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Citation: 26 J. Crim. Just. Educ. 546 2015

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Journal of Criminal Justice Education, 2015
Vol. 26, No. 4, 545-562, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10511253.2015.1079330

Comparative/International Research on
Juvenile Justice Issues: A Review of
Juvenile Justice Specialty Journals

Bitna Kim, Wan-Chun Arizona Lin and

Eric G. Lambert

In recent years, leaders in the field of criminology and criminal justice have
advocated for comparative/international and colaborative research; how-
ever, there is uncertainty regarding how much comparative/international
research on the topic of juvenile justice is being conducted and how wel
information on juvenile justice issues with a cross-cultural or international
focus is being disseminated. This study analyzed the number and focus of
studies on international/comparative juvenile justice papers in the four
major US juvenile justice specialty journals (Juvenile Et Family Court
Journal, Journal of Juvenile Justice, UC Davis Journal of Juvenile Law t
Policy, and Youth Violence Et Juvenile Justice). Data came from 567 papers
published during the period of 2000-2013. The authors discuss the roles of
the juvenile justice specialty journals to encourage the study of juvenile
justice internationally.

In recent years, there have been calls in the disciplines of criminology and
criminal justice for greater internationalization of American research (Adler,
1996; Barberet, 2007; Bennett, 2004; Kim Et Merlo, 2014; Sampson, 2013;
Zimring, 2006). For example, in his American Society of Criminology address,
Zimring (2006) proposed that "we will need much more multinational research
and many more descriptive comparative criminologists in the near future" and
he noted that "theorists as well as empirical researchers will have to become
comparativists in outlook" (p. 621). Similarly, Bennett (2004), in his Academy
of Criminal Justice Sciences presidential address, suggested that professional
organizations in criminology and criminal justice "must do more to develop,
support, and recognize comparative research as a true field of study within the
discipline" (p. 15). In addition, Barberet (2007) contended that American
criminologists need to examine how non-US research relates to US research,
and recommends that American criminologists endeavor to understand and
appreciate US-based research in relation to other countries (p. 424).

Routledge
Taylor&FranisGup @D 2015 Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences
546 KIM ET AL.

Most of all, there is much to gain from studying criminal justice research
from other countries (Barberet, 2007; Kim E Merlo, 2014). International studies
not only help people to understand criminal justice issues in foreign nations
but their own nation as well. As Jowell (1998) pointed out, "the importance
and utility to social science of rigorous cross-national measures is incon-
testable. They help to reveal not only intriguing differences between countries
and cultures, but also aspects of one's own country and culture that would be
difficult or impossible to detect from domestic data alone" (p. 168). Other
countries face some of the same criminal justice problems that face the USA
and have utilized both similar and different ways of tackling these issues (Cox,
Allen, Hanser, E Conrad, 2014; Kim E Merlo, 2014). Juvenile crime is a major
issue throughout the world. Some of the international issues related to youth,
delinquent behavior, and processing of delinquent youth are similar to those in
the USA but, at the same time, vary because of internal and external factors
that are unique to a country (Cox et al., 2014). In other words, certain aspects
of juvenile justice are universal, while other aspects vary. It is important to
determine whether the results of strategies used by other countries are similar
to those same strategies that have been implemented in the USA. Conversely,
it is useful to determine if different ways of addressing juvenile crime are
more or less effective than our own current methods. American criminology
needs to make the effort to understand juvenile justice research from other
countries in context, or in relation to the USA. (Barberet, 2007; Kim E Merlo,
2014). There are various issues on juvenile justice to explore and benefit
comparative/international research.
The number of journals dealing with comparative or international criminol-
ogy and criminal justice has almost doubled in the past five years (Bennett,
2004; Kim, Lin, E Lambert, 2014), but these journals are frequently considered
to be specialized venues that voice international issues that may often be
disregarded or absent in mainstream publications (Kim et al., 2014; Tatum,
2002). Because mainstream publications play a vital role in determining aca-
demic success (e.g. promotion and tenure and notably), researchers generally
attempt to publish in these journals (Tatum, 2002). While there are grants to
support comparative/international research, publishing comparative/interna-
tional articles in mainstream US-based criminological and criminal justice
journals can be difficult (Bennett, 2004; Kim et al., 2014).
There is very little, if any, empirical research with respect to the interna-
tionalization of the mainstream juvenile justicespecialty journals. Despite
increased interest, many scholars and practitioners lack a full understanding of
comparative/international juvenile justice. Despite the growing popularity of
online resources, part of the problem is limited information on where to find
sound, specific types of academic works on juvenile justice in foreign coun-
tries. In comparative/international juvenile justice, there has been little
research on whether juvenile justice journals are publishing comparative/
international studies.
 INTERNATIONAL JUVENILE JUSTICE 547

