University of Southern Philippines Foundation

College of Accountancy

Barrera, Chelsie Anne L. 11:30 AM - 1:00 PM W

SOCOR 11 July 26, 2017

1. What is personality?
Personality refers to the distinctive pattern of a persons psychological
functioning - the way they think, feel, and behave - establishes who they are. Each
of us has unique personalities which distinguish us from the others.

2. How do the following influence personality:

a. Heredity
Heredity is the main factor which determines a persons personality. It is
the transmission from one generation to another of genetic factors such as
behavior and physical resemblances between parents and offspring that determine
individual characteristics. Personality is influenced by heredity which is inherent
to the genes of a human being left in its natural course. A person can learn how to
adopt the environment and learning but a person will learn what he has perceived
in his mind and that comes from heredity. Heredity also establishes the limits of
ones personality traits that can be developed.

b. Environment
The environment influences the behavior and personality development of
an individual through the extrinsic forces, influences, and conditions which
affects the life, nature, behavior, the growth, development and maturation of a
human being. The place we live in, the people around us, our experiences in our
day to day life, as well as the people whom we associated such as our family,
friends and the community as a whole, can also influence our personality.

c. Situations
The situations we get into and how we deal with them - even relatively
subtle ones - can completely affect our personality. Although personality is a
relatively stable characteristic of an individual, it does fluctuate in different
situations depending on how a person can perceive those events. Thus, an
individual tends to respond differently when presented to different situations.

3. Give the stages of personality and explain according to

a. Erik Erikson
Erikson was influenced with Freud with his theory of personality
development. His psychosocial theory of development considers the impact of
external factors, parents and society on personality development from childhood
to adulthood. According to Eriksons theory, every person must pass through a
series of eight interrelated stages over the entire life cycle.

Stages Age and Basic Definition

Virtue

Trust vs. Infancy The infant is uncertain about the world in which they live. To
Mistrust (0 to 1 ) : resolve these feelings of uncertainty, the infant looks towards
Hope their primary caregiver for stability and consistency of care.
If the care the infant receives is consistent, predictable and
reliable, they will develop a sense of trust which will carry
with them to other relationships, and they will be able to feel
 secure even when threatened.

Autonomy Early The child is discovering that he or she has many skills and
vs. Shame Childhood abilities. Such skills illustrate the child's growing sense of
and Doubt (1 to 3) : independence and autonomy. Erikson states it is critical that
Will parents allow their children to explore the limits of their
abilities within an encouraging environment which is tolerant
of failure.
If children in this stage are encouraged and supported in their
increased independence, they become more confident and
secure in their own ability to survive in the world.
If children are criticized, overly controlled, or not given the
opportunity to assert themselves, they begin to feel inadequate
in their ability to survive, and may then become overly
dependent upon others, lack of self-esteem, and feel a sense of
shame or doubt in their abilities.

Initiative vs. Play Age In this stage, children regularly interact with other children at
Guilt (3 to 5) : school. This provides children with the opportunity to explore
Purpose their interpersonal skills through initiating activities.
If given this opportunity, children develop a sense of initiative
and feel secure in their ability to lead others and make
decisions. Conversely, if this tendency is squelched, either
through criticism or control, children develop a sense of guilt.
They may feel like a nuisance to others and will, therefore,
remain followers, lacking in self-initiative.

Industry vs. School Age
Inferiority (5 to 12) :
Competency
Children are at the stage where they will be learning to read
and write, to do sums, to do things on their own. It is at this
stage that the childs peer group will gain greater significance
and will become a major source of the childs self-esteem.
If children are encouraged and reinforced for their initiative,
they begin to feel industrious and feel confident in their ability
to achieve goals. If this initiative is not encouraged, if it is
restricted by parents or teacher, then the child begins to feel
inferior, doubting his own abilities and therefore may not
reach his or her potential.

Ego Identity Adolescence Children are becoming more independent, and begin to look at
vs. Role (12 to 18) : the future in terms of career, relationships, families, housing,
Confusion Fidelity etc. The individual wants to belong to a society and fit in.
During this period, they explore possibilities and begin to form
their own identity based upon the outcome of their
explorations. Failure to establish a sense of identity within
society ("I dont know what I want to be when I grow up") can
lead to role confusion. Role confusion involves the individual
not being sure about themselves or their place in society.

