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Analysis of Multilayered Composite

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DOI: 10.1177/0731684405048840

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 Journal of Reinforced Plastics and
Composites
http://jrp.sagepub.com/

Analysis of Multilayered Composite Cylinders under Thermal Loading

I. Hakki Akcay and Idriis Kaynak
Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 2005 24: 1169
DOI: 10.1177/0731684405048840

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http://jrp.sagepub.com/content/24/11/1169

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 Analysis of Multilayered Composite Cylinders
under Thermal Loading

I_ . HAKKI AKCAY
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Suleyman Demirel University
Isparta, Turkey

I_ DRI_S KAYNAK*
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Dokuz Eylul University
35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey

ABSTRACT: In this investigation, a failure analysis is performed on analytical expressions of

multilayered filament wound structures (FWS) in composite cylinders for the plane-strain and
closed-end condition cases, under internal pressure and uniform thermal loading. The multilayer
filament wound composite pressure closed-end cylinders are oriented symmetrically and
antisymmetrically. The mechanical properties of composite cylinders are investigated considering
a glassepoxy multilayered composite cylinder. The failure analysis is carried out on different
orientations of the multilayered composite cylinders. The failure pressure is found to be high at
increased temperatures for the plane-strain cases. It is nearly the same for the closed-end case.

KEY WORDS: composite pressure vessel, plane-strain case, thermal loading, composite cylinder.

INTRODUCTION

HE STRENGTH OF multilayered filament wound composite pressure vessels and

T pipes in the fiber direction and fiber volume fraction is treated as a function of
the fiber strain-to-failure. Both the strength of composite pressure vessels and pipes
in the fiber direction and the fiber volume fraction characterize the true relationship;
although fiber strain-to-failure is not a new area of study, and there has been a growing
interest in the applications of multilayered composite cylinders.
In recent years, the fiber-reinforced laminated composite materials are generally used
in the form of thick-walled multilayered wound cylindrical shells in pressure vessels and
pipes. Their working properties, such as low weight-to-strength ratio, good corrosion
resistance, and thermal insulation are widely utilized in various applications. Composite
material applications included aircraft, aerospace structures, rocket motor cases,
automotive, fuel tanks, biomedical, and sporting goods industries in the late 1970s.

*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Journal of REINFORCED PLASTICS AND COMPOSITES, Vol. 24, No. 11/2005 1169
0731-6844/05/11 116911 $10.00/0 DOI: 10.1177/0731684405048840

2005 Sage Publications

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1170 I_ .H. AKCAY AND I_ . KAYNAK

Fiber-reinforced multilayered composite materials have been fabricated using different

processes. Among these, filament wound structures (FWS) can be used in the manufacture
of composite pressure vessels and pipes. The properties of multilayered composite pressure
vessels and pipes have been investigated using several methods. A few of the prominent
methods are finite element modeling of filament winding process, optimum design of
filament-wound structures, and failure analysis. Cylindrical structures of the effective
composite pressure vessels are of prime importance in optimizing the condition to obtain
the shape factor. Optimum design of the filament-wound composite pressure vessels based
on a shape factor subjected to geometrical limitations and winding conditions have been
studied by Liang et al. [1]. The composite pressure vessels and pipes are made of long
fiber-reinforced polymer plastics, with the filament-wound manufacturing process for the
cylinder shape type depending on the influence of the scattering of design variables, which
in turn is based on the optimum angle of the inner pressure resistance of the long fibers
(i.e., 54.7
or approximately 55
) [2].
Recently, some studies have been presented on the action of internal pressure [3], axial
loading, transverse loading [4], and combined centrifugal, pressure and axial loading [5].
The general theory of the anisotropic cylinders is given by Lekhnitskii [6]. An efficient
method for thermal analysis of coaxial circular cylinders reports that interfacial layers
affect the thermal stresses in composites [7]. Soden et al. [8] investigated the influence of
the winding on the strength and deformation of filament-wound composite tubes under
uniaxial and biaxial forces.
Mistry et al. [9] studied the collapse behaviors of filament-wound glass fiber/epoxy
cylinders under a combination of external pressure and axial loading in the third
quadrant of the plane-stress, both experimentally and theoretically. Xia et al. [10]
presented an exact solution for multilayered filament-wound composite cylinder pipes
under pure bending. Al-Khalil et al. [11] studied the effects of radial stresses on the
strength of the thin-walled filament-wound composite pressure cylinders. Xia et al. [12]
presented a solution based on the classical cylindrical-plate theory for the thermal stress
and strain in a filament-wound fiber-reinforced sandwich cylindrical pipe subjected to
internal pressure and temperature changes. Parnas and Kat|rc| [13] developed an
analytical procedure to design and predict the behavior of fiber-reinforced composite
pressure vessels under internal pressure, axial force, body force, and temperature with
moisture variation.
These kinds of composite vessels consist of two parts: a multilayered cylindrical drum,
such as a pipe, and a dome. The dome is made up of two parts: a semicircular thin tube
and a complete cylinder, like the classical pressure vessel.
In this investigation, a general thermal stress analysis is carried out on the multilayered
thin or thick composite cylinders for the axially symmetric case under uniform tempera-
ture distributions. The solution is subjected to plane-strain and closed-end conditions.
The stacking sequences are chosen as [0
/90
]8, [30
/30
]8, [45
/45
]8, and [60
/60
]8
for both symmetric and antisymmetric orientations. Lekhnitskiis theory is employed to
analyze the influence of stacking sequences under thermal loadings for different structure
cases.

