9/7/2017 NATO - Wikipedia

NATO
Coordinates: 505234N 42519E

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO /neto/; French: Organisation du Trait de l'Atlantique Nord; OTAN),
also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance between several North American and North Atlantic Treaty Organization
European states based on the North Atlantic Treaty that was signed on 4 April 1949.[4][5] Organisation du Trait de l'Atlantique Nord

NATO constitutes a system of collective defence whereby its member states agree to mutual defence in response to an
attack by any external party. Three NATO members (the United States, France and the United Kingdom) are permanent
members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and are officially nuclear-weapon states. NATO
Headquarters are located in Haren, Brussels, Belgium, while the headquarters of Allied Command Operations is near
Logo
Mons, Belgium.

NATO is an alliance that consists of 29 independent member countries across North America and Europe. An additional
21 countries participate in NATO's Partnership for Peace program, with 15 other countries involved in institutionalized
dialogue programs. The combined military spending of all NATO members constitutes over 70% of the global total.[6]
Members' defense spending is supposed to amount to at least 2% of GDP.[7]

NATO was little more than a political association until the Korean War galvanized the organization's member states, and
an integrated military structure was built up under the direction of two US Supreme Commanders. The course of the Cold
War led to a rivalry with nations of the Warsaw Pact, that formed in 1955. Doubts over the strength of the relationship
between the European states and the United States ebbed and flowed, along with doubts over the credibility of the NATO
defense against a prospective Soviet invasiondoubts that led to the development of the independent French nuclear
deterrent and the withdrawal of France from NATO's military structure in 1966 for 30 years. After the fall of the Berlin
Wall in Germany in 1989, the organization became involved in the breakup of Yugoslavia, and conducted its first military Member states of NATO
interventions in Bosnia from 1992 to 1995 and later Yugoslavia in 1999. Politically, the organization sought better Abbreviation NATO, OTAN
relations with former Warsaw Pact countries, several of which joined the alliance in 1999 and 2004.
Motto Animus in consulendo
Article 5 of the North Atlantic treaty, requiring member states to come to the aid of any member state subject to an armed liber (Latin)[1]
attack, was invoked for the first and only time after the September 11 attacks,[8] after which troops were deployed to Flag
Afghanistan under the NATO-led ISAF. The organization has operated a range of additional roles since then, including
sending trainers to Iraq, assisting in counter-piracy operations[9] and in 2011 enforcing a no-fly zone over Libya in
accordance with U.N. Security Council Resolution 1973. The less potent Article 4, which merely invokes consultation
among NATO members, has been invoked five times: by Turkey in 2003 over the Iraq War; twice in 2012 by Turkey over Formation 4 April 1949
the Syrian Civil War, after the downing of an unarmed Turkish F-4 reconnaissance jet, and after a mortar was fired at
Turkey from Syria;[10] in 2014 by Poland, following the Russian intervention in Crimea;[11] and again by Turkey in 2015 Type Military alliance
after threats by Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant to its territorial integrity.[12] Headquarters Brussels, Belgium
Membership 29 states
Since its founding, the admission of new member states has brought the alliance from the original 12 countries to 29. The
most recent member state to be added to NATO is Montenegro on 5 June 2017. NATO currently recognizes Bosnia and Albania
Herzegovina, Georgia, and Macedonia as aspiring members. Belgium
Bulgaria
Canada
Contents Croatia
Czech
1 History Republic
1.1 Beginnings Denmark
1.2 Cold War Estonia
1.3 French withdrawal France
1.4 Dtente and escalation Germany
1.5 After the Cold War
Greece
1.6 Enlargement and reform
2 Military operations Hungary
2.1 Early operations Iceland
2.2 Bosnia and Herzegovina intervention Italy
2.3 Kosovo intervention Latvia
2.4 War in Afghanistan Lithuania
2.5 Iraq training mission
2.6 Gulf of Aden anti-piracy
2.7 Libya intervention Luxembourg
3 Participating countries
3.1 Members Montenegro
3.2 Enlargement
3.3 Partnerships Netherlands
4 Structures
Norway
4.1 NATO Council
4.2 NATO Parliamentary Assembly Poland
4.3 Military structures Portugal
5 See also Romania
6 References Slovakia
7 Bibliography Slovenia
8 Further reading
Spain
9 External links
Turkey
United
Kingdom
History

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Beginnings United
States
The Treaty of Brussels was a mutual defence treaty against the Soviet threat at the start of the Cold War. It was signed on Official language English
17 March 1948 by Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, France, and the United Kingdom. It was the precursor to French[3]
NATO. The Soviet threat became immediate with the Berlin Blockade in 1948, leading to the creation of the Western
European Union's Defence Organization in September 1948.[13] However, the parties were too weak militarily to counter Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg
the military power of the USSR. In addition the 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'tat by the Communists had overthrown a Chairman of the NATO Petr Pavel
democratic government and British Foreign Minister Ernest Bevin reiterated that the best way to prevent another Military Committee
Czechoslovakia was to evolve a joint Western military strategy. He got a receptive hearing in the United States, especially Supreme Allied Curtis Scaparrotti
considering American anxiety over Italy (and the Italian Communist Party).[14] Commander Europe
Supreme Allied Denis Mercier
In 1948, European leaders met with U.S. defense, military and diplomatic officials at the Pentagon, under U.S. Secretary Commander
of State George C. Marshall's orders, exploring a framework for a new and unprecedented association.[15] Talks for a new Transformation
military alliance resulted in the North Atlantic Treaty, which was signed by U.S. President Harry Truman in Washington, Expenses (2016) $892 Billion[2]
D.C. on 4 April 1949. It included the five Treaty of Brussels states plus the United States, Canada, Portugal, Italy, Norway,
Denmark and Iceland. [16] The first NATO Secretary General, Lord Ismay, stated in 1949 that the organization's goal was Website nato.int (http://nato.in
"to keep the Russians out, the Americans in, and the Germans down".[17] Popular support for the Treaty was not t)
unanimous, and some Icelanders participated in a pro-neutrality, anti-membership riot in March 1949. The creation of
NATO can be seen as the primary institutional consequence of a school of thought called Atlanticism which stressed the importance
of trans-Atlantic cooperation.[18]

