Lte Rsi

Synchronization and Cell Search
Seminar LTE: Der Mobilfunk der Zukunft
Fabian Schuh
University Erlangen-Nrnberg
Chair of Mobile Communications
20. January 2010

Outline
1 Motivation
2 Theory of Zadoff Chu sequences
3 PSS: Primary Synchronization Signal
4 SSS: Secondary Synchronization Signal
5 RS: Cell-specific reference signals
6 Concept: Cell Search procedure
7 Summary
1 / 40 Fabian Schuh Synchronization and Cell Search

Motivation
Outline
1 Motivation
7 Summary

Motivation
Motivation
Why synchronize
Synchronous frame structure in time domain
OFDM systems are sensitive to time and frequency
synchronization errors
What else to do
Find the strongest signal
Identify the cell correctly
The full synchronization and cell identification (cell search)

procedure needs to be done as fast as possible.

Motivation
Revision: Reference signals
radio frame = 10 ms
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
PSS (Primary Synchronization Signal)
SSS (Secondary Synchronization Signal)
RS (Reference Symbol)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Theory of Zadoff Chu sequences
Outline
1 Motivation
7 Summary

Theory of Zadoff Chu sequences Definition of ZC sequences
Definition of Zadoff Chu sequences
Definition

exp j M k2 for N integer even
ZCN,M [k] = N
exp j M k(k+1) for N integer odd
N
For k = 0, 1, 2, . . . , N 1 and root

index M relative prime to N
(No common devider, i.e. M = N 1). M denotes the sequence
family.
Zadoff-Chu sequences are also known as generalized chirp-like

sequences.

Theory of Zadoff Chu sequences Properties of ZC sequences
Properties of ZC sequences
Property 1 A ZC has a constant amplitude. ( limited PAR)

Property 2 ZC sequences of any length have ideal cyclic
Auto-Correlation.
ZC 1
NX
kk ( ) = ak (n)ak (n + ) = ( )
n=0
Property 3 Two Sequences with M1 and M2 have constant cyclic

Cross-Correlation if M1 is relative prime to M2 . This
value (i.e. N1 ) achieves the minimum
ZC
Cross-Correlation for any two sequences with ideal
Auto-Correlation.

Theory of Zadoff Chu sequences Example sequence
Example sequence
1,5
0,5
0,5
1,5
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
L = 63, M = 1

Theory of Zadoff Chu sequences Example sequence
Example sequence
1,5
0,5
0,5
1,5
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
L = 63, M = 1

Theory of Zadoff Chu sequences Auto-Correlation
Auto-Correlation M = 29 (time offset)

1 Offset: 0
Sequence
1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
L = 63, M = 29
1 Offset: 0
Auto-Correlation
0,5
0
60 40 20 0 20 40 60
L = 63, M = 29

Theory of Zadoff Chu sequences Auto-Correlation
Auto-Correlation M = 29 (time offset)

1 Offset: 0.5
Sequence
1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
L = 63, M = 29
1 Offset: 0.5
Auto-Correlation
0,5
0
60 40 20 0 20 40 60
L = 63, M = 29

Theory of Zadoff Chu sequences Fourier Duality
Fourier Duality
Fourier Duality
The DFT of a ZC sequence xu [k] is a weigthed
cyclicly-shifted ZC sequence Xw [k] such that
w = u1 mod NZC .
So, . . .
ZF sequences can be generated directly in frequency domain
without any DFT operation.
A synchronization by correlation may be done in frequency
domain and/or in time domain.

PSS: Primary Synchronization Signal
Outline
1 Motivation
7 Summary

PSS: Primary Synchronization Signal Introduction
Introduction
Time & Frequency Synchronization in LTE

To be synchronized
1 OFDM symbol timing
2 Coarse carrier frequency offset
3 Fine carrier frequency offset
4 LTE frame begin (BOF)
1 and 2 will be estimated in frequency domain using the PSS.
3 and 4 are retrieved from time domain using both PSS and SSS.

PSS: Primary Synchronization Signal Primary Synchronization Signal
Primary Synchronization Signal
Zadoff Chu Sequences in LTE

ZC used for Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS) Sequences
Length: 63 (no DC)
ZC-Roots: M = {29, 34, 25}
PSS Sequences mapped to subcarriers
ZC-Sequence: c0 c1 c2 c3 ... c26 c27 c28 c29 c30 c31 c32 c33 c34 c35 c36 ...c59 c60 c612 c62
DC
... ... ... ...

