Water Industry

CHAPTER III
AN OVERVIEW OF PACKAGED DRINKING WATER INDUSTRY
Introduction
All living things need water. The Earth is full of water. Water is the most essential
element, next to air, to our survival. Water makes up more than two thirds of the weight
of the human body, and without it, we would die in a few days. Water is important to
complete daily life and to maintain our body health. Thirty years ago packaged drinking
water barely existed. Nowadays the product forms an essential business by its stable and
still growing market locally and globally. Packaged drinking water can be described as
any product, including natural spring or well water, taken from municipal or private
utility systems or other water, distilled water or any of the foregoing to which chemicals
may be added and which are put into sealed bottles, packages or other containers, to be
sold for domestic consumption or culinary use. In 2013 the global packaged drinking
water market is forecast to have a value of $94.2 billion, an increase of 41% since 2007.
This increasing trend reveals that the product meets the demand of countless consumers.1
A Role of Water in Ancient History
Water is our lifeline that cleans and feeds us. In ancient cultures, water
represented the very essence of life. The Romans were the first to pipe water into their
growing cities, especially with their aqueducts. They also realized that sewage water
could cause damage to people and needed to be removed from the living environment.
Water has played a role not only in the history of countries, but also in religion,
mythology, and art. Water in many religions is symbolised as a soul cleanser and known as
holy water. For example, water at St.Lourdes, France is thought by many religions to be
sacred with healing powers. It brought life to their people, but in drought, produced chaos.
Water has always been perceived as a gift from the gods, as it rained from the heavens.
1
Department of Health, New York State 2006, February, Bottled water frequently-asked questions.
Retrieved from http://www.health.state.ny.us/. Last accessed on January 28, 2010
66
Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.

Importance of Water
Water is not only important to human beings, but also for every living thing needs
it to live. It has helped form the Earth as we know it, and it covers over 70 per cent of the
Earth. Even where there is land, much of it is covered by ice, which is obviously just
solid water.
Water is important in homeostasis process to maintain the relatively constant

temperatures within the body. This is important because sudden changes in temperature,
which may upset metabolic reactions in cells, are avoided. These chemical reactions are
allowed to take place within a narrow temperature range so that rates of reaction are more
constant. Water has been called a universal solvent because of it polarity. This means
many compounds, whether ionic, polar or covalent will dissolve in it, therefore more
reactions take place while in solution with water. Human digestion will only dissolve
soluble foods, meaning large starch molecules must be broken down into soluble sugars.
Also many organisms living in water, spend most of their time underwater, yet they
require oxygen to respire, and as water is such a good solvent, the required oxygen is
dissolved in the water.
History of the Bottled Water Industry
The earliest bottled water company was founded in the United States in the
middle of the 19th century. In 1845, the Ricker family of Maine bottled and sold water
from a so far unidentified source. Their small operation quickly grew; capitalizing on the
springs supposed medicinal properties, eventually became the Poland Springs water
company. Mirroring the Ricker success, in 1905, the Ozarka Spring Water Company was
founded in Eureka Springs, Arkansas. Since then, bottled water landscape has expanded
tremendously. This expansion has come mostly recently, and it seems to be the
acceleration of a slowly expanding industry. Between the early part of the 20th century
and its end, there was little activity in the bottled water industry.
Bottling companies eventually formed their own lobbing group in 1950 in order to
promote their product, and have only been recently successful. Now, there are hundreds
67

of companies and thousands of brand names of bottled water, and worldwide consumption is
in the billions of dollars. Currently, both the Ozarka and Poland Spring brands are owned
by Nestl, and are part of Nestls seventy-five US water brands.2
It was in the early 19th century, when the market showed a noticeable change in
Europe and captured a great part of the beverage market share. The real boost of bottled
water commenced in 1968 when the French company Vittel revolutionarily launched
the first plastic bottled water- aimed for general public consumption. With France and
Germany on top with their highest sales in volume, Europe became an established and
leading market.3
Bottlers marketed the product to consumers as safer, healthier, refreshing, more

reliable and above all, better than other soft drinks. Moreover, consumers had become
more health conscious and in some parts of the world tap water was unavailable or
unsafe. These drivers were the beginning of a booming global bottled water market.
Purifying and Treating Water
People want drinking water that is free of bacteria, sparkling and without an
objectionable take or odour. Water in its natural state seldom has these qualities. So, after
water is drawn from source, it is piped into a treatment plant. The plant put the water
through one or several process, depending on the quality of the untreated water, and the
citys standards. Many cities use three levels of processing which are:
i. Coagulation and setting
ii. Filtrations
iii. Disinfection
Variety of Packages
Bottled water is sold in a variety of packages: pouches and glasses, 330 ml

bottles, 500 ml bottles, one- litre bottles and even 20- to 50-litre bulk water packs.
2
Mark Miller, Bottled water: why is it so big? Causes for the rapid growth of bottled water industries,
Honors thesis, Presented to the Honors Committee of Texas state university, San Marcos, May 2006
3
Finlayson, D. (2005). Market development of bottled waters. In D. Senior and N. Dege (2nd ed.),
Technology of bottled water (p.6). UK: Blackwell Publishing
68

The formal bottled water business in India can be divided broadly into three segments in
terms of cost: premium natural mineral water, natural mineral water and packaged drinking
water. Premium natural mineral water includes brands such as Evian, San Pelligrino and
Perrier, which are imported and priced between Rs.80 and Rs.110 a litre. Natural mineral
water, with brands such as Himalayan and Catch, is priced around Rs.20 a litre. Packaged
drinking water, which is nothing but treated water, is the biggest segment and includes brands
such as Parle, Bisleri, Coca-Cola's Kinley and PepsiCo's Aquafina. They are priced in the
range of Rs.10-12 a litre. The FDA also classifies some bottled water according to its origin.
i. Artesian well water: Water from a well that taps an aquifer--layers of porous
rock, sand and earth that contain water which is under pressure from surrounding
upper layers of rock or clay.
ii. Mineral water: Water from an underground source that contains at least 250 parts
per million total dissolved solids. Minerals and trace elements must come from
the source of the underground water. They cannot be added later.
iii. Spring water: Derived from an underground formation from which water flows
naturally to the earth's surface. Spring water must be collected only at the spring or
through a borehole tapping the underground formation feeding the spring. If some
external force is used to collect the water through a borehole, the water must have the
same composition and quality as the water that naturally flows to the surface.
iv. Well water: Water from a hole, bored or drilled into the ground, which taps into
an aquifer.
v. Tap Water: Some bottled water also comes from municipal source in other
words the tap. Municipal water is usually treated before it is bottled.
Market Analysis of Packaged Drinking Water on Environment
i. 80% of the diseases in India are water-borne.

ii. 60% - 80% children suffer from water-borne diseases.
iii. 50,000 people die every day due to water contamination.
iv. India has 17 million cases of viral hepatitis, and
v. 8 million cases of typhoid every year.
69

All this happens due to water contamination, in fact. There are three types of
water contamination as explained below:
Physical Contamination: Caused due to contaminants like mud, sand, odour, colour,
algae, fungus herminths etc.
Chemical Contamination: Caused due to insecticides, pesticides, oils, excess of ions,

unwanted minerals.
Microbiological Contamination: Caused by bacteria, viruses of other unicellular organisms.
Global Bottled Water Market
Bottled water represents a key segment of the global beverage market. Market
stimulants for bottled water include rising population, consumer spending patterns,
lifestyle trends, and growing levels of health consciousness, among others. Bottled water
is also gaining prominence due to growing consumer concerns about fitness, water
quality and health. The major challenge for most companies is product innovation and
differentiation of water.
Bottled water is mostly sold in plastic containers ranging from small eight ounce
or half litre containers to multi-gallon bottles. Globally, bottled water industry is
estimated to use about 2.7 million tons of plastics each year, for the vast majority of
water bottles in the shape of polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
Table -3.1
GLOBAL BOTTLED WATER MARKET
Share of Consumption by Region 2005-2010 (in %)
Region 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
North America 30.2 30.7 31.2 30.8 30.3 29.8
Asia 22.9 23.6 24.9 26.3 27.1 28.5
Europe 34.3 33.5 31.3 30.1 28.9 28.1
South America 9.1 8.8 9.2 9.4 10.2 10.1
Africa/Mideast/Oceania 3.5 3.4 3.4 3.5 3.5 3.5
Total 100 100 100 100 100 100
Source: Global bottled water market www.ausfoodnews.com.au/
70