The current study had four areas of focus-by examining articles of the four
leading juvenile justice journals over the past 14 years, we wanted to deter-
mine: (1) the number of articles focusing on juvenile justice issues in nations
other than the USA and whether there has been an increase in such articles
over time; (2) which nations these articles studied; (3) the topics/primary
issues of these articles; and (4) the affiliations of authors who published these
articles. The four leading juvenile justice specialty journals are Youth Violence
and Juvenile Justice (YVJJ), Journal of Juvenile Justice (JJJ), Juvenile

&
Family Court Journal (JFCJ), and UC Davis Journal of Juvenile Law & Policy
(UCDJJLP). The year 2000 was selected as a baseline before the majority of
the calls for increases in comparative/international research, and 2013 was
the last full year possible to include since the collection of articles was started
in the second half of 2014. This study was intended to assist researchers with
specialties in international juvenile justice topics to evaluate the appropriate-
ness of certain juvenile justice specialty journals for their manuscripts
(Barberet, 2007; Kim et al., 2014; Tatum, 2002; Tewksbury t Mustaine, 2001).
To accomplish this research goal, this study analyzed topic focus and author
characteristics of all articles dealing with international/comparative issues in
the four mainstream/leading juvenile justice specialty journals for a 14-year
period between 2000 and 2013.

Method

Journal Selection

While there are a wide variety of publication outlets for articles on juvenile
justice issues, juvenile justice specialty journals are more likely to play a sig-
nificant role in drawing attention to scholarship studying juvenile justice
issues, including foreign countries (Kim et al., 2014; Tatum, 2002). Addition-
ally, juvenile justice specialty journals promote research on issues pertaining
to juvenile justice in the USA and in other nations. As previously indicated, the
four leading juvenile justice journals are Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice
(YVJJ), Journal of Juvenile Justice (JJJ), Juvenile & Family Court Journal
(JFCJ), and UC Davis Journal of Juvenile Law & Policy (UCDJJLP). These four
journals were selected for the current study.
The website of YVJJ stated that the goal of the journal was to "provide aca-
demics and practitioners in juvenile justice and related fields with a resource
for publishing current empirical research, discussing theoretical issues, and
reviewing promising interventions and program in the areas of youth violence,
juvenile justice, and school safety" (Youth Violence t Juvenile Justice, 2015).
JJJ, sponsored by the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention
(OJJDP), was described on its web site as "articles address the full range of
issues in juvenile justice, such as juvenile victimization, delinquency preven-
tion, intervention, and treatment" (OJJDP, 2015). JFCJ, published by the
548 KIM ET AL.