The members agreed that an armed attack against any one of them in Europe or North America would be considered an attack
against them all. Consequently, they agreed that, if an armed attack occurred, each of them, in exercise of the right of individual or
collective self-defence, would assist the member being attacked, taking such action as it deemed necessary, including the use of
armed force, to restore and maintain the security of the North Atlantic area. The treaty does not require members to respond with
military action against an aggressor. Although obliged to respond, they maintain the freedom to choose the method by which they do
so. This differs from Article IV of the Treaty of Brussels, which clearly states that the response will be military in nature. It is
nonetheless assumed that NATO members will aid the attacked member militarily. The treaty was later clarified to include both the The North Atlantic Treaty was signed
member's territory and their "vessels, forces or aircraft" above the Tropic of Cancer, including some overseas departments of by President Harry Truman in
France.[19] Washington, D.C., on 4 April 1949 and
was ratified by the United States in
The creation of NATO brought about some standardization of allied military terminology, procedures, and technology, which in August 1949.
many cases meant European countries adopting US practices. The roughly 1300 Standardization Agreements (STANAG) codified
many of the common practices that NATO has achieved. Hence, the 7.6251mm NATO rifle cartridge was introduced in the 1950s as
a standard firearm cartridge among many NATO countries.[20] Fabrique Nationale de Herstal's FAL, which used the 7.62mm NATO cartridge, was adopted by 75 countries,
including many outside of NATO.[21] Also, aircraft marshalling signals were standardized, so that any NATO aircraft could land at any NATO base. Other standards such as
the NATO phonetic alphabet have made their way beyond NATO into civilian use.[22]

Cold War

The outbreak of the Korean War in June 1950 was crucial for NATO as it raised the apparent threat of all Communist countries working together, and forced the alliance to
develop concrete military plans.[23] Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE) was formed to direct forces in Europe, and began work under Supreme Allied
Commander Dwight D. Eisenhower in January 1951.[24] In September 1950, the NATO Military Committee called for an ambitious buildup of conventional forces to meet
the Soviets, subsequently reaffirming this position at the February 1952 meeting of the North Atlantic Council in Lisbon. The Lisbon conference, seeking to provide the
forces necessary for NATO's Long-Term Defence Plan, called for an expansion to ninety-six divisions. However this requirement was dropped the following year to roughly
thirty-five divisions with heavier use to be made of nuclear weapons. At this time, NATO could call on about fifteen ready divisions in Central Europe, and another ten in
Italy and Scandinavia.[25][26] Also at Lisbon, the post of Secretary General of NATO as the organization's chief civilian was created, and Lord Ismay was eventually
appointed to the post.[27]

In September 1952, the first major NATO maritime exercises began; Exercise Mainbrace brought together 200 ships and over 50,000
personnel to practice the defence of Denmark and Norway.[28] Other major exercises that followed included Exercise Grand Slam
and Exercise Longstep, naval and amphibious exercises in the Mediterranean Sea, Italic Weld, a combined air-naval-ground exercise
in northern Italy, Grand Repulse, involving the British Army on the Rhine (BAOR), the Netherlands Corps and Allied Air Forces
Central Europe (AAFCE), Monte Carlo, a simulated atomic air-ground exercise involving the Central Army Group, and Weldfast, a
combined amphibious landing exercise in the Mediterranean Sea involving American, British, Greek, Italian and Turkish naval
forces.[29]

The German Bundeswehr provided the
largest element of the allied land forces
guarding the frontier in Central Europe.
Greece and Turkey also joined the alliance in 1952, forcing a series of controversial negotiations, in which the United States and
Britain were the primary disputants, over how to bring the two countries into the military command structure.[24] While this overt
military preparation was going on, covert stay-behind arrangements initially made by the Western European Union to continue
resistance after a successful Soviet invasion, including Operation Gladio, were transferred to NATO control. Ultimately unofficial
bonds began to grow between NATO's armed forces, such as the NATO Tiger Association and competitions such as the Canadian
Army Trophy for tank gunnery.[30][31]

In 1954, the Soviet Union suggested that it should join NATO to preserve peace in Europe.[32] The NATO countries, fearing that the Soviet Union's motive was to weaken
the alliance, ultimately rejected this proposal.

On 17 December 1954, the North Atlantic Council approved MC 48, a key document in the evolution of NATO nuclear thought. MC 48 emphasized that NATO would have
to use atomic weapons from the outset of a war with the Soviet Union whether or not the Soviets chose to use them first. This gave SACEUR the same prerogatives for
automatic use of nuclear weapons as existed for the commander-in-chief of the US Strategic Air Command.

The incorporation of West Germany into the organization on 9 May 1955 was described as "a decisive turning point in the history of our continent" by Halvard Lange,
Foreign Affairs Minister of Norway at the time.[33] A major reason for Germany's entry into the alliance was that without German manpower, it would have been impossible
to field enough conventional forces to resist a Soviet invasion.[34] One of its immediate results was the creation of the Warsaw Pact, which was signed on 14 May 1955 by
the Soviet Union, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Bulgaria, Romania, Albania, and East Germany, as a formal response to this event, thereby delineating the two
opposing sides of the Cold War.

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Three major exercises were held concurrently in the northern autumn of 1957. Operation Counter Punch, Operation Strikeback, and
Operation Deep Water were the most ambitious military undertaking for the alliance to date, involving more than 250,000 men, 300
ships, and 1,500 aircraft operating from Norway to Turkey.[35]

French withdrawal

NATO's unity was breached early in its history with a crisis occurring during Charles de
Gaulle's presidency of France.[36] De Gaulle protested against the USA's strong role in the
organization and what he perceived as a special relationship between it and the United
Kingdom. In a memorandum sent to President Dwight D. Eisenhower and Prime Minister
Harold Macmillan on 17 September 1958, he argued for the creation of a tripartite directorate
that would put France on an equal footing with the US and the UK.[37]

Considering the response to be unsatisfactory, de Gaulle began constructing an independent

A 1952 U.S. postage stamp defence force for his country. He wanted to give France, in the event of an East German
commemorating the third anniversary of incursion into West Germany, the option of coming to a separate peace with the Eastern bloc
NATO. Stamps honoring the instead of being drawn into a larger NATOWarsaw Pact war.[38] In February 1959, France
organization were issued by many withdrew its Mediterranean Fleet from NATO command,[39] and later banned the stationing
member countries. of foreign nuclear weapons on French soil. This caused the United States to transfer two Map of the NATO air bases in France
hundred military aircraft out of France and return control of the air force bases that it had before Charles de Gaulle's 1966
operated in France since 1950 to the French by 1967. withdrawal from NATO military
integrated command
Though France showed solidarity with the rest of NATO during the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962, de Gaulle continued his pursuit of
an independent defence by removing France's Atlantic and Channel fleets from NATO command.[40] In 1966, all French armed
forces were removed from NATO's integrated military command, and all non-French NATO troops were asked to leave France. US Secretary of State Dean Rusk was later
quoted as asking de Gaulle whether his order included "the bodies of American soldiers in France's cemeteries?"[41] This withdrawal forced the relocation of SHAPE from
Rocquencourt, near Paris, to Casteau, north of Mons, Belgium, by 16 October 1967.[42] France remained a member of the alliance, and committed to the defence of Europe
from possible Warsaw Pact attack with its own forces stationed in the Federal Republic of Germany throughout the Cold War. A series of secret accords between US and
French officials, the LemnitzerAilleret Agreements, detailed how French forces would dovetail back into NATO's command structure should East-West hostilities break
out.[43]