Intimacy vs. Young Adult In this stage, we explore relationships leading toward
Isolation (18 to 40) : longer-term commitments with someone other than a family
Love member.
Successful completion of this stage can result in happy
relationships and a sense of commitment, safety, and care
within a relationship. Avoiding intimacy, fearing commitment
 and relationships can lead to isolation, loneliness, and
sometimes depression.

Generativity Adulthood We establish our careers, settle down within a relationship,

vs. (40 to 65) : begin our own families and develop a sense of being a part of
Stagnation Care the bigger picture.
We give back to society through raising our children, being
productive at work, and becoming involved in community
activities and organizations.
By failing to achieve these objectives, we become stagnant and
feel unproductive.

Ego integrity Maturity It is during this time that we contemplate our accomplishments
vs. Despair (65+) : and can develop integrity if we see ourselves as leading a
Wisdom successful life.
Erik Erikson believed if we see our lives as unproductive, feel
guilt about our past, or feel that we did not accomplish our life
goals, we become dissatisfied with life and develop despair,
often leading to depression and hopelessness.

b. Abraham Maslow
Abraham Maslow's holistic-dynamic theory
holds that people are continually motivated by one
or more needs, and that, under the proper
circumstances, they can reach a level of
psychological health called self-actualization.
Maslow outlined various human needs and arranged
ranked them according to importance.
The Hierarchy of Needs is in a triangle
shape, with the most important things being at the bottom and then it works its way up, with
needs narrowing as you go along.

Rank Stages Definition

5th Physiological These are the most important needs that must be met. They include
food, water, breathing, excretion, sleep, sex, etc.

4th Safety Once your basic needs have been met, the next most important thing
is safety. In this layer, you will need security, employment, family,
property, health, morality, etc.

3rd Love and This layer in the hierarchy is smaller but still important. It includes
belonging the love and social relationships we have with people, including
friends, family, and lovers.

2nd Esteem This is the layer that deals with your confidence. What matters here is
that people respect you, your self-esteem is high, you respect other
people, experience personal growth and accomplishment, etc.

1st Self- This is the need at the top of the triangle. It represents the idea that
 Actualization people are self-aware. The idea is that people focus on fulfilling their
own potential and no longer worry so much about what others think.
At this point, people are concerned with their own personal growth.

c. Carl Jung
Carl Jung believed that people are extremely complex beings who possess a
variety of opposing qualities, such as introversion and extraversion, masculinity and
femininity, and rational and irrational.
Jung began his explanation of personality by stating four functions first. When
mixed with one of two attitudes, these functions formed eight personality types. The four
functions included feeling, thinking, sensation, and intuition. Feeling is the person's
ability to understand objects. Thinking allows a human to understand objects. Sensation
is when a human knows something exists. Intuition is knowing something exists but not
knowing where they learned that.

Introvert Extrovert

Thinking Introverted Thinking Extroverted Thinking

Humans see how the world works
in a subjective and creative way.
This analysis is based off of
internal knowledge. These people
often work in science field as well.
Humans are able to see the world through
complex and solid ideas but these complex
ones often handed down or moved on by
others. These people often work in math and
science fields.

Feeling Introverted Feeling Extroverted Feeling

Humans base their feelings on
emotional feelings and beliefs.
These people often work in the art
field.
Humans base their judgements on factual,
known information. They form their
assessments on social values and beliefs.
These people often work in business fields
and politics.

Sensing Introverted Sensing Extroverted Sensing

Humans look for a hidden message
or meaning to something. They do
not just look at something and see
it being there without a reason.
These meanings are based on
internal reflection. These people
often work in the art field as well.
Humans looks at the world and interpret
reality. They see what is going and go with
it. They are not influenced by other opinions.
These people often work either as taste
testers or proofreaders.

Intuitive Introverted Intuitive Extroverted Intuitive

Humans base their meanings of
things on facts rather than feelings.
They avoid their senses. These
type of people are usually
inventors
Humans base their meanings of things on
facts rather than feelings. They avoid their
senses. These type of people are usually
inventors