It is inferred from Table -3.1 that in 2010 North America played the major role in
consumption share of consumption by region on global bottled water market at 29 per
cent. By Asia at 28.5 per cent, Europe at 28.1 per cent, South America by 10.1 per cent
and followed by Africa/Mideast /Oceania by 3.5 per cent.
Figure -3.1
Source: Palmer (2010) Bottled water industry gets boost from developing industry,
www.ausfoodnews.com.au/
It is evident from figure-3.1 that North America is leading at 30 per cent volume
of region-wise consumption of bottled water. Europe, Asia at 28 per cent and the
remaining 14 per cent by all other regions.
71

Figure -3.2
Source: Total Global consumption of bottled water market, 2010

www.ausfoodnews.com.au/
Figure 3.2 shows that there is a continuous and sustainable increase in the
consumption of bottled water in the global consumption from year 2000-2010.
Market Growth
After several leading years, the European and North American market
deteriorated to some extent over the last years. The report of Asia boosts global bottled
water market that these markets showed a decrease in growth in 2008 and 2009 because
of two main reasons. Firstly because of the global recession (consumers are switching to
less expensive options such as tap water), and secondly because of concerns about the
impact of bottled water on the environment. It can be concluded that bottled water is an
extra commodity for many consumers in these countries since financial concerns play a
crucial role. China has boosted the regional and indeed the global market. The rapidly
growing economy of China can be seen as the main driver of this growth. The global
market increased by approximately two per cent in 2009. This is a slowdown in
comparison to previous years, but it also expresses that the bottled water category can
maintain growth in even the most challenging times of trading environments.
72

Market value
The value of the global bottled water market increased obviously parallel to the
consumption. In 2012 the global bottled water market is forecast to have a value of $94.2
billion, an increase of 41 per cent since 2007. Despite the decline in growth last year,
consultants expect every region of the market to post growth in 20124
Figure -3.3
Source: Datamonitor (2009)5
Global Bottled Water Companies
Worldwide there are thousands of companies bottling water for profit. Many of
these corporations have grown exponentially. Almost all of these corporations make
phenomenal amounts of money on a resource. They pay very little for the industry
leaders such as Thames Water, Perrier, Vivendi, Suez, Pepsi and Coca-Cola to see how
their profit margins have been on a steady increase over the last decade, in their bottled
water divisions. Bottled water companies fight not only concerned citizens within local
areas, but also fights each other in hopes of being the first to establish their own bottling plants.
Currently, German energy conglomerate RWE and French transnational Vivendi are the two
largest water corporations globally. These giants control almost 40 per cent of the existing
water market shares as they are ranked 51st and 53rd among Fortune's Global 500 List.
4
Drake, I. (2010, January). Asia boosts global bottled water market. Retrieved from
http://www.ausfoodnews.com.au/
5
Datamonitor (2009). Bottled Water: Global Industry Guide. Retrieved from
http://www.researchandmarkets.com/
73

Vivendi alone operates in over 100 countries while the third largest bottling water giant,
Suez, operates in more than 130 countries. The annual revenues of Suez and Vivendi
combined push $70 billion.
Global bottled water companies have been criticized for their methods. For
example, in Massachusetts and New Hampshire, after the American Water Works had
been sold to German based RWE, the managers of Nashua's water company Pennichuck
decided to post the local company for sale. Then in April 2004, Pennichuck announced
that it had received a $106 million purchase offer from Philadelphia Suburban.
This company is the second largest investor-owned water utility in the United States.
Vivendi owned 17 per cent of Philadelphia Suburban.
Bottled water competence to other soft drinks
Carbonated soft drinks remained, by far, the largest liquid refreshment beverage
category, but they continued to lose both volume and market share. Volume slipped 0.8%
from 13.9 billion gallons in 2009 to 13.8 billion gallons in 2010, which resulted in their
market share moving down from 48 per cent to 47 per cent. Nonetheless, certain soda
trademarks, such as Dr Pepper, Mountain Dew and Sprite, did achieve growth. Moreover,
carbonated soft drinks accounted for five of the 11 biggest beverage trademarks during
2010, with Coca-Cola and Pepsi-Cola retaining their perennial first and second positions.
Bottled water had four entries among the leading trademarks for the first time in
2010 (with two brands essentially tied for the tenth place). Bottled water declined in 2008
and 2009 but recovered in 2010, when volume grew by 3.5 per cent. Four companies
accounted for all of the leading refreshment beverage trademarks. Pepsi-Cola had five
brands, including the sole fruit beverage brand to make the list, Tropicana. Coca-Cola
had three, while Nestl Waters North America (NWNA) and Dr Pepper Snapple Group
(DPSG) had two and one, respectively.6
Use of Bottled Water-The Consumers Perspective
Various reasons have been reported for the higher trend of bottled water use in
many countries. Some reasons include:
6
Beverage Marketing Corporation Reports
74

i. Consumer awareness of increasing water pollution.
ii. Deficiencies in municipal water supplies in terms of aesthetic, chemical and
microbiological water quality.
iii. Successful marketing strategies of bottled water by the bottling companies.
iv. Easy availability and reasonable pricing has popularized the utilisation of bottled
drinking water by a number of people who can afford it.
v. Bottled water is generally considered safe and is taken for granted by people without
question. For example spring water is perceived as a pristine, natural source of water.
vi. Bottled mineral water has long been consumed as a safer alternative in countries
with reticulated water of uncertain quality. However, consumers should be aware
that bottled water is not necessarily safer than tap water.
Public Health Aspects and Concerns about Bottled Water Use
Although consumption of bottled water is increasing, there are many concerns,

these include:
i. Poor regulation by different member states;
ii. Uncertainty of the shelf-life and possible health implications; and
iii. Uncertainty of water quality status.
Bottled water Versus Carbonated Beverages
Bottled noncarbonated drinking water competes in the marketplace with

carbonated beverages (including carbonated water) sold in individual plastic bottles.
Consumption of water often is considered a healthier substitute for soda. According to the
Container Recycling Institute, sales of flavoured, noncarbonated drinks were expected to
surpass soda sales by 2010. In response, Coca-Cola and PepsiCo have introduced new
carbonated drinks that are fortified with vitamins and minerals, Diet Coke Plus and Tava,
marketed as "sparkling beverages."
Critical View for Packaged Drinking Water
There are many possible reasons why bottled water has become such a large
industry and some of those reasons are because of its advantages with regard to ordinary tap
water, according to the large number of advertisements that showcase bottled waters
qualities. Two other important reasons, are its relative convenience, and its safety and purity.
75

