Chemie der Erde 75 (2015) 7387

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Chemie der Erde

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Petrology, geochemistry and tectonic signicance of serpentinized

ultramac rocks from the South Arm of Sulawesi, Indonesia
Adi Maulana a, , Andrew G. Christy b , David J. Ellis c
a
Department of Geology, Faculty of Engineering, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
b
Centre for Advanced Microscopy, Australian National University, Canberra 0200, ACT, Australia
c
Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra 0200, ACT, Australia

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Serpentinized ultramac rocks occur in two separate basement complexes in the South Arm of Sulawesi,
Received 16 March 2014 the Bantimala and Barru Blocks. We present petrographic, mineral chemical and geochemical data
Accepted 7 September 2014 for these rocks, and interpret them in terms of petrogenesis and tectonic setting. The rocks of both
Editorial handling - A. Holzheid
blocks show strong serpentinization of original anhydrous silicates. The Bantimala ultramacs consist
mainly of peridotite (harzburgite and dunite) and clinopyroxenite, with lenses of podiform chromi-
Keywords:
tite. Metamorphism is evidenced by the occurrence of amphibolite-facies tremolite schist. In contrast,
Petrology
the Barru ultramacs consist of harzburgite peridotite and podiform chromitite, which also show an
Geochemistry
Ultramac
amphibolite-facies overprint that in this case may be related to intrusion by a large dacite/granodiorite
South Sulawesi body. Whole-rock trace element analyses and spinel compositions show that the Barru harzburgite is
Indonesia depleted relative to primitive mantle, and has had some melt extracted. In contrast, the Bantimala dunite,
harzburgite and clinopyroxenite are cumulates. Both are derived from a supra-subduction zone environ-
ment, and were obducted during the closure of small back-arc basins. If there has been no rotation of
the blocks, then the Bantimala ultramacs were emplaced from an ENE direction, while the Barru ultra-
macs were emplaced from the WNW. The ultramac suites from these two blocks are juxtaposed with
metamorphic assemblages, which were later intruded by younger volcanics, particularly in the Barru
Block.
2014 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction 2000; Kadarusman et al., 2004). Petrology and geochemistry of

Sulawesi Island is located in the central part of the Indonesian
archipelago, which consists of four tectonic provinces (Kadarusman
et al., 2004; Maulana, 2009): (1) the West and North Sulawesi
Pluto-Volcanic Arc in the south and north arms of the island, (2)
the Central Sulawesi Metamorphic Belt, extending from the cen-
tre of the island to the southeastern arm, (3) the East Sulawesi
Ophiolite Belt in the eastern arm, and (4) the Banggai-Sula and
Tukang Besi continental fragments (Fig. 1). Each tectonic province
has occurrences of pre-Tertiary rocks containing metamorphic and
mac-ultramac suites. The mac-ultramac sequences have been
variously interpreted as members of ophiolites from different tec-
tonic settings (Sukamto, 1982; Smith and Silver, 1991; Monnier
et al., 1995; Bergman et al., 1996; Kadarusman and Parkinson,
Corresponding author. Tel.: +62 411 580202; fax: +62 411 580202.
E-mail addresses: adi-maulana@unhas.ac.id, adi maulana97@yahoo.com
(A. Maulana).
the ultramac suites from the Central Sulawesi Metamorphic Belt
and the East Sulawesi Ophiolite Belt as well as the Banggai-Sula
and Tukang Besi have been studied in detail((Smith and Silver,
1991; Kadarusman and Parkinson, 2000; Kadarusman et al., 2002,
2004). However, unlike those three provinces, no studies have
been conducted so far on the ultramac suites of the Western
Sulawesi Volcanic Arc, particularly from the south arm of Sulawesi,
except those of van Leeuwen (1981) and Sukamto (1982), which
only reported the general geology of the ultramac sequences.
Recently, Maulana (2009) investigated the south arm ultramac
suites and considered them part of the South Sulawesi Base-
ment Complexes. As the occurrences of ultramac suites may
provide important information on the tectonic evolution of this
region, detailed study is needed to shed the light on their tectonic
signicances.
In this paper, mineral chemistry and whole-rock geochemical
data (major and trace elements) from the ultramac suites of two
separate blocks, Bantimala and Barru, are reported for the rst time.
These data are used to identify the origin of the suites by comparing

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74 A. Maulana et al. / Chemie der Erde 75 (2015) 7387

Fig. 1. Regional geological map of south Sulawesi (modied from van Leeuwen, 1981; Maulana, 2009). The Barru Block is the smaller and more northerly basement complex;
the larger Bantimala Block is to the south. There is a gap of ca. 30 km between them.

them with published data for other ultramac rocks. The conclu-
sions drawn are used to provide insight into the petrogenesis of the
rocks and their tectonic setting.
2. Regional geology
The South Sulawesi region lies in the south arm of Sulawesi,
within the West-North Sulawesi Pluto-Volcanic Arc province. This
region is made up of sediments and volcanic arc products overlying
a pre-Tertiary basement complex. The present day tectonic system
is dominated by two major NNW-SSE trending strike-slip faults,
the West Walanae Fault (WWF) and East Walanae Fault (EWF) (van
Leeuwen, 1981). Movement on these is mainly sinistral (Berry and
Grady, 1987), but an extensional component has resulted in open-
ing of the Plio-Pleistocene Walanae Graben between them (Fig. 1;
van Leeuwen, 1981).
The geology of this region consists of ve primary sequences;
the pre-Tertiary basement complex, Upper Cretaceous sediments,
Paleogene volcanics, Eocene to Miocene sediments, and Miocene to
Recent volcanics and sediments (Sukamto, 1982; Maulana, 2009).
The pre-Tertiary basement complex, formed by metamorphic
and ultramac rock assemblages, is exposed in the Bantimala and
Barru blocks (Maulana et al., 2008). The Bantimala Block is about
25 10 km in size, elongated in a NNW-SSE direction. The smaller
Barru Block to the north, roughly circular and about 10 km in
diameter, is separated from the Bantimala Block by a gap of only
 A. Maulana et al. / Chemie der Erde 75 (2015) 7387
Fig. 2. Geologic maps showing locations of ultramac rocks for (a) the Bantimala Block and (b) the Barru Block (Maulana, 2009).
about 15 km (Fig. 1). The Bantimala Block consists of HP meta-
morphic rocks (eclogite and blueschist), overprinted by retrograde
assemblages of either blueschist- or greenschist-facies, whereas
the Barru Block is characterized by greenschist- to amphibolite-
facies assemblages with no trace of high-pressure metamorphism.
The ultramac rocks in the Bantimala Block occur at two sites, the
Moreno and Batugarencing Hills whereas in the Barru Block, the
ultramacs occur at Kamara Village, Sabangnairi Hill and Lasitae
Mountain (Fig. 2a and b). The ultramac rocks are dominated by ser-
pentinized peridotite, which contain chromite lenses in some areas,
and are intruded by local dacite and andesite dykes (van Leeuwen,
1981) as well as a large dacite/granodiorite body (Maulana, 2009).
The pre-Tertiary basement complex is overlain by Cretaceous
sediments classied into two groups: the Balangbaru and Marada
Formations. The Balangbaru Formation is composed of interbedded
sandstones and silty shales, with lesser conglomerates, peb-
bly sandstones and conglomeratic breccias (Sukamto, 1982). The
Marada Formation consists of a succession of alternating impure
sandstones, siltstones and shales (van Leeuwen, 1981). The sand-
stones are mostly feldspathic greywacke composed of quartz,
plagioclase and orthoclase.
Paleogene volcanism in the region is represented by the
Kalamiseng, Langi and Bua Volcanics. These consist of lavas and
pyroclastic deposits of andesitic to trachy-andesitic composition,
with rare intercalations of limestone and shale towards the top
of the sequence. They show a strongly fractured, poorly bedded
texture (van Leeuwen, 1981; Sukamto, 1982)).
Eocene to Miocene sediments are divided into the Mallawa For-
mation and Tonasa Formations. The former are arkosic sandstones,
siltstones, claystone, marls and conglomerates, intercalated with
layers or lenses of coal and limestone, whereas the latter are car-
bonates classied into four members (Wilson and Bosence, 1996).
75
Miocene to Recent volcanism and sedimentation in this region con-
sists of various formations, including, in order of decreasing age, the
Upper Camba Formation, BaturapeCindako Volcanics, Soppeng
Volcanics, Pare-pare Volcanics, Lemo Volcanics, and the Lompo-
battang Volcanics.
3. Analytical methods
Quantitative compositional data for the minerals were obtained
using a JEOL 6400 scanning electron microscope, equipped with
an Oxford Instruments light element dispersive spectrometer
(EDS) detector and Link ISIS analytical software at the Electron
Microscopy Unit (now the Centre for Advanced Microscopy) at
ANU. Operating conditions for the energy-dispersive X-ray anal-
yses (EDXA) were 15 kV accelerating voltage, 1 nA beam current,
and a range of beam diameters (focused beam for garnet; beam
defocused to 5 m for micas and plagioclase). Natural mineral stan-
dards and the ZAF matrix correction routine were used. Standards
used were: sanidine (Si, K), albite (Na, Al), diopside (Ca), rutile and
Ti metal (Ti), hematite (Fe), Cr2 O3 (Cr), MgO (Mg), apatite (P), zir-
con (Zr, Hf), calcite (Ca), pyrite (S), chalcopyrite (Cu), baryte (Ba)
and pure metals for Mn, Co and Ni. All samples were polished with
1 m diamond paste and carbon-coated to approximately 20 nm
thickness.
The samples were crushed and milled to obtain homogeneous
powders for whole-rock analysis. Bulk-rock major elements were
analysed by X-ray uorescence analysis (XRF), and whole-rock
and individual mineral trace element analyses by laser abla-
tion inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LAICPMS).
Major elements Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, K, Ca, Ti, Mn, and Fe, plus F
and Cl were analysed using a Phillips (now Panalytical) PW2400
wavelength-dispersive X-ray uorescence spectrometer at the
76 A. Maulana et al. / Chemie der Erde 75 (2015) 7387

