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KIMIA TINGKATAN 5 Chapter 1 : Rate of Reaction

BAB 1 : KADAR TINDAK BALAS

A Kadar Tindak Balas

Hasil pembelajaran
Anda boleh :
menyatakan apakah kadar tindak balas
mengenal pasti perubahan yang boleh diperhatikan ke atas bahan tindak balas atau hasil tindak balas
untuk menentukan kadar tindak balas
menentukan purata kadar tindak balas
menentukan kadar tindak balas pada masa tertentu daripada graf
menyelesaikan pengiraan yang melibatkan kadar tindak balas purata
menyelesaikan pengiraan yang melibatkan kadar tindak balas pada masa tertentu

Activity 1 : What is rate of reaction?

Rate of reaction is the at which reactants are converted into ..


in a chemical reaction.
The rate of reaction is a measurement of the change in the quantity of . or
. against time.

Rate of reaction = Change in quantity of reactant /Product


Time taken

Activity 2 : Fast (F) or Slow (S) reactions? Write F for the fast reaction and S for the slow reaction.

1. Fading of dyes on a shirt under 6. Striking a match


hot sun
2. A piece of paper turning yellow 7. Rusting of a water pipe

3. Frying an egg 8. Ripening of tomatoes

4. The weathering of limestone by 9. Digesting food


acid rain
5. Burning of petrol in a car engine 10. Cooking a chicken using
microwave oven

Activity 3 : Observable changes for measuring the rate of reaction

The change in amount of reactant / product that can be measured by :

.. in the mass of reactant


.. in mass of product
.. in volume of gas released
.. of precipitate
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KIMIA TINGKATAN 5 Chapter 1 : Rate of Reaction
Change in pH, temperature or electrical conductivity

For each of the reactions below, write a chemical equation and state the observable change/changes
can be used as selected quantities to measure the rate of reaction :

Example 1 : The reaction between marble chip with hydrochloric acid to produce carbon dioxide
gas and chloride salt.

Chemical Equation : .

Changes :

(i) ...... (reactants)


(ii) .(product)

Example 2 : Reaction between sodium thiosulphate solution with sulphuric acid to produce
yellow precipitate of sulphur, water , sulphur dioxide and sodium sulphate solution.
Chemical equation : ..
Change :
(i) (product)

Example 3 : Decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to produce water and oxygen gas.


Chemical equation : ..
Change :
(i) (product)

Activity 4 : Determine the Rate of Reaction.


4A
1. Two ways to measure the rate of reaction.
Average rate of reaction
= Increase in the amount of product/decrease in the amount of reactant
Time taken for the change to occur

2. a) Determination of average rate of reaction from the graph:

Volume of gas (cm3)

V4 Overall Average rate of reaction


V3
V2 Total Volume of gas collected = V4
Time taken for the reaction = 240 s
V1
Average rate of reaction = cm3s-1

60 120 240 2
180 Time (s)
KIMIA TINGKATAN 5 Chapter 1 : Rate of Reaction

Average rate of reaction in the first two minutes

= volume of gas collected in the first 120 seconds (cm3)


time taken (s)

= cm3s-1

Average rate of reaction in the third minute

Volume of gas collected in the first 180 sec = V3


Volume of gas collected in the first 120 sec = V2

Volume of gas collected in the third minute = ____________ cm3

Time taken for the reaction = 180 120 = _______ s

Average rate of reaction in the third minute = m3s-1

b) Instantaneous rate of reaction (Rate of reaction at any given time)

The rate of reaction at t sec


= gradient of the curve at t sec = a cm3s-1
b

c) Determining the rate of reaction at any given time


Volume of gas (cm3)

V2
Instantaneous rate of reaction / the rate of reaction at 120 sec

= gradient of the curve at 120 sec = cm3s-1

V1

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KIMIA TINGKATAN 5 Chapter 1 : Rate of Reaction

120
30 160 Time (s)
4B

1. In the experiment to determine the rate of reaction between marble chips and hydrochloric acid, the
volume of oxygen gas collected at intervals of 0.5 minutes is recorded in the table below :

Time (min) 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
Volume of 0.00 27.00 46.00 59.00 70.00 79.00 86.00 92.00 95.00 95.00 95.00
oxygen gas(cm3)

Plot a graph of the volume of gas collected against time.