Bottled water appeals many as being far more convenient than tap, and logically
so. Bottled water are available virtually everywhere now. One can purchase bottled
water by the dozens at most supermarkets, and one can find bottled water at service
stations, vending machines, and even some restaurants. Restaurants are particularly
happy to sell bottled water, as it replaces, or at least complements, a previously free
service. At delis, fast food, takeout places and similar establishments, where one picks a
drink out of a refrigerator, bottled water is considered the norm, and usually takes up
about half the drink refrigerators. Tap water is still available through the soda fountain,
but one would have to ask for a cup. This usually results, however, in a small cup, which
is hardly convenient, or even portable in a stuff-in-bag sense. The physical container is
plastic bottle with a screw-on lid. This configuration allows for a re-sealable container. One
can grab a bottle and not worry about spilling it. This offers an edge over conventional
aluminium cans, which cannot be re-closed. Because bottles are re-sealable, places that
prohibit food and drink, will often allow water bottles and similar containers. Such places
typically include mass transit, classrooms, libraries, museums, conference centres, and
other public accommodations.
Re-sealability has granted added advantageous quality to the bottles. Since it is

re-sealable, it is also re-usable. When the originally bottled water runs out, the consumer
can simply refill the bottle with ordinary tap water, or soda, alcohol, or whatever the
consumer wants. This changes the purpose of the product and even the industrys purpose
as well. Instead of bottled water being sold as different or better water, it is sold in
containers for large quantity of water. This places it in competition with more traditional
sports bottles. Using the water bottle for the re-useability does compromise another of its
advantages. This advantage is purity. Many consumers of bottled water typically consider it
more desirable because of its purity. One way the water can be purer than tap water because
bottled water is usually placed into its container almost immediately after collection.
Due to the fact that water is usually bottled at its source, it can avoid the possible
contamination that could result in city treatment processes. These processes include
wastewater treatment, river and rainwater collection, contaminated plumbing, and
excessive fluoridation or chlorination. Damaged, broken, or rusting pipes are a health
concern, and are the responsibility of the municipality. Since such entities are typically
76

slow to respond, tap water may become contaminated. Furthermore, the compromising of
treatment facilities or sources to allow particulates, excessive amounts of minerals, and
biological contaminates into the water stream are simply unacceptable to most folk. These
conditions are also the responsibilities of the municipality, and so mismanagement and the
resulting impurities represent a critical factor in the decision to purchase bottled water.
a. Mineral water is perceived as good for health and the mineral conent gives it a
taste along with therapeutic value.
b. Minerals in the bottled water is easily absorbed by the body compared to minerals
in the food.
c. Mineral water benefits the body by helping it to fight against fungus and bacteria
along with de-oxidizing the body.
d. Regular water purifiers remove all kinds of mineral content from the water;
mineral revitalization water purification systems artificially add minerals back
into the water.
e. These systems give the water the same kinds of minerals that have been removed
during the filtration process.7
Critical View against Packaged Drinking Water
There are, as with any product, disadvantages to the consumption of bottled

water. The most obvious and tangible is cost. Bottled water is very expensive. Some
times go for around five dollars a gallon ($1.15/litre), nearly twice the cost of gasoline in
most places. Imported water goes for much higher prices; sometimes up to seven or eight
dollars a gallon. ($1.99/litre) Prices, of course, vary, but usually in-house lines for grocery
stores run much cheaper, sometimes less than half as much as brand name products. This is
undoubtedly because many supermarkets are simply selling municipal water.
Filtered tap water is nothing new, either. Many brands, particularly the largest
brands are simply filtered tap water, and have been sold that way for some time now.
To do this, the bottlers simply hook into the municipal water supply and sell the water.
7
R.Anitha, A study on customer preference toward packaged water in Karur city, Self Journal of Social
Science, ISSN: 0975-9999,Vol.II ; issue:5, pp-11
77

Sometimes the bottlers run it through extra filtering systems like Pepsis HydRO-7
scheme, and sometimes not. On the bottle, the water is usually labelled as being from a
community or municipal source, or even simply stating it was bottled inside a city.
This means that the bottler simply attached his plant to a citys water system and started
bottling the city water. 8
There are real environmental impacts of extracting large volumes of water from
local aquifers and of producing and disposing of plastic containers. It is estimated that
$100 billion are conservatively annually spent to purchase packaged drinking water
worldwide. It is the failure to meet basic human needs for water should not open the door to
replacing a public good with a private commodity, but rather should motivate to spend the
same resources to produce a more widely available, and far less costly, public product.
Water Resources Over-Exploited
The majority of the bottling plants are dependent on groundwater. They create
huge water stress in the areas where they operate because groundwater is also the main
source in most places the only source of drinking water in India. This has created huge
conflict between the community and the bottling plants. Private companies in India can
siphon out, exhaust and export groundwater free because the groundwater law in the
country is archaic and not in tune with the realities of modern capitalist societies.
The existing law says that "the person who owns the land owns the groundwater
beneath". This means that, theoretically, a person can buy one square metre of land and
take all the groundwater of the surrounding areas and the law of land cannot object to it.
This law is the core of the conflict between the community and the companies and the
major reason for making the business of bottled water in the country highly lucrative.
India's Ministry of Water Resources has ranked 80 per cent of ground water
resources in Rajasthan as "over- exploited" and nearly 34 per cent resources as "dark/
critical", the gravest ranking across the country.
8
Ibid
78

Bottled Water Industry in India
Water shortage and health awareness driving bottled water consumption in India.
The Indian market is estimated at about Rs 1,000 crores and is growing at a whopping
rate of 40 per cent. By 2010, it will reach Rs 4,000 -5,000 crores with 33 per cent market
for natural mineral water. According to a national-level study, there are more than
200 bottled water brands in India and among them nearly 80 per cent are local brands.
In fact, making bottled water is today a cottage industry in the country. Leave alone the
metros, where a bottled-water manufacturer can be found even in a one-room shop, in
every medium and small city and even in some prosperous rural areas there are bottled
water manufacturers. India ranks in the top 10 largest bottled water consumers in the
world. There is a huge market being exploited by the packaged water industry and several
MNCs are waiting in the wings to expand into the country.
Table- 3.2
Indian Bottled Water Industry is Growing Exponentially
Year Million cases
1990-91 2.2
1991-92 2.6
1992-93 3.5
1993-94 4.7
1994-95 6.5
1995-96 8.5
1996-97 11.5
1997-98 15.5
1998-99 20
1999-2000 26
2000-01 33
2001-02 44.5
79

Year Million cases
2002-03 55.6
2003-04 68.15
2004-05 82
2005-06 97
2006-07 112.85
2007-08 129.85
2009-10 146.8
2009-10 164.45
2014-15 264*
Estimated (Prediction)
Source: infochangeinidia.org.indiastat.com
Key Drivers for Growth of Packaged Drinking Water
Bottled water is still not perceived as a product for masses, though the scene is
changing slowly, thanks to low pricing and aggressive marketing strategies adopted by
new entrants. Penetration in rural areas is another significant factor that is likely to play a
key role in the development of the bottled water trade. The level of prosperity in the
different regions plays a key role in the consumption of bottled water in India.
The western region accounts for 40 per cent of the market and the eastern region just
10 per cent. However, the bottling plants are concentrated in the southern region of the
approximately 1,200 bottling water plants in India, 600 are in Tamil Nadu.
With over a thousand bottled water producers, the Indian bottled water industry is
one of the biggest in the world. There are more than 200 brands, nearly 80 per cent of
which are local/small-scale. Most of the small-scale producers sell non-branded products
and serve small markets (waterstocks.com). Despite the large number of small producers,
this industry is dominated by the big players - Parle Bisleri, Coca-Cola, PepsiCo, Parle Agro,
and SKN Breweries. Bottled water business in India can be divided broadly into three segments
80

