IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 4, No.
3, September 1989
SltAUV S T A l E RNALYSIS OF H UUULllY-btD
INDUCIION GENERAIOH UNDER SYNCHRONOUS OPERAIION
M, S. V i c a t , o s
National lechnical University o f Athens
Department of Electrical Enqineerinq
106 82 Athens , Greece
Ab_strac_f, A detailed analysis of t h e performance o f t h e
Doubly-Fed Induction Generator (DFG) under synchronous
operating condition in t h e steady state is presented.
The rotor is excited by a voltage phasor t h e magnitude
and t h e frequency of which can vary independently. The
frequency supplied h a s always such a value that, if
superimposed on the rotor speed a synchronous rotating
field results. This produces variable-speed constant-
frequency characteristics of t h e DFG over a wide speed
range. By varying t h e excitation voltage magnitude t h e
stator and rotor power factor can be controlled so that
maximum efficiency tan b e achieved. By varyinq t h e
angle a between t h e stator and t h e rotor applied
voltages, DFG active power delivered can be controlled.
T h e wide range of variable-speed constant-frequency
operation and t h e capability o f load variation and
power factor control, makes t h e DFG attractive for wind
power conversion systems a5 well a s variable speed
hydroelectric generators,
INTRODUCTION
-.
The doubly fad machine h a s been known since t h e
beginning o f the century 1 1 1 123, but t h e complexity
of t h e extra circuitry required made t h e machine
unattractive for industrial application.
The performance of t h e doubly fed machine was
investigated first as a motor running in t h e double
synchronous speed 111-151. Variable-speed constant-
frequency generator operation was studied by R I A 2 in
161, where t h e general form of voltage, power, and
torque equations as well a 5 power flow diagrams and
phasor diagrams corresponding t o t h e different modes of
operation were presented. HOLMS and ELSONBAtHY pre-
sented a doubly fed machine operation a s a variable-
speed constant-frequency wind power converter excited
via a cycloconverter 171. A mathematical model for the
doubly fed wound rotor generator was presented by BRADY
in 181 giving voltage, current, and power expressions
in differential equation form. WLCZYNC) in 191 proposed
field oriented principles t o control t h e power and t h e
reactive power of t h e doubly fed machine in both
generator and motor mode of operation. I detailed
analysis for t h e electromagnetic torque is given in 153
and 173.
In this work t h e authors present a detailed
analysis of t h e overall performance of t h e DFG oper-
ating in t h e steady state a s a variable speed constant
frequency source.
Synchronous operation can be accomplished when
89 WM 230-4 EC A pa'per recommended and approved
by the IEEE Rotating Machinery Committee of the
IEEE Power Engineering Society for presentation at
the IEEEIPES 1 9 8 9 Winter Meeting, New York, New York,
January 29 -
February 3, 1989. Manuscript submitted
July 18, 1988; made available for printing
November 28, 1988.
0885-8%9/89/093%0495WI
495
t h e rotor is supplied by a voltage phasor having
frequency equal t o t h e difference between the actual
speed and the synchronous speed, rhus, although t h e
generator rotates with variable speed a constant
stator frequency is maintained over a wide operating
speed range.
The operation may b e subsynchronous or super-
synchronous. In both cases this study covers t h e
controls in order t o maintain a constant voltage and
constant frequency produced when t h e DFG is supplying
an isolated load. When the DFG is ronnected to a
network (infinite bus) active and reactive power may be
controlled a s well a s t h e power factor. Hence the
condition f o r maximum efficiency or unity power factor
can be obtained.
Because of t h e capability o f synchronous oper-
ation under variable speed and independent control o f
active and reactive power t h e DFG can be used a s a wind
power converter 191 a s well a s a variable speed
hydroelectric generator.
!"LY S I s-
The DF6 consists of a wound rotor induction
machine connected t o a frequency converter on the slip
rings o f t h e rotor. The machine has a symmetrical three
phase winding distributed around a uniform air gap for
both stator and rotor. The generator is doubly fed a s
follows: voltage at synchronous frequency is supplied
t o t h e stator from t h e mains. At t h e rotor's side t h e
voltage applied by means of t h e frequency converter
h a s such a frequency that i f superimposed on t h e rotor
speed, a synchronously rotating field results. Only t h e
fundamental components of t h e voltages and currents are
considered. Also only t h e fundamental space HMF waves
a r e considered for stator and rotor. Friction, windase
and core losses are neglected in the general analysis.
The (requency converter is considered t o be able o f
varying t h e voltage amplitude and frequency and t o
provide current at any power factor. Its impedance and
losses are neglected.
(a) (b)
Fig. 1. ( a ) DFG equivalent circuit per phase
( b ) Phasor diagram
According t o t h e equivalent circuit of Fig. 1,
obtained from the d,q stator and rotor equations, t h e
equations describing t h e model of t h e DF6 are functions
of three independent variables. These are: t h e speed of
t h e generator which 1s introduced through t h e slip, t h e
magnitude o f t h e rotor excitation voltage V ? and t h e
.OO 0 1989 IEEE
4%