National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges since 1949, described
itself on its website as "this journal focuses on issues of interest to the field of
juvenile and family justice, including child abuse and neglect, juvenile
delinquency, domestic violence, substance abuse, child custody and visitation,
judicial leadership, and related topics" (Juvenile E Family Court Journal,
2015). The website of UCDJJLP stated that the goal of the journal was to
"address the unique concerns of children in the US legal system and provide a
forum for discussion and to encourage community awareness and involvement
in issues that affect children" (UC Davis School of Law, 2015).
While these four journals focus on juvenile justice issues in general, what is
not known is how many comparative/international juvenile justice studies have
been published in these journals and the focus of these studies. As previously
indicated, the years of 2000-2013 were selected as there has been a growth in
the number of cross-national studies during these years (Hughes, 2005; Kim E
Merlo, 2014; Kim et al., 2014). Only original articles were included from the
entire 14-year period; book reviews, dialogs, critiques, commentaries, presi-
dential addresses, review essays, and editorials were not included in the data
analysis (Sorensen E Pilgrim, 2002; Taylor Greene E Gabbidon, 2003;
Tewksbury, DeMichele, E Miller, 2005).
There are many ways in which research can be explicitly or implicitly com-
parative/international in focus (Barberet, 2007). In an effort to reflect the
comparative/international nuances of articles, the present study employed the
basic definitions that Fairchild and Dammer (2001) and Barberet (2007) used.
That is, "international research is deemed to be based on one nation (generally
not one's own country, but another one) and comparative research is that which
involves the study of two or more nations" (Barberet, 2007; p. 410; Fairchild E
Dammer, 2001). All the articles from 2000 to 2013 from the four juvenile justice
journals that had a comparative/international focus were selected.
In the present study, each article comprised the unit of analysis (Ross,
2008). First, the researchers obtained a copy of each article. Two authors
reviewed each full-length article and coded the article contents to determine
the quantitative and qualitative aspects of articles, including journal name,
article title, publication year, names and affiliations of authors, nation(s) stud-
ied, and topic area studied (Kim et al., 2014; Kleck, Tark, E Bellows, 2006;
Tewksbury E Mustaine, 2001; Ward E Grant, 1985). Once all articles were
reviewed and coded, annual code sheets were combined for each journal and
all code sheets were summed (Tewksbury E Mustaine, 2001). The information
from these aggregated code sheets was exported into the SPSS database for
further analysis. The principle method of analysis for this study was frequency
table analysis and bivariate table (cross-tab) analysis. These tables were exam-
ined both quantitatively (frequencies and percentages) and qualitatively
(patterns and trends) (Walker E Raptopoulos, 2008).
 INTERNATIONAL JUVENILE JUSTICE 549

Findings

Quantity of Articles on Comparative/International Juvenile Justice

The first research question focused on the prevalence and temporal trend for
publications in the areas of comparative/international juvenile justice between
2000 and 2013. Table 1 presents data on the number of articles across the four
journals by year. The four selected juvenile justice specialty journals published
their first issue at different times. The oldest journal is JFCJ, starting in 1997,
followed by UCDJJLP which started in 2001, YVJJ which started in 2003, and
JJJ (2011). As such, only one journal, JFCJ, was in publication the entire time
from 2000 to 2013. Between 2000 and 2013, a total of 567 articles were pub-
lished in these four journals (not including commentaries, book reviews, and
introductions to special issues), of which 17 dealt with juvenile justice issues
in nations other than the USA. Out of 225 articles published in JFCJ during the
selected time frame, only two (0.9%) articles were on a juvenile justice issue
in a nation other than the USA. In JJJ, only one of the 33 articles (3.0%) was
on comparative/international juvenile justice issue. Of the 82 articles pub-
lished in UCDJJLP during the selected time frame, only three (3.7%) were on a
comparative/international juvenile justice topic. The journal YVJJ published
the most comparative/international focused articles. Of the 225 total articles
published in YVJJ, 11 (4.9%) focused on comparative/international juvenile
justice issues.
As the data in Table 1 indicates, the number of articles dealing with interna-
tional/comparative research varied during the selected 14-year period. None
of the four juvenile justice journals published any articles on an interna-
tional/comparative juvenile justice topic in 2001, 2002, 2003, 2008, or 2012.
In 2000, 2004, 2005, 2009, 2010, and 2011, a single international/comparative
article was published across the four juvenile justice journals. Two articles
(11.8% of the 17 international/comparative articles) on international/compara-
tive juvenile justice topics were published in 2007. In 2006, four interna-
tional/comparative articles (9.1%) were published, which was the second
highest year in terms of the number of articles published. The highest number
of international/comparative juvenile justice-focused articles was five (9.4%)
in 2013. With respect to the number of articles published each year, JFCJ pub-
lished one international article in 2000 and one in 2006 (i.e. a total of two
articles). JJJ published its first and only international article on juvenile jus-
tice in 2013 (i.e. a total of one article). UCDJJLP published one interna-
tional/comparative article in 2006, one in 2007, and one in 2010 (i.e. a total
of three articles). YVJJ published the most comparative/international studies
of the four selected juvenile justice journals, with one article in 2004, one in
2005, two in 2006, one in 2007, one in 2009, one in 2011, and four in 2013
(i.e. a total of 11 articles).
550 KIM ET AL.