-61 -60 -32 -31 -30 -29 -28 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 28 29 30 31 32 59 60
128 Subcarriers

PSS: Primary Synchronization Signal Correlation results
Auto-Correlation M = 29
1
Auto-Correlation
0,5
0
60 40 20 0 20 40 60
L = 63, M = 29
Auto-Correlation without DC
0,5
0
60 40 20 0 20 40 60
L = 63, M = 29

PSS: Primary Synchronization Signal Time shift and Frequency offset
Sensitivity CCF against frequency offset I

M = 29, NZC = 63

PSS: Primary Synchronization Signal Time shift and Frequency offset
Sensitivity CCF against frequency offset II

M 1 = 25, M 2 = 29, NZC = 63

PSS: Primary Synchronization Signal Time & Frequency Synchronization procedure
Synchronization procedure I
Synchronization methods
PSS Maximum Likelihood correlation based estimation
Cyclic prefix correlation based tracking loop

Synchronization procedure II
A maximum likelihood (ML) detector finds the timing offset mM

that corresponds to the maximum correlation:
1
nNX 2 o
mM = arg max
Y [i + m]SM [i]

m
i=0
i: time index
m: timing offset
N: PSS time domain signal length
Y [i]: received signal
SM [i]: PSS signal with root M

Synchronization procedure III

A cyclic prefix correlation based tracking loop autocorrelates the
received signal giving a match on the cyclic prefix position.
The maximum likelihood estimates the timing offset.
mM = arg max{2|(m)| (m)}

m
m+L+1
X
(m) = r(k)r (k + N ) (Correlation)
k=m
m+L+1
X
(m) = |r(k)|2 + |r(k + N )|2 (Energy)
k=m
The cyclic prefix based method remains uneffected by the presence

of high CFO.

SSS: Secondary Synchronization Signal
Outline
1 Motivation
7 Summary

SSS: Secondary Synchronization Signal Introduction
Introduction
Sector and Cell Search
When a terminal powers on in a cellular system, it needs
to perform cell search to acquire its frequency reference,
frame timing, and the fast Fourier transform (FFT)
symbol timing with the (best) cell, and also to identify
the cell-ID.
Cell Area
Cell Area
Site (3 sectors)
Omni Cell 3 sector Site

SSS: Secondary Synchronization Signal Individual Cell Information
Individual Cell Information
sector-ID Ns Each sector can be identified using the PSS. One

physical cell consists of three sectors.
group-ID Ng A numerical classification. 168 are defined by 3GPP.
cell-ID Nc Identification of the best possible serving cell.
Required for extracting the reference signal. Is
defined as Nc = 3Ng + Ns and thus depends on
sector-ID and group-ID.

SSS: Secondary Synchronization Signal Secondary Synchronization Signal
Secondary Synchronization Signal I
Interleaved PN Sequences
Based on two maximum-length sequences (pseudo number)
Generated by linear feedback shift register
Two sequences s0 and s1 with length 31
Both sequences depend on m0 and m1
m0 and m1 identify the group-ID Ng (from 0 to 167)
Interleaved in frequency domain

Secondary Synchronization Signal II

Interleaving:
s0 (n)
...
Interleaved PN sequence
...
s1 (n)
...
...

Secondary Synchronization Signal III
First scrambling
Interleaved PN sequences are scrambled
Base scramble code: c[n]
Construct c0 [n] and c1 [n] as cyclic shifted versions of c[n]
Shift value depends on the sector-ID Ns
Second scrambling
Construct z1m0 [n] and z1m1 [n] (cyclic shifts of c[n])
Shifts depend on group-ID Ng
Scrambling only in odd entries of the S-SCH to enable
detection of beginning of radio frame

Secondary Synchronization Signal IV
Secondary Synchronization Signal

(
sm 0
0 [n]c0 [n] in subframe 0
d[2n] =
sm 1
1 [n]c0 [n] in subframe 5
(
sm 1 m0
1 [n]c1 [n]z1 [n] in subframe 0
d[2n + 1] =
sm 0 m1
0 [n]c1 [n]z1 [n] in subframe 5
Note
The S-SCH is different for each subframe index (0 or 5).