angle a between t h e stator applied voltage 0 1 and the The stator reactive power can be derived from t h e
rmztor excitation voltage VZ referred t o t h e stator. equation Q~ = Im cV,.i,*~
In t h e following each one of t h e performance
characteristics ;f t h e DFG i.e. stator and rotor V1Vz
currents I 1 and I n , active power P a and P2, reactive (1% = - X+ [ c o s a (Da) t sin a (Db)l +
power Q I and Q z , copper losses Pri and P,P, mechanical Ds
power P, and electromagnetic torque T are deduced a s
functions of t h e slip 5 , t h e magnitude Vz and the
angle a. All magnitudes except P. and T are considered
per phase. All electrical quantities entering the
terminals of both stator and rotor a r e considered
positive. This also holds f o r P,. T h e electromagnetic Power loss P r l on stator winding resistance r l l
torque T is considered positive i f it is motoring. reactive power Q . 1 on t h e leakage reactance x l and Q,+
on t h e magnetizing reactance xt are:
a. Stator Quantities
Prl = I I z r l (6)
By applying a mechanical torque t o t h e rotor
shaft, t h e rotor rotates with an angular speed wn nhich Q.1 = 1 1 ~ x 1 (7)
corresponds t o a slip s = (u-w.)/u where w i s t h e
synchronous speed. Then t h e angle a appears betneen the Qxt lTi+TzI2x+ (8)
stator and rotor applied voltages. T h e stator and rotor
currents are: The power delivered t o t h e air gap from t h e
stator may be obtained from the equation Pal=Pi-Prl
1 v2 rz
i, = - C D (~ -xf sin a t v1- ) t X f Z VZ" r2
D 5 5 P.I = - - (-rl - Viz-) -
D s2 5

1 v2
tj - CDa ( V I ( X Z + X + ) - x+- cos a) -
D S 1 (9)

vz r2
- Db (-xt sin o + Vl-) 1 The reactive power delivered to the air gap '
5 5 from t h e stator is: Q., = P I - -
Q x lQ.t.

1 vz Xf V2'
Iz = - CDa - (rl cos a - (xl+x+)sin a ) t Qal = --
D
C-
sz
(xlx+ + x l Z + r12) - Vlzx2xt] -
D s
VlV1 x+ [cos a (xz(xl+xf) - xlx, t r
-)1 r 2 +
--
sD S

1 v2
tj - CDa(-
D s
b. Rotor Quantities
-j -1 IDb -
v2

D s The following variables o f t h e rotor are de-

termined below, in t e r m s of t h e parameters o f t h e
r equivalent circuit, i.e. referred t o t h e stator.
where Da = C- - (XIX, t xt(xl+x2))l The power P, delivered t o t h e rotor by t h e
5 excitation source is:
-
r2 rz P 2 = R e C(V2/s)(c0s a + j sin a ) 12*1

Vz2 rlrz rz
Pz = - Irl- + (xl+x+)-xI +
sZD S S

rz r2
Power delivered from t h e mains t o the-stator can + xt (xl- + x t ( r l t -))I -
be derived from t h e equation Pl=Re CVt.11*1 where S 5
t h e asterisk ( * ) implies conjugate.
VlVZ
Vi2 r22 rz -- X, (cos a (Db) t sin a (Da)I (11)
P1 = - Irl- + r1(xz+x,)2 t ~ ~ 2 - 1- sD
D 5' 5
The reactive power Q2 delivered t o t h e rotor by
V1Vz t h e excitation source is:
-- xi [cos a (Db) - sin a (Da)I (4)
sD a2 = I m c(v2/s) ( c o s a + j sin a ) i2-i
 497

-
U. = l m LV.(cos a + I sin a ) l . . * j = 5 ~ . tiY)

Ihe power 1 0 5 s P,, on t h e a c t u a l r o t o r w i n d i n y

r e s l s t a n c P r2 and the r e a c t i v e power lo55 Q < , - on
t h e a c t u a l r o t o r leakaqe r e a c t a n c e sx2 a r e :

PC,. = 1.. r z = 5p,.. (20)

[he power P,-= on t h e r e s i s t a n c e r2/5 is: Psa = I z * ' s x ~= 5Q,,.- (21)
l h e power P g z ' and t h e r e a c t i v e power Qqz
(13) d e l i v e r e d t o t h e a i r gap b y t h e r o t o r are:

Pqz'= P2'- Pr2'= SPs2 -5Fql (22)

The r e a c t i v e power P X 2 on t h e leakage r e a c t a n c e
x Z is: Q ~ z ' = 02'- Qxz'= 5Q.3 - s Q ~ ~ (23)

P W z = IZ7x7 (14) The total mechanical power P,' can be deduced

f r o m ( 9 ) and ( 2 2 ) b y adding P,z' a n d Pol.
The power P.2 delivered to t h e a i r gap from t h e
r o t o r side i s P.2 = PZ - P.2. 1-5
Pa'= -3(P0i+Pg2') = - 3 P u 1 ( 1 - S ) 3PQ.2'- \24)
ro
Pq2 = -
Xf" VZZ
(- rl - VIz-) +
5

D 5.: 5 , In a s i m i l a r way t h e t h r e e phase r e a c t i v e power'