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 INTERNATIONAL JUVENILE JUSTICE 551

Countries under Focus

The countries of international/comparative articles in the four juvenile justice

journals are presented in Table 2. Canada was the most common non-US coun-
try in terms of articles published. Articles on Canadian juvenile justice issues
comprised 70.6% (n = 12) of the 17 articles dealing with international/compara-
tive research. There were two comparative articles (11.8%), one focusing on
European approaches compared to US juvenile approaches and another article
in which juvenile justice in Canada and the USA was studied and compared.
One article was written about juvenile justice in Finland (5.9%), one about
juvenile justice issues in India (5.9%), and one about New Zealand juvenile
justice issues (5.9%).
The single article in JJJ was written about a juvenile justice issue in
Canada. Of two articles in JFCJ, one article was written about juvenile justice
in Canada and one about juvenile justice issues in New Zealand. There were
two comparative juvenile justice studies which were published in UCDJJLP.
One article was written about a juvenile justice issue in India, which was
published in UCDJJLP as well. The vast majority (n = 10) of the articles in YVJJ
focused on juvenile justice issues in Canada. There was one UCDJJLP article
that focused on juvenile justice issues in Finland.

Juvenile Justice Topics

The third research question focused on the comparative/international topics

covered. To address this third research question, an analysis was conducted
on the focus of the 17 international/comparative articles. Seven distinctive
topic areas emerged: juvenile law and policy, correlates and causes of juve-
nile crime, criminal victimization, rehabilitation programs/treatment,
juvenile corrections, due process/juvenile rights, and risk assessment for
juvenile offenders. Table 2 provides information on the specific topic areas
covered in the 17 international/comparative articles. The most common
areas of coverage were juvenile law and policy with five articles (29.4%),
correlates and causes of juvenile crime with four articles (23.5%), criminal
victimization with three articles (17.6%), and rehabilitation programs/treat-
ment with two articles (11.8%). There was one article for each topic of juve-
nile correction (5.9%), due process/juvenile rights (5.9%), and risk assessment
(5.9%), respectively.
Based on each of the nations focused upon in these articles, the topic areas
differed. For Canada, 4 of thel2 articles focused on correlates and causes of
juvenile crime, 3 on criminal victimization, and 2 on rehabilitation program
and treatment. Both comparative articles focused on juvenile law and policy.
552 KIM ET AL.

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554 KIM ET AL.

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 INTERNATIONAL JUVENILE JUSTICE 555

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556 KIM ET AL.

Author Background

In order to determine if authors were affiliated with universities, colleges, or

research centers in the USA or outside the USA, the biographic sketches of the
authors were examined. For co-authored articles, all authors' institutional
affiliations were coded. The articles were grouped into three categories:
articles on which all of the authors affiliated with the institutions in the USA,
articles on which all of the authors affiliated with non-US institutions, and arti-
cles on which authors from institutions inside and outside the USA collabo-
rated. The results are presented in Table 3. Overall, 12 (70.6%) of the articles
were written by only non-US affiliated authors, while only 2 (11.8%) of the arti-
cles were written by authors affiliated with only US institutions. Three (17.6%)
of the 17 articles were written by authors who were affiliated with both US
and non-US institutions.