Table 1
Rocks of this study. Mineral symbols are after Whitney and Evans (2010). Localities are (1) Moreno Hill, (2) Batugarencing, (3) Sabangnairi, (4) Lasitae Mountain, (5) Kamara
Village. Superscript R = relict. X = exsolution lamellae.

Bantimala block

Sample Primary mantle assemblage Metamorphic/retrograde minerals Locality Rock type

R R R
MOR 01 Ol + Cpx + Opx + Spl Srp + Chl 1 Dunite
MOR 02B Ol + CpxR + OpxR + Chr + Fe suldes Tr + Srp + Chl + Mag 1 Harzburgite
MOR 03A Ol + CpxR + OpxR Srp + Chl 1 Harzburgite
MOR 02A Ol + Cpx + Chr + Cu/Fe suldes Srp + Chl + Ilm + Mag 1 Olivine clinopyroxenite
MOR 04 Ol + Cpx + Chr Srp + Chl + Mag 1 Olivine clinopyroxenite
MOR 03B Cr-rich Mag Chl + Srp 1 Podiform chromitite
BGR 02 Tr + Chl + Cc 2 Tremolite schist
BGR 01 OlR + OpxR + Spl group Srp + Chl 2 Serpentinite, probably derived
from harzburgite
Barru block
AM 16 Ol + Opx + Cpx + Chr/Mchr + Ni CpxX + SplX in Opx; Ed/Prg + Tr (2 3 Harzburgite
sulde (vaesite) generations of amphibole); Srp
DNG 01 Ol + Opx + Cpx + Cr-Spl Ed; Srp 4 Harzburgite
BR 01 OlR + OpxR + CpxR + Cr-Spl Srp + Chl + Mag 5 Harzburgite
BR 02 OlR + OpxR + CpxR + Cr-Spl Srp + Chl + Mag 5 Harzburgite
BR 03 Mchr Chl + Srp 3 Podiform chromitite

Research School of Earth Sciences, ANU. Lithium borate discs were
prepared by fusion of 0.27 g of dried sample powder with 1.72 g of
1222 eutectic LiBO2 Li2 B4 O7 at 1010 C for 10 min in a rocker
furnace. The XRF spectrometer was calibrated for major elements
against a set of 28 international standard rock powders. Loss-on-
ignition (LOI) values were calculated from the mass change in
approximately 2 gof powdered sample after heating to 1010 C in
the furnace for 1 h.
Trace element analyses were obtained by LA-ICP-MS at the
Research School of Earth Sciences, ANU. Trace elements concen-
tration were determined on glasses made from rock powders fused
with lithium borate ux (1:3 mass ratio). The LA ICP-MS employed
a Lambda Physik Compex 110i ArF+ (193 nm) excimer laser and
a Hewlett Packard Agilent 7500 ICP-MS. Laser sampling was per-
formed in an ArHe atmosphere using a spot size between 80 and
100 m. The counting time was 20 s for the background and 40 s for
sample analyses. The external standard for calibration was NIST 612
glass, using the standard reference values of Pearce et al. (2000). Si
was used as the internal standard, employing the SiO2 concentra-
tion previously measured by XRF. Relative uncertainties in the trace
element analyses calculated from counting statistics were typically
12% for abundant transition metals and light rare earths, larger
for scarcer elements. Estimate standard deviations are quoted in
Table 8.
4. Results
4.1. Petrological features
Summaries of the eld and petrographic characteristics of rep-
resentative ultramac rocks from the South Sulawesi Basement
Complexes are listed in Table 1.
4.2. Bantimala block
The ultramac rocks in the Bantimala Block are olivine
clinopyroxenite and strongly to completely serpentinized peri-
dotite (harzburgite and dunite). Podiform chromitite occurs as
lens-shaped blocks or nodules within the clinopyroxenite and
sometimes also enveloped by dunite. Locally, greenschist-facies
metamorphism is evidenced by the occurrence of tremolite schist
as separate tectonic blocks.
The olivine clinopyroxenite (samples MOR 02A and MOR 04)
consists predominantly of cumulate-textured clinopyroxene (more
than 95%) with subordinat olivine. A spinel-group mineral (ana-
lysed as chromite: see data below) also occurs, along with (Cu,
Fe) suldes. All the samples contain serpentine, chlorite, mag-
netite and ilmenite as alteration products of the anhydrous silicates
(Fig. 3a and b). Olivine has modal abundance 3040%, and forms
euhedral to subhedral grains with irregular fractures lled by ser-
pentine. Olivine grains exhibit undulating and mosaic extinction,
and sometime show deformation twins. Some are almost com-
pletely replaced by serpentine. Clinopyroxene makes up 4050% of
the rock, as anhedral grains 58 mm in size. The abundance of ser-
pentine ranges from 5 to 10% of the rock, and forms cross-bre veins
along with chlorite that cut the olivine and pyroxene. Chromite is
opaque and forms less than 8% of the rock. The rocks do not contain
orthopyroxene, plagioclase or their pseudomorphs.
Harzburgites (MOR 02B and MOR 03A) consist of olivine
(5560%), relict orthopyroxene (2025%) and amphibole (510%)
(Fig. 3c). Olivine varies in size, usually 0.41.2 mm, but some-
times up to 3 mm. Most olivines are altered, with serpentine
veins replacing the olivine. Orthopyroxene occurs as subhedral
to anhedral crystals 0.51.5 mm in size, sometimes up to 4 mm,
and commonly replaced by amphibole, which is usually found in
the contact between orthopyroxene and olivine, and is sometimes
altered to serpentine. In MOR 02B, grains of Fe3+ -rich chromite
occur as an accessory mineral, usually 0.20.8 mm in size, equant
and despite of the effect of serpentinization the chromites are
generally unalteredand are often found with Fe suldes (implied
by point analyses to be intergrowths of pyrite + pyrrhotite and/or
pyrite + pentlandite: see below). Associated magnetite is presumed
to be a by-product of serpentinization.
A dunite (MOR 01) associated with the harzburgites is strongly
serpentinized (ca. 85% replacement), but olivine relicts can still be
identied. Olivine would have originally made up 9095% of the
rock. Chromite abundance is 35%; it usually forms small grains
0.21 mm in size.
The podiform chromitite (MOR 03B) commonly occurs as lenses
within olivine clinopyroxenite, but also sometimes within dunite.
In some places, it forms discontinuous tabular bodies. Most of the
chromitite was massive in structure, coarse-grained and composed
up to 90 vol% of an oxide which analysed as Cr-rich magnetite
(below). Anhedral individual grains range from 0.53 mm and are
closely packed, but commonly with lms of silicate between the
grains.
Tremolite schist (BGR 02) and serpentinite were found at Batu-
garencing Hill as separate tectonic blocks. The tremolite schist
 A. Maulana et al. / Chemie der Erde 75 (2015) 7387 77

Fig. 3. (a) Photomicrograph of clinopyroxenite (MOR 02A) in crossed polars, showing olivine (Ol), clinopyroxene (Cpx) and Cr-rich spinel-group mineral (Cr-Spl). Olivine
has been partially replaced by serpentine (Srp). (b) Olivine clinopyroxenite (MOR 04) in plane polarized light. Olivine (Ol) has been partially altered into serpentine (c)
Harzburgite (MOR 02B) in crossed polars, showing olivine, orthopyroxene (Opx), serpentine and tremolite (Tr). Note that rim of Opx is altered into serpentine. (d) Tremolitic
schist (BGR 02) in crossed polars. Tremolite porphyroblasts occur in tremolite and chlorite (Chl) groundmass.