in terms of cost: premium natural mineral water, natural mineral water and packaged drinking
water. The per capita bottled water consumption in the country is still quite low - less than
5 litres a year as compared to the global average of 24 litres. However, the total annual bottled
water consumption has risen rapidly in recent times. It has tripled between 1999 and 2004 from
about 1.5 billion litres to 5 billion litres (waterstocks.com).
While the single largest share in the mineral water market might still belong to an
Indian brand Parles $52 million Bisleri brand has a 40 per cent share -- multi-national
corporations are not far behind. Nestle and Danone are vying to purchase Bisleri, and
Pepsi's Aquafina and Coke's Kinley brands have been extremely successful in edging out
many of the small and medium players due to buy-outs and exclusive licensing deals.
Kinley and Aquafina are fast catching up, with Kinley holding 20-25 per cent of the
market and Aquafina approximately 11 per cent. The rest, including the smaller players,
have 20-25 per cent of the market share. The Indian bottled water market, which has
more than 250 brands, is expected to undergo a major consolidation phase.
History of Bottled Water in India
Mineral bottled water in India under the name 'Bisleri' was first introduced in
Mumbai by Bisleri Ltd., a company of Italian origin in 1965. Mineral bottled waters were
in glass bottles in two varieties - bubbly and still in 1965. This company was started by
Signor Felice who first brought the idea of selling bottled water in India.
Parle bought over Bisleri (India) Ltd. In 1969 they started bottling mineral water in
glass bottles under the brand name 'Bisleri'. Later Parle switched over to PVC non- returnable
bottles and finally advanced to PET containers. Since 1995 Mr.Ramesh J. Chauhan has started
expanding Bisleri operations substantially and the turnover has multiplied more than 20 times
over a period of 10 years and the average growth rate has been around 40% over this period.
Presently, it has 8 plants and 11 franchisees all over India. Bisleri commands a 60% market
share of the organized market. Currently, Bailley has a national presence in 5 lakh retail outlets
across the country. We plan to increase manufacturing plants for Bailley from 29 to 60,
presently 40 plants are operational and few more will be ready for operations over the next few
months, informed Nadia Chauhan, joint managing director of Parle Agro.9
9
http://www.gits4u.com/water/water16.htm
81

Bottled Water Market in India
Bottled water industry in India has been growing steadily and is dominated by
certain brands in the market. The packaged water segment is extremely competitive with
players ramping up their packaging styles to attract a large base of consumers in order to
account for a larger share in the market. With rising consumer concerns over health and
increasing shelf spaces in the institutional channels, the market is set to boom and exhibit
huge potential for players to increase their sales. The report begins with the market
overview section which provides a detailed description of the current and forecasted
off-trade/retail sales. The difference between packaged and mineral water as well as
different forms of distribution is also covered in this section. The section also highlights
the regional consumption of bottled water in terms of the bulk water consumption and
also the off-trade sales in various regions of India. It also includes the import and export
structure of bottled water and the brands that are traded.
Bottled Water Top Players in India
The market leader is Bisleri International, which boasts a 40 per cent share. It is
followed by Coca- Colas Kinley (around 25%) and PepsiCos Aquafina (around 10 %).
The top players in bottled water industry in India are the major international giants like
Coca cola, Pepsi, Nestle and noticeable presence of national players like Mount Everest,
Manikchand, Kingfisher, Mohan Meakins, SKN Breweries, Indian Railways and so on.
With increasing competition, this sector will register a robust growth in 2010, predict
industry analysts. To take on rivals in this sector, PepsiCo India is drawing up a fresh
game plan which includes investment in capacity enhancement, packaging initiatives and
below-the-line activities to pump up volumes in the over-crowded category. Meanwhile,
swadeshi major Parle Agro is extending the manufacturing facility for Bailley from 29 to
60 plants this year. While swadeshi major Bisleri International is beefing up its
distribution, manufacturing and marketing operations. Coca-Cola India is sharpening its
focus on packaging initiatives of Kinley to woo new consumers. In essence, the packaged
water industry in India will soon witness a major tussle between swadeshi and videshi
players to gain market and mind share.
82

The western region accounts for 40 per cent of the market and the eastern region
just 10. However, the bottling plants are concentrated in the southern region - of the
approximately 1,200 bottling water plants in India, 600 are in Tamil Nadu. But many
region of southern India, especially Tamil Nadu, are water starved.
Top multinational players such as Coca-Cola and PepsiCo have been trying for
the past decade to capture the Indian bottled water market. Today they have captured a
significant portion of it. However, Parle Bisleri continues to hold 40 per cent of the
market share. Kinley and Aquafina are fast catching up, with Kinley holding 20-25 per cent
of the market and Aquafina approximately 10 per cent. The rest, including the smaller
players, have 20-25 per cent of the market share.10
Shelf Life of Bottled Water
In general, a product's shelf-life or safe storage time is affected by a number of

variables, including intrinsic parameters, such as pH and moisture content, and extrinsic
parameters, such as environmental factors. Understanding these variables is the key to
maintaining a safe food product.
Bottled Water: Indefinite Shelf Life under Optimal Conditions
Properly stored bottled water has indefinite shelf life. However, long-term storage
of bottled water may result in aesthetic defects, such as off-odour and taste. The IBWA
advises consumers to store bottled water in an unopened container at room temperature
(or cooler), out of direct sunlight and away from solvents and chemicals such as gasoline,
paint thinners and dry cleaning chemicals. Bottled water is an excellent choice for emergency
water storage. The FDA good manufacturing practices mandate that bottled water be
produced in a sanitary environment and bottled in sanitary, safety-sealed containers.
Enforcement of the Laws by the Government on Bottle Water
The laws on municipal drinking water safety have been heavily enforced.
In contrast, the laws on bottled water labelling have barely been enforced. One solution
would be to adopt international standards on bottled water. One of the purposes of the
international Codex Alimentarius was to develop food standards that protect consumer health.
10
www.market research.com
83

Two of these standards, the General Standard for Bottled/Packaged Drinking Waters
(other than natural mineral waters; 2001) and the Standard for Natural Mineral Waters
(1981) are available to regulate bottled water. Quebec stepped into the gap with its
Regulation Respecting Bottled Water a comprehensive rule for the distribution of bottled
water in the province. It requires a hydro-geological and vulnerability study of source
waters for spring and mineral waters; detailed chemical, microbiological and radiochemical
information, and standard labels.
Bottled Water Association has a model Code, April 2009 that it asks its members
to follow. The Code states that natural water, i.e., that obtained from an underground or
approved natural source, must comply with maximum allowable concentrations of
parameters defined in the CDWQ Guidelines. The Code also sets out rules for product
quality as well as good manufacturing practices, storage, handling and testing, as well as
operational requirements that include bottlers submitting a hydrogeology report that
shows the integrity of the source water supply. It includes monitoring source water and
the final product for contamination. Unfortunately, no one enforces this Code.11
Bottled Water Law in India
The term "mineral water" is misleading because Indian laws do not stipulate the
minimum mineral content level required for water to be labelled as such. Ahmedabad-based
Consumer Education and Research Society (CERS), an independent non-profit institution
with a sophisticated product-testing laboratory, recently carried out a detailed study on
13 major brands of bottled water available in the country. The CERS study indicates that
there is an urgent need to revise standards for bottled water.
Legal Regulations of Packaged Drinking Water
Water is an elixir of life. In India the following agencies are directly or indirectly
connected with regulating, monitoring and laying down standards of water
1. Ministry of health and family welfare
2. Bureau of Indian standards under the ministry of food and consumer affairs.
3. Ministry of Rural development

11
http://archives.foodsafety.ksu.edu/fsnet/2004/1-2004/fsnet_jan_7.htm#story3
84

4. Ministry of Urban development
5. Ministry of environment and forests
6. Ministry of water resources.
7. Local bodies.
Bottled water regulations
Most provincial water quality standards, such as Ontarios Drinking Water