Discussion and Conclusion

Juvenile crime is a problem around the world. For example, the increase in
serious delinquency, drug-related offenses, and female juvenile delinquency
has occurred in European and Asian nations, as well as the USA (Cox et al.,
2014). While juvenile crime is likely an issue in many nations, how to respond
and the potential causes probably differ across nations. Prevention strategies
and intervention programs and treatments for juveniles cannot be viewed in a
"one-size-fits-all" fashion; what works in one country may not necessarily work
in another (Cox et al., 2014; Kim Et Merlo, 2014). Research on other nations'
approaches to the prevention of crime involving juveniles, the resolution of
juvenile crimes, the enactment and enforcement of laws, and the protection
of vulnerable juveniles can offer innovative resolutions. Despite reported
increases in research on juvenile justice in the last decade, there appears to
be little comparative/international research being published in the four lead-
ing juvenile justice journals in the USA. Although there have been calls for
more comparative/international research, the results of the current study indi-
cate this is not being done, at least in terms of publication in the four leading
juvenile justice journals.
To be clear, a number of very important studies have been published on
juvenile justice in non-US nations, especially in Canada, in the four juvenile
justice journals, but when compared to the vast number of articles in these
journals, comparative/international juvenile justice articles are rare. Our
review of the articles in the four juvenile justice journals suggests that, on
average, fewer than two studies per year are being published on comparative/
international juvenile justice issues since 2000. Moreover, the vast majority of
comparative/international juvenile justice articles focus on juvenile justice
issues in Canada. No juvenile justice articles on any Asian, African, or South
American nations were published in the four journals.
 INTERNATIONAL JUVENILE JUSTICE 557

The data indicate that Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice is more likely to
publish research that had an international/comparative focus than the three
other juvenile justice journals. It is possible that scholars feel that these three
juvenile justice journals are not receptive to internationally focused studies,
and as such, do not submit their articles for review to these journals. It could
also be that the editors and editorial boards of these journals may not be
interested in publishing international/comparative juvenile justice studies, and
reject such articles without sending them out for review. It could also be
possible that comparative/international juvenile justice studies are submitted
to these journals but are rejected in the external review process. Conversely,
the comparative/international juvenile justice researchers might be reluctant
to submit manuscripts to the juvenile justice journals because they perceive
that their work is too narrowly focused and not relevant or interesting to the
vast majority of US scholars who read these publications. All of this is, of
course, is speculation. Future research is needed to explore comparative/
international juvenile justice researchers, where they publish their studies,
and why they choose the journals they select. In addition, research is needed
to determine the views of editors and reviewers on comparative/international
juvenile justice research and how to encourage it.
The research focus for the current study precluded testing any specific
hypotheses or predictions, but rather described the general patterns of
comparative/international research on juvenile justice issues across the four
leading journals in this area. The fact that there are explicit patterns and
trends of publications on international juvenile justice issues is important and
useful for all individuals who need to locate information on this area
(Tewksbury Et Mustaine, 2001). As the findings of this study illustrate, there
still remains a scarcity of empirical studies that explore comparative/interna-
tional juvenile justice issues. This statement, however, should be considered
within the context of the limitations of the study. This was an exploratory
study. More research is needed before firm conclusions can be drawn.
One possible factor limiting the publication of comparative/international
studies in the four leading juvenile justice journals could be that these studies
might be published in international journals or in journals which are published
in the home nations of the authors. The tendency for international scholarship
to be published outside of mainstream journals still might be problematic as
marginalizing juvenile justice knowledge and practice in non-US nations and
isolating it from mainstream scholars (Kringen, 2014). While the approach of
scholars with research interest in comparative/international juvenile justice to
publish articles in specialized international journals offers the benefit of facili-
tating the exchange of ideas and support, it also risks making comparative/
international research on juvenile justice even more peripheral to the
discipline (Flavin, 2001).
Although the selected juvenile justice journals should be the primary outlet
for comparative/international research on juvenile justice issues, none of
these journals identify themselves, or claim to be, internationally focused, at
558 KIM ET AL.