Volume of gas (cm3)


Graph of volume of oxygen gas liberated against time
100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
Time (min)
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KIMIA TINGKATAN 5 Chapter 1 : Rate of Reaction

2. Based on the graph plotted, determine


(i) the average rate of reaction in the first 3 minutes

(ii) the average rate of reaction in the third minutes

(iii) the overall average rate of reaction

(iv) the instantaneous rate of reaction at 1 minute

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KIMIA TINGKATAN 5 Chapter 1 : Rate of Reaction

Activity 5

1. The following figure shows the graph of carbon dioxide, CO2 gas produced when an excess
of calcium carbonate, CaCO3 reacts with 40 cm3 of 0.1 moldm-3 hydrochloric acid, HCl.

(a) Calculate the

(i) Average rate of


reaction in the
first 10 sec

(ii) Average rate of


reaction in the
first 30 sec

(iii) Overall average rate of reaction

(b) Based on the results in (a), how does the rate of reaction change with time.

..

(c) Explain your answer in part (b) with respect to the concentration of hydrochloric acid.

..

2. The following table shows the volume of a gas collected from an experiment.

Time (s) 0 30 60 120 150


Volume of gas (cm3) 0.00 17.00 29.00 36.00 36.00

Calculate th average rate of reaction for

(a) the first 60 seconds (b) the overall reaction

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KIMIA TINGKATAN 5 Chapter 1 : Rate of Reaction

3. The decrease in mass of a reaction mixture is recorded in the following table.

Time (min) 0 1 2 3 4 5
Mass of reaction mixture (g) 2.90 1.90 1.25 0.75 0.40 0.10

(a) Draw a graph of mass of reaction mixture against time.

(b) Calculate the rate of reaction at the third minute.

B FACTORS AFFECTING THE RATE OF REACTION

Learning Outcomes
You should be able to :
design experiments to investigate factors affecting the rate of reaction.
give examples of reactions that are affected by size of reactant, concentration, temperature and catalyst.
explain how each factor affects the rate of reaction.
describe how factors affecting the rate of reaction are applied in daily life and in industrial processes.
solve problems involving factors affecting the rate of reaction.
apply knowledge on factors affecting the rate of reaction in everyday activities.

Activity 6 : Factors affecting the rate of reaction.

State five factors that affect the rate of reaction :

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KIMIA TINGKATAN 5 Chapter 1 : Rate of Reaction
(a) . (b) ..
(c) . (d) ..
(e) .

Activity 7 : Speeding up the Rates of reaction.

The following changes may speed up the rate of a chemical reaction between an acid and magnesium.
Put a tick in the box next to each one that will speed up the reaction (assume that there is initially an
excess of acid) and state the specific factors that affect the reaction.
(i) Effect of size of reactants
Statement of factors that affect the rate of reaction Specific factor
Aim
1. : ToHeating
investigate the effect of size of reactant in an experiment between marbles and
the acid.
hydrochloric acid on the rate of reaction.
2. Shaking the flask.
3. Using more-concentrated acid .
Equation : ..
4. Using powdered metal, not metal ribbon .
5. Using twice the volume of acid
6. Using a suitable catalyst .
7. Increasing the pressure ..
8. Using larger flask

Activity 8 : Experiments to investigate the rate of reaction.

The curve of experiment 2 is . than experiment 1.

The rate of reaction of experiment 2 is than experiment 1

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The smaller the size of reactants, the . the total surface area,

the . the rate of reaction.


KIMIA TINGKATAN 5 Chapter 1 : Rate of Reaction

(ii) Effect of concentration

Aim : To investigate the effect of concentration of sodium thiosulphate solution on the rate of reaction.

Equation : ..

Diagram of an experiment
(Refer the apparatus set-up for the experiment in page 7 Practical Book)

Volume of gas (cm3)

Expt 2 Experiment 1 : CaCO3 chips


Experiment 2 : CaCO3 powder

Expt 1

Time (s)

* The higher the concentration of the sodium thiosulphate solution, the the
time taken.

* 1/ t is

The . the concentration of sodium thiosulphate solution, the


..the time taken. 9
KIMIA TINGKATAN 5 Chapter 1 : Rate of Reaction

(iii) Effect of catalyst

Aim : To investigate the effect of the presence of catalyst (Manganese (IV) oxide) on the rate of
decomposition of hydrogen peroxide.
Concentration (moldm-3) of
Equation : ..
sodium thiosulphate solution

Draw the apparatus set-up for the experiment.