France announced their return to full participation at the 2009 StrasbourgKehl summit.[44]

Dtente and escalation

During most of the Cold War, NATO's watch against the Soviet Union and Warsaw Pact did not actually lead to direct military
action. On 1 July 1968, the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons opened for signature: NATO argued that its nuclear
sharing arrangements did not breach the treaty as US forces controlled the weapons until a decision was made to go to war, at which
point the treaty would no longer be controlling. Few states knew of the NATO nuclear sharing arrangements at that time, and they
were not challenged. In May 1978, NATO countries officially defined two complementary aims of the Alliance, to maintain security
and pursue dtente. This was supposed to mean matching defences at the level rendered necessary by the Warsaw Pact's offensive
capabilities without spurring a further arms race.[45]

On 12 December 1979, in light of a build-up of Warsaw Pact nuclear capabilities in Europe,

Dtente led to many high level meetingsministers approved the deployment of US GLCM cruise missiles and Pershing II theatre
between leaders from both NATO and
nuclear weapons in Europe. The new warheads were also meant to strengthen the western
the Warsaw Pact.
negotiating position regarding nuclear disarmament. This policy was called the Dual Track
policy.[46] Similarly, in 198384, responding to the stationing of Warsaw Pact SS-20
medium-range missiles in Europe, NATO deployed modern Pershing II missiles tasked to hit
military targets such as tank formations in the event of war.[47] This action led to peace movement protests throughout Western
Europe, and support for the deployment wavered as many doubted whether the push for deployment could be sustained.

The membership of the organization at this time remained largely static. In 1974, as a consequence of the Turkish invasion of
Cyprus, Greece withdrew its forces from NATO's military command structure but, with Turkish cooperation, were readmitted in
1980. The Falklands War between the United Kingdom and Argentina did not result in NATO involvement because article 6 of the
North Atlantic Treaty specifies that collective self-defence is only applicable to attacks on member state territories north of the
During the Cold War, most of Europe
Tropic of Cancer.[48] On 30 May 1982, NATO gained a new member when the newly democratic Spain joined the alliance; Spain's was divided between two alliances.
membership was confirmed by referendum in 1986. At the peak of the Cold War, 16 member nations maintained an approximate Members of NATO are shown in blue,
strength of 5,252,800 active military, including as many as 435,000 forward deployed US forces, under a command structure that with members of the Warsaw Pact in
reached a peak of 78 headquarters, organized into four echelons.[49] red, unaffiliated countries are in grey.
Yugoslavia, although communist, had
After the Cold War left the Soviet sphere in 1948, while
Albania was only a Warsaw Pact
The Revolutions of 1989 and the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact in 1991 removed the de facto main adversary of NATO and caused a member until 1968.
strategic re-evaluation of NATO's purpose, nature, tasks, and their focus on the continent of Europe. This shift started with the 1990
signing in Paris of the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe between NATO and the Soviet Union, which mandated
specific military reductions across the continent that continued after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in December 1991.[50] At that time, European countries accounted
for 34 percent of NATO's military spending; by 2012, this had fallen to 21 percent.[51] NATO also began a gradual expansion to include newly autonomous Central and
Eastern European nations, and extended its activities into political and humanitarian situations that had not formerly been NATO concerns.

The first post-Cold War expansion of NATO came with German reunification on 3 October 1990, when the former East Germany became part of the Federal Republic of
Germany and the alliance. This had been agreed in the Two Plus Four Treaty earlier in the year. To secure Soviet approval of a united Germany remaining in NATO, it was
agreed that foreign troops and nuclear weapons would not be stationed in the east, and there are diverging views on whether negotiators gave commitments regarding further
NATO expansion east.[52] Jack Matlock, American ambassador to the Soviet Union during its final years, said that the West gave a "clear commitment" not to expand, and
declassified documents indicate that Soviet negotiators were given the impression that NATO membership was off the table for countries such as Czechoslovakia, Hungary,
or Poland.[53] Hans-Dietrich Genscher, the West German foreign minister at that time, said in a conversation with Eduard Shevardnadze that "[f]or us, however, one thing is

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO certain: NATO will not expand to the east."[53] In 1996, Gorbachev wrote in his Memoirs, that "during the negotiations on the 3/14
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certain: NATO will not expand to the east."[53] In 1996, Gorbachev wrote in his Memoirs, that "during the negotiations on the
unification of Germany they gave assurances that NATO would not extend its zone of operation to the east,"[54] and repeated this
view in an interview in 2008.[55] According to Robert Zoellick, a State Department official involved in the Two Plus Four
negotiating process, this appears to be a misperception, and no formal commitment regarding enlargement was made.[56]

Reforms made under Mikhail
Gorbachev led to the end of the Warsaw
Pact.
As part of post-Cold War restructuring, NATO's military structure was cut back and reorganized, with new forces such as the
Headquarters Allied Command Europe Rapid Reaction Corps established. The changes brought about by the collapse of the Soviet
Union on the military balance in Europe were recognized in the Adapted Conventional Armed Forces in Europe Treaty, which was
signed in 1999. The policies of French President Nicolas Sarkozy resulted in a major reform of France's military position,
culminating with the return to full membership on 4 April 2009, which also included France rejoining the NATO Military Command
Structure, while maintaining an independent nuclear deterrent.[43][57]

Enlargement and reform

Between 1994 and 1997, wider forums for regional cooperation between NATO and its neighbors were set up, like the Partnership for Peace,
the Mediterranean Dialogue initiative and the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council. In 1998, the NATO-Russia Permanent Joint Council was
established. On 8 July 1997, three former communist countries, Hungary, the Czech Republic, and Poland, were invited to join NATO,
which each did in 1999. Membership went on expanding with the accession of seven more Central and Eastern European countries to NATO:
Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Slovenia, Slovakia, Bulgaria, and Romania. They were first invited to start talks of membership during the 2002
Prague summit, and joined NATO on 29 March 2004, shortly before the 2004 Istanbul summit. At that time the decision was criticised in the
US by many military, political and academic leaders as a "a policy error of historic proportions."[58] According to George F. Kennan, an
American diplomat and an advocate of the containment policy, this decision "may be expected to have an adverse effect on the development
of Russian democracy; to restore the atmosphere of the cold war to East-West relations, to impel Russian foreign policy in directions
decidedly not to our liking."[59]

