa30electricaldegreephaseshift.
Adeltaconnectiontrapstheflowofzerosequencecurrents.
ForselectingDeltaStarConnection:
Deltastartransformersarethemostcommonandmostgenerallyusefultransformers.
Deltadeltatransformersmaybechosenifthereisnoneedforastableneutral,orifthereisa
requirementtoavoida30electricaldegreephaseshift.Themostcommonapplicationofadeltadelta
transformerisastanisolationtransformerforapowerconverter.
ForselectingZigzagConnection:
TheZigZagwindingreducesvoltageunbalanceinsystemswheretheloadisnotequallydistributed
betweenphases,andpermitsneutralcurrentloadingwithinherentlylowzerosequenceimpedance.Itis
thereforeoftenusedforearthingtransformers.
Provisionofaneutralearthpointorpoints,wheretheneutralisreferredtoeartheitherdirectlyorthrough
impedance.Transformersareusedtogivetheneutralpointinthemajorityofsystems.Thestaror
interconnectedstar(Z)windingconfigurationsgiveaneutrallocation.
Ifforvariousreasons,onlydeltawindingsareusedataparticularvoltagelevelonaparticularsystem,a
neutralpointcanstillbeprovidedbyapurposemadetransformercalledaneutralearthing.
ForselectingDistributionTransformer
Thefirstcriteriontoconsiderinchoosingavectorgroupforadistributiontransformerforafacilityistoknow
whetherwewantadeltastarorstarstar.Utilitiesoftenpreferstarstartransformers,buttheserequire4
wireinputfeedersand4wireoutputfeeders(i.e.incomingandoutgoingneutralconductors).
Fordistributiontransformerswithinafacility,oftendeltastararechosenbecausethesetransformersdonot
require4wireinputa3wireprimaryfeedercircuitsufficestosupplya4wiresecondarycircuit.Thatis
becauseanyzerosequencecurrentrequiredbythesecondarytosupplyearthfaultsorunbalancedloadsis
suppliedbythedeltaprimarywinding,andisnotrequiredfromtheupstreampowersource.Themethodof
earthingonthesecondaryisindependentoftheprimaryfordeltastartransformers.
Thesecondcriteriontoconsideriswhatphaseshiftyouwantbetweenprimaryandsecondary.Forexample,
Dy11andDy5transformersarebothdeltastar.Ifwedontcareaboutthephaseshift,theneither
transformerwilldothejob.Phaseshiftisimportantwhenweareparallelingsources.Wewantthephase
shiftsofthesourcestobeidentical.
Ifweareparallelingtransformers,thenyouwantthemtohavethesamethesamevectorgroup.Ifyouare
replacingatransformer,usethesamevectorgroupforthenewtransformer,otherwisetheexistingVTsand
CTsusedforprotectionandmeteringwillnotworkproperly.
Thereisnotechnicaldifferencebetweentheonevectorgroups(i.e.Yd1)oranothervectorgroup(i.e.Yd11)
intermsofperformance.Theonlyfactoraffectingthechoicebetweenoneortheotherissystemphasing,ie
whetherpartsofthenetworkfedfromthetransformerneedtooperateinparallelwithanothersource.Italso
mattersifyouhaveanauxiliarytransformerconnectedtogeneratorterminals.Vectormatchingatthe
auxiliarybusbar.
ApplicationofTransformeraccordingtoVectorGroup
1.)Dyn11,Dyn1,YNd1,YNd11
Commonfordistributiontransformers.
NormallyDyn11vectorgroupusingatdistributionsystem.BecauseGeneratingTransformerareYNd1
forneutralizingtheloadanglebetween11and1.
WecanuseDyn1atdistributionsystem,whenweareusingGeneratorTransformerareYNd11.
Insomeindustries6pulseelectricdrivesareusingduetothis5thharmonicswillgenerateifweuse
Dyn1itwillbesuppressthe5thharmonics.
Starpointfacilitatesmixedloadingofthreephaseandsinglephaseconsumerconnections.
Thedeltawindingcarrythirdharmonicsandstabilizesstarpointpotential.
AdeltaStarconnectionisusedforstepupgeneratingstations.IfHVwindingisstarconnectedthere
willbesavingincostofinsulation.