Time (s)

Concentration (moldm-3) of

sodium thiosulphate solution

1/ time (s-1)

The curve of experiment 2 is . than experiment 1.


The rate of reaction of experiment 2 is .than
10 experiment 1
The presence of catalyst, will .................... the rate of reaction.
KIMIA TINGKATAN 5 Chapter 1 : Rate of Reaction

(iv) Effect of temperature

Aim : To investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of reaction between sodium tiosulphate
solution and sulphuric acid.

Equation : .

Diagram of an experiment

Volume of gas (cm3)

Experiment 1 : with catalyst


Experiment 2 : without catalyst
Expt 1

Expt 2

Time (s)

The higher the temperature, the .... the time taken.

1/ time is ..
The .. the temperature, the the rate of reaction.

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KIMIA TINGKATAN 5 Chapter 1 : Rate of Reaction

Temperature (oC)

Activity 9

1.

Time (s)
Temperature (oC)

Activity 9 1 / time (s-1)

1.

Activity 9

1
Food store in a refrigerator lasts longer than food stored in a kitchen cabinet. Explain why.
[4 marks]
[ Temperature in refrigerator is . The lower temperature caused the bacteria to
be less . A little is released by the bacteria. The rate of the food
turns bad is . ] //
[ Temperature in kitchen cabinet is . The higher temperature caused the bacteria to
be reactive. A
12 toxic is released by the bacteria. The rate of the
food turns bad is .]
KIMIA TINGKATAN 5 Chapter 1 : Rate of Reaction

2.
One kilogramme of meat, cut into big pieces, takes a longer time to cook compared to one
kilogramme of meat cut into small piece.

Explain the above statement based on the size of the particles. [2 marks]

Meat cut into small pieces, have .. size compare to the meat cut into big
pieces. The the size, the bigger the .
of the meat, hence the the rate of reaction.
3. State and briefly discuss two industrial processes that make use catalyst. [8 marks ]

(i) Haber process is a chemical process to produce from nitrogen and


hydrogen gas. The equation of this process is ...
The suitable condition of reaction are temperature : ,
pressure : .. and catalyst : ..

(ii) process is a chemical process of synthetisising sulphuric


acid. The equation of stage III for this process is..
The suitable condition of reaction are temperature : ,
pressure : .. and catalyst : ..

C COLLISION THEORY
Learning Outcomes
You should be able to :
relate reaction with energy produced by movement and effective collision of particles.
describe activation energy.
sketch and describe energy profile diagram
relate the frequency of effective collisions with the rate of reaction
relate the frequency of effective collisions with factors influencing the rate of reaction
describe how a certain factor affects the collision of particles in a reaction

Activity 10 Understandings the Collision Theory

1. What is collision theory ?

A theory used to explain chemical reactions in terms of

(i)

(ii) ..

(iii) .
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KIMIA TINGKATAN 5 Chapter 1 : Rate of Reaction

2. The collision theory states that :

(i) A chemical reaction occurs when the reactant particles .. each other.

(ii) Not all collision result in the formation of

(iii) A collision is . only when the reactant particles have enough

energy to overcome the of the reaction and

when they collide in the proper orientation.

3. What is activation energy ?

The energy which the colliding reactant particles must have

that can result a chemical reaction.

4. Energy profile diagram

In the energy profile diagram, the activation energy is the difference in the energy between the energy of
the . and the energy shown by the peak of the curve.

Activity 11

On the diagram shown below, identify (i) the activation energy, Ea and
(ii) the activation energy in the presence of catalyst, Ea

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KIMIA TINGKATAN 5 Chapter 1 : Rate of Reaction

Activity 12 Collision theory and factors affecting the rate of reactions..

(i) Effect of total surface area

When the size of a fixed mass of solid reactant is


smaller, the _____________________ exposed to
collision with the particles of the other reactants is
_____________. Thus, the frequency of collision
among the reacting particles at the surface of the
solid reactant ____________ ___. This leads to an
_________________ in the frequency of effective
collision and hence, a _____________ rate of
reactions.