consists of tremolite (nearly 80%) with a small amount of chlo-
rite (1015%) and calcite (<5%). Tremolite occurs as porphyroblasts,
ranging from 26 mm in size, showing a distinctive cleavage. Chlo-
rite occurs mainly as a secondary mineral replacing tremolite, but
is sometimes found as small grains or bres in the groundmass and
as a rim on tremolite (Fig. 3d).
The Batugarencing Hill serpentinite sample BGR 01 shows relics
of olivine and orthopyroxene, along with spinel grains. The absence
of evidence for clinopyroxene implies that it is a highly altered
harzburgite. The serpentine contain a small amounts of chlorite.
Individual serpentine pseudomorphs are generally ne-grained,
with randomly oriented brous texture, although some mesh tex-
ture is developed in former olivine.
4.3. Barru block
Generally, the ultramac rocks of the Barru Block have
been serpentinized and metamorphosed at low temperature
(greenschist-facies) or moderately high temperature (amphibolite-
facies). The amphibolite-facies overprint is related to later intrusion
by intermediate to felsic magmas. The ultramac rocks are of
amphibole bearing harzburgite (AM16 and DNG01) and harzbur-
gite (BR02) composition. Podiform chromitite sometimes occurs as
lenses or nodules within peridotite at Sabangnairi Hill and Kamara
Village.
The amphibole-bearing harzburgite (samples AM 16 and DNG
01) were distinguished from harzburgite (BR02) by the occurrence
of amphibole. It consists of subhedral to euhedral orthopyrox-
ene (2030%) and clinopyroxene (25%) together with anhedral
serpentinized-olivine (5060%) and amphibole (1015%). The
harzburgite (BR02) has similar composition but without amphi-
bole. A spinel-group mineral (chromite to magnesiochromite)
occurs as an accessory (210%) along with small amounts of sul-
de (12%). Olivine is pseudomorphed by serpentine (Fig. 4a), and
some relict olivine grains exhibit undulating and mosaic extinction.
Primary orthopyroxene has exsolution lamellae of clinopyrox-
ene and rarely spinel. Amphibole is secondary, and occurs in
multiple generations, initially identied visually as hornblende
(earlier, coarser, more pleochroic) or tremolite (less so), which
partially or completely replace pyroxene grains and are in turn
altered into serpentine. Subsequent analysis revealed these to be,
respectively, edenite and magnesiohornblende/tremolite (below).
Mesh-textured serpentine pseudomorphs most anhydrous sili-
cates, and also contain chlorite (Fig. 4). Relict grains of olivine and
pyroxene rimmed by serpentine are sometimes still found. Serpen-
tine makes up 6085% of the rock, including pseudomorphs after
olivine, clinopyroxene and orthopyroxene. Subhedral and lobate
Cr-rich spinel makes up 58% of the rock. Other phases are chlorite
(2030%), and accessory magnetite (Fig. 4b). The olivine pseudo-
morphs show a mesh texture as described by OHanley (1996), with
serpentine in the mesh rims and olivine relicts in the mesh centres.
Serpentine also occurs as thin veins cutting the thin sections. Acces-
sory spinel varies in size (usually 0.20.7 mm), and is sometimes
replaced by (Mg, Cr)-rich magnetite.
Podiform chromitite (BR 03) is found as coarse-grained
(15 mm) layers containing up to 95 vol% anhedral magne-
siochromite grains cemented by serpentine. Interlayering with
peridotite was sometimes observed in the eld.
78 A. Maulana et al. / Chemie der Erde 75 (2015) 7387
Fig. 4. (a) Photomicrograph of serpentinized harzburgite (AM 16) in crossed polars. The rock exhibits a pseudomorphic texture in which olivine has been altered into
serpentine and pyroxene has been replaced by hornblende (b) Serpentinized spinel-bearing harzburgite (BR 02) in crossed polars. Serpentine replacing olivine exhibits a
mesh texture (A). Chlorite occurs sporadically (Chl) and Cr-rich spinel occurs as an accessory mineral.
5. Mineral chemistry
5.1. Olivine
Representative microprobe analyses of olivine from the ultra-
mac rocks in the Bantimala and Barru Blocks are given in Table 2.
Analyses are normalized to 4 oxygens, assuming all Fe is Fe2+ .
Olivine composition depends mainly on lithology, and is usually
uniform within individual samples, with no compositional zoning
from core to rim. Generally, olivine from the Bantimala Block is less
magnesian (Fo content ranges from 0.850.90). Olivine from Ban-
timala clinopyroxenites (MOR 02A and MOR 04) is less magnesian
(Fo85 ) than that from harzburgite MOR 02B (Fo90 ). All olivine from
the Barru Block is Mg-rich, with Fo content 0.890.91.
5.2. Pyroxenes
Representative microprobe analyses of pyroxenes are presented
in Table 2. Ferric iron content in pyroxene was calculated by nor-
malizing the cation to a total of 4 apfu. To balance the charge of
6 O2 pfu., Fe3+ was substituted for Fe2+ . In the Bantimala Block,
clinopyroxene only occurs in the clinopyroxenites MOR 02A and
MOR 04. It shows a very restricted composition range (En47.549.5 ,
Fs13.6 ,Wo48.849.5 ) and plots in the diopside eld. The XMg value is
0.95. Orthopyroxene also shows a rather restricted composition
(En9091 , Fs8.59.5 , Wo0.50.8 ), plotting in the enstatite eld with XMg
value is 0.91.
Orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene in the Barru Block occur
in harzburgite (AM 16, DNG 01). The orthopyroxene has a very
restricted range of composition (En90.691.8 , Fs8.49 , Wo0.40.5 ) with
XMg = 0.910.92, and plots in the enstatite eld. Clinopyroxene also
shows little variation in composition, and falls in the diopside
eld. Ca = 0.940.95 apfu, Al is very low at 0.010.02 apfu, XMg is
0.950.98.
5.3. Oxides
Representative analyses of spinel-group minerals and ilmenite
from ultramac rocks are presented in Table 3. The Cr-rich spinels
from clinopyroxenite and harzburgite in the Bantimala Block, are
chromite with Cr/(Cr + Al) = XCr = 0.910.92, whereas those from the
podiform chromitite have even higher XCr (0.950.96), but also have
calculated Fe3+ > Cr, making them Cr-rich magnetite. This spinel is
compositionally distinct from those in the other ultramac rocks,
with relatively low content of Al2 O3 (0.50.9 wt%) and high TiO2
(2.73.3 wt%, equivalent to 0.1 apfu). Ilmenite was only found in
clinopyroxenite MOR 02A, and has high MgO and low MnO contents
(5.05 wt% and 0.33 wt%, respectively).
The spinels from the Barru block are more varied than those
from Bantimala, but in general have lower Cr content. XCr for
spinel harzburgite AM 16 is 0.720.75; there is a wide range of
Fe2+ :Mg ratio, including examples of both chromite and magne-
siochromite whereas harzburgite BR 02 has two types of spinel.
One has lower XCr (0.200.21), high Al content (1.461.49 apfu), low
Fe3+ (0.140.15 apfu) and Mg > Fe2+ , making it Cr-rich true spinel,
while the other has higher XCr (0.880.91), low Al and high Fe3+
content (1.441.48 apfu), with Mg Fe2+ , and is Cr-rich magnetite
to magnesioferrite.
The spinel in Barru podiform chromitite BR03 is magne-
siochromite showing zoning with XCr increasing toward the rim
(0.750.84, respectively). Compared to the Cr-rich magnetite in the
Bantimala podiform chromitite, it has much higher Mg:Fe2+ , lower
Fe3+ and is more aluminous, with Al up to 0.47 apfu.
5.4. Amphiboles
Representative analyses of amphibole from the meta-ultramac
and ultramac rocks are in Table 4. Formulae were recalculated to
23 oxygens on the assumption that the small amount of Fe present
was Fe2+ throughout. A tendency to obtain subtotals of octahedral
cations (Aloct + Cr + Ti + Mg + Fe + Mn) in excess of 5 per formula unit
suggested contamination of the amphiboles by ne intergrowth of
an Mg-rich phase with high average cation charge, such as talc or
an intermediate pyribole.
Identication of species name for these slightly contami-
nated amphiboles is nontrivial. The classication scheme of
Hawthorne et al. (2012) divides calcium amphiboles from sodium-
calcium amphiboles at (Ca + B M2+ )/B = 0.75, where B represents
the second-largest cation site group in the overall amphibole for-
mula template A01 B2 C5 T8 O22 X2 . All the amphiboles of this study
are unequivocally calcium amphiboles by this criterion. Within
that group, Hawthorne et al. (2012) dene species boundaries on
the basis of X = C (M3+ + 2 Ti) and Y = A (Na + K + 2 Ca). Parameter Y
is equivalent to cations 15 in our case, since we have no A Ca.
Parameter X is not a robust parameter as derived directly from
our formulae, since the distribution of Al between octahedral and
tetrahedral sites has a very large relative uncertainty. However,
examination of Figs. 3 and 4 of Hawthorne et al. (2012) shows
that this discriminator is equivalent to (23 + B M1+ Si cations ).
We assume that Li is absent, so B M1+ = B Na, which in turn can
be estimated as B Na = 15 + Na + K cations , if this term is positive,
zero otherwise. The second discriminator Y can be rewritten as
Table 2
Olivine and pyroxene analyses. Olivine normalized to 4 oxygens and 3 cations and pyroxene normalized to 6 oxygens and 4 cations.