New NATO structures were also formed while old ones were abolished. In 1997, NATO reached agreement on a significant downsizing of its
command structure from 65 headquarters to just 20.[60] The NATO Response Force (NRF) was launched at the 2002 Prague summit on
The NATO flag being raised in
21 November, the first summit in a former Comecon country. On 19 June 2003, a further restructuring of the NATO military commands
a ceremony marking Croatia's
began as the Headquarters of the Supreme Allied Commander, Atlantic were abolished and a new command, Allied Command joining of the alliance in 2009.
Transformation (ACT), was established in Norfolk, United States, and the Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE) became
the Headquarters of Allied Command Operations (ACO). ACT is responsible for driving transformation (future capabilities) in NATO,
whilst ACO is responsible for current operations.[61] In March 2004, NATO's Baltic Air Policing began, which supported the sovereignty of Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia by
providing jet fighters to react to any unwanted aerial intrusions. Eight multinational jet fighters are based in Lithuania, the number of which was increased from four in
2014.[62] Also at the 2004 Istanbul summit, NATO launched the Istanbul Cooperation Initiative with four Persian Gulf nations.[63]

Meetings between the government of
Viktor Yushchenko and NATO leaders
led to the Intensified Dialogue
programme.
The 2006 Riga summit was held in Riga, Latvia, and highlighted the issue of energy security. It was the first NATO summit to be
held in a country that had been part of the Soviet Union. At the April 2008 summit in Bucharest, Romania, NATO agreed to the
accession of Croatia and Albania and both countries joined NATO in April 2009. Ukraine and Georgia were also told that they could
eventually become members.[64] The issue of Georgian and Ukrainian membership in NATO prompted harsh criticism from Russia,
as did NATO plans for a missile defence system. Studies for this system began in 2002, with negotiations centered on anti-ballistic
missiles being stationed in Poland and the Czech Republic. Though NATO leaders gave assurances that the system was not targeting
Russia, both presidents Vladimir Putin and Dmitry Medvedev criticized it as a threat.[65]
In 2009, US President Barack Obama proposed using the ship-based Aegis Combat System, though this plan still includes stations
being built in Turkey, Spain, Portugal, Romania, and Poland.[66] NATO will also maintain the "status quo" in its nuclear deterrent in
Europe by upgrading the targeting capabilities of the "tactical" B61 nuclear bombs stationed there and deploying them on the
stealthier Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II.[67][68] Following the 2014 annexation of Crimea by Russia, NATO committed to
forming a new "spearhead" force of 5,000 troops at bases in Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, Poland, Romania, and Bulgaria.[69][70]

At the 2014 Wales summit, the leaders of NATO's member states reaffirmed their pledge to spend the equivalent of at least 2% of their gross domestic products on
defense.[71] In 2015, five of its 28 members met that goal.[72][73][74] On 15 June 2016, NATO officially recognized cyberwarfare as an operational domain of war, just like
land, sea and aerial warfare. This means that any cyber attack on NATO members can trigger Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty.[75] Montenegro became the 29th and
newest member of NATO on 5 June 2017, amid strong objections from Russia.[76][77]

Military operations
Early operations

No military operations were conducted by NATO during the Cold War. Following the end of the Cold War, the first operations, Anchor Guard in 1990 and Ace Guard in
1991, were prompted by the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait. Airborne early warning aircraft were sent to provide coverage of southeastern Turkey, and later a quick-reaction force
was deployed to the area.[78]

Bosnia and Herzegovina intervention

The Bosnian War began in 1992, as a result of the breakup of Yugoslavia. The deteriorating situation led to United Nations Security Council Resolution 816 on 9 October
1992, ordering a no-fly zone over central Bosnia and Herzegovina, which NATO began enforcing on 12 April 1993 with Operation Deny Flight. From June 1993 until
October 1996, Operation Sharp Guard added maritime enforcement of the arms embargo and economic sanctions against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. On
28 February 1994, NATO took its first wartime action by shooting down four Bosnian Serb aircraft violating the no-fly zone.[79]

On 10 and 11 April 1994, during the Bosnian War, the United Nations Protection Force called in air strikes to protect the Gorade safe area, resulting in the bombing of a
Bosnian Serb military command outpost near Gorade by two US F-16 jets acting under NATO direction.[80] This resulted in the taking of 150 U.N. personnel hostage on
14 April.[81][82] On 16 April a British Sea Harrier was shot down over Gorade by Serb forces.[83] A two-week NATO bombing campaign, Operation Deliberate Force,
began in August 1995 against the Army of the Republika Srpska, after the Srebrenica massacre.[84]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO NATO air strikes that year helped bring the Yugoslav wars to an end, resulting in the Dayton Agreement in November 1995.[84] As
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NATO air strikes that year helped bring the Yugoslav wars to an end, resulting in the Dayton Agreement in November 1995.[84] As
part of this agreement, NATO deployed a UN-mandated peacekeeping force, under Operation Joint Endeavor, named IFOR. Almost
60,000 NATO troops were joined by forces from non-NATO nations in this peacekeeping mission. This transitioned into the smaller
SFOR, which started with 32,000 troops initially and ran from December 1996 until December 2004, when operations were then
passed onto European Union Force Althea.[85] Following the lead of its member nations, NATO began to award a service medal, the
NATO Medal, for these operations.[86]

Kosovo intervention
NATO planes engaged in aerial
bombardments during Operation In an effort to stop Slobodan Miloevi's Serbian-led crackdown on KLA separatists and
Deliberate Force after the Srebrenica Albanian civilians in Kosovo, the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 1199
massacre. on 23 September 1998 to demand a ceasefire. Negotiations under US Special Envoy Richard
Holbrooke broke down on 23 March 1999, and he handed the matter to NATO,[87] which
started a 78-day bombing campaign on 24 March 1999.[88] Operation Allied Force targeted
the military capabilities of what was then the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. During the crisis, NATO also deployed one of its
international reaction forces, the ACE Mobile Force (Land), to Albania as the Albania Force (AFOR), to deliver humanitarian aid to
refugees from Kosovo.[89]
German KFOR soldiers patrol southern
Though the campaign was criticized for high civilian casualties, including bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade, Miloevi
Kosovo in 1999
finally accepted the terms of an international peace plan on 3 June 1999, ending the Kosovo War. On 11 June, Miloevi further
accepted UN resolution 1244, under the mandate of which NATO then helped establish the KFOR peacekeeping force. Nearly one
million refugees had fled Kosovo, and part of KFOR's mandate was to protect the humanitarian missions, in addition to deterring
violence.[89][90] In AugustSeptember 2001, the alliance also mounted Operation Essential Harvest, a mission disarming ethnic Albanian militias in the Republic of
Macedonia.[91] As of 1 December 2013, 4,882 KFOR soldiers, representing 31 countries, continue to operate in the area.[92]