(ii) Effect of catalyst

The presence of a catalyst in a chemical reaction


allows the reaction to take place through an
alternative path which requires a ______________
in activation energy which can be shown in the
energy profile diagram. Thus, the colliding
particles are able to achieve the activation energy.
This means that the frequency of effective collision
__________________and hence, a
_______________ rate of reaction

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KIMIA TINGKATAN 5 Chapter 1 : Rate of Reaction

(iii) Effect of temperature

An increase in temperature will increase the


_________________ of the reacting particles. This
leads to the following two changes. Firstly, the
particles move _________________ and collide
more often with one another. Thus, the frequency
of collision is ________________ Secondly, more
colliding particles have ____________ energy
which are enough to overcome the activation
energy. Both these factors contribute to the
_________________ frequency of effective
collision and hence, a _____________ rate of
reaction

(iv) Effect of concentration and pressure

An increase in the concentration of the solution of


a reactant or in the pressure of gaseous reactants
will result in an __________________ in the rate
of reaction. Why? When the concentration of the
solution of a reactant increases, the
_________________ of particles per unit volume
of this reactant also _______________. With more
particles per unit
volume of the solution, the frequency of collisions
per unit time between the reacting particles
__________________. Thus, the frequency of
effective collision ________________ and hence,
the rate of reaction becomes
___________________.

Use the words below to fill in the blank boxes in the diagram
Bigger surface area more particles cold hot

slow less particles fast bigger size slow smaller size

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KIMIA TINGKATAN 5 Chapter 1 : Rate of Reaction

Activity 13
1. A group of pupils carried out three experiments to investigate the factors affecting the rate of a
reaction. Table below shows information about the reactants and the temperature used in each
experiment.

Experiment Reactants Temperature / oC


A Excess magnesium ribbons and 25 cm3 of 25
0.5 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid
B Excess magnesium ribbon and 25 cm3 of 35
0.5 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid
C Excess magnesium powder and 25 cm3 of 35
0.5 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid

Sketch a graph of these experiments on the same axes. [4 m]

2.. A student carried out three experiments to investigate the effects of the factors influencing
the rate of reaction. Table below shows the results of the experiments.

Experiment I II III
Set-up of apparatus

Excess
Excess hydrochloric acid
hydrochloric + copper(II)
acid sulphate

0.2 g magnesium
ribbon

Temperature / oC 30 40 40
Time taken for all
the magnesium to 50 20 15
dissolve / s
Sketch the graphs for the volume of hydrogen gas against time for Experiments I, II and III
using the same axes.

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KIMIA TINGKATAN 5 Chapter 1 : Rate of Reaction

Activity 14

1 The table below shows the volume of hydrogen gas released when 50.00 cm3 of sulphuric acid
solution reacts with 5.0 g of granulated zinc.

Time/s 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210


Volume of
hydrogen gas 0.00 80.00 125.00 165.00 190.00 210.00 210.00 210.00
released/cm3

(a) Write the chemical equation for the reaction between zinc and sulphuric acid.

...
[2 marks]
(b) Calculate the overall average rate of reaction of this experiment.

[1 mark]
(c) (i) Draw the graph of the volume of hydrogen gas released against time.
[4 marks]

(ii) From the graph , calculate the rate of reaction at the 80th seconds.

[2 marks]
(d) Instead of measuring the volume of hydrogen gas released, state another
method that can be used to calculate the rate of reaction in this experiment.

...
[ 1 mark]

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KIMIA TINGKATAN 5 Chapter 1 : Rate of Reaction

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KIMIA TINGKATAN 5 Chapter 1 : Rate of Reaction
2.

Based on the table and graph above, compare the rate of reaction between :
(i) Experiment I and Experiment II
(ii) Experiment II and Experiment III

Experiment I and Experiment II

The rate of reaction of experiment II is compared to experiment I. The


temperature of experiment II is . The higher the temperature, the
the kinetic energy of the particles. The between
hydrogen ions, H+ and calsium carbonate happened. The frequency of collision . The
frequency of collision also increases. Hence, the rate of reaction
is.
Experiment II and Experiment III
The rate of reaction of experiment III is compared to experiment II. The total
surface area of the reactants in experiment III is ..
The between hydrogen ions, H+ and calsium carbonate happened. The
frequency of collision . The frequency of collision
also increases. Hence, the rate of reaction

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