ButdeltaconnectedHVwindingiscommonindistributionnetwork,forfeedingmotorsandlighting
loadsfromLVside.
2.)StarStar(Yy0orYy6)
Mainlyusedforlargesystemtieuptransformer.
MosteconomicalconnectioninHVpowersystemtointerconnectbetweentwodeltasystemsandto
provideneutralforgroundingbothofthem.
Tertiarywindingstabilizestheneutralconditions.Instarconnectedtransformers,loadcanbe
connectedbetweenlineandneutral,onlyif
(a)thesourcesidetransformersisdeltaconnectedor
(b)thesourcesideisstarconnectedwithneutralconnectedbacktothesourceneutral.
Inthistransformers.Insulationcostishighlyreduced.Neutralwirecanpermitmixedloading.
Tripleharmonicsareabsentinthelines.Thesetripleharmoniccurrentscannotflow,unlessthereisa
neutralwire.Thisconnectionproducesoscillatingneutral.
Threephaseshelltypeunitshavelargetripleharmonicphasevoltage.Howeverthreephasecore
typetransformersworksatisfactorily.
Atertiarymeshconnectedwindingmayberequiredtostabilizetheoscillatingneutralduetothird
harmonicsinthreephasebanks.
3.)DeltaDelta(Dd0orDd6)
Thisisaneconomicalconnectionforlargelowvoltagetransformers.
Largeunbalanceofloadcanbemetwithoutdifficulty.
Deltapermitsacirculatingpathfortripleharmonicsthusattenuatesthesame.
ItispossibletooperatewithonetransformerremovedinopendeltaorVconnectionmeeting58
percentofthebalancedload.
Threephaseunitscannothavethisfacility.Mixedsinglephaseloadingisnotpossibleduetothe
absenceofneutral.
4.)StarZigzagorDeltaZigzag(YzorDz)
Theseconnectionsareemployedwheredeltaconnectionsareweak.Interconnectionofphasesin
zigzagwindingeffectsareductionofthirdharmonicvoltagesandatthesametimepermits
unbalancedloading.
Thisconnectionmaybeusedwitheitherdeltaconnectedorstarconnectedwindingeitherforstepup
orstepdowntransformers.Ineithercase,thezigzagwindingproducesthesameangular
displacementasadeltawinding,andatthesametimeprovidesaneutralforearthingpurposes.
Theamountofcopperrequiredfromazigzagwindingin15%morethanacorrespondingstarordelta
winding.Thisisextensivelyusedforearthingtransformer.
Duetozigzagconnection(interconnectionbetweenphases),thirdharmonicvoltagesarereduced.It
alsoallowsunbalancedloading.ThezigzagconnectionisemployedforLVwinding.Foragiventotal
voltageperphase,thezigzagsiderequires15%moreturnsascomparedtonormalphase
connection.Incaseswheredeltaconnectionsareweakduetolargenumberofturnsandsmallcross
sections,thenzigzagstarconnectionispreferred.Itisalsousedinrectifiers.
5.)Zigzag/star(ZY1orZy11)
Zigzagconnectionisobtainedbyinterconnectionofphases.4wiresystemispossibleonbothsides.
Unbalancedloadingisalsopossible.Oscillatingneutralproblemisabsentinthisconnection.
Thisconnectionrequires15%moreturnsforthesamevoltageonthezigzagsideandhencecosts
more.Henceabankofthreesinglephasetransformerscostabout15%morethantheir3phase
counterpart.Also,theyoccupymorespace.Butthesparecapacitycostwillbelessandsinglephase
unitsareeasiertotransport.
Unbalancedoperationofthetransformerwithlargezerosequencefundamentalmmfcontentalso
doesnotaffectitsperformance.EvenwithYytypeofpolyphaseconnectionwithoutneutral
connectiontheoscillatingneutraldoesnotoccurwiththesecores.Finally,threephasecores
themselvescostlessthanthreesinglephaseunitsduetocompactness.
6.)Yd5
MainlyusedformachineandmainTransformerinlargePowerStationandTransmissionSubstation.
TheNeutralpointcanbeloadedwithratedCurrent.
7.)Yz5
ForDistributionTransformerupto250MVAforlocaldistributionsystem.