P,' produced can be deduced f r o m ( 1 0 ) and (23).
V1V-r rs
t- xI [cos a ( ( x % t x , ) - - rl(x2+xt
sD S

r lr2
t sin a (- + ~ 1 x 2 + xr(xl+x2))l (15) b 2 . -S%.ee syELh_r_qngg-Ope r a t i on 1. -5 < 6 )
s
&gain t h e e q u i v a l e n t c i r c u l t o f F l g . 1 15
The r e a c t i v e power Q.2 delivered t o he a i r gap considered. In s u p e ~ s y n c h r o n o u s o p e r a t i o n , t h e r o t o r
from t h e r o t o r s i d e is P-2 82 - QX=. e x c i t a t i o n v o l t a g e Vs" has a sequgnce o p p o s i t e t o t h e
one of t h e s t a t o r s u p p l i e d v o l t a g e V I t31.
W f v.2 T h u s f o r supersynchronous o p e r a t i o n :
-V Z " = - -
Vz(cos o -J sin 0) and Iz"= 11'.

rlrz The power P2" and the r e a c t i v e power P z "

-
VlVZ
t - X+ [cos a ( x z ( x 1 + x . ) - xIxt t ) + d e l i v e r e d t o t h e r o t o r b y t h e e x c i t a t i o n source are:
sD 5 -
P2"= Re tV2(cos a - j sin o ) I 2 1 = sPa (26)
r2 rz -
t s i n a (xzrl - xl-
S
- x + ( r l ts- ) ) 1 (16) Qz"= Ia CVZ(cos a -j sin a ) 1 2 1 = -sQz (27)

The power loss on the actual rotor winding

By comparing e q u a t i o n s ( 9 ) and ( 1 5 ) a s well a s resistance r z is:
( 1 0 ) and ( 1 6 ) i t can be seen t h a t :
P.P"= IzZrz z spP2 (2R)
Put = - P U 2 and Io1 = -Qoz (17)
The a c t u a l r o t o r leakage r e a c t a n c e is - 5 % ~ .T h u s
The r o t o r q u a n t i t i e s Pz, Q 2 , P r B , Q x z , P U z and t h e r o t o r r e a c t i v e power loss Q X 2 " is:
Q q 2 determined above, e q u a t i o n s ( 1 1 ) t o (16), comprise
both mechanical and e l e c t r i c a l corponentr. In o r d e r t o Px+"= - I ~ ' s x ~= - s O . z (29)
ewprers t h e s e conponentr i n terms o f t h e a c t u a l r o t o r
parameters the r o t o r c i r c u i t i s considered s e p a r a t e , The power P g 7 " and t h e r e a c t i v e power Q9,'
but r e f e r r e d t o t h e s t a t o r a s f a r a s v o l t a g e i s d e l i v e r e d t o the a i r gap b y t h e r o t o r are:
concerned.
P.2". P2"- P,a"= sPg2 = -sPgl (30
b1 ...su~~~chl.ono-u~Oeerltion-..(__q<l(ll I,"= Q2"- Q,I"= -501,z 5Qsi (31
Next, the e q u i v a l e n t c i r c u i t a s above, Fig. 1,
i s considered. I n subsynchronous o p e r a t i o n , both s t a t o r From ( 9 ) and ( 3 0 ) t h e t o t a l mechanical power P.'
and r o t o r a r e s u p p l i e d w i t h v o l t a g e s v i and V Z ' f o r supersynchronous o p e r a t i o n can be determined.
r e s p e c t i v e l y , having t h e same sequence. In a d d i t i o n t h e
1-5
frequency o f t h e r o t o r e x c i t a t i o n s o u r c e i s lower than
t h a t o f t h e mains, T h u s f o r subsynchronous operation: Pm"= - 3 ( P g > + P u z " ) = -3Pa1(I-5) 3P972"- (32)
- - - 5

V C ' = V1 (cos U +j sin a ) and Iz' = I..

I o a s i m i l a r way f r o m (10) and ( 5 1 ) t h e t h r e e
Power P,' and r e a c t i v e power Qz' d e l i v e r e d t o t h e phase r e a c t i v e power produced 1 5 :
it5
r o t o r by t h e e x c i t a t i o n source a r e :
Qm' = -3(@,1tQqz ' 1 = -3Q,,(lt~) = SO,,,' - (33,
-5
P,' = Re LVa(cos o t j sin a ) i Z - l = sPz (18)
490

T z i s an a s y n c h r o n o u s torque, constant f o r a
g i v e n s l i p and i s p r o d u c e d by t h e e x c i t a t i o n v o l t a g e V 2
l h e m e c h a n i c a l power P, f o r b o t h subsynchronous a p p l i e d t o t h e r o t o r . I t a c t s as g e n e r a t i n g t o r q u e i n
and supersynchronous o p e r a t i n g modes can b e d e r i v e d b o t h s u b s y n c h r o n o u s and s u p e r s y n c h r o n o u s o p e r a t i o n .
from ( 9 ) w i t h ( 2 4 ) and ( 9 ) w i t h ( 3 2 ) r e s p e c t i v e l y . 1s i s t h e s y n c h r o n o u s t o r q u e p r o d u c e d b y t h e
i n t e r a c t i o n o f t h e s t a t o r and r o t o r f i e l d s . F o r a
(1-s)xt~ v2z r7 c e r t a i n s l i p , T, and T 2 a r e c o n s t a n t . I t f o l l o w s t h a t
P, = 3 - D
(-rl
52
- VIz-)
5
t 1 s may r e s u l t a5 p o s i t i v e or n e g a t i v e i.e. p r o d u c i n g
motoring or generating torque.
F o r t h e t e s t machine ( s e e e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a ) , t h e
VIV, r2 t h r e e components v e r s u s s l i p a r e shown i n F i g . 2.
t 3(1-S)Xr - [cos a (-(xl+xt) - rr(x.tx+)) t
sD 5