Quality Standards regulation under the Safe Drinking Water Act, 2002 (SDWA), set
maximum limits for microbiological, chemical and radiological parameters for all
drinking water in the province. But these rules do not apply to bottled water. Bottled
water is regulated, much less tightly, under the federal Consumer Packaging and
Labelling Act and Regulations. The source of the water need not be disclosed, unless it is
labelled as spring or mineral water. (Many bottled waters are actually tap water.
For example, Dasani (owned by Coca-Cola) is filtered municipal tap water, bottled in
Brampton, Ont., and Calgary. Pepsis Aquafina, is essentially the same. Both companies
pay less for municipal water, by the way, than consumers do. The bottle label includes:
Common name (e.g., water), list of ingredients, if more than one , Net quantity, Name,
address of responsible company, Fluoride content, For all bottled waters, except spring or
mineral water: description of any treatment the water has received (e.g., chlorination, filtration).
For spring or mineral water: dissolved mineral salt content, statement as to whether ozone or
fluoride has been added and geographic location of underground water source.
Implication for Policy and Way Forward
The developing world is marked with challenges of coping with failing infrastructures,
inadequate finance, poor legislation, lack of appropriate institutional capacity for
regulation and control and often the political will to enforce control measures.
The position is complicated by the fact that many of these developing nations are at a loss
on how to set standards. Consequently, they resort to dependence on adopted standards,
policies and guidelines as presented by international organizations based on scenarios and
context in the developed world. Case studies are presented shortly of some on-going
success stories in the packaged water industry. In the cited locations, various levels of
85

stakeholder participation led to the birth of solutions that found a right balancing in
between safeguarding public health through enactment of regulatory standards and
improving social welfare through sustained access to packaged drinking water. There
could be possible serious implication of a tenacious focus on such policies, standards and
regulatory approaches imported from developed countries on drinking water access for
residents of the developing world as each situation differs in its own respect and has to be
treated as such. For example, the WHO bacteriological water guidelines are widely
accepted in industrialized as well as developing countries but they are not always
achieved in practice. 12
Packaged Drinking Water Regulation in India
The late nineties marked the commencement of packaged drinking water

regulation in India. Solely handled by the Bureau of Indian Standards in collaboration
with the Health Ministry, the rules on its safety were drafted into a Prevention of Food
Adulteration Act. The original plan was to come up with a standard that matches with
international standards. Given the complexities and the technologies involved in the
implementation, the PFA Act however remained vague on the issue of allowable levels of
pesticides in packaged drinking water. With growing health concerns, a stakeholder
meeting between the BIS and the Health Ministry officials marked the declaration of
specific allowable limit - no pesticide should exceed 0.0001 mg/litre and total content of
pesticide not exceeding 0.005 mg/litre. It was agreed that testing methods and support are
to be provided by the BIS. Again, consensus was reached that it will take some time
before the necessary changes take effect in the packaged water industry13
Energy Costs Derived from Bottle Manufacturing, Transport, and Disposal
In terms of manufacturing costs, the Earth Policy Institute estimates that around
1.5 million tons of plastic are used globally each year in water bottles, or about enough to
fuel 100,000 cars. The Berkeley Ecology Centre found that manufacturing PET generates
12
Jensen P.K, Jayasinghe G, van der Hoek W, Caincross S, Dalsgard A: Is there an association between
bacteriological drinking water quality and childhood diarrhoea in developing countries? Tropical
Medicine and International Health 2004, 9(11):1210-1215
13
The Times of India: Pesticide content in packaged water to be quantified 2003, Available at
http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-02-11/india/ 27261339_1_pesticide-content-pesticide-
limits-detectable-levels , Accessed 28th July, 2007
86

more than 100 times the toxic emissions in the form of nickel, ethylbenzene, ethylene
oxide and benzene compared to making the same amount of glass. Consequently, the
Climate Action Network concludes, making plastic bottles requires almost the same
energy input as making glass bottles, despite transport savings that stem from plastics
light weight. Moreover, because more than 22 million tons of bottled water is
transferred each year from country to country, the distribution of bottled water requires
substantially more fuel than delivering tap water.
Instead of relying on a mostly pre-existing infrastructure of underground pipes

and plumbing, delivering bottled water to North America from far-off places such as
Italy, France, Iceland, and the islands of southern Pacific burns fossil fuels and results in
the release of thousands of tons of harmful emissions and pollutants. As the Pacific
Institute puts it, a simple way to visualize the average energy cost required to
manufacture plastic bottles fill them with water, transport them to market, and then deal
with the bottles as refuse is to imagine filling a quarter of each bottle with oil. In
addition, Pacific Institute estimates that it takes twice as water to produce a bottled water
product than the amount of water in the bottle itself. Moreover, in a recent study
conducted by the Pacific Institute, it was estimated that producing bottled water requires
as much as 2000 times the energy cost of producing tap water.
Industry Nature and technology
The industry is highly fragmented and unorganized in nature. While there are
some large players like Degremont, Ion Exchange, Thermax, and Larsen & Toubro, there
are over 500 small players in the field. The water treatment industry is largely
concentrated in certain geographical pockets like Mumbai, Pune, Chennai, Hyderabad,
New Delhi, Kolkata and Ahmedabad. Some plant manufacturers are present in other
areas, but this number is limited. The water treatment equipment industry in India is very
cost competitive (30% cheaper) and well established. The water treatment market is
moving away from chemical treatment and demineralization (DM) plants to membrane
technology. However, several large user segments such as refineries and power plants
continue to use DM technology. Zero discharge systems and wastewater recycling are
becoming increasingly popular in India.
87

Effects of Liberalization on Packaged Drinking Water
During pre-liberalization era, the concept of packaged drinking water was told as
it was a luxury available in five star hotels meant for the consumption of foreigners and
elite Indians. It was only after the liberalization of the Industrial sector by the cost of
India, many from outside India are interested in starting new industries in India.
Accordingly many packaged drinking water industries were started consequently, the
concept itself has started gaining currency among the masses of India so much, so that the
market of packaged drinking water in India is an exorbitant 1000 crores and it is rapidly
growing at 40-50 per cent annually. There are a few large packaged drinking water
companies functioning namely, Pepsi, Coca-cola and Bisleri, with the last being the
pioneer in this field. Apart from these, certain improvised local brands are also available
in the market, namely Aqua-blue, Sabol and the like.14
Though the liberalization policy of India has indeed brought a revolution in the
manufacture and introduction of packaged drinking water it is still not perceived as a
product for masses. Now, the scene is changing due to low pricing and aggressive
marketing strategies adopted by new entrants. Surveys show that truck drivers on
highways form a major chunk of bottled water drinkers. Penetration in rural area is
another significant factor that is likely to play a key role in the development of the bottled
water trade.15
Bottled Water Industry Targets a New Market: The Global South
Market reports predict that over the next four years sales of bottled water will
grow most quickly in Asia, Latin America and Africa. Recent industry analysis shows
that countries in the Global South have the best potential for future growth in bottled
water sales. Market reports predict that over the next four years sales of bottled water will
grow most quickly in Asia and Latin America due to 'the poor quality of potable water.
Africa is also highlighted as having strong potential for bottled water sales due to unsafe
drinking water. In addition to limited access to clean tap water, reports mention the rising
number of people with disposable incomes as a driver for growth in the industry.
14
www.water.org
15
www.bis.org
88

This is all very positive for bottled water companies, but signals a wrong turn in the
struggle to bring publicly managed municipal water service to communities and will have
severe impact on how populations view the delivery of this basic human right.
This opportunity for the bottled water industry is leading to widespread privatization
of drinking water delivery in countries where access to clean tap water is limited. Bottled
water sold for huge profits may bring water to people who need it, but the side effect is
the commodification of this basic human right. When populations find that the only way
to access drinking water is to buy it in a packaged form, people will come to accept that
water, whether from a tap or from a bottle, is something that can be bought and sold on
the open market. A system is emerging where only those who can afford it will have
access to water. The privatization of drinking water is already well under way in many
urban centres in the Global South. In areas where clean tap water is either not available or
not safe (or perceived to be not safe) people are already consuming packaged water
supplied by for profit producers at an alarming rate. The three global bottled water giants,
Groupe Danone, Nestl and PepsiCo also have the capital and existing global
infrastructure to exploit the bottled water boom in the Global South. India, Vietnam,
Nigeria and Mxico, demonstrate how the rapid growth of bottled water sales is already
forging the path towards privatization and is creating risks to health and livelihood along
the way. The severe impact the bottled water industry has on the environment in the
Global South caused by water takings and the disposal of plastic bottles.
Processing of Water for Bottling
In India, the quality of drinking water is very poor in comparison to other

countries. Treatment of water is required for purification. To produce high quality
drinking water as prescribed by the World Health Organisation (WHO), conventional
processing methods like coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, ion exchange, filtration
and oxidation etc. are not sufficient. Membrane processes have advantages over other
treatment processes. Micro-filtration and ultra-filtration are said to be very useful in
removing micro-organisms. Reverse osmosis membranes are used to remove various
contaminants found in drinking water. A combination of reverse osmosis and de-ionisation
can be used to produce high quality water.
89