Sample MOR 02A MOR 04 MOR 02B AM 16 DNG 01 Sample MOR 02A MOR 04 MOR 02B AM 16

Olivine Pyroxene

SiO2 40.31 40.24 40.41 40.07 40.86 40.52 40.88 40.80 40.74 41.31 SiO2 53.46 53.45 54.51 53.87 55.54 55.04 55.28 55.62
TiO2 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.03 0.03 0.12 0.08 0.01 0.11 0.00 TiO2 0.20 0.28 0.15 0.21 0.01 0.05 0.13 0.06
Al2 O3 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Al2 O3 1.52 1.63 1.36 1.84 1.97 2.33 3.62 3.36

A. Maulana et al. / Chemie der Erde 75 (2015) 7387

Cr2 O3 0.07 0.09 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.02 0.07 0.02 0.05 Cr2 O3 0.16 0.33 0.18 0.11 0.17 0.28 1.02 0.82
FeO 14.58 13.94 14.03 14.38 9.87 9.56 9.13 8.99 10.19 9.62 FeO 2.95 2.80 2.35 2.73 6.96 6.62 6.50 6.13
MnO 0.00 0.23 0.02 0.45 0.20 0.15 0.22 0.06 0.25 0.28 MnO 0.01 0.14 0.13 0.00 0.12 0.12 0.16 0.17
MgO 45.97 45.79 46.39 45.50 48.37 48.36 48.78 49.16 48.14 49.97 MgO 17.04 16.95 17.15 16.88 33.56 33.03 33.78 34.01
CaO 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.03 0.04 CaO 24.11 24.16 24.53 24.36 0.22 0.39 0.23 0.29
Na2 O 0.00 0.12 0.02 0.00 0.25 0.18 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.18 Na2 O 0.30 0.27 0.31 0.26 0.12 0.16 0.00 0.09
K2 O 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 K2 O 0.08 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00
Totals 100.94 100.45 100.9 100.43 99.63 98.95 99.14 99.09 99.59 101.45 Total 99.83 100.01 100.68 100.26 98.67 98.03 100.72 100.55
Si 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.01 1.00 1.01 1.00 1.00 1.00 Si 1.95 1.94 1.97 1.96 1.94 1.94 1.90 1.91
Al 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Altet 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.10 0.09
Ti 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Aloct 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.05 0.05
Cr 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Ti 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Fe3+ 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Cr 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.02
Fe2+ 0.30 0.29 0.29 0.30 0.20 0.20 0.19 0.19 0.21 0.19 Fe3+ 0.05 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.03
Mn 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 Fe2+ 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.17 0.17 0.16 0.14
Mg 1.70 1.70 1.71 1.69 1.77 1.78 1.79 1.80 1.77 1.80 Mn 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00
Ca 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Mg 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.91 1.75 1.73 1.73 1.74
Na 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 Ca 0.94 0.94 0.95 0.95 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01
K 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Na 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01
Total 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 2.99 3.00 3.00 3.01 K 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Fo 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.91 0.89 0.90 Total 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00
En 48.61 48.12 47.97 47.45 91.00 90.59 91.13 91.86
Fs 1.95 2.57 2.71 3.33 8.58 8.63 8.44 7.56
Wo 49.45 49.32 49.32 49.22 0.42 0.78 0.42 0.58
Mg# 0.96 0.95 0.95 0.93 0.91 0.91 0.92 0.92

79
 80
Table 3
Representative microprobe analyses of oxides. Spinel-group minerals recalculated to 4 oxygens with Fe3+ content calculated to give 3 cations, ilmenite to 3 oxygens. Symbols after Whitney and Evans (2010): Chr = chromite,
Ilm = ilmenite, Mag = magnetite, Mchr = magnesiochromite, Spl = spinel.

Sample MOR 02A MOR 02B MOR 03B AM 16 BR 02 BR 03

Rock type Clinopyroxenite Harzburgite Chromitite Harzburgite Harzburgite Chromitite

Mineral Chr Chr Ilm Chr Cr-rich Mag Chr Mchr Chr Cr-rich Spl (Mg,Cr)-rich Mag Mchr

SiO2 0.25 0.11 0.06 0.08 0.13 0.40 0.11 0.07 0.03 0.04 0.09 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.33 0.48 0.44 0.02 0.09 0.07 0.07 0.00
TiO2 1.17 1.05 53.05 0.51 0.51 0.99 2.93 2.99 3.28 0.54 0.45 0.51 0.19 0.10 0.13 0.08 0.00 0.09 0.08 0.37 0.31 0.21 0.28

A. Maulana et al. / Chemie der Erde 75 (2015) 7387

Al2 O3 2.52 2.25 0.02 2.26 2.20 1.87 0.65 0.61 0.51 11.77 10.31 10.54 44.48 44.65 44.85 1.63 1.18 1.45 11.90 11.06 12.07 12.05 7.27
Cr2 O3 37.00 34.59 0.17 37.04 35.35 31.80 17.12 18.63 19.24 44.85 43.78 46.89 18.30 17.95 16.96 17.45 17.95 17.37 54.17 53.10 52.93 53.26 57.71
FeO 56.16 59.19 40.62 50.07 53.61 55.43 71.42 70.56 70.71 32.06 29.95 33.69 20.16 19.66 19.37 64.81 64.99 65.67 19.05 20.59 18.22 19.82 20.62
MnO 0.33 0.43 0.96 0.71 0.33 0.32 0.30 0.21 0.27 0.33 0.49 0.47 0.16 0.00 0.28 2.27 1.85 2.63 0.00 0.16 0.00 0.13 0.12
MgO 3.27 2.87 5.05 2.50 2.60 2.28 1.44 1.12 1.34 7.74 12.94 6.01 15.68 15.89 15.58 8.53 8.60 8.52 12.56 12.10 12.22 12.25 10.96
CaO 0.00 0.00 0.12 0.02 0.07 0.08 0.02 0.09 0.01 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.04 0.06 0.01 0.25 0.31 0.30 0.08 0.09 0.07 0.13 0.03
Na2 O 0.00 0.15 0.10 0.25 0.21 0.07 0.00 0.09 0.27 0.35 0.28 0.32 0.18 0.25 0.28 0.39 0.27 0.18 0.55 0.43 0.53 0.57 0.50
K2 O 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Total 100.70 100.64 100.15 93.44 95.01 93.24 93.99 94.37 95.70 97.75 98.37 98.63 99.19 98.56 97.47 95.74 95.66 96.65 98.44 97.99 96.42 98.49 97.49
Si 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Al 0.10 0.09 0.00 0.10 0.10 0.08 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.47 0.39 0.42 1.46 1.47 1.49 0.07 0.05 0.06 0.45 0.43 0.47 0.46 0.29
Ti 0.03 0.03 0.96 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
Cr 1.03 0.96 0.00 1.11 1.04 0.96 0.52 0.56 0.57 1.19 1.12 1.26 0.40 0.40 0.38 0.48 0.50 0.48 1.39 1.37 1.38 1.36 1.54
Fe3+ 0.79 0.90 0.07 0.77 0.84 0.88 1.28 1.24 1.24 0.33 0.47 0.31 0.14 0.15 0.14 1.45 1.44 1.44 0.19 0.20 0.16 0.20 0.19
Fe2+ 0.86 0.84 0.75 0.82 0.83 0.89 1.00 1.00 0.97 0.57 0.34 0.65 0.33 0.31 0.31 0.44 0.46 0.46 0.32 0.36 0.34 0.34 0.39
Mn 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.07 0.06 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Mg 0.17 0.15 0.18 0.14 0.14 0.13 0.08 0.06 0.08 0.39 0.63 0.31 0.65 0.66 0.65 0.44 0.45 0.44 0.61 0.59 0.60 0.59 0.55
Ca 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00
Na 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.03
K 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Total 3.00 3.00 2.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00
Cr/(Cr + Al) 0.91 0.91 0.92 0.91 0.92 0.95 0.95 0.96 0.72 0.74 0.75 0.22 0.21 0.20 0.88 0.91 0.89 0.75 0.76 0.75 0.75 0.84
Cr/(Cr + Al + Fe3 + ) 0.53 0.49 0.04 0.56 0.53 0.50 0.28 0.31 0.31 0.60 0.56 0.63 0.20 0.20 0.19 0.24 0.25 0.24 0.68 0.69 0.69 0.67 0.76
Al/(Cr + Al + Fe3 + ) 0.06 0.05 0.00 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.34 0.33 0.31 0.76 0.76 0.77 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.47 0.43 0.48 0.46 0.33
Fe3+ /(Cr + Al + Fe3 + ) 0.41 0.46 0.95 0.39 0.42 0.46 0.70 0.68 0.68 0.17 0.24 0.15 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.09 0.10 0.08 0.10 0.10
Mg/(Mg + Fe2+ ) 0.17 0.15 0.19 0.15 0.15 0.13 0.08 0.06 0.07 0.41 0.65 0.32 0.66 0.68 0.68 0.50 0.49 0.49 0.65 0.62 0.64 0.64 0.59
Table 4
Representative microprobe analyses of amphibole (recalculated to 23 oxygens), serpentine (normalized to 7 oxygens), chlorite (normalized to 14 oxygens) and suldes (Numbers of atoms are normalized to the number of sulfurs
stated in the bottom row). All Fe assumed to be Fe2+ (see text) for amphibole. Symbols after Whitney and Evans (2010): Ed = edenite, Prg = pargasite, Tr = tremolite. XMg = Mg/(Mg + Fe), B Na, A Ca and species discriminator parameters
X and Y calculated as described in the text.