The m e c h a n i c a l power P. may b e d i v i d e d between

s t a t o r and r o t o r power s o u r c e s a c c o r d i n g t o ( 2 4 ) and
( 3 2 ) . Thus f o r b o t h s u b s y n c h r o n o u s and s u p e r s y n c h r o n o u s
o p e r a t i o n t h e power d i s t r i b u t i o n t o s t a t o r and r o t o r
i5 :

1
3P,, = -P, - (35)
1-5

(36)
t..."..."....'..
1 0.5 0 '.a
-0.5 1
-1

Fig. 2. E l e c t r o m a g n e t i c t o r q u e components v e r s u s s l i p
From ( 3 5 ) and ( 3 6 ) i t c a n b e seen t h a t power i s for constant PI 150 W and 8 % = 58 V I R
d e l i v e r e d t h r o u g h t h e a i r gap t o t h e s t a t o r for b o t h p e r phase.
subsynchronous and supersynchronous operation. In
s u b s y n c h r o n o u s o p e r a t i o n , power f l o w s from t h e r o t o r t o
t h e a i r gap and i n s u p e r s y n c h r o n o u s o p e r a t i o n f r o m t h e e. S t e a d y _ S t a t e St_ab_i-lLtyL
a i r gap t o t h e r o t o r . Thus i n s u p e r s y n c h r o n o u s con-
d i t i o n , power i s d e l i v e r e d from b o t h s t a t o r and r o t o r The a n g l e o f o r w h i c h t h e e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c t o r q u e
i n c r e a s i n g t h e DF6 power c a p a b i l i t i e s C73 C10l. becomes extremum f o r a g i v e n speed and a r o t o r e x c i -
t a t i o n v o l t a g e m a g n i t u d e , c a n be d e r i v e d f r o m ( 4 0 ) b y
u s i n g d T / d a = 0. T h i s g i v e s :
d, Elpctrs-m-aqnet ic Torque

The e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c t o r q u e may b e d e r i v e d f r o m -
r ,rz
f X l X 2 + xt(XItx7)
t h e m e c h a n i c a l power e q u a t i o n ( 3 4 1 , and t h e s y n c h r o n o u s 5
speed U. arxt = arctan C 3 t kn (41)
r2
-(xt+xt) - rl(x2tx+)
(37) 5

K may be 0 o r 1. T h i s q i v e s t h e t w o extremum v a l u e s o f
From e q u a t i o n ( 3 4 ) i t can b e seen t h a t t h e the electromagnetic t o r q u e i . e . maximum and ninimum.
e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c t o r q u e T c o n s i s t s o f t h r e e components. From ( 4 1 ) i t can b e seen t h a t t h e a n g l e u...~ is a
T I , T z and Ts, so t h a t T = TI t T n t T s , a s i n C43 C71. f u n c t i o n o f s l i p and t h e DFG p a r a m e t e r s and i s I n d e -
p e n d e n t o f t h e r o t o r e x c i t a t i o n v o l t a g e . As e x p e c t e d ,
t h e r a n q e o f a n g l e a i . e . 180* f o r w h i c h t h e o p e r a t i o n
(38) i s s t a b l e may i n c l u d e b o t h g e n e r a t o r and m o t o r a c t i o n .
The v a l u e o f maximum and minimum t o r q u e can be
d e r i v e d b y s u b s t i t u t i n q t h e v a l u e o f ( I r r t i n t o (37).

T I is an a s y n c h r o n o u s t o r q u e , constant +or a
given s l i p , and p r o d u c e d b y t h e v o l t a g e 'VI a p p l i e d t o
t h e s t a t o r . I t a c t s as a m o t o r l n g t o r q u e i n subsynchro. A complete i n v e s t i q a t i o n o t he s t a b i l i t y p r o b l e m
nous and a s g e n e r a t i n g t o r q u e i n s u p e r s y n c h r o n o u s o f t h e OFG w i l l b e p r e s e r i t e d i n a uture paper.
operation.
 499