The US, the UK, and most other NATO countries opposed efforts to require the U.N. Security Council to approve NATO military strikes, such as the action against Serbia in
1999, while France and some others claimed that the alliance needed UN approval.[93] The US/UK side claimed that this would undermine the authority of the alliance, and
they noted that Russia and China would have exercised their Security Council vetoes to block the strike on Yugoslavia, and could do the same in future conflicts where
NATO intervention was required, thus nullifying the entire potency and purpose of the organization. Recognizing the post-Cold War military environment, NATO adopted
the Alliance Strategic Concept during its Washington summit in April 1999 that emphasized conflict prevention and crisis management.[94]

War in Afghanistan

The September 11 attacks in the United States caused NATO to invoke Article 5 of the NATO Charter for the first time in the
organization's history. The Article says that an attack on any member shall be considered to be an attack on all. The invocation was
confirmed on 4 October 2001 when NATO determined that the attacks were indeed eligible under the terms of the North Atlantic
Treaty.[95] The eight official actions taken by NATO in response to the attacks included Operation Eagle Assist and Operation Active
Endeavour, a naval operation in the Mediterranean Sea which is designed to prevent the movement of terrorists or weapons of mass
destruction, as well as enhancing the security of shipping in general which began on 4 October 2001.[96]

The alliance showed unity: On 16 April 2003, NATO agreed to take command of the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF),
which includes troops from 42 countries. The decision came at the request of Germany and the Netherlands, the two nations leading
ISAF at the time of the agreement, and all nineteen NATO ambassadors approved it unanimously. The handover of control to NATO
The September 11 attacks in the United took place on 11 August, and marked the first time in NATO's history that it took charge of a mission outside the north Atlantic
States caused NATO to invoke its area.[97]
collective defence article for the first
time. ISAF was initially charged with securing Kabul and surrounding areas from the Taliban, al
Qaeda and factional warlords, so as to allow for the establishment of the Afghan Transitional
Administration headed by Hamid Karzai. In October 2003, the UN Security Council
authorized the expansion of the ISAF mission throughout Afghanistan,[98] and ISAF subsequently expanded the mission in four main
stages over the whole of the country.[99]

On 31 July 2006, the ISAF additionally took over military operations in the south of Afghanistan from a US-led anti-terrorism
coalition.[100] Due to the intensity of the fighting in the south, in 2011 France allowed a squadron of Mirage 2000 fighter/attack
aircraft to be moved into the area, to Kandahar, in order to reinforce the alliance's efforts.[101] During its 2012 Chicago Summit, ISAF General David M. Rodriguez at
NATO endorsed a plan to end the Afghanistan war and to remove the NATO-led ISAF Forces by the end of December 2014.[102] an Italian change of command in Herat.
ISAF was disestablished in December 2014 and replaced by the follow-on training Resolute Support Mission

Iraq training mission

In August 2004, during the Iraq War, NATO formed the NATO Training Mission Iraq, a training mission to assist the Iraqi security forces in conjunction with the US led
MNF-I.[103] The NATO Training Mission-Iraq (NTM-I) was established at the request of the Iraqi Interim Government under the provisions of United Nations Security
Council Resolution 1546. The aim of NTM-I was to assist in the development of Iraqi security forces training structures and institutions so that Iraq can build an effective
and sustainable capability that addresses the needs of the nation. NTM-I was not a combat mission but is a distinct mission, under the political control of NATO's North
Atlantic Council. Its operational emphasis was on training and mentoring. The activities of the mission were coordinated with Iraqi authorities and the US-led Deputy
Commanding General Advising and Training, who was also dual-hatted as the Commander of NTM-I. The mission officially concluded on 17 December 2011.[104]

Gulf of Aden anti-piracy

Beginning on 17 August 2009, NATO deployed warships in an operation to protect maritime traffic in the Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean from Somali pirates, and help
strengthen the navies and coast guards of regional states. The operation was approved by the North Atlantic Council and involves warships primarily from the United States
though vessels from many other nations are also included. Operation Ocean Shield focuses on protecting the ships of Operation Allied Provider which are distributing aid as
part of the World Food Programme mission in Somalia. Russia, China and South Korea have sent warships to participate in the activities as well.[105][106] The operation
seeks to dissuade and interrupt pirate attacks, protect vessels, and abetting to increase the general level of security in the region.[107]

Libya intervention
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During the Libyan Civil War, violence between protestors and the Libyan government under Colonel Muammar Gaddafi escalated,
and on 17 March 2011 led to the passage of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973, which called for a ceasefire, and
authorized military action to protect civilians. A coalition that included several NATO members began enforcing a no-fly zone over
Libya shortly afterwards. On 20 March 2011, NATO states agreed on enforcing an arms embargo against Libya with Operation
Unified Protector using ships from NATO Standing Maritime Group 1 and Standing Mine Countermeasures Group 1,[108] and
additional ships and submarines from NATO members.[109] They would "monitor, report and, if needed, interdict vessels suspected
of carrying illegal arms or mercenaries".[108]

Libyan Army Palmaria howitzers
destroyed by the French Air Force near
Benghazi in March 2011
On 24 March, NATO agreed to take control of the no-fly zone from the initial coalition, while USS Farragut destroying a Somali
command of targeting ground units remained with the coalition's forces.[110][111] NATO pirate skiff in March 2010
began officially enforcing the UN resolution on 27 March 2011 with assistance from Qatar
and the United Arab Emirates. [112] By June, reports of divisions within the alliance surfaced
as only eight of the 28 member nations were participating in combat operations,[113] resulting in a confrontation between US Defense
Secretary Robert Gates and countries such as Poland, Spain, the Netherlands, Turkey, and Germany to contribute more, the latter
believing the organization has overstepped its mandate in the conflict.[114][115][116] In his final policy speech in Brussels on 10 June,
Gates further criticized allied countries in suggesting their actions could cause the demise of NATO.[117] The German foreign
ministry pointed to "a considerable [German] contribution to NATO and NATO-led operations" and to the fact that this engagement
was highly valued by President Obama.[118]