Sample BGR 02 AM 16 DNG 01 Sample MOR02A AM16 BR 02 Sample MOR 02A MOR 02B AM 16
no

Mineral Tr Hornblende = High-Al Tr High-Al Tr Ed Mineral Srp Chl Srp Srp Mineral Bornite Idaite (Ni,Co,Cu)-Py Py + Pn? Py + Po Vaesite
Ed/Prg

SiO2 56.68 56.32 46.05 46.28 53.04 52.01 51.59 53.24 47.75 SiO2 41.09 31.89 39.88 40.24 41.39 40.46 Fe wt% 14.82 13.21 15.98 27.11 50.44 8.75

A. Maulana et al. / Chemie der Erde 75 (2015) 7387

TiO2 0.11 0.15 0.37 0.24 0.13 0.22 0.29 0.33 0.37 TiO2 0.10 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.01 0.11 Co 0.00 0.00 5.21 0.00 0.00 0.00
Al2 O3 1.55 2.10 8.45 8.25 4.03 3.98 5.63 4.23 8.60 Al2 O3 0.00 14.27 0.31 0.71 1.52 0.37 Ni 0.00 0.00 10.30 25.00 0.00 40.54
Cr2 O3 0.34 0.71 0.75 0.93 0.26 0.37 0.35 0.37 0.81 Cr2 O3 0.00 0.43 0.00 0.45 0.38 0.05 Cu 59.51 55.25 16.60 0.00 0.00 0.00
FeO 2.75 2.95 4.35 4.00 2.90 2.34 3.30 3.32 4.30 FeO 5.24 4.43 5.84 6.09 6.82 3.72 S 24.93 30.51 51.51 46.67 49.55 50.27
MnO 0.00 0.15 0.06 0.00 0.07 0.08 0.13 0.09 0.03 MnO 0.12 0.01 0.11 0.17 0.13 0.08 Total 99.26 98.97 99.60 98.78 99.99 99.56
MgO 22.85 22.45 19.05 21.63 21.97 21.25 20.96 21.74 19.47 MgO 38.31 32.00 36.68 35.12 35.57 37.51 Atomic M/S 1.55 1.16 0.51 0.63 0.58 0.54
CaO 11.99 11.60 11.98 10.59 12.18 11.95 12.42 12.41 12.09 CaO 0.04 0.09 0.07 0.15 0.06 0.09 Fe 1.36 0.99 0.36 0.67 1.17 0.20
Na2 O 0.93 1.30 2.15 2.00 1.10 0.96 1.56 1.41 2.41 Na2 O 0.07 0.14 0.01 0.08 0.18 0.07 Co 0.00 0.00 0.11 0.00 0.00 0.00
K2 O 0.11 0.08 0.07 0.09 0.10 0.07 0.13 0.11 0.07 K2 O 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.04 0.00 Ni 0.00 0.00 0.22 0.59 0.00 0.88
Total 97.31 97.81 93.28 94.01 95.78 93.23 96.36 97.25 95.90 Totals 84.97 83.26 82.93 83.04 86.10 82.46 Cu 4.82 3.65 0.33 0.00 0.00 0.00
Si 7.81 7.75 6.81 6.76 7.48 7.51 7.28 7.43 6.86 Si 2.00 3.16 1.99 2.01 2.00 2.01 S 4.00 4.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00
Altet 0.19 0.25 1.19 1.24 0.52 0.49 0.72 0.57 1.14 Al tet 0.00 0.83 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 (M = Fe + Co + Ni + Cu)
Aloct 0.07 0.09 0.28 0.18 0.15 0.19 0.22 0.12 0.31 Al oct 0.00 0.84 0.02 0.04 0.09 0.02
Ti 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.03 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.04 Ti 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Cr 0.04 0.08 0.09 0.11 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.09 Cr 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.02 0.01 0.00
Fe2+ 0.32 0.34 0.54 0.49 0.34 0.28 0.39 0.39 0.52 Fe3+ 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Mn 0.00 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.00 Fe2+ 0.21 0.39 0.24 0.25 0.28 0.15
Mg 4.70 4.60 4.20 4.71 4.62 4.57 4.41 4.52 4.17 Mn 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00
Ca 1.77 1.71 1.90 1.66 1.84 1.85 1.88 1.85 1.86 Mg 2.78 4.72 2.73 2.62 2.56 2.77
Na 0.25 0.35 0.62 0.57 0.30 0.27 0.43 0.38 0.67 Ca 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00
K 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.01 Na 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.01
Total 15.16 15.21 15.68 15.75 15.32 15.25 15.43 15.37 15.67 K 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
XMg 0.94 0.93 0.89 0.91 0.93 0.94 0.92 0.92 0.89 Total 5.00 10.00 5.00 4.96 5.00 5.00
B
Na 0.10 0.15 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.01 XMg 0.93 0.92 0.92 0.91 0.90 0.95
A
Ca 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.16 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
X 0.12 0.20 0.45 0.34 0.20 0.28 0.32 0.23 0.48
Y 0.16 0.21 0.74 0.91 0.32 0.25 0.43 0.37 0.67

81
82 A. Maulana et al. / Chemie der Erde 75 (2015) 7387
Fig. 5. Amphibole compositions from the meta-ultramac and ultramac rocks
from the Bantimala (BGR 02, MOR 02B) and Barru (AM16, DNG 01) Block.
cations 15 + A Ca, where A Ca = cations 15 Na K, if this term
is positive, zero otherwise (complementary to B Na). The amphi-
bole compositions of Table 4 are plotted using these parameters in
Fig. 5. Note that contamination by an (Mg, Si)-rich phase such as talc
would imply that the true amphibole compositions lie further up
and/or to the left than shown, since the anhydrous talc composition
normalized to 23 oxygens is Mg6.27 Si8.36 O23 , which corresponds to
(X,Y) = (0.364, 0.364) in Fig. 5. Conversely, the presence of Fe3+
would imply that the true compositions lie lower and towards the
right.
In the Bantimala Block, amphibole is found in tremolitic
schist (BGR 02) and harzburgite (MOR 02B). The amphibole has
XMg = 0.920.95 and high silica content (7.757.82 apfu) and plots
in the eld of tremolite (Fig. 5) in classication of Hawthorne et al.
(2012).
In the Barru ultramac rocks, amphibole is found only in
harzburgite (AM 16 and DNG 01) and, as stated above, was distin-
guished on the basis of pleochroism and texture into hornblende
and tremolite. Compositions lie along a single curved trend in
Fig. 5, along with those of the Bantimala tremolite, but there is a
distinct gap between the more and less aluminous Barru analyses.
The less aluminous tremolite (XMg = 0.920.94) does indeed plot
in the tremolite eld in Fig. 5, despite its signicant Al content and a
wide range of Si contents (7.287.51 apfu) which appear too low for
tremolite at rst sight. The distinct population of more aluminous
hornblende in both rocks has XMg = 0.890.92, Si = 6.767.00 apfu
and more than 15.5 cations per 23 oxygens. Compositions classify as
edenite in Fig. 5, or lie on or just over the edenite-pargasite bound-
ary. The amphiboles have appreciable Cr content (0.090.13 apfu).
5.5. Serpentine and chlorite
Serpentine and chlorite compositions are given in Table 4. Ser-
pentine analyses were normalized to 7 oxygens and chlorites were
normalized to 14 oxygens, assuming all Fe to be Fe2+ . All analysed
serpentines are relatively homogeneous, with XMg = 0.890.92.
The chlorites from the Bantimala Block are clinochlore, with
XMg = 0.920.93, and Si-rich, with 3.113.17 Si apfu. In the Barru
Block, XMg for chlorite from lherzolite AM 16 (0.910.92) is gener-
ally lower than that for chlorite in harzburgite BR 02 (0.94).
5.6. Suldes
The sulde minerals found in the ultramacs are summarized
in Table 4. Some compositions could not be interpreted as sin-
gle phases, and may represent ne-grained intergrowths resulting
from breakdown of high-temperature solid solutions. Bantimala
clinopyroxenite MOR02A contained Cu-rich suldes bornite and
idaite (orange bornite, Cu3 FeS4 ). Note that idaite is poorly char-
acterized: it has been confused with nukundamite (Cu3.38 Fe0.62 S4 )
in the literature, but the true composition appears to be nearer
Cu3 FeS4 (Constantinou, 1975; Sugaki et al., 1981). The clinopyrox-
ene also contains a phase with cation:sulfur ratio close to 1:2. The
dominant cations is Fe, implying that this is pyrite, but unusually,
the mineral also contains very substantial amounts of Cu, Ni and
Co. The suldes of harzburgite MOR 02B also have low cation:sulfur
ratios, but not low enough to be single-phase pyrite. Analyses with
high Ni may be from pyrite intergrown with pentlandite, whereas
one Ni-free analysis may correspondite to pyrite + pyrrhotite. No Cu
was measured in the suldes of this rock, which counter-indicates
the presence of Cu-bearing pentlandite minerals such as horoman-
ite or samaniite, described from the Horoman peridotite of Japan
(Kitakaze et al., 2011).
The only sulde mineral observed in the Barru Block is vaesite,
the Ni-dominant member of the pyrite group, which occurs as a
minor accessory mineral in harzburgite AM16. It contained minor
Fe, but no detectable Co or Cu. The absence of Cu suldes in these
depleted peridotites is consistent with loss of most Cu but less Ni
to extracted melt.
6. Geochemistry
6.1. Whole rocks
The whole-rock compositions of the ultramac samples from
Bantimala and Barru Blocks are given in Table 5. The high degree
of serpentinization is represented by the high LOI (316 wt%) sug-
gesting the sea oor metamorphism condition or serpentinization
in a SSZ by subducting slab.Conversely, the very low Na contents of
the peridotites imply that little addition of alkalis was experienced
at the seaoor or during the subduction.
The compatible minor elements Ni and Cr decrease markedly
from high values in the peridotites (Ni = 10402170 ppm and
Cr = 23403783 ppm) to much lower values in the clinopyroxenite
(Ni = 361391 ppm and Cr = 1084 ppm), consistent with the frac-
tionation of olivine, spinel and clinopyroxene. Similarly, the Mg#
of the clinopyroxenite is relatively lower (Mg# = 78.9) than that of
the peridotites (Mg# = 8086).
6.2. Trace elements
All the ultramac rocks are depleted by about 12 orders of
magnitude in most trace elements relative to primitive mantle
(Fig. 6). This is consistent with their being refractory residues from
which some melt has been extracted, or cumulates. The Banti-
mala clinopyroxenites follow this pattern, but with marked positive
anomalies for Sr and negative anomalies for Zr (Fig. 6). Note that Hf
and Ta are not included in Fig. 6; both elements were present at very
low concentrations, but when normalized, showed apparent pos-
itive anomalies that were not exhibited by their lighter analogues
Zr and Nb. These spikes are assumed to be spurious, resulting from
contamination and/or interferences.
The chondrite-normalized pattern of REE from the clinopy-
roxenite (Fig. 6b) shows depletion in all elements relative to
N-MORB. The overall pattern is rather at, with a maximum
for MREE (Gd-Tm: 1.6 to 2 chondrite) and minimum for LREE
(0.30.5 chondrite). The apparent negative anomaly in Pr may be
 A. Maulana et al. / Chemie der Erde 75 (2015) 7387 83