CONTROL b. k o t o r L x c i t a t i o n V o l t a q e M a a n i t u d e L o n t r o l

t o 1 t h e I)bb o p @ r a t i o r i , i t i s p o s s r t r l l : t e c o n t r o l ~ o n s i d e r i n q t h e s t a t o r a c t i v e power P I c o n s t a n t
t h e v o l t a q e a a q n i t u d e , t h e a n q l e a and t h e f r e q u e n c y o t dnd by f o l v i n g s i m u l t a n e o u s l y (41 and (5), s t a t o r
thP valtaqe e i c i t a t i o n phasor LYI. I h e i r e q u e n c y r e a c t i v e power G,! can b e d e r i v e d a 5 a f u n c t i o n o f r o t o r
d e p e n d s on t h e q i v e n speed. Clnqle o i s a f f e c t e d b y l o a d e x c i t a t i o n v o l t a g e V Z . Thus, f o r a q i v e n s t a t o r a c t i v e
and a d a p t s t o a c h a n g e o f t h e a p p l i e d t o r q u e . F i n d l l y p o w e r , s t a t o r r e a c t i v e power Q 1 can b e c o n t r o l l e d . As a
t h e v o l t a q e maanitude V i s i n f l u e n c i n a r e a c t i v e power. r e s u l t s t a t o r power f a c t o r may b e c o n t r o l l e d b v v a r y i n g
I n the followinq the influence of these three variables r o t o r e x c i t a t i o n v o l t a g e V z 191 [ l o ] .
on t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e DFG c o n n e c t e d t o t h e i n f i n i t e O p e r a t i o n u n d e r u n i t y s t a t o r power f a c t o r c a n b e
h ~ 1 5i s i n v e s t i q a t e d . o b t a i n e d when r o t o r e x c i t a t i o n source supplies w i t h
r e a c t i v e power t h e m a g n e t i z i n g r e a c t a n c e a s w e l l a s t h e
a. ttotor E x c i t a t i o n F r e q u e n c y C o n t r o l r e a c t i v e power l o s s on s t a t o r and rotor leakage
reactance.
Accordinq t o t h e DFG speed, t h e s u p p l i e d r o t o r F o r a q i v e n speed and s t a t o r power P , , t h e
e x c i t a t i o n frequency f.31 8 determined by t h e d i f f e r e n c e excitation voltaqe V7 f o r maximum e f f i c i e n c y and
b e t w e e n t h e s y n c h r o n o u s speed w and t h e r o t o r speed w n . minimum c o p p e r l o s s Pc c a n b e d e r i v e d b y s o l v i n g
rhus: s i m u l t a n e o u s l y ( 4 ) and ( 4 4 ) .
(W-W,)
f . = cllumber o f p o l e s ) - (43)
2n (44)

From (45) i t c a n b e seen t h a t when t h e DFG

o p e r a t e s i n subsynchronous ranqe, t h e frequency o f t h e The r e s u l t i n g e q u a t i o n i s a c o m p l i c a t e d f u n c t i o n
r o t o r - e A c i t _ a t i o n v o l t a g e V,' i s p o s i t i v e . T h i s means o f DFG p a r a m e t e r s and an a l g e b r a i c s o l u t i o n i s not
t h a t VI and V-. h a v e t h e same sequence. possible. However a p p l y i n g a s u c c e s s i v e a p p r o x i m a t i o n
I n supersynchronous operation - the negative method 1111 g i v e s t h e results depicted i n Figs. 5
v a l u e of fl r e p r e s e n t s a sequence o f V 2 " o p p o s i t e t o and 6 f o r subsynchronous and supersynchronous
t h e one o f V , 131. operation respectively.
For t h e t e s t machine, with stator a c t i v e and
r e a c t i v e power c o n s t a n t , s t a t o r and r o t o r c u r r e n t s
and e x c i t a t i o n v o l t a g e V r v e r s u s s l i p , are qiven i n
F i g . 3. M e c h a n i c a l power and r o t o r power v e r s u s s l i p
a r e a i v e n i n F i g . 4.

' U T I

0 - 0
16 2 0 Va M 2 4 16 20 V i (VI24
(a) (b)
F i g . 5. ( a ) S t a t o r and r o t o r t h r e e p h a s e r e a c t i v e power
and e f f i c i e n c y v e r s u s V Z . ( b ) S t a t o r and r o t o r
c u r r e n t s and c o p p e r l o s s v e r s u s V z
f o r 5 = 0.67 and P I = 150 W p e r phase.
F i q . 3. S t a t o r dnd r o t o r c u r r e n t s and e x c i t a t i o n
v c i l t a g e V z v e r s u s s l i p f o r P, = 150 W and
D l = 58 V A R p e r phase.

-0.5l' " ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' * " ' ' ' ' I
F i g . 6.
(a) (b)
( a ) S t a t o r and r o t o r t h r e e p h a s e r e a c t i v e power
1 0.5 0 -0.5 s -1
and e f f i c i e n c y v e r s u s VZ. ( b ) S t a t o r and r o t o r
F i g . 4 . M e c h a n i c a l and t h r e e p h a s e r o t o r p o w e r v e r s u s c u r r e n t s and c a p p e r l o s s v e r s u s V 3
slip for F , = I50 W and U, = 58 V A R p e r phase. f o r 5 = -u.67 and P I = 150 W p e r p h a s e .

r h u s i t i s p o s s i b l e t o o p e r a t e t h e D F G a t any As a c o n c l u s i o n i t i s p o s s i b l e t o d e c r e a s e t h e
speed t y c r ~ n t r o l l i n q the excitation frequency s t a t o r r e a c t i v e power Q 1 d e l i v e r e d t o t h e mains by
T o r t espondinql y . i n c r e a s i n g t h e magnitude o f t h e e x c i t a t i o n v o l t a g e Va.
500

c. Contt-ol ot Unale U I t should b o noted t h a t ln the above c u t b a s

angle e corresponding t o d i f f e r e n t l o a d s was not
measured d i r e c t l y . I t was calculated by using (45)
deduced f r o m Fig. 1.