least based on a review of their websites. This is different from some other US
specialty journals, such as policing-related ones, which sometimes indicate
that they are interested in comparative/international studies (Kim et al.,
2014).
The composition of a journal's editorial board could also be a factor. A jour-
nal's editorial board members can include those from a wide array of nations,
which in turn can enhance the international readership of a journal and
encourage more submissions of comparative/international studies (Kim E
Merlo, 2014). The articles published in journals are also likely to be influenced
by editors and editorial board members (Kim E Hawkins, 2013). The four
selected juvenile justice journals have either zero or one editorial member
who is affiliated with a non-US institution. One approach to expand the number
of published articles on international/comparative juvenile justice issues would
be to recruit respected scholars from outside the USA to become members of
the editorial board, as well asking these individuals to be reviewers for manu-
scripts dealing with comparative/international juvenile justice issues (Kim
et al., 2014).
One finding from this exploratory study concerns the lack of research pub-
lished that represents scholars from different nations. Barberet (2007) noted
that "... we need to be more welcoming and integrating of non-US-based
researchers, in our conferences and in our journals, by developing policies that
integrate and mainstream their work" (p. 425). Although Barberet was refer-
ring to all comparative/international research, her recommendation is relevant
to comparative/international juvenile justice research in particular. The find-
ings of the current study suggest that the leading juvenile justice journals have
published a few comparative/international juvenile justice articles, but far
more can be done.
If juvenile justice journals wish to publish more comparative/international
studies, one approach would be a call for papers on the subject. Invitations for
special issues can be solicited from scholars in this area. Special journal issues
on international/comparative juvenile justice could offer an important starting
point. It brings together prominent scholars interested in the study of interna-
tional/comparative juvenile justice (Johnson, Spohn, King, E Kutateladze,
2014). There have been recent efforts of other criminal justice journals to
stimulate international/comparative research and to expand the pool of
researchers actively engaged in this type of research. For example, using the
special issue of "Corrections in Asia: An Introduction," The Prison Journal
introduced six papers, covering institutional corrections and community cor-
rections in Mainland China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Japan (Jiang, 2014). The
articles published in this special issue provided a more comprehensive view of
the world in terms of correctional issues in Asian nations.
There are obstacles needed to be addressed if there is to be an increase in
comparative/international studies in the leading juvenile justice journals. One
of the obstacles is accessing quality and valid data dealing with juvenile
justice issues in other nations. Without high-quality sources of data,
 INTERNATIONAL JUVENILE JUSTICE 559