Table 5
Whole-rock and trace element compositions of ultramac rocks from the Bantimala and Barru Blocks, South Sulawesi. n.d. = not detected. For trace elements, estimated
errors are given as multiples of least signicant digit, in parentheses, and 3 detection limit is used.

Block Bantimala Barru

Sample MOR 04 MOR 02A MOR 01 MOR 02B MOR 03A BGR 02 AM 16 DNG 01 BR 02

Rock type Olivine Clinopyroxenite Dunite Harzburgite Tremolite Schist Harzburgite

SiO2 wt% 49.04 48.65 40.55 40.18 39.62 46.27 38.85 40.53 39.47
TiO2 0.14 0.14 0.03 0.03 0.06 0.04 0.03 0.09 0.05
Al2 O3 2.20 2.15 0.95 1.36 0.84 4.12 1.27 2.75 1.70
FeOtot 5.77 5.83 6.93 8.46 8.02 4.98 7.59 8.18 7.47
MnO 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.13 0.08 0.09 0.17 0.08
MgO 21.51 21.86 36.54 37.84 36.74 29.50 36.06 34.23 35.62
CaO 18.23 17.83 0.05 1.26 0.03 5.10 0.23 2.13 0.10
Na2 O 0.17 0.19 n.d. n.d. n.d. 0.30 0.06 0.08 n.d.
K2 O 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.00
P2 O5 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01
LOI 3.36 3.29 14.35 10.42 14.02 8.76 16.19 12.27 15.13
Total 100.53 100.04 99.53 99.70 99.47 99.17 100.40 100.45 99.62
Mg# 0.789 0.789 0.841 0.817 0.821 0.855 0.826 0.807 0.827
Trace elements
Be 0.24 (4) 0.24 (4) <0.8 <1 0.27 (4) 0.48 (5) <0.8 0.18 (3) 0.20 (3)
Sc 92.1 (9) 90.0 (10) 14.1 (2) 12.5 (2) 26.8 (3) 4.55 (8) 14.9 (2) 15.4 (2) 17.3 (3)
V 208 (2) 214 (2) 57.3 (5) 74.8 (7) 75.1 (7) 47.4 (6) 82.8 (7) 91.8 (8) 93.9 (12)
Cr 1085 (14) 1084 (14) 3784 (51) 3220 (47) 2573 (33) 2361 (30) 2339 (32) 2573 (31) 2731 (37)
Ni 391 (4) 362 (4) 2074 (21) 2137 (22) 1040 (10) 1693 (16) 2174 (24) 2118 (20) 2071 (19)
Cu 282 (3) 419 (5) 21.9 (6) 52.0 (8) 11.5 (3) 12.3 (3) 53.2 (9) 18.8 (4) 36.3 (5)
Zn 16.4 (5) 15.6 (4) 69.0 (11) 48.8 (9) 26.4 (5) 21.6 (5) 46.0 (10) 36.7 (7) 48.0 (8)
Ga 1.63 (6) 1.63 (7) 0.63 (4) 1.38 (8) 0.92 (4) 5.00 (14) 1.96 (9) 2.10 (9) 1.48 (6)
Ge 2.8 (2) 2.5 (2) 2.1 (2) 2.0 (2) 1.3 (2) 0.6 (2) 1.6 (2) 1.7 (2) 3.3 (2)
As 0.51 (12) 1.01 (12) <0.8 <0.8 1.82 (13) 0.30 (12) 133 (2) 114.6 (14) 3.1 (2)
Rb <0.05 <0.05 <0.3 0.38 (4) 0.12 (2) 0.10 (2) 0.30 (3) 0.17 (3) 0.08 (2)
Sr 18.7 (2) 19.7 (3) 0.47 (3) 9.1 (2) 0.69 (3) 33.1 (4) 5.66 (13) 5.36 (10) 1.77 (6)
Y 2.19 (6) 2.00 (5) 0.68 (4) 0.84 (4) 1.22 (4) 0.37 (2) 2.47 (7) 2.27 (5) 0.82 (4)
Zr 0.35 (3) 0.40 (3) 0.37 (4) 0.94 (6) 1.09 (5) 1.21 (6) 1.87 (8) 0.95 (5) 0.28 (3)
Nb 0.097 (15) 0.091 (12) 0.027 (12) 0.107 (15) 0.057 (10) 0.06 (1) 0.084 (13) 0.044 (10) 0.024 (8)
Mo 0.53 (6) 0.58 (5) 0.98 (8) 1.62 (13) 0.76 (6) 1.01 (9) 1.08 (10) 1.13 (8) 1.05 (7)
Ag 0.21 (2) 0.38 (2) 0.13 (2) 0.18 (4) 0.05 (2) 0.13 (2) 0.17 (3) 0.16 (2) 0.102 (15)
Cd <0.2 <0.15 <0.25 <0.2 <0.08 <0.15 <0.3 <0.12 <0.12
In 0.021 (7) 0.020 (8) <0.02 <0.025 <0.015 <0.025 <0.025 <0.02 0.021 (5)
Sn 0.78 (6) 0.25 (6) 0.25 (6) 0.78 (9) <0.015 0.25 (5) 0.34 (8) 0.14 (4) 0.25 (5)
Sb 2.72 (10) 2.67 (11) 3.24 (10) 2.94 (11) 2.93 (11) 2.62 (10) 3.06 (10) 2.84 (9) 2.65 (8)
Cs 0.039 (12) 0.040 (12) <0.02 0.21 (2) 0.021 (8) 0.056 (11) 0.039 (9) 0.058 (10) 0.044 (9)
Ba 2.11 (8) 1.16 (6) <0.8 2.98 (11) 4.67 (10) 1.00 (5) 16.9 (2) 22.8 (3) 1.20 (6)
La 0.089 (15) 0.079 (14) 0.057 (10) 0.120 (16) 0.183 (15) 0.21 (2) 0.22 (2) 0.24 (2) 0.26 (2)
Ce 0.16 (2) 0.17 (2) 0.067 (10) 0.24 (2) 0.55 (3) 0.27 (2) 0.18 (2) 0.17 (2) 0.130 (12)
Pr 0.049 (9) 0.012 (6) <0.01 0.051 (9) 0.075 (11) 0.044 (8) 0.028 (6) 0.027 (9) 0.028 (6)
Nd 0.33 (5) 0.23 (5) 0.08 (3) 0.21 (4) 0.39 (6) 0.22 (5) 0.31 (5) 0.27 (4) 0.10 (4)
Sm 0.20 (5) 0.08 (5) <0.08 0.15 (5) 0.10 (4) <0.1 0.12 (4) 0.15 (4) <0.1
Eu 0.078 (17) 0.056 (13) 0.023 (10) 0.044 (11) 0.063 (14) 0.038 (13) 0.061 (15) 0.054 (12) 0.034 (15)
Gd 0.34 (5) 0.37 (6) 0.07 (3) 0.08 (3) 0.25 (4) 0.06 (2) 0.22 (4) 0.27 (5) 0.08 (2)
Tb 0.063 (10) 0.056 (10) <0.02 <0.02 0.042 (7) <0.02 0.061 (9) 0.037 (9) 0.019 (6)
Dy 0.42 (6) 0.34 (5) 0.13 (3) <0.1 0.23 (4) <0.07 0.41 (6) 0.49 (5) 0.16 (3)
Ho 0.089 (16) 0.069 (13) <0.03 0.047 (9) 0.031 (7) 0.019 (5) 0.100 (11) 0.099 (11) 0.030 (9)
Er 0.24 (4) 0.23 (3) 0.16 (2) 0.09 (3) 0.11 (2) 0.041 (13) 0.34 (4) 0.24 (4) 0.08 (2)
Tm 0.052 (11) 0.037 (9) 0.027 (8) 0.029 (7) <0.015 0.017 (7) 0.037 (10) 0.037 (9) <0.012
Yb 0.17 (3) 0.15 (3) 0.11 (3) 0.08 (3) 0.10 (2) <0.05 0.39 (4) 0.28 (4) 0.16 (3)
Lu 0.025 (8) 0.020 (7) 0.018 (10) 0.02 (1) 0.019 (7) <0.015 0.061 (13) 0.048 (10) 0.027 (7)
Hf 0.30 (4) 0.20 (3) 0.10 (3) 0.31 (4) 0.08 (3) 0.16 (3) 0.68 (5) 0.20 (3) <0.05
Ta 0.046 (6) 0.039 (5) 0.019 (6) 0.031 (6) <0.008 <0.007 0.034 (5) 0.017 (4) <0.006
Tl <0.10 <0.08 <0.15 <0.15 <0.07 <0.06 <0.1 <0.05 <0.07
Pb 0.62 (6) 0.75 (7) <4 0.36 (5) 0.13 (5) 0.68 (7) 0.35 (5) 0.15 (4) <0.08
Bi 0.074 (16) 0.11 (2) 0.035 (15) 0.035 (12) 0.041 (16) <0.03 0.041 (15) <0.03 <0.03
Th 0.025 (9) <0.03 <0.03 <0.04 0.04 (1) 0.027 (9) <0.03 <0.025 <0.03
U <0.03 <0.02 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.02 <0.03 <0.025 <0.02