Revision: Reference signals
radio frame = 10 ms
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
PSS (Primary Synchronization Signal)
SSS (Secondary Synchronization Signal)
RS (Reference Symbol)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

RS: Cell-specific reference signals
Outline
1 Motivation
7 Summary

RS: Cell-specific reference signals
Cell-specific reference signals
Cell-specific reference signal P [n]

Complex-valued sequence P [n]
use of a Gold sequence length 31
Initial value cinit of the Gold generated
cinit depends on the cell-ID
P [n] = 1 (1 2 c[2n]) + j 12 (1 2 c[2n + 1])

2
cinit = 210 (7 (ns + 1) + l + 1) (2 Nc + 1) + 2 Nc + NCP
Nc is the cell-ID
n resource element index
ns to be the slot-index
NCP = 0 if extended CP, else 0
Concept: Cell Search procedure
Outline
1 Motivation
7 Summary

Synchronization
Synchronization
Cross-Correlate received signal with
Symbol timing
the three possible PSS sequences
No cell-ID confirmation
after several subframes
CFO (fractional)
several iterations
No cell-ID after
Primary Signal
Choose the strongest sector by
detection
maximizing the correlation results
Sector-ID The time relative position of the
Secondary Signal
correlation peak gives the time
detection
offset to the radio frame begin
Group-ID Cell-ID (with uncertainty between first and sixth
CFO (integer), BOF
subframe)
Cell
Confirmation
Successfull Synchronization
and cell search

Primary Signal detection

Synchronization
The knowledge of the right ZC
Symbol timing
sequences indicates the sector-ID:
CFO (fractional)
several iterations
No cell-ID after
Primary Signal

detection Ns = arg max [n]
i
Sector-ID
Secondary Signal
detection
Group-ID Cell-ID
CFO (integer), BOF
Cell
Confirmation
and cell search

Secondary Signal detection

Synchronization
Group-ID can be jointly estimated
Symbol timing
with the integer CFO and the
CFO (fractional)
several iterations
No cell-ID after
subframe index (0 or 5)
Primary Signal
detection
Exploit the shifts of s0 [n] and s1 [n]
Sector-ID (respectively m0 and m1 )
Secondary Signal
The group-ID Ng can be identified
detection
through m0 and m1
Group-ID Cell-ID
CFO (integer), BOF Cell-ID gets: Nc = 3Ng + Ns
Cell
Confirmation
and cell search

Cell Confirmation
Synchronization
Calculate the estimated Reference
Symbol timing
Signal
CFO (fractional)
several iterations
No cell-ID after
Primary Signal
Verify the cell-ID by a
detection
Cross-Correlation with the received
Sector-ID
cell-specific Reference Signal
Secondary Signal
Cross-Corrleation in the frequency
detection
domain
Group-ID Cell-ID
CFO (integer), BOF
If peaks in correlation arise
Cell
Synchronization and Cell search
Confirmation
successful
and cell search

Summary
Outline
1 Motivation
7 Summary

Summary
Summary
Summary
Zadoff-Chu Sequences with ideal cyclic auto-correlation
Fourier Duality of Zadoff-Chu Sequences
Primary Synchronization Signal and ZC-Mapping
Secondary Synchronization Signal with Interleaving and
Scrambling
Concept procedure for LTE synchronization

Literature
Outline
1 Motivation
7 Summary

Literature
Literature I
[FZH62] Frank, R. ; Zadoff, S. ; Heimiller, R.:

Phase shift pulse codes with good periodic correlation
properties (Corresp.).
In: IRE Transactions on Information Theory 8 (1962),
Oktober, Nr. 6, S. 381382.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TIT.1962.1057786.

DOI 10.1109/TIT.1962.1057786
[Koc] Koch, Prof. W.:
LTE-Downlink Physical Layer for FDD

Literature
Literature II
[LH07] Li, C.-P. ; Huang, W.-C.:

A Constructive Representation for the Fourier Dual of
the ZadoffChu Sequences.
53 (2007), November, Nr. 11, S. 42214224.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TIT.2007.907336.
DOI 10.1109/TIT.2007.907336
[MGEJ+ 09] Manolakis, K. ; Gutierrez Estevez, D. M. ; Jungnickel,
V. ; Xu, Wen ; Drewes, C.:
A Closed Concept for Synchronization and Cell Search
in 3GPP LTE Systems.
In: Proc. IEEE Wireless Communications and
Networking Conference WCNC 2009, 2009, S. 16

Literature
Literature III
[Myu08] Myung, Hyung G.:

Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE.
http://hgmyung.googlepages.com/3gppLTE.pdf.
Version: May 2008
[Pop92] Popovic, B. M.:
Generalized chirp-like polyphase sequences with
optimum correlation properties.
38 (1992), Nr. 4, S. 14061409.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/18.144727.
DOI 10.1109/18.144727.
ISSN 00189448