Bottle Filling
Before filling, freshly manufactured plastic bottles are rinsed and inverted from
where they go for filling on rotary bottle filler. Water flows from the filler bowl into the
bottles via ventra flow valves. These valves use an airlock method for accurate filling.
The variation is no more than 5mm. When liquid reaches the end of the valve sleeve, air
cannot escape. Pressure is created at the top of the bottle, and no more liquid can enter.
The airlock method provides consistent, repetitive filling and reduced product loss.
The fillers are available in a wide range of configurations and are adaptable to a variety
of capping systems. IS : 14543 - 1998 (Specification for Packaged Drinking Water)
prescribes the hygienic practices to be followed in respect of collecting water, its
treatment, bottling, storage, packaging, transport, distribution and sale for direct
consumption , so as to guarantee a safe, hygienic and wholesome product. The bottles are
generally capped using roll-on type plastic caps, with pilfer proof rings.
Bottle Labelling
The last step is the labelling of bottles. In the earlier days, gummed paper labels
were used which satisfied only the legal requirements of declaration. When these labels
came in contact with moist surface, they lost their identity. Later shrink film plastic labels
came into use for this application. Auto-sleeve system for labelling then became a
commercial success. Auto-sleeve labels are used both for one way and refillable-multi-
trip plastic bottles. It is a stretchable label made of low density polyethylene of special
grade. The Department of Health, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare has notified to
carry the following declaration on the label of the disposable bottle of mineral water or
packaged drinking water.
["Crush the bottle after use] The notification was published in the Gazette of
India and the rule came into force from 01/04/2004. Other labelling requirements should
be as per PFA Rules and Packaged Commodities Rules as prescribed in IS: 14543 1998
(Specification for Packaged Drinking Water).
90

Packaging Requirements
It is well known fact that drinking water should be packed in clean, colourless,
odourless, clear, tamperproof containers, which are hygienically safe. Much of the water
is packaged in similar bottles as carbonated soft drinks, and would, therefore, carry many
of the same requirements.
Strength
Unlike carbonated drinks, the bottles filled with still water need only enough
strength to hold water and to survive impact.
Colour and clarity
Clarity is one of the most important requirements and is the main reason why
clear bottles of plastics are used. A resin with higher levels of co-polymer adds to the
clarity. As regards the light blue colour in the bottles, this is permissible for one time use
bottles. However in India, the BIS (Bureau of India Standards) has prescribed colourless
bottles for multi trip/reusable containers. Since currently almost all the bottlers use blue
coloured containers, studies have commenced at IIP to establish whether blue colour
helps to reduce the UV effect and the percentage of blue colour that could be considered
to be added without affecting the clarity of the bottle.
Purity
Because water is a flavourless product, using a plastic that remains tasteless and
odourless is imperative.
Mandatory certification
To prevent adulteration, the quality of the bottle and its sealing drew great attention and
concern. The standardisation of the quality of the water and the bottles was not thought of
earlier. There was a concern whether mushrooming brands in packaged drinking water would
really ensure quality and safety. The provisions of mandatory BIS certification and that of
Prevention of Food Adulteration Act (PFA) have brought in assurance to the consumers that
packaged drinking water is trustworthy. The Indian Standard IS: 14543 1998 prescribes the
quality and safety requirements of packaged drinking water.
91

Plastic package types
As the market has evolved, so too has its packaging mix. Bottles may be the favourite
container for packaging water, but glass rarely features as the first choice today. Glass
together with cans and cartons have a diminished share. Glass retains a high profile in outlets
where the water is for consumption on the premises (hotels, restaurants, cafes) remaining
particularly strong in Central and South America and Europe, especially Germany. Plastics
are versatile materials and are in many cases capable of matching or surpassing the
characteristics of other types of packages. They do not corrode, are hygienic, lightweight and
often provide opportunities for reducing the weight of the packages used. A variety of
polymers are available which can be used for packaging of drinking water.
Polyethylene
Low-density polyethylene film is the most important group of plastics used in

packaging drinking water. Polyolefin also have the highest calorific value of all
constituents in the packaging waste stream and are, therefore, prime candidates for
disposal through incineration with energy recovery.
Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)
PET is the most extensively recycled plastic of the present time. It is easier to
collect than other plastics. It has a high intrinsic value, is economic to recycle even with
existing collection systems and there are well-developed markets for its recycling, such
as carpet fibres and fibre film. The important feature of used PET is its ability to be
converted chemically to the monomer from which it was produced using hydrolysis or
methonolysis. The US Food & Drug Administration for food-packaging applications has
approved PET produced by chemical recovery of this sort. For packaged drinking water
PET bottles are used in 50ml to 20 litres capacity. Perrier has developed a new container
that incorporates a layer of nylon sandwiched between layers of PET to comply with the
requirement for a standard 12 months shelf-life mineral water.
Polypropylene (PP)
Polypropylene (random clarified co-polymer) is widely used for food contact

applications throughout the world and enjoys favourable status with food and
92

regulatory agencies. PP containers/cups with peelable lids are used for packaging of
drinking water in 100, 200ml. Capacities with suitable lids for closures.
Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC)
Earlier, the most commonly used package for mineral water was stretch blow
moulded bottle of PVC, as PVC is rigid, clear and has adequate impact strength. Compared
to other polymers, PVC requires lower amount of energy to produce. If collected separately,
it can be readily recycled. The recycled PVC is sandwiched between inner and outer
layers of virgin polymer in co-extruded PVC pipes. The major concern for safe use of
PVC for non-toxic and food contact applications is the residual monomer level in the
resin. The FDA in USA and regulatory agencies has specified the monomer levels at
5ppm in PVC resin. PVC containers in capacities of 100, 200, 250 and 1000ml are used
for packaged drinking water.
Polycarbonate (PC)
Polycarbonate can be processed into useful end products by any of the usual
processing techniques like extrusion, blow moulding, injection moulding etc. Polycarbonate
containers are popularly used for multi-trip application for mineral water containers
of 15-20 litres.
Polyethylene Naphlthate (PEN)
This is a high performance resin and the containers made out of this resin are used
for refillable, returnable mineral water.
HIPS (High Impact Polystyrene)
Containers cater to the 200ml mineral water market. These containers are
provided with heat sealable peel able lids. 16
16
PET Planet Insider, Vol. 4, No. 2, 03, Water Drives Global by Canadean, U.K,
93

Table - 3.3
The Content and Substances of Packaged Drinking Water
S. No Characteristics Requirement
1. Colour Not more than 2 Hazen units/ True

Color Units
2. Odour Agreeable
3. Taste Agreeable
4. Turbidity Not more than 2 nephelometric

turbidity unit (NTU)
5. Total Dissolved Solids Not more than 500 mg/litre
6. pH 6.5 8.5
7. Nitrates (as NO3) Not more than 45 mg/litre
8. Nitrites (as NO2) Not more than 0.02 mg/litre
9. Sulphide (as H2S) Not more than 0.05 mg/litre
10. Mineral oil Not more than 0.01 mg/litre
11. Phenolic compounds (as C6H5OH) Not more than 0.001 mg/litre
12. Manganese (as Mn) Not more than 0.1 mg/litre
13. Copper (as Cu) Not more than 0.05 mg/litre
14. Zinc (as Zn) Not more than 5 mg/litre
15. Fluoride (as F) Not more than 1.0 mg/litre
16. Barium (as Ba) Not more than 1.0 mg/litre
17. Antimony (as Sb) Not more than 0.005 mg/litre
18. Nicke l(as Ni) Not more than 0.02 mg/litre
19. Borate (as B) Not more than 5 mg/litre
20. Anionic surface active agent Not more than 0.2 mg/litre
(as MBAS)
94