due to late addition of LREE (La, Ce, Pr) superimposed on an original
LREE-depleted pattern, while the apparent positive anomaly in Tm
is <2 in magnitude, and appears to represent analytical error.
Harzburgite and dunite from the Bantimala Block are also very
depleted compared to primitive mantle, in general. There are neg-
ative Zr and Nb anomalies, but upward curves for the incompatible
lithophiles Rb, Ba and Th, and a Sr spike for one harzburgite may
represent input from slab uids. Chondrite-normalized REE are
very at (Fig. 6c and d).
Trace element plots for the Barru harzburgite are shown in
Fig. 6e and f. The spiky pattern for large-ion lithophiles and high
eld strength elements is even more marked than for the Bantimala
ultramacs. Relative to the overall trend, all rocks are depleted in
Nb and Zr, but the amphibole bearing harzburgite (AM 16 and DNG
01) show enrichment in Rb, Ba, La and Ce, which again may be due
to slab uid input. Apart from the enrichment in La and possibly
Ce, the REEs are in general more enriched at the heavy end of the
series.
84 A. Maulana et al. / Chemie der Erde 75 (2015) 7387

Fig. 6. (a) PM-normalized trace element patterns of clinopyroxenites from the Bantimala Block. (b) Chondrite-normalized REE patterns. Primitive mantle and chondrite
data taken from Sun and McDonough (1989), as is the N-MORB data shown as comparison. (c) Primitive-mantle normalized trace element patterns of dunite MOR 01 and
harzburgites MOR 02B, MOR 03A from the Bantimala Block. (d) Chondrite-normalized REE patterns. (e) Primitive mantle-normalized trace element patterns of harzburgite
AM 16, DNG 01 and harzburgite BR 02 from the Barru block. (f) Chondrite-normalized REE patterns. Cpx-ESO eld is from Kadarusman et al. (2004), Cpx-SSZ ophiolite is from
Bizimis et al. (2000).

7. Discussion
7.1. Geothermobarometry
The absence of garnet in ultramac rocks in the Bantimala
implies that they have not experienced high-pressure meta-
morphism. They contain relict orthopyroxene which must have
equilibrated at relatively low temperature (<800 C; cf. Lindsley,
1983), as the Ca content of the pyroxene is below detection limit of
the electron microprobe (<0.1 wt% for CaO).
In the Barru Block, the equilibrium temperature derived from
pyroxene porphyroclasts in harzburgite AM 16 is calculated
to be 1120 C according to two-pyroxene thermobarometer of
Wells (1977). Plagioclase and garnet are absent, consistent with
pressure lying within the eld in the diagram of Arai (1994).
Exsolution of clinopyroxene and spinel in orthopyroxene indicate
re-equilibration from higher-temperature conditions (Arai, 1994).
In both blocks, the high degree of serpentinization for most
samples indicates intensive metamorphism at low-pressure, low-
temperature conditions.
Both blocks show rocks with metamorphic amphibole, but the
ranges of amphibole composition differ. The Bantimala Block con-
tains schist with tremolite that is poor in alkalis and Al, while
the Barru Block has distinct populations of early edenite/pargasite
and later high-Al tremolite. All compositions lie along a single
trend, and if the difference in Al/Na content is correlated with
 A. Maulana et al. / Chemie der Erde 75 (2015) 7387 85

temperature of growth, the implication is that the Barru Block expe-

rienced higher peak T during metamorphism than the Bantimala
Block, and possibly a separate retrograde event. Note that in these
ultramac bulk compositions, even the low temperature Ban-
timala tremolite may have formed at >800 C (Arai et al., 2008).
Chlorite and serpentine indicate continuing retrogression at lower
temperatures (Arai, 1994).
Hydration and cooling during uplift produced amphiboles with-
out growth of plagioclase as shown by the reactions below, which
are written for edenite, magnesiohornblende and tremolite end-
members:

2CaMg[Si2 O6 ] + 2.5MgSiO3 + 0.5MgAl2 O4 + Na+ + 0.5SiO2

+ 1.5H2 O = NaCa2 Mg5 [AlSi7 O22 ](OH)2 + H+ (1)

2CaMg[Si2 O6 ] + MgSiO3 + MgAl2 O4 + 2SiO2 + H2

O = Ca2 Mg4 Al[AlSi7 O22 ](OH)2 (2)

2CaMg[Si2 O6 ] + 3MgSiO3 + SiO2 + H2 O = Ca2 Mg5 [Si8 O22 ](OH)2

(3)
Note that production of amphiboles requires addition of H2 O
and SiO2 in all cases, and of Na for edenite. The water may be lib-
erated by decomposition of previously formed serpentine, but the
silica and alkalis must be supplied from an external source; serpen-
tine is chemically equivalent to olivine + orthopyroxene + water,
and hence is a silica sink rather than a source.
This process presumably occurred during uplift along the fault
from the upper mantle to the surface, as suggested by Arai et al.
(2008) for the Yugu peridotite in South Korea. The absence of
plagioclase in ultramacs in the Bantimala and Barru Blocks sug-
gests that the peridotites were exhumed rapidly from depths
corresponding to the spinel lherzolite stability eld. The PT path
estimation of peridotite from the ultramac bodies in the Barru
area is thus similar to that of the Yugu peridotite. (Arai et al., 2008).
7.2. Petrogenesis: Constraints from Cr-spinel composition
Fig. 7. Plot of weight percent Al2 O3 vs. TiO2 in spinels for ultramac rocks in the
Bantimala and Barru blocks (Kamenetsky et al., 2001). SSZ = supra-subduction zone,
MORB = mid-oceanic ridge basalt. Three samples plotted in the MORB eld are mag-
netite in composition.
roughly constant Cr#). Thus, the high Cr# suggests that the parent
magmas were generated in a SSZ environment. The relatively high
Cr# of ultramac rocks is characteristic of Toroshima Ultramac
which have been interpreted to have been formed in SSZ setting
(Parkinson and Pearce, 1998). The ultramac rocks from Bantimala
and Barru is similar to the Toroshima Ultramac, where harzburgite
and dunite is dominant and contain high Cr#.
Based on the trace element analyses and spinel compositions
from the ultramacs, we infer that the Barru and Bantimala ultra-
macs are from a supra-subduction zone environment, but while
the Barru harzburgite is restitic, with some melt extracted, the Ban-
timala dunite, harzburgite and clinopyroxenite are all cumulates
derived from fractionation of melts.