While the mission was extended into September, Norway that day announced it would begin scaling down contributions and
complete withdrawal by 1 August.[119] Earlier that week it was reported Danish air fighters were running out of bombs.[120][121] The following week, the head of the Royal
Navy said the country's operations in the conflict were not sustainable.[122] By the end of the mission in October 2011, after the death of Colonel Gaddafi, NATO planes had
flown about 9,500 strike sorties against pro-Gaddafi targets.[123][124] A report from the organization Human Rights Watch in May 2012 identified at least 72 civilians killed
in the campaign.[125] Following a coup d'tat attempt in October 2013, Libyan Prime Minister Ali Zeidan requested technical advice and trainers from NATO to assist with
ongoing security issues.[126]

Participating countries
Map of NATO affiliations in Europe Map of NATO partnerships globally

Istanbul
NATO Membership Individual Partnership Partnership Mediterranean Global
Cooperation
members Action Plan Action Plan for Peace Dialogue Partners
Initiative
Albania Bosnia- Armenia Armenia Algeria Bahrain Afghanistan
Herzegovina Azerbaijan Austria Egypt Kuwait Australia
Belgium Macedonia Bosnia- Israel Qatar Colombia
Herzegovina Azerbaijan Jordan United Arab Iraq
Bulgaria Georgia Belarus Mauritania Emirates Japan
Canada Kazakhstan Bosnia Morocco Mongolia
Croatia Moldova Finland Tunisia Pakistan
Czech Serbia Georgia New Zealand
Republic Ukraine Ireland South Korea

Denmark Kazakhstan
Estonia
France Kyrgyzstan

Germany Macedonia
Greece Malta
Moldova
Hungary Russia
Iceland Serbia
Italy Sweden
Latvia
Switzerland
Lithuania Tajikistan

Luxembourg Turkmenistan

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Ukraine
Montenegro
Uzbekistan
Netherlands
Norway
Poland

Portugal

Romania

Slovakia

Slovenia
Spain
Turkey
United
Kingdom
United
States

Members

NATO has twenty-nine members, mainly in Europe and North America. Some of these countries also have territory on multiple
continents, which can be covered only as far south as the Tropic of Cancer in the Atlantic Ocean, which defines NATO's "area of
responsibility" under Article 6 of the North Atlantic Treaty. During the original treaty negotiations, the United States insisted that
colonies such as the Belgian Congo be excluded from the treaty.[127][128] French Algeria was however covered until their
independence on 3 July 1962.[129] Twelve of these twenty-nine are original members who joined in 1949, while the other seventeen
joined in one of eight enlargement rounds. Few members spend more than two percent of their gross domestic product on
defence,[130] with the United States accounting for three quarters of NATO defense spending.[131]

From the mid-1960s to the mid-1990s, France pursued a military strategy of independence from NATO under a policy dubbed
NATO organizes regular summits for
"Gaullo-Mitterrandism". Nicolas Sarkozy negotiated the return of France to the integrated military command and the Defence leaders of their members states and
Planning Committee in 2009, the latter being disbanded the following year. France remains the only NATO member outside the partnerships.
Nuclear Planning Group and unlike the United States and the United Kingdom, will not commit its nuclear-armed submarines to the
alliance.[43][57]

Enlargement

New membership in the alliance has been largely from Central and Eastern Europe, including former members of the Warsaw Pact.
Accession to the alliance is governed with individual Membership Action Plans, and requires approval by each current member.
NATO currently has two candidate countries that are in the process of joining the alliance: Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Republic
of Macedonia. In NATO official statements, the Republic of Macedonia is always referred to as the "former Yugoslav Republic of
Macedonia", with a footnote stating that "Turkey recognizes the Republic of Macedonia under its constitutional name". Though
Macedonia completed its requirements for membership at the same time as Croatia and Albania, NATO's most recent members, its
accession was blocked by Greece pending a resolution of the Macedonia naming dispute.[132] In order to support each other in the
process, new and potential members in the region formed the Adriatic Charter in 2003.[133] Georgia was also named as an aspiring
member, and was promised "future membership" during the 2008 summit in Bucharest,[134] though in 2014, US President Barack
Obama said the country was not "currently on a path" to membership.[135] NATO has added 13 new members
since the German reunification and the
Russia continues to oppose further expansion, seeing it as inconsistent with understandings between Soviet leader Mikhail end of the Cold War.
Gorbachev and European and American negotiators that allowed for a peaceful German reunification.[53] NATO's expansion efforts
are often seen by Moscow leaders as a continuation of a Cold War attempt to surround and isolate Russia,[136] though they have also
been criticised in the West.[137] Ukraine's relationship with NATO and Europe has been politically divisive, and contributed to "Euromaidan" protests that saw the ousting of
pro-Russian President Viktor Yanukovych in 2014. In March 2014, Prime Minister Arseniy Yatsenyuk reiterated the government's stance that Ukraine is not seeking NATO
membership.[138] Ukraine's president subsequently signed a bill dropping his nation's nonaligned status in order to pursue NATO membership, but signaled that it would
hold a referendum before seeking to join.[139] Ukraine is one of eight countries in Eastern Europe with an Individual Partnership Action Plan. IPAPs began in 2002, and are
open to countries that have the political will and ability to deepen their relationship with NATO.[140]

Partnerships

The Partnership for Peace (PfP) programme was established in 1994 and is based on individual bilateral relations between each partner country and NATO: each country
may choose the extent of its participation.[142] Members include all current and former members of the Commonwealth of Independent States.[143] The Euro-Atlantic
Partnership Council (EAPC) was first established on 29 May 1997, and is a forum for regular coordination, consultation and dialogue between all fifty participants.[144] The
PfP programme is considered the operational wing of the Euro-Atlantic Partnership.[142] Other third countries also have been contacted for participation in some activities of
the PfP framework such as Afghanistan.[145]

The European Union (EU) signed a comprehensive package of arrangements with NATO under the Berlin Plus agreement on 16 December 2002. With this agreement, the
EU was given the possibility to use NATO assets in case it wanted to act independently in an international crisis, on the condition that NATO itself did not want to actthe
so-called "right of first refusal".[146] For example, Article 42(7) of the 1982 Treaty of Lisbon specifies that "If a Member State is the victim of armed aggression on its
territory, the other Member States shall have towards it an obligation of aid and assistance by all the means in their power". The treaty applies globally to specified territories
whereas NATO is restricted under its Article 6 to operations north of the Tropic of Cancer. It provides a "double framework" for the EU countries that are also linked with
the PfP programme.