21. Silver(as Ag) Not more than 0.01 mg/litre
22. Chlorides(as C1) Not more than 200 mg/litre
23. Sulphate(as SO4) Not more than 200 mg/litre
24. Magnesium(as Mg) Not more than 30 mg/litre
25. Calcium(as Ca) Not more than 75 mg/litre
26. Sodium(as Na) Not more than 200 mg/litre
27. Alkalinity(as HCO3) Not more than 200 mg/litre
28. Arsenic(as As) Not more than 0.05 mg/litre
29. Cadmium(as Cd) Not more than 0.01 mg/litre
30. Cyanide(as CN) Not more than 0.05 mg/litre
31. Chromium(as Cr) Not more than 0.05 mg/litre
32. Mercury(as Hg) Not more than 0.001 mg/litre
33. Lead(as Pb) Not more than 0.01 mg/litre
34. Selenium(as Se) Not more than 0.01 mg/litre
35. Iron(as Fe) Not more than 0.1 mg/litre
36. Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) Not detectable
37. Poly nuclear aromatic hydrocarbons Not detectable
38. Aluminium(as A1) Not more than 0.03 mg/litre
39. Residual free chlorine Not more than 0.2 mg/litre
40. Pesticide Residues Below detectable limits
41. "Alpha" activity Not more than 0.1 Bacquerel/litre
42. "Beta" activity Not more than 1 pico curie/l (pCi)
43. Yeast and mould counts 1 250ml Absent
95

44. Salmonella and Shigella 1 250ml Absent
45. E.coli or thermotolerant bacteria 1 Absent

250ml
46. Coliform bacteria 1 250ml Absent
47. Faecal Streptococci and Absent

Staphylococcus aureus 1 250ml
48. Pseudomonas aeruginose 1 250ml Absent
49. Sulphite reducing anaerobes1 250ml Absent
50. Vibriocholera and V.Parahaemolyticus Absent

1 250ml
51. Aerobic Microbial count The total viable colony count shall not
exceed 100 per ml at 20`c t0 22`c in
72h on agar-agar or on agar-gelatin
mixture, and 20 per ml at 37`c in 24 h
on agar-agar.
It is needless to mention that water, a compound of Hydrogen and Oxygen is a

precious natural gift which is very essential for survival of mankind including animals.
The water used for potable purposes should be free from undesirable impurities. Water
available from untreated sources such as well, boreholes and springs is generally not
hygienic and safe for drinking. Thus it is desirable and necessary to purify the water and
supply under hygienic conditions for human drinking purpose. As the name implies, the
mineral water is the purified water fortified with requisite amounts of minerals such as
Barium, Iron, Manganese, etc. This can be absorbed by human body. It is either obtained
from natural resources like spring and drilled wells or it is fortified artificially by
blending and treating with mineral salts.
Mineral water shall be manufactured and packed under hygienic conditions in

properly washed and cleaned bottles in sterilised conditions. The trend indicates that
lightweight, resilient and affordable PET is increasingly the packaging medium of choice.
Almost 7 out of every 10 litres of water now appear in PET - a significant increase from
96

6 litres as of 1998, and it still continues to grow. The packaged water market is
essentially a one-way street. Non-refillables account for four out of every five litres.
Consequently nonrefillable PET is very much the norm on a global scale. It is estimated
that worldwide, 1.5 million tons of plastics (mostly PET) are consumed for the
manufacture of different sizes of drinking water bottles. In India, out of 54,000 tons of
PET produced locally, 12,500 tons go in for the manufacture of bottles for the packaged
water industry. The PET bottle market in India is also expected to grow. The used
PET bottles are disposable, their collection and recycling is a cause of concern to the
industry, the consumers and the environment protection groups. However, in India, there
is a PET recycling industry, with a capacity of 75,000 tons per annum.
The PET waste is recycled into fibres. This is an effort to pre-empt a market
situation that may arise a few years hence. Unfortunately sufficient safe potable water is
not available everywhere in the country, either harmful chemical substances are found in
the layers of earth which enter into water or it may be contaminated due to pathogenic
micro-organisms. If such water is consumed, the body suffers from waterborne diseases.
Due to this, it has become imperative to process and bottle safe potable water for the
mankind in prevailing conditions.
The demand for purified water becomes more during summer season. Although a
few companies have already entered in the bottling of safe potable water and mineralized
water, but still a huge gap is there in between demand and supply at all metropolitan-
cities and towns. The product is widely accepted in offices, restaurants, railway stations,
airport, bus stands, and hospitals and to some extent even in rich households. So there is
good scope for establishing the units for processing and bottling plain and mineralized
drinking water in different parts of the country.
PET Container: Packaging Medium of Choice
The trend indicates that lightweight, resilient and affordable PET container is
increasingly the packaging medium of choice. Almost seven out of every 10 litres of
water now appear in PET - a significant increase from 6 litres as of 1998, and it still
continues to grow. The packaged water market is essentially a one-way street.
Non-refillables account for four out of every five litres. Consequently non-refillable PET
97

is very much the norm on a global scale. It is estimated that worldwide, 1.5 million tons
of plastics (mostly PET) are consumed for the manufacture of different sizes of drinking
water bottles. In India, out of 54,000 tons of PET produced locally, 12,500 tons go in for
the manufacture of bottles for the packaged water industry. The PET bottle market in
India is also expected to grow. The used PET bottles are disposable, their collection and
recycling is a cause of concern to the industry, the consumers and the environment
protection groups. However, in India, there is a PET recycling industry, with a capacity
of 75,000 tons per annum. The PET waste is recycled into fibres. This is an effort to
pre-empt a market situation that may arise a few years hence. Unfortunately sufficient
safe potable water is not available everywhere in the country, either harmful chemical
substance were found in the layers of earth which enter into water or it may be
contaminated due to pathogenic micro-organisms. If such water is consumed, the body
suffers from waterborne diseases. Due to this, it has become imperative to process and
bottle safe potable water for mankind in prevailing conditions.
The demand for purified water becomes more during summer season. Although a
few companies have already entered in the bottling of safe potable water and mineralized
water, still a huge gap is there between demand and supply at all metropolitan cities and
towns. The product is widely accepted in offices, restaurants, railway stations, airports,
bus stands, and hospitals and to some extent even in rich households. So there is good
scope for establishing the units for processing and bottling plain and mineralized drinking
water in different parts of the country.
Market comprises of two segments:
1. Natural mineral water: Drawn from a natural underground source.
2. Packaged drinking water: Water from any source is treated for consumption.
a. Packaged water shows greater penetration with greater sale values and market
for natural mineral water still nascent.
b. Packaged drinking water has the retail sales market.
c. Pouches have a greater share in the market in terms of packs sold in different
parts of India.
98

d. Increasing mobility of consumers has led to varied differentiation among
package sizes.
e. Fiercely competitive due to attractive economics and huge size.
Trends in Marketing of Packaged Drinking Water
i Institutions continue to be an important channel.
ii Wide packaging formats.
iii New entrants from other sectors.
iv Launch of flavoured water.
v Natural mineral water going abroad.
Drivers in Marketing of Packaged Drinking Water
i Water shortage and low bottled water consumption.
ii Increasing consumer awareness on health issues.
iii Increase in waterborne diseases.
iv Archaic government laws supporting ground water exploitation.
v Growth in foreign visitors and expatriate population.
Challenges in Marketing of Packaged Drinking Water
i Inefficient transport infrastructure.
ii Sound economics and high low-entry barriers.
iii Threat from profitability low-quality products.
iv Increasing use of water purifiers.
Innovations in Bottled Water New Food and Drinks Report
Mineral water, it is claimed, offers skincare and nutritional benefits. It is positioned as

water that helps prepare skin for sun-tanning. The carbohydrate-free water contains aloe vera
extract, concentrated betacarotene, vitamin C and lycopene. It is marketed under the
Micro-fluid Biotechnology name and bottled by Micro-fluid Biotechnology.
99