TheNeutralpointcanbeloadedwithratedCurrent.
ApplicationofTransformeraccordingaccordingtoUses
StepupTransformer:ItshouldbeYd1orYd11.
StepdownTransformer:ItshouldbeDy1orDy11.
GroundingpurposeTransformer:ItshouldbeYz1orDz11.
DistributionTransformer:WecanconsidervectorgroupofDzn0whichreducethe75%ofharmonicsin
secondaryside.
PowerTransformer:VectorgroupisdeepenonapplicationforExample:GeneratingTransformer:Dyn1,
FurnaceTransformer:Ynyn0.
ConvertOneGroupofTransformertoOtherGroupbyChanningExternal
Connection
GroupI:Example:Dd0(nophasedisplacementbetweenHV&LV)
TheconventionalmethodistoconnecttheredphaseonA/a,YellowphaseonB/b,andtheBluephaseon
C/c.
Otherphasedisplacementsarepossiblewithunconventionalconnections(forinstanceredonb,yellowonc
andblueona)BydoingsomeunconventionalconnectionsexternallyononesideoftheTransformer,an
internalconnectedDd0transformercanbechangedeithertoaDd4(120)orDd8(+120)connection.The
sameistrueforinternalconnectedDd4orDd8transformers.
GroupII:Example:Dd6(180displacementbetweenHV&LV)
BydoingsomeunconventionalconnectionsexternallyononesideoftheTransformer,aninternalconnected
Dd6transformercanbechangedeithertoaDd2(60)orDd10(+60)connection.
GroupIII:Example:Dyn1(30displacementbetweenHV&LV)
BydoingsomeunconventionalconnectionsexternallyononesideoftheTransformer,aninternalconnected
Dyn1transformercanbechangedeithertoaDyn5(150)orDyn9(+90)connection.
GroupIV:Example:Dyn11(+30displacementbetweenHV&LV)
BydoingsomeunconventionalconnectionsexternallyononesideoftheTransformer,aninternalconnected
Dyn11transformercanbechangedeithertoaDyn7(+150)orDyn3(90)connection.
Pointtoberemembered
ForGroupIII&GroupIV:Bydoingsomeunconventionalconnectionsexternallyonbothsidesofthe
Transformer,aninternalconnectedGroupIIIorGroupIVtransformercanbechangedtoanyofthese
twogroups.
ThusbydoingexternalchangesonbothsidesoftheTransformeraninternalconnectedDyn1
transformercanbechangedtoeithera:Dyn3,Dyn5,Dyn7,Dyn9orDyn11transformer,Thisisjust
trueforstar/deltaordelta/starconnections.
ForGroupI&GroupII:Changesfordelta/deltaorstar/startransformersbetweenGroupIand
GroupIIIcanjustbedoneinternally.
Why30phaseshiftoccurinstardeltatransformerbetweenprimaryandsecondary?
30degphaseshiftbetweenlinevoltageandphase
voltage
Thephaseshiftisanaturalconsequenceofthedelta
connection.Thecurrentsenteringorleavingthestarwinding
ofthetransformerareinphasewiththecurrentsinthestar
windings.Therefore,thecurrentsinthedeltawindingsare
alsoinphasewiththecurrentsinthestarwindingsand
obviously,thethreecurrentsare120electricaldegreesapart.
Butthecurrentsenteringorleavingthetransformeronthe
deltasideareformedatthepointwheretwoofthewindings
comprisingthedeltacometogethereachofthosecurrents
isthephasorsumofthecurrentsintheadjacentwindings.
Whenyouaddtogethertwocurrentsthatare120electrical
degreesapart,thesumisinevitablyshiftedby30degrees.
TheMainreasonforthisphenomenonisthatthephase
voltagelagslinecurrentby30degrees.consideradelta/star
transformer.Thephasevoltagesinthreephasesofbothprimaryandsecondary.youwillfindthatinprimary
thephasevoltageandlinevoltagesaresame,letitbeVRY(takeonephase).But,thecorresponding
secondarywillhavethephasevoltageonlyinitsphasewindingasitisstarconnected.thelinevoltageof
starconnectedsecondaryanddeltaconnectedprimarywonthaveanyphasedifferencesbetweenthem.so
thiscanbesummarizedthatthephaseshiftisassociatedwiththewaveformsofthethreephasewindings.