Literature
Literature IV
[SHRC09] Shim, Myung J. ; Han, Jung S. ; Roh, Hee J. ; Choi,

Hyung J.:
A frequency synchronization method for 3GPP LTE
OFDMA system in TDD mode.
In: Proc. 9th International Symposium on
Communications and Information Technology ISCIT
2009, 2009, S. 864868
[STB09] Sesia, Stefania ; Toufik, Issam ; Baker, Matthew:
LTE, The UMTS Long Term Evolution: From Theory
to Practice.
Wiley Publishing, 2009.
ISBN 0470697164, 9780470697160

Literature
Literature V
[TZ07] Tsai, Yingming ; Zhang, Guodong:

Time and Frequency Synchronization for 3GPP Long
Term Evolution Systems.
In: Proc. VTC2007-Spring Vehicular Technology
Conference IEEE 65th, 2007.
ISSN 15502252, S. 17271731
[TZGO07] Tsai, Yingming ; Zhang, Guodong ; Grieco, D. ;
Ozluturk, F.:
Cell search in 3GPP long term evolution systems.
2 (2007), Nr. 2, S. 2329.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MVT.2007.912929.
DOI 10.1109/MVT.2007.912929.
ISSN 15566072

Literature
Questions?
Thank you for your attention.
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Synchronization and Cell Search

Seminar LTE: Der Mobilfunk der Zukunft

20. January 2010

2 Theory of Zadoff Chu sequences

3 PSS: Primary Synchronization Signal

4 SSS: Secondary Synchronization Signal

5 RS: Cell-specific reference signals

6 Concept: Cell Search procedure

1 / 40 Fabian Schuh Synchronization and Cell Search

2 Theory of Zadoff Chu sequences

3 PSS: Primary Synchronization Signal

4 SSS: Secondary Synchronization Signal

5 RS: Cell-specific reference signals

6 Concept: Cell Search procedure

2 / 40 Fabian Schuh Synchronization and Cell Search

The full synchronization and cell identification (cell search)

3 / 40 Fabian Schuh Synchronization and Cell Search

Revision: Reference signals

PSS (Primary Synchronization Signal)

SSS (Secondary Synchronization Signal)

4 / 40 Fabian Schuh Synchronization and Cell Search

2 Theory of Zadoff Chu sequences

3 PSS: Primary Synchronization Signal

4 SSS: Secondary Synchronization Signal

5 RS: Cell-specific reference signals

6 Concept: Cell Search procedure

5 / 40 Fabian Schuh Synchronization and Cell Search

Definition of Zadoff Chu sequences

For k = 0, 1, 2, . . . , N 1 and root

Zadoff-Chu sequences are also known as generalized chirp-like

6 / 40 Fabian Schuh Synchronization and Cell Search

Property 1 A ZC has a constant amplitude. ( limited PAR)

Property 3 Two Sequences with M1 and M2 have constant cyclic

7 / 40 Fabian Schuh Synchronization and Cell Search

8 / 40 Fabian Schuh Synchronization and Cell Search

8 / 40 Fabian Schuh Synchronization and Cell Search

Auto-Correlation M = 29 (time offset)

9 / 40 Fabian Schuh Synchronization and Cell Search

Auto-Correlation M = 29 (time offset)

9 / 40 Fabian Schuh Synchronization and Cell Search

10 / 40 Fabian Schuh Synchronization and Cell Search

2 Theory of Zadoff Chu sequences

3 PSS: Primary Synchronization Signal

4 SSS: Secondary Synchronization Signal

5 RS: Cell-specific reference signals

6 Concept: Cell Search procedure

11 / 40 Fabian Schuh Synchronization and Cell Search

Time & Frequency Synchronization in LTE

12 / 40 Fabian Schuh Synchronization and Cell Search

Primary Synchronization Signal

Zadoff Chu Sequences in LTE

... ... ... ...

13 / 40 Fabian Schuh Synchronization and Cell Search

14 / 40 Fabian Schuh Synchronization and Cell Search

Sensitivity CCF against frequency offset I

15 / 40 Fabian Schuh Synchronization and Cell Search

Sensitivity CCF against frequency offset II

16 / 40 Fabian Schuh Synchronization and Cell Search

17 / 40 Fabian Schuh Synchronization and Cell Search

A maximum likelihood (ML) detector finds the timing offset mM

18 / 40 Fabian Schuh Synchronization and Cell Search

Synchronization procedure III

mM = arg max{2|(m)| (m)}