I ~ P= O7 + a (45)
9 - Sz-0.67 were y:. i s t h e measured value o f t h e r o t o r power f a c t o r
P VA3V
\. angle and B Z i s a f u n c t i o n of s i n 0 , cos a and D F G
6-
F/* *'
parameters which can be derived from ( 2 )

= a r c t a n (Im t i 2 i / ~ e [iZl> (46)

An a l g e b r a i c s o l u t i o n i s not p o s s i b l e f o r ( 4 5 ) .
Hence a s u c c e s s i v e approximation method C l l l wa5 used

-31
-180
' '
-90
' '
0
' ' '
90
* '
a (01 180
' which g i v e s angle a i n terms of a measured value of ( P Z .
I t can be concluded t h a t c o n t r o l l i n g a n g l e a
r e s u l t s i n corresponding change of load. I n f a c t
Fig. 7 . Mechanical power P, versus angle a i n c r e a s e o f a n g l e a means i n c r e a s e of load.
f o r subsynchronous o p e r a t i o n (s = 0 . 6 6 7 ) and
f o r supersynchronous o p e r a t i o n ( 5 = -0.667).

According t o ( 3 4 ) t h e curve i s s i n u s o i d a l , having I t i s p o s s i b l e f o r t h e D F G t o o p e r a t e with t h e

a n e g a t i v e average value f o r t h e subsynchronous range
and a p o s i t i v e one f o r t h e supersynchronous range. The
non z e r o average value i s due t o t h e e x i s t e n c e o f t h e
asynchronous t o r q u e components T I and T Z .
By solving simultaneously (5) and
mechanical power P. can b e determined a s a f u n c t i o n of
angle a c o n s i d e r i n g - r e a c t i v e power 8 % c o n s t a n t .
DFB loading can be c o n t r o l l e d i n two ways 191.
e i t h e r b y c o n t r o l l i n g t h e a p p l i e d t o r q u e or b y varyinq
t h e frequency of t h e r o t o r e x c i t a t i o n source tempo.
r a r i l v t i l l t h e a n g l e a corresponds t o t h e new load.
I n t h e two c a s e s angle a is c o n t r o l l e d . Then t h e output
power P I o f t h e DFG i s provided simultaneously b y both
t h e prime mover and t h e r o t o r e x c i t a t i o n source. This
power d i v i s i o n f o r every value of s i s f i x e d according
t o (35) a n d ( 3 6 ) w i t h j o u l e l o s s e s ignored. The power
d i v i s i o n i s a l s o shown i n F i g s 8 and 9 .
Power l e v e l s f o r s t a t o r and r o t o r may be deduced
f r o m Fig. 4 , 8 and 9 .
0- 5 10 15 a ( 0 ) 20
Fig. 8 . Mechanical and t h r e e phase s t a t o r and r o t o r
power v e r s u s a n g l e o f o r s = 0 . 6 7 and
8 , = 58 VClR per phase.
s t a t o r connected t o a p a s s i v e load R O + jXo. Then t h e
e q u i v a l e n t c i r c u i t becomes a s i n F i g . 10.
(34),
LOAD[ D.F: G E N E R A T O R
(a) (b)
F i g . 10. ( a ) DFG e q u i v a l e n t c i r c u i t f o r o p e r a t i o n
connected t o an i s o l a t e d p a s s i v e load.
( b ) Phasor diagram
The same a n a l y s i s d e s c r i b e d i n paragraphs ( a )
and ( b ) may be used with t h e following c o n s i d e r a t i o n s 9
- s t a t o r source voltage VI = 0
- s t a t o r r e s i s t a n c e r l i s replaced b y R I = rl+Ro
- s t a t o r leakage r e a c t a n c e x , i s replaced b y
X I = XI+XQ
F r o m t h e a n a l y s i s , i t can be deduced t h a t t h e
load v o l t a g e V C i s equal t o I I ( R o + j X o ) .
For p r a c t i c a l a p p l i c a t i o n s , t h e s t a t o r v o l t a g e
must be maintained c o n s t a n t a t a n y o p e r a t i n g c o n d i t i o n .
This can be achieved b y varying t h e r o t o r e x c i t a t i o n
v o l t a g e V a according t o g e n e r a t o r speed and load
c o n d i t i o n . T h u s f o r c o n s t a n t power o u t p u t a t c o n s t a n t
v o l t a g e Vi. t h e dependence o f V Z , PZ and Q n v e r s u s s l i p
i s given i n Fig. 11.

-. ----.T{
I . . . 0d.5 . . . . i . . . . ' . . . . - )
-\
a 5
-21
0
1

30
. 8 1

60 a
.

(0)
.