The peridotites from both blocks contain Cr-rich spinels which

differ in composition. In the Al2 O3 TiO2 diagram of Kamenetsky
et al. (2001), the relatively Mg-rich spinels from the Barru harzbur-
gite and chromitite (spinel sensu stricto and magnetite) plot in
the supra-subduction zone (SSZ) and arc eld, whereas the more
Fe-rich oxides from the Bantimala Block (mainly chromite and mag-
netite) plot outside of SSZ or MORB elds, suggesting cumulate
sources (Fig. 7). The podiform chromitites of the two blocks also
have spinel compositions that are quite different in their Cr:Al:Fe3+
ratio (Fig. 8): the relatively primitive Barru chromitite contains
Mg- and Cr-rich magnesiochromite, whereas the Bantimala cumu-
late spinel is rich enough in Fe2+ and Fe3+ to qualify as magnetite,
implying difference magma sources.
In the Cr# of spinel vs. Fo-in-olivine diagram of Arai (1994)
(Fig. 9), the high Cr of the clinopyroxenite from the Bantimala block
leads it to plot above even the SSZ peridotite domain of Arai (1994).
The Bantimala harzburgite plot outside the mantle array of Arai,
which corresponds to restitic peridotites, due to their combination
of high-Cr spinel with Fe-rich olivine. This is consistent with their
origin as products of fractional crystallization. Fig. 3 of Arai (1994)
suggests that fractionation results in displacement of spinel com- Fig. 8. Plot of Cr, Fe3+ and Al of oxides from chromitites in the Bantimala and Barru
positions horizontally across the diagram (i.e. towards lower Fo# at Blocks.
86 A. Maulana et al. / Chemie der Erde 75 (2015) 7387
Fig. 9. Plot of Cr# of spinel vs. Fo in olivine from ultramacs of the Bantimala and
Barru Blocks, in the olivine spinel mantle array (OSMA) diagram of Arai (1994).
OSMA and melting trend are from Arai (1994). The abyssal and supra-subduction
zone (SSZ) peridotite are from Dick and Bullen (1984), Ishii et al. (1992), Parkinson
and Pearce (1998), and Choi et al. (2008).
7.3. Tectonic setting
As previously discussed, the spinel and olivine compositions
show that the two suites of ultramacs represent different types of
obducted lithospheric mantle from a supra-subduction zone envi-
ronment. The Bantimala ultramacs are cumulates, while the Barru
peridotites are restites.
The absence of gabbro, pillow basalt, sheeted dykes and other
characteristic components of ophiolites, such as volcanoclastic
sediments suggests that the ultramac suites in both blocks are
at best fragments of highly tectonized, dismembered ophiolitic
sequences. However, high-pressure metamorphic rocks (eclogite-
and blueschist-facies rocks) which are metamorphic product of
oceanic basalt and gabbro have been found in Bantimala (Maulana
et al., 2003; Miyazaki et al., 1996; Wakita et al., 1996) but are absent
in Barru Block (Maulana, 2009). The occurrence of ultramac rocks
with HP metamorphic rocks in Bantimala suggests the slow spread-
ing ridge setting which commonly contain thin and discontinuous
basaltic crust.
Fast and slow spreading centres produce ophiolites with dif-
ferent characteristics (Pearce et al., 1984; Poli and Schmidt,
2002). Those formed at fast-spreading centres are characterized by
depleted harzburgites (little to no clinopyroxene) and dunite, and
typically have a complete ophiolite section, whereas those from
slow-spreading centres generally show lherzolite and relatively
enriched harzburgite, and often show dismembered sections. The
occurrence of olivine clinopyroxenite in Bantimala and harzburgite
in Barru indicates that the ultramac suites in both blocks formed
in slow spreading centres.
The ultramacs were emplaced onto the proto-Sulawesi arc and
juxtaposed with the metamorphic rock assemblages to form the
two basement complexes. Unless there has been large rotation of
the blocks, the Barru ultramacs were emplaced approximately
from the North, while the Bantimala ultramacs came from the
East. Thus, despite their current close proximity, they may repre-
sent closure of two different small basins in different directions,
although differential rotation of the blocks is possible, given that
they are very close to the Walanae fault system (Charlton, 2000).
Small and young marginal basins which correlate with the ophiolite
distribution pattern are commonly found as products of multiple
convergence and collision in Southeast Asia, including the Sulawesi
region (Harris, 2003).
The Bantimala and Barru ultramacs show geochemical dif-
ferences from the nearby ultramac rocks of the East Sulawesi
Ophiolite (ESO) series (Kadarusman et al., 2004; Monnier et al.,
1995), suggesting that they did not form in the same tectonic set-
ting. For example, the Fo value of olivine in peridotite from ESO
ranges from 0.90 to 0.93 whereas the Fo of olivine in Bantimala
clinopyroxenite ranges from 0.85 to 0.90 and those from Barru
ultramac ranges from 0.81 to 0.91. The Al2O3 + CaO content of bulk
rock from ESO and Bantimala and Barru Ultramac is not similar
although somewhat overlap. In addition, REE pattern of clinopy-
roxene from ESO peridotite shows similar pattern to clinopyroxene
from abyssal and MORB while REE pattern of Bantimala and Barru
Ultramac show a typical of clinopyrexene from SSZ ophiolite as
shown in Fig. 6. The different tectonic setting between ESO and
Bantimala and Barru Ultramac is expected, since Eastern Sulawesi
would have been quite distant at the time of accretion of the Ban-
timala and Barru complexes (Hall, 2002). Note that Kadarusman
et al. (2004) proposed a Pacic plume origin for the East Sulawesi
Ophiolite, whereas Monnier et al. (1995) preferred origin from col-
lision of the Australian and Eurasian plates. More likely to correlate
with either Barru or Bantimala is the Meratus Complex in south-
east Kalimantan, which would have been geographically close in
the Cretaceous (Guntoro, 1999), but for which geochemical data is
currently lacking.
The main tectonic implication is that the Bantimala and Barru
obduction events were not caused directly by the westward thrust
of an Australia-derived microcontinent or Pacic oceanic plate on
the Eurasian margin (Hamilton, 1979; Katili, 1978; Parkinson, 1998;
Wakita et al., 1996) or by southward obduction of the Celebes Sea
over the east Sulawesi basement, as suggested for the emplacement
of the East Sulawesi Ophiolite by (Monnier et al., 1995).
8. Conclusions
Highly serpentinized ultramac rocks occur in the Bantimala
and Barru Blocks, South Arm of Sulawesi Island, Indonesia. The
Bantimala ultramac rocks are predominantly harzburgite with
pockets of dunite, and small amounts of olivine clinopyroxenite
with podiform chromitite, whereas the Barru ultramac rocks con-
sists of highly serpentinized harzburgite, locally metamorphosed to
amphibolite facies and containing lenses of podiform chromitite.
Both blocks have experienced metamorphism, resulting in the
formation of amphiboles. This may have been as high as amphibo-
lite/granulite facies in both cases, but the lower Na and Al content of
the Bantimala ultramac rocks suggests that peak T was lower than
in the Barru Block, which also shows two populations of amphi-
boles rather than one. The different metamorphic histories, along
with the quite different directions of obduction, suggest that the
ultramacs of the two blocks were emplaced in separate events.
The Cr-rich spinel compositions of the ultramacs and associ-
ated podiform chromitites from both blocks are consistent with
the rocks forming in a supra-subduction zone environment. How-
ever, the ultramacs of the two blocks represent different types
of oceanic lithosphere. The Barru harzburgite is restitic, while the
 A. Maulana et al. / Chemie der Erde 75 (2015) 7387
Bantimala dunite, harzburgite and clinopyroxenite are cumulates.
Neither block shows a full ophiolite sequence, but instead only
limited ultramac suites, probably derived from marginal or back-
arc basins, which were emplaced onto the proto-Sulawesi arc and
juxtaposed with the metamorphic rock assemblages to form the
basement complexes. The Bantimala and Barru obduction events
were not caused directly by the westward thrust of Australian
microcontinent or Pacic oceanic plate on the Eurasian margin, or
by southward obduction of the Celebes Sea over the east Sulawesi
basement, as suggested for the emplacement of East Sulawesi Ophi-
olite.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by an Australian Partnership Schol-
arship Award to the rst author. We thank Dr Ulrike Troitzsch for
their assistance and discussions. Field work was nancially sup-
ported by Australian Research Council Grant DP0559055 to David
Ellis and Andrew Christy. Technical assistance in the eld provided
by Mr. Kaharuddin and Mr. Amiruddin is acknowledged.
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