ThisistheHVSideortheSwitchyardsideoftheGeneratorTransformerisconnectedinDeltaandtheLV
SideorthegeneratorsideoftheGTisconnectedinStar,withtheStarsideneutralbroughtout.
TheLVsidevoltagewilllagtheHVsidevoltageby30degrees.Thus,inageneratingstationwecreatea
30degreeslaggingvoltagefortransmission,withrespecttothegeneratorvoltage.
Aswehavecreateda30degreeslaggingconnectioninthegeneratingstation,itisadvisabletocreatea30
degreesleadingconnectionindistributionsothattheuservoltageisinphasewiththegeneratedvoltage.
And,asthetransmissionsideisDeltaandtheusermightneedthreephase,fourwireintheLVsideforhis
singlephaseloads,thedistributiontransformerischosenasDyn11.
ThereismagneticcouplingbetweenHTandLT.Whentheloadside(LT)sufferssomediptheLTcurrenttry
togooutofphasewithHTcurrent,so30degreephaseshiftinDyn11keepsthetwocurrentsinphase
whenthereisdip.
SothevectorgroupatthegeneratingstationisimportantwhileselectingdistributionTransformer.
VectorGroupinGeneratingTransmissionDistributionSystem
GeneratingTCisYd1transmittedpowerat400KV,for400KVto220KVYyisusedandbyusingYdbetween
e.g.220and66kV,thenDyfrom66to11kVsothattheirphaseshiftscanbecancelledout.AndforLV
(400/230V)suppliesat50Hzareusually3phase,earthedneutral,soaDynLVwindingisneeded.Here
GTside30lag(Yd1)canbenullify+30byusingdistributionTransformerofDy11.
AreasonforusingYdbetweene.g.220and66kV,thenDyfrom66to11kVisthattheirphaseshiftscan
canceloutandItisthenalsopossibletoparallela220/11kVYYtransformer,at11kV,withthe66/11kV(a
YYtransformeroftenhasathird,delta,windingtoreduceharmonics).
IfonewentDy11Dy11from220to11kV,therewouldbea60degreeshift,whichisnotpossibleinone
transformer.Thestandardtransformergroupsindistributionavoidthatkindoflimitation,asaresultof
thoughtandexperienceleadingtolowestcostovermanyyears.
GeneratorTCisYd1,canweuseDistributionTCDy5insteadofDy11?
Withregardstotheory,therearenospecialadvantagesofDyn11overDyn5.
InIsolationApplication:InisolatedapplicationsthereisnoadvantageordisadvantagebyusingDy5or
Dy11.IfhoweverwewishtointerconnectthesecondarysidesofdifferentDnytransformers,wemusthave
compatibletransformers,andthatcanbeachievedifyouhaveaDyn11amongagroupofDyn5sandvice
versa.
InParallelConnection:Practically,therelativeplacesofthephasesremainsameinDyn11comparedto
Dyn5.
IfweuseYd1TransformeronGeneratingSideandDistributionsideDy11transformerthan30lagof
generatingside(Yd1)isnullifyby+30LeadatReceivingsideDy11)sonophasedifferencerespectto
generatingSideandifweareontheHVsideoftheTransformer,andifwedenotethephasesasRYBfrom
lefttoright,thesamephasesontheLVsidewillbeRYB,butfromlefttoRight.
ThiswillmaketheTransmissionlineshavesamecolor(foridentification)whetheritisinputtooroutputfrom
theTransformer.
IfweuseYd1TransformeronGeneratingSideandDistributionsideDy5transformerthan30lagof
generatingside(Yd1)ismorelagby150LagatReceivingside(Dy5)soTotalphasedifferencerespectto
generatingSideis180deg(30+150=180)andifweareontheHVsideoftheTransformer,andifwe
denotethephasesasRYBfromlefttoright,thesamephasesontheLVsidewillbeRYB,butfromRight
toLeft.
ThiswillmaketheTransmissionlineshaveNosamecolor(foridentification)whetheritisinputtooroutput
fromtheTransformer.ThedifferenceinoutputbetweentheDyn11andDny5andistherefore180degrees.