Pb 1
Fig. 11.
0 -0.5 S -1
Rotor e x c i t a t i o n v o l t a g e , a c t i v e and r e a c t i v e
F i q . 9 . Mechanical and t h r e e phase s t a t o r and r o t o r power v e r s u s s l i p f o r c o n s t a n t s t a t o r v o l t a g e
power v e r s u s a n g l e a f o r s = -0.67 and and output power f o r VL = 100 V I R o = 50 2
Q, = 58 VAR per phase. and X o = 0 i?.
 501

txt EH I MtNl RL U& I fl 133 W.1.kASSJANOW: "rheory o f douhlo f e d inductaoli

m o t o r " , Ue_ctro_te_ch_rli-k-u_nd. Mas-c-h~nenbau, A U G 1932
In o r d e r t o t e s t t h e r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e H e f t 33, pp.453-457
mathematical analysis, a s e r i e s o f e x p e r i m e n t s was 141 A. LEONARD: " A s y n c h r o n o u s and s y n c h r o n o u s r u n n i n g
c a r r i e d o u t on a 1.5 kW t h r e e phase wound r o t o r of t h e general doubly-fed t h r o e phase m a c h i n e " ,
i n d u c t i o n machine. I h e iiaine p l a t e d a t a o f t h e machine er--hiv fur-__e_!ectr_o_technik, 19.56, Vnl 30,
are! pp.485-502.
Stator voltage 220t380 V t51 J.C.PRESCOfT and B.P.RAJU: "The i n h e r e n t i n s t a -
S t a t o r f u l l l o a d c u r r e n t 7.8/4.5 A b i l i t y o f i n d u c t i o n motors under c o n d i t i o n o f
Rotor voltage 85 v Y double supply", The_ l n s t i t u t e o t Electr>c>a_l
Rotor f u l l load current 12.5 A Enjin-eers- Wonor-ap_h, No L8i U, Jan 1958, V o l 105,
Number o f p o l e s 2 P a r t C , pp.319-330.
t61 M. RIAZ: "Energy-conversion properties of in-
The measured machine p a r a m e t e r s a r e g i v e n i n p e r d u c t i o n machines i n variable-speed constant-
phdse q u a n t i t i e s ; f r e q u e n c y g e n e r a t i n g s y s t e m s " , A I k E trans,,Jol 18
P a r t 11, March 1959, pp. 25-30.
Stator resistance 3.4 !! [71 P.G.HOLMES and N.A.ELSONBATHY: " C y c l o c o n v e r t e r -
Stator leakage reactance 3.5 '2 excited divided-winding doubly-fed machine a s a
Rotor resistance 0.43 I! w i n d power c o n v e r t e r " , I E E Proceedi_n,s,March 1984,
Rotor leakage veactcnce O.33 9 U01 131, P t B NO 2 , pp, 61-69
Magnetizing reactance 133 !! C81 F.J.BRADY! " A m a t h e m a t i c a l model f o r t h e d o u b l y -
Stator/rotor voltage r a t i o 4.31 f e d wound r o t o r g e n e r a t o r " , IffEE-_-t_r1~2-.~. April
1984 V O ~PAS-103, NO. 4, p p 798-802
The rotor of the DFG was c o n n e c t e d t o a t h r e e C91 E.N.HINRICHSEN: ' C o n t r o l s f o r v a r i a b l e p i t c h wind
phase r y n e h r o n o u s p e p e r r t o r , p r i m s m r i d b v c D t motor. t u r b i n e q i n r r a t u r r " , I - E . E _ E _ - - ~ - L & ~ ~ ~V~ a l PAS-103,
By c o n t r o l l i n q t h e e x c i t a t i o n o f t h e synchronous N0.4, A p r i l 1984, pp.886-892.
g e n e r a t o r i t war p o s s i b l e t o c o n t r o l V, while the 1101 A.M.WALCZYNA: " T o r q u e and r e a c t i v e power o f a
f r e q u e n c y o f t h i s v o l t a g e was c o n t r o l l e d b y c h a n g i n g d o u b l y - f e d i n d u c t i o n m a c h i n e " , 813EM_Proceedin~s,
t h e speed o f t h e p r i m e mover. Aug 1987, pp.495-498,
I n order t o reduce t h e e f f e c t o f harmonic Cl11 S. D. CONTE and C. DEBOOH: " E l e m e n t a r y n u m e r i c a l
d i s t o r t i o n due to saturation, both parameter a n a l y s i s and a l g o r i t h m i c a p p r o a c h " , tlc GRAW H I L L
measurements and e x p e r i n e n t s were c a r r i e d o u t a t a 1972
r e d u c e d s t a t o r v o l t a g e o f 100 V. T e s t r e s u l t s appear i n
F i g s . (3),(4),(~),(~),(7),(8~,(9) and ( 1 1 ) as i n d i c a t e d
b y a c r o s s (t). Mi~hael.__S,._.Vi.c_af.a.h was b o r n i n
A t h e n s Greece on A p r i l 27, 1949.
He received the Diploma in
E l e c t r i c a l and M e c h a n i c a l E n g i -
neering from t h e National Techni-
I n t h i s p a p e r t h e o v e r a l l p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e DFG c a l U n i v e r s i t y o f A t h e n s i n 1972
u n d e r s y n c h r o n o u s o p e r a t i o n was i n v e s t i g a t e d . S t a t o r and t h e M.Sc. d e g r e e f r o m B r u n e i 1
and r o t o r c u r r e n t s , a c t i v e and r e a c t i v e power a s w e l l University, England i n E l e c t r i c a l
a s m e c h a n i c a l power and e l e c t r o ~ a g n e t i c t o r q u e a r e and Electronic Engineering i n
e x p r e s s e d a5 f u n c t i o n s o f t h e s l i p , the r o t o r exci- 1977. S i n c e 1977 h a s been w o r k i n g
t a t i o n v o l t a g e , t h e a n g l e U and t h e DFG p a r a m e t e r s . n i t h t h e H e l l e n i c Navy a s t e c h n i -
Variable-speed constant-frequency o p e r a t i o n can c a l a d v i s o r and r e s e a r c h e n g i n e e r .
be performed b y s u p p l y i n g t h e r o t o r w i t h a v o l t a g e His research i n t e r e s t s , i n c l u d e d i g i t a l techniques i n
p h a s o r h a v i n g f r e q u e n c y e q u a l t o t h e d i f f e r e n c e between power' d r i v e c o n t r o l . M r V i c a t o s is a member o f t h e
t h e a c t u a l speed and t h e s y n c h r o n o u s speed. Thus a n i d e T e c h n i c a l chamber o f Greece.
o p e r a t i n g speed r a n g e , c o v e r i n g s u b s y n c h r o n o u s and
s u p e r s y n c h r o n o u s mode i 5 p o s s i b l e . A c t i v e power c a n b e
c o n t r o l l e d b y v a r y i n g t h e a n g l e a. R e a c t i v e p o n e r can
be c o n t r o l l e d b y v a r y i n g t h e m a g n i t u d e o f t h e r o t o r
John-.~L.TeqOpO~!o.s_ ("56 - SM'63 -
T r i c a l a , Greece on September 30, 1924. He r e c e i v e d t h e
F ' 7 5 ) was b o r n i n