Consumer Concerns had a Positive Effect on the Bottled Water Market
Consumer concerns over rising obesity levels combined with an increase in public
knowledge of health issues had a positive effect on the bottled water market. Consumers
have been switching from sugary carbonated drinks to healthier alternatives. In addition,
manufacturers are creating new premium and super-premium brands to satisfy demand at
the high end of the market. These trends, combined with convenience and ethical issues,
mean there is currently a significant amount of innovation in the bottled water market.
Health Issue on Purity of Bottled Water
City water systems must issue right to know reports about whats in the water.
Bottlers successfully killed this requirement for bottled water. Up to 70 per cent of
bottled water is unregulated by the Food & Drug Administration. Acceptance of the
supposed purity of bottled water is being undermined in India by the government Health
Department's warning of pesticides and contaminating organisms being present in some
bottled products.
India to Serve As Hub for Imported Alaskan Water
Global Systems, based in San Antonio, Texas, has announced plans to export
12 billion gallons of water per year from the Blue Lake Reservoir in Sitka, Alaska, to a
new, yet to be built water hub on the west coast of India.
The first shipment to the new hub in India whose location remains undisclosed for
security reasons is at least 18 months away; the water hub will be built in the next six
months, while custom-built water-transport tankers, costing about $75 million, will be built
over the next 18 months. Existing oil tankers cannot be used because of potential
contamination from leftover oil residues, he explained. The water will be packaged at the
hub, and then distributed in India as well as several GCC Gulf Cooperation Council
countries, including Saudi Arabia, Iraq and the United Arab Emirates.
Government Legal Rules on Packaged Drinking Water
The government of India issued the following news release through the Ministry
of Consumer Affairs, Food & Public Distribution: No person is authorized to
manufacture, sell or exhibit for sale, packaged drinking water and packaged mineral
100

water except under Bureau of Indian Standards Certification Mark. As per the Quality
Control Order issued under Prevention of Food Adulteration (PFA) Rules, 1955, Bureau
of Indian Standards has formulated the following Indian Standards which provide quality
norms for packaged water:
i) IS 14543:2004 Packaged drinking water (other than natural mineral water)
ii) IS 13428: 2005 Packaged natural.
Growing Use of Packaged Bottled Water led to Increase in Sale
The growing use of packaged bottled water for cooking and washing is set to
boost sales in the branded water segment in summer. Bisleri, Tata's Himalayan, Pepsi's
Aquafina and UB Group's Kingfisher are some of the brands vying for the top slot in the
packaged drinking water space, where prices range from Rs 20 to Rs 120 for a 20-litre can.
Tamil Nadu Government Urged to Take Over the Sale of Bottled Water
The Tamil Nadu Water Supply and Drainage Board (TWAD) Workers Federation on
May 15, 2010 suggested the State government take over the sale of bottled drinking water and
make it available at Rs. 2 a litre. The State government which is generating a huge income from
sale of Indian made Foreign liquor (IMFL) through TASMAC outlets should think of making
available good drinking water to people. People Federation General Secretary P.H.C.M.Gandhi
said that the government could earn revenue of Rs 5,000 crores even if it sold water at Rs. 2 a
litre. He said, adding that multi-national and private companies selling packaged drinking water
were earning crores of rupees as profit whereas actual cost of purifying water was less than five
paise per litre. TWAD should be fully in charge of surveying, designing, execution and
maintenance of all water and drainage schemes and empowered to collect water and drainage
tax also, he said, Organizers of Go Green in December 2010 at the Copenhagen Climate talks
wanted to go as green as possible and so they did not provide delegates bottled water and
instead offered Copenhagen tap water in corn Starch cups.
Government Close Illegal Bottled Water Units
To prevent the spread of waterborne diseases in summer, the Delhi high court has
directed the government to tighten the noose around illegal units manufacturing and selling
bottled drinking water on May 31, 2010. Justice S. Muralidhar directed government agencies
101

to crack down on units manufacturing and selling drinking water without a licence and
Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) certification. It also constituted a committee for the
purpose. The High Court was hearing a petition filed by Bottled Water Processors
Association. The association moved the court, alleging there are a large number of units in
Delhi not complying with norms. They also claimed that despite the central governments
attention being drawn to illegal manufacturers, no action was taken to stop such activities.
High Court constituted a task force against units without a license and BIS certification.
Future Growth Opportunities
A number of factors are fuelling the growth in the market. Rapidly rising population
has led to increased requirements for drinking water and sewage treatment. While this is largely
in the urban areas at the moment, this could shift to smaller towns and villages in times to
come. The Government has also got into the action by imposing stringent legislations regarding
wastewater treatment. There is also a compulsory requirement of Environment Clearances from
Pollution Control Boards at the Centre and the states. The recent Supreme Court directive to
move polluting units out of Delhi is also likely to act as an impetus to future sales of water
treatment equipment. Also at the same time, many existing treatment plants would need to be
replaced or upgraded to meet with more stringent standards.
Drinking water problems in India are quite different from those in developed
countries. The main concern is with disinfecting the potable water at the point of use.
Traditionally, the point of use market has been dominated by ultraviolet purifiers and filters.
Industrial majors like Ion Exchange and Thermax have tried entering this market, but with
limited success. In the last year, domestic reverse osmosis purifiers have struck the market
and have been hugely successful. Recent advancements in nano filtration and ultra filtration
are now entering this area and offer future opportunities. One big area of growth has been the
increase in bottled water plants in India. With liberalization and increased awareness of water
quality, hundreds of bottled water brands have entered the market. The USD 250 million
bottled water market is growing at the rate of 75-80 per cent and a large number of reverse
osmosis plants have come up in the last two years. With multinationals like PepsiCo and
Coke getting established in the market, the quality and technology in their plants has
improved.
102

Water Industry

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Water Industry

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CHAPTER III

AN OVERVIEW OF PACKAGED DRINKING WATER INDUSTRY

A Role of Water in Ancient History

Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.

Water is important in homeostasis process to maintain the relatively constant

History of the Bottled Water Industry

Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.

Bottlers marketed the product to consumers as safer, healthier, refreshing, more

Purifying and Treating Water

i. Coagulation and setting

Bottled water is sold in a variety of packages: pouches and glasses, 330 ml

Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.

Market Analysis of Packaged Drinking Water on Environment

i. 80% of the diseases in India are water-borne.

Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.

Chemical Contamination: Caused due to insecticides, pesticides, oils, excess of ions,

Microbiological Contamination: Caused by bacteria, viruses of other unicellular organisms.

Global Bottled Water Market

Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.

Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.

Source: Total Global consumption of bottled water market, 2010

Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.

Source: Datamonitor (2009)5

Global Bottled Water Companies

Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.

Bottled water competence to other soft drinks

Use of Bottled Water-The Consumers Perspective

Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.

Although consumption of bottled water is increasing, there are many concerns,

i. Poor regulation by different member states;

ii. Uncertainty of the shelf-life and possible health implications; and

iii. Uncertainty of water quality status.

Bottled water Versus Carbonated Beverages

Bottled noncarbonated drinking water competes in the marketplace with

Critical View for Packaged Drinking Water

Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.

Re-sealability has granted added advantageous quality to the bottles. Since it is

Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.

Critical View against Packaged Drinking Water

There are, as with any product, disadvantages to the consumption of bottled

Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.

Water Resources Over-Exploited

Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.

Year Million cases

Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.

Key Drivers for Growth of Packaged Drinking Water

Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.

History of Bottled Water in India

Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.

Bottled Water Top Players in India

Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.

Shelf Life of Bottled Water

In general, a product's shelf-life or safe storage time is affected by a number of

Bottled Water: Indefinite Shelf Life under Optimal Conditions

Enforcement of the Laws by the Government on Bottle Water

Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.

Bottled Water Law in India

Legal Regulations of Packaged Drinking Water

1. Ministry of health and family welfare

3. Ministry of Rural development

Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark.

5. Ministry of environment and forests

6. Ministry of water resources.

Bottled water regulations