comparative/international research in some nations can be difficult because

the official data available are sometimes questionable. Scholars in the USA and
other nations may have difficulty gathering quality data on their juvenile jus-
tice issues. Similarly, access to government official data maybe restricted.
Barberet (2009), however, suggests that academics can offer assistance and
encourage the collection of data internationally through the UN. The UN
Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute (UNICRI) has been the lead-
ing institute devoted to action-oriented research and justice training across
nations. One of UNICRI's main areas is to conduct the international juvenile
justice research (United Nations Interregional Crime Et Justice Research Insti-
tute, 2014). In partnership with UNICRI, the two main organizations in criminal
justice and criminology, the Academy of Criminal Justice Science (i.e. ACJS
juvenile justice section) and the American Society of Criminology can take a
more active role in promoting the collection and dissemination of compara-
tive/international data on juvenile justice issues. In addition, it might be
possible for the organizations to offer small grants or partnership agreements
for comparative/international juvenile justice scholars. Individual researchers
also would need to invest in data development strategies by creating more col-
laborative international or transnational partnerships. By cultivating productive
partnerships with scholars outside the USA, studies can forward research and
help access the types of data sources required to advance the understanding
of comparative/international juvenile justice issues.
Greater attention devoted to fostering collaborative relationships among
scholars so that cross-cultural and transnational partnerships and research can
occur is possible. It, however, is important to note that the level of collabora-
tion between authors in different nations can vary. The study of juvenile jus-
tice issues may vary considerably across different nations. Juvenile justice is
situational and contextual, and its guiding principles can vary by cultural and
social forces which differ between nations. There tends to be disagreement on
universal principles in juvenile justice and how to study juvenile justice issues.
There could simply be a bias against collaborative research on juvenile justice
issues that is not found in other criminal justice areas, such as policing. The
barriers, such as different styles of juvenile justice, different publication out-
lets, and language barriers, nevertheless, need to be overcome in order to
increase collaboration in the comparative/international study of juvenile
justice issues.
Some criminal justice journals, even juvenile justice journals, could be less
inclined to publish studies focusing on international/comparative juvenile jus-
tice issues if editors feel that the journal's audience is not interested in stud-
ies on juvenile justice issues in other nations. This is probably an incorrect
assumption. Studies on international/comparative juvenile justice are pub-
lished in a wide array of other criminal justice journals. A future study should
examine the curricula vitae of international/comparative juvenile justice
scholars to see specifically where they have published their works, as well as
what they studied. It is clear that the current study has only begun to scratch
560 KIM ET AL.

the surface of what and where comparative/international juvenile justice

research is published. Clearly, far more research is needed. At the very least,
it is hoped the current study will spark interest in the area of comparative/
international juvenile justice studies.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Notes on contributors

Bitna Kim is an associate professor, Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, at

Indiana University of Pennsylvania (IUP). She has an extensive publication record on
such topics as a systemic review of the interventions/treatments/correctiona programs
using Meta Analysis, police-community corrections partnerships, international and com-
parative criminal justice, gender issues, and intimate partner homicide, as well as
domestic violence. She has published widely, including recent articles in Crime and
Delinquency, Journal of Criminal Justice, Trauma, Violence Et Abuse, Police Quarterly,
Policing, Federal Probation, Prison Journal, Criminal Justice Policy Review, Criminal
Justice and Behavior, Social Science Journal, Security Journal, International Journal of
Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, Journal of Applied Security Research,
Violence and Victims, Women and Criminal Justice, Feminist Criminology and Journal
of Criminal Justice Education.

Wan-Chun (Arizona) Lin is a current doctoral candidate in the Department of Criminol-

ogy and Criminal Justice at Indiana University of Pennsylvania. Her research interests
include juvenile justice, comparative criminal justice, theory, and corrections. She has
published in Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management.

Eric G. Lambert is a faculty member in the Department of Legal Studies at the Univer-
sity of Mississippi. He received his PhD from the School of Criminal Justice at the State
University of New York at Albany. His research interests include organizational issues,
job, and organizational effects on the attitudes, intentions, and behaviors of criminal
justice employees, and the international perceptions, attitudes, and views on criminal
justice issues.

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Journal of Criminal Justice Education
Editor
George E. Higgins - University of Louisville, USA

Deputy Editor
Jennifer Hartman - University of North Carolina at Charlotte, USA

Editorial Office
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Editorial Advisory Board

Carol Archbold - North Dakota State University, USA
Robert Brown - Fayetteville State University, USA
Cherie Dawson-Edwards - University of Louisville, USA
Angela Gover - University of Colorado at Denver, USA
Thomas Holt - Michigan State University, USA
Wesley G. Jennings - University of South Florida, USA
Kareem Jordan - University of Central Florida, USA
David Khey - Loyola University, USA
Bitna Kim - Indiana University of Pennsylvania, USA
Stacy Mallicoat - California State University at Fullerton, USA
Catherine Marcum - Georgia Southern University, USA
Robert Morris - University of Texas at Dallas, USA
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