Additionally, NATO cooperates and discusses its activities with numerous other non-NATO members. The Mediterranean Dialogue was established in 1994 to coordinate in
a similar way with Israel and countries in North Africa. The Istanbul Cooperation Initiative was announced in 2004 as a dialog forum for the Middle East along the same
lines as the Mediterranean Dialogue. The four participants are also linked through the Gulf Cooperation Council.[147]

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Political dialogue with Japan began in 1990, and since then, the Alliance has gradually increased its contact with countries that do
not form part of any of these cooperation initiatives.[148] In 1998, NATO established a set of general guidelines that do not allow for
a formal institutionalisation of relations, but reflect the Allies' desire to increase cooperation. Following extensive debate, the term
"Contact Countries" was agreed by the Allies in 2000. By 2012, the Alliance had broadened this group, which meets to discuss issues
such as counter-piracy and technology exchange, under the names "partners across the globe" or "global partners".[149][150] Australia
and New Zealand, both contact countries, are also members of the AUSCANNZUKUS strategic alliance, and similar regional or
bilateral agreements between contact countries and NATO members also aid cooperation. Colombia is the NATOs latest partner and
Colombia has access to the full range of cooperative activities NATO offers to partners; Colombia became the first and only Latin
American country to cooperate with NATO.[151] Partnership for Peace conducts
multinational military exercises like
Cooperative Archer, which took place
Structures in Tblisi in July 2007 with 500
servicemen from four NATO members,
The main headquarters of NATO is located on Boulevard Lopold III/Leopold III-laan, B-1110 Brussels, which is in Haren, part of eight PfP members, and Jordan, a
the City of Brussels municipality.[152] A new 750 million headquarters building began construction in 2010, was completed in Mediterranean Dialogue
summer 2016,[153] and was dedicated on 25 May 2017.[154] The 250,000 square metres (2,700,000 sq ft) complex was designed by participant.[141]
Jo Palma and home to a staff of 3800.[155] Problems in the original building stemmed from its hurried construction in 1967, when
NATO was forced to move its headquarters from Porte Dauphine in Paris, France following the French withdrawal.[156][42]

The staff at the Headquarters is composed of national delegations of member countries and includes civilian and military liaison
offices and officers or diplomatic missions and diplomats of partner countries, as well as the International Staff and International
Military Staff filled from serving members of the armed forces of member states.[157] Non-governmental citizens' groups have also
grown up in support of NATO, broadly under the banner of the Atlantic Council/Atlantic Treaty Association movement.

While the cost of the new headquarters structure was not mentioned on the NATO website's "NATOs new headquarters" page dated
May 23, 2017,[158] Daniel Halper, citing the NATO website's February 2017 "New NATO HQ" page,[159] reported in the May 25,
2017 issue of The Washington Free Beacon that the cost was $1.23 billion.[160] Secretary General of NATO Jens
Stoltenberg (right) and his predecessor,
NATO Council Anders Fogh Rasmussen (left), talk
with members of the Norwegian army's
Like any alliance, NATO is ultimately governed by its 29 member states. However, the North Atlantic Treaty and other agreements Telemark Battalion in Oslo.
outline how decisions are to be made within NATO. Each of the 29 members sends a delegation or mission to NATO's headquarters
in Brussels, Belgium.[161] The senior permanent member of each delegation is known as the Permanent Representative and is
generally a senior civil servant or an experienced ambassador (and holding that diplomatic rank). Several countries have diplomatic missions to NATO through embassies in
Belgium.

Together, the Permanent Members form the North Atlantic Council (NAC), a body which meets together at least once a week and has effective governance authority and
powers of decision in NATO. From time to time the Council also meets at higher level meetings involving foreign ministers, defence ministers or heads of state or
government (HOSG) and it is at these meetings that major decisions regarding NATO's policies are generally taken. However, it is worth noting that the Council has the
same authority and powers of decision-making, and its decisions have the same status and validity, at whatever level it meets. France, Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom
and the United States are together referred to as the Quint, which is an informal discussion group within NATO. NATO summits also form a further venue for decisions on
complex issues, such as enlargement.[162]

The meetings of the North Atlantic Council are chaired by the Secretary General of NATO and, when decisions have to be made, action is agreed upon on the basis of
unanimity and common accord. There is no voting or decision by majority. Each nation represented at the Council table or on any of its subordinate committees retains
complete sovereignty and responsibility for its own decisions.

List of Secretaries General[163] List of Deputy Secretaries General[164]

# Name Country Duration # Name Country Duration

1 Lord Ismay United Kingdom 4 April 1952 16 May 1957 1 Jonkheer van Vredenburch Netherlands 19521956

2 Paul-Henri Spaak Belgium 16 May 1957 21 April 1961 2 Baron Adolph Bentinck Netherlands 19561958

3 Dirk Stikker Netherlands 21 April 1961 1 August 1964 3 Alberico Casardi Italy 19581962

4 Manlio Brosio Italy 1 August 1964 1 October 1971 4 Guido Colonna di Paliano Italy 19621964

5 Joseph Luns Netherlands 1 October 1971 25 June 1984 5 James A. Roberts Canada 19641968

6 Lord Carrington United Kingdom 25 June 1984 1 July 1988 6 Osman Olcay Turkey 19691971

7 Manfred Wrner Germany 1 July 1988 13 August 1994 7 Paolo Pansa Cedronio Italy 19711978

Sergio Balanzino Italy 13 August 1994 17 October 1994 8 Rinaldo Petrignani Italy 19781981

8 Willy Claes Belgium 17 October 1994 20 October 1995 9 Eric da Rin Italy 19811985

Sergio Balanzino Italy 20 October 1995 5 December 1995 10 Marcello Guidi Italy 19851989

9 Javier Solana Spain 5 December 1995 6 October 1999 11 Amedeo de Franchis Italy 19891994

10 Lord Robertson United Kingdom 14 October 1999 17 December 2003 12 Sergio Balanzino Italy 19942001

Alessandro Minuto-Rizzo Italy 17 December 2003 1 January 2004 13 Alessandro Minuto Rizzo Italy 20012007

11 Jaap de Hoop Scheffer Netherlands 1 January 2004 1 August 2009 14 Claudio Bisogniero Italy 20072012

12 Anders Fogh Rasmussen Denmark 1 August 2009 30 September 2014 15 Alexander Vershbow United States 20122016

13 Jens Stoltenberg Norway 1 October 2014 present 16 Rose Gottemoeller United States 2016present

Acting Secretary General

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NATO Parliamentary Assembly

The body that sets broad strategic goals for NATO is the NATO Parliamentary Assembly (NATO-PA) which meets at the Annual
Session, and one other time during the year, and is the organ that directly interacts with the parliamentary structures of the national
governments of the member states which appoint Permanent Members, or ambassadors to NATO. The NATO Parliamentary
Assembly is made up of legislators from the member countries of the North Atlantic Alliance as well as thirteen associate members.
Karl A. Lamers, German Deputy Chairman of the Defence Committee of the Bundestag and a member of the Christian Democratic
Union, became president of the assembly in 2010.[165] It is however officially a different structure from NATO, and has as aim to
join together deputies of NATO countries in order to discuss security policies on the NATO Council.