e x c i t a t i o n voltage. D i p l o m a i n M e c h a n i c a l and E l e c t r i c a l E n g i n e e r i n g i n
C o n d i t i o n s f o r nax'imun e f f i c i e n c y and minimum 1948 f r o m t h e N a t i o n a l T e c h n i c a l U n i v e r s i t y o f A t h e n s ,
copper l o s s a r e d e t e r m i n e d b y a p p l y i n g t h e p r o p e r and M . S . and Ph.D. d e g r e e s f r o m Purdue U n i v e r s i t y i n
magnitude o f r o t o r e x c i t a t i o n v o l t a g e . 1954 and 1956 r e s p e c t i v e l y , where he' a t t e n d e d a s a
F i n a l l y o p e r a t i o n o f t h e DFG c o n n e c t e d t o an F u l b r i g h t S c h o l a r . From 1958-1966 he was with
i s o l a t e d p a s s i v e l o a d is a n a l y z e d based on t h e same Westinghouse E l e c t r i c Corporation, Large Rotating
method as f o r t h e i n f i n i t e b u s c o n n e c t e d machine. Apparatus D i v i s i o n , Development E n g i n e e r i n g i n E a s t
The above a n a l y s i s may be u s e d f o r e l e c t r i c a l P i t t s b u r g h , Pa.,USA. A t t h e same t i m e , h e t a u g h t a t t h e
d r i v e s y s t e m s o p e r a t i n g w i t h DFG such a s w i n d power U n i v e r s i t y o f P i t t s b u r g h . I n 1966 h e j o i n e d t h e f a c u l t y
c o n v e r t e r s [91. The same p r i n c i p l e way a l s o b e a p p l i e d of t h e National Technical U n i v e r s i t y o f A t h e n s , where
t o h y d r o e l e c t r i c g e n e r a t o r s i n c a s e t h e i r speed becomes h e i s now a p r o f e s s o r o f E l e c t r i c a l E n g i n e e r i n g . He was
l o w e r t h a n s y n c h r o n o u s because o f d i m i n i s h i n g head. Dean o+ t h e S c h o o l o f E l e c t r i c a l E n g i n e e r i n g f r o m 1970
Stability and t r a n s i e n t response a r e under t o 1979. H i s a r e a o f i n t e r e s t c o m p r i s e s m a g n e t i c f i e l d s
i n v e s t i g a t i o n by the authors. i n e l e c t r i c a l machines, eddy c u r r e n t s , a5 w e l l a s
t r a n s i e n t s and c o n t r o l o f e l e c t r i c a l machines. He is
t h e co-author o f t h e book "Eddy C u r r e n t s " (ELSEVIERS
REFER_EkCE
2 PUPLISHING CO., 1984). O r . T e g o p o u l o s i s a member o f
t h e IEEE, Power E n g i n e e r i n g S o c i e t y , a l s o a member o f
tll J.TSCHERDANZEV: " T h e o r y o f d o u b l e f e d i n d u c t i o n the Rotating M a c h i n e r y Theory Sub-Committee, The
m a c h i n e " , A r c h i v f u r e l e c t r o t e c h n i k , 1925, V o l 15 M a g n e t i c s S o c i e t y , HKN, L E and t h e T e c h n i c a l Chamber o f
pp.257-26L. Greece. He h a s a l s o been a member o f C l G R E S t u d y
[21 J.HERSCHDORFEH: "Theory o f t h e double f i e l d Committee 1 1 .
i n d u c t i o n m o t o r " , H r c h i v f u r e l e c t r o t e c h n i k , 1932,
Vol 26, pp.620-625