The Assembly is the political integration body of NATO that generates political policy agenda setting for the NATO Council via
The NATO Parliamentary Assembly, an
reports of its five committees:
intergovernmental organization of
Committee on the Civil Dimension of Security NATO and associate countries' elected
Defence and Security Committee representatives, meets in London prior
Economics and Security Committee to the start of the 2014 Newport
Political Committee summit.
Science and Technology Committee

These reports provide impetus and direction as agreed upon by the national governments of the member states through their own national political processes and influencers
to the NATO administrative and executive organizational entities.

Military structures

NATO's military operations are directed by the Chairman of the NATO Military Committee, and split into two Strategic Commands
commanded by a senior US officer and (currently) a senior French officer[166] assisted by a staff drawn from across NATO. The
Strategic Commanders are responsible to the Military Committee for the overall direction and conduct of all Alliance military
matters within their areas of command.[61]

Each country's delegation includes a Military Representative, a senior officer from each country's armed forces, supported by the
International Military Staff. Together the Military Representatives form the Military Committee, a body responsible for
recommending to NATO's political authorities those measures considered necessary for the common defence of the NATO area. Its
principal role is to provide direction and advice on military policy and strategy. It provides guidance on military matters to the NATO
Petr Pavel (right), of the Czech
Strategic Commanders, whose representatives attend its meetings, and is responsible for the overall conduct of the military affairs of
Republic, has been Chairman of the
the Alliance under the authority of the Council.[167] The Chairman of the NATO Military Committee is Petr Pavel of the Czech NATO Military Committee since 2015
Republic, since 2015.

Like the Council, from time to time the Military Committee also meets at a higher level, namely at the level of Chiefs of Defence, the
most senior military officer in each nation's armed forces. Until 2008 the Military Committee excluded France, due to that country's 1966 decision to remove itself from the
NATO Military Command Structure, which it rejoined in 1995. Until France rejoined NATO, it was not represented on the Defence Planning Committee, and this led to
conflicts between it and NATO members.[168] Such was the case in the lead up to Operation Iraqi Freedom.[169] The operational work of the Committee is supported by the
International Military Staff.

The structure of NATO evolved throughout the Cold War and its aftermath. An integrated military structure for NATO was first
established in 1950 as it became clear that NATO would need to enhance its defences for the longer term against a potential Soviet
attack. In April 1951, Allied Command Europe and its headquarters (SHAPE) were established; later, four subordinate headquarters
were added in Northern and Central Europe, the Southern Region, and the Mediterranean.[170]

From the 1950s to 2003, the Strategic Commanders were the Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR) and the Supreme
Allied Commander Atlantic (SACLANT). The current arrangement is to separate responsibility between Allied Command
Transformation (ACT), responsible for transformation and training of NATO forces, and Allied Command Operations (ACO),
responsible for NATO operations worldwide.[171] Starting in late 2003 NATO has restructured how it commands and deploys its
NATO flag raising at opening of troops by creating several NATO Rapid Deployable Corps, including Eurocorps, I. German/Dutch Corps, Multinational Corps
Exercise Steadfast Jazz at Drawsko Northeast, and NATO Rapid Deployable Italian Corps among others, as well as naval High Readiness Forces (HRFs), which all
Pomorskie in Poland in November report to Allied Command Operations.[172]
2013.
In early 2015, in the wake of the War in Donbass, meetings of NATO ministers decided that Multinational Corps Northeast would be
augmented so as to develop greater capabilities, to, if thought necessary, prepare to defend the Baltic States, and that a new
Multinational Division Southeast would be established in Romania. Six NATO Force Integration Units would also be established to coordinate preparations for defence of
new Eastern members of NATO.[173]

Multinational Division Southeast was activated on 1 December 2015.[174] Headquarters Multinational Division South East (HQ MND-SE) is a North Atlantic Council
(NAC) activated NATO military body under operational command (OPCOM) of Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR) which may be employed and deployed in
peacetime, crisis and operations by NATO on the authority of the appropriate NATO Military Authorities by means of an exercise or operational tasking issued in
accordance with the Command and Control Technical Arrangement (C2 TA) and standard NATO procedures.

During August 2016, it was announced that 650 soldiers of the British Army would be deployed on an enduring basis in Eastern Europe, mainly in Estonia with some also
being deployed to Poland. This British deployment forms part of a four-battle group (four-battalion) deployment by various allies, NATO Enhanced Forward Presence, one
each spread from Poland (the Poland-deployed battle group mostly led by the U.S.) to Estonia.

See also
Islamic Military Alliance
Ranks and insignia of NATO

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National Defense University (1997). Allied command structures in the new

Further reading
Asmus, Ronald (2010). A Little War that Shook the World: Georgia, Russia, and the Future of the West. NYU. ISBN 978-0-230-61773-5.

External links
Official

Official website (http://www.nato.int/)

Basic NATO Documents (http://nato.int/docu/basics.htm)
"NATO Declassified" (http://nato.int/cps/en/natohq/declassified.htm).

Collected news

NATO (http://www.aljazeera.com/topics/categories/organisation/north-atlantic-treaty-organization) collected news and commentary at Al Jazeera English

NATO (http://www.dawn.com/tag/nato/) collected news and commentary at Dawn
"NATO collected news and commentary" (https://www.theguardian.com/world/nato). The Guardian.
"NATO collected news and commentary" (http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/organizations/n/north_atlantic_treaty_organization/index.html). The
New York Times.
"NATO collected news and commentary" (http://topics.wsj.com/organization/N/NATO/4922). The Wall Street Journal.

History

"Timeline: Nato A brief look at some of the key dates in the organisation's history (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/feb/11/nato.simonjeffery)" by The
Guardian's Simon Jeffery on February 11, 2003

Historic films

The short film Big Picture: Why NATO? (https://archive.org/details/gov.archives.arc.2569670) is available for free download at the Internet Archive

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO 13/14
9/7/2017 NATO - Wikipedia
The short film Big Picture: NATO Maneuvers (https://archive.org/details/gov.archives.arc.2569561) is available for free download at the Internet Archive

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