ELASTIC SOLUTION

A fiber reinforced multilayered composite cylinder is shown in Figure 1. The variables

r,
, z are the radial, tangential, and axial directions respectively. An elastic solution

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Analysis of Multilayered Composite Cylinders 1171

is based on Lekhnitskiis theory. The strainstress relation for the general case in a layer
is written as,
8 9

8 9
> "r >
a11 a12 a13 a14 a15 a16
> r >
>
> >
>


>> > >
>
> "
>> a21 a22 a23 a24 a25 a26

> > 
>>
>
< >
=

< >
> =
"z a a a a a a



31 32 33 34 35 36



z
1
>
> 
z >
>
a41 a42 a43 a44 a45 a46
> > 
z >
>
>
> >
>

>
> >
>
> 
r >
> >
a51 a52 a53 a54 a55 a56
> > 
r >
>
: ;
a61 a62 a63 a64 a65 a66
: r
;
r

The strainstress relation for the axially symmetric case in an orthotropic layer, as
shown in Figure 1, can be written as (r 1,
2, z 3),

"r a11 r a12 
a13 z 11 T

"
a12 r a22 
a23 z 22 T 2
"z a13 r a23 
a33 z 33 T

where,

22 2 cos2  3 sin2 

33 2 sin2  3 cos2 
11 1

1, 2, and 3 are the thermal expansion coefficients in the 1, 2, and 3 directions,
respectively.

Plane-strain Case

For the plane strain case, "z is zero. From this relation,  z can be written as,

a13 a23 33

z  r  
 T 3
a33 a33 a33

Figure 1. Multilayered fiber glassepoxy cylinder.

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1172 I_ .H. AKCAY AND I_ . KAYNAK

When  z is substituted into the other strain relations "r and "
become:

du
"r 11 r 12 
1 T
dr 4
u
"
12 r 22 
2 T
r
where,

a213 a23 a13 a223

11 a11  , 12 a12  , 22 a22 
a33 a33 a33
33 a13
1 11 
a33
33 a23
2 22 
a33

Using Lekhnitskiis theory, and following Equation (1), a stress function (F ) under axial
symmetry can be written as:

1 @F 1 @2 F 1 dF
r
r @r r2 @
2 r dr 5
@2 F d 2 F

2 2
@r dr

Writing "r du/dr and "
u/r for an axially symmetric case gives the compatibility
equation as:

d"

"r "
r 6
dr
When the compatibility equation is used between "r and "
, an ordinary differential
equation is obtained for the stress function F as:

d3F d2F dF dT
r3 22 r 2
 22  r11 Tr2 1  2 2 r3 7
dr3 dr2 dr dr

This equation is solved under a uniform temperature distribution.

Uniform Temperature Distribution

In the case of uniform temperature distribution, T is represented by T0. Then, the

solution of Equation (7) gives

F C0 C1 r1k C2 r1k Ar2 8

where,

T0 0 11 1  2
A k2 0
21  k2 22 22

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Analysis of Multilayered Composite Cylinders 1173

The stress components are obtained as:

1 dF T0 0
r 1 kC1 rk1 1  kC2 rk1
r dr 1  k2
d2F T0 0

2
k1 kC1 rk1  k1  kC2 rk1
dr 1  k2
a13 ka23 a13 ka23 a13 a23 3
z  1 kC1 rk1 1  kC2 rk1  2A  T0
a33 a33 a33 a33
9

The radial displacement component can be found from "
as:

u
"
13 r 22 
T0 2
r 10
u 12 k22 C1 1 krk 12  k22 C2 1  krk 2A12 22 r T0 2 r

If a composite cylinder is manufactured using n layers, the integration constants are

2  n. The number of the boundary conditions must also be equal to 2  n.

r 0 at r a and r b 11

where a and b are the inner and outer surfaces of the cylinders. If the cylinder is subjected
to internal pressure p with no pressure at the outer surface, then:

r p at ra
12
r 0 at r b

Both the radial stress component and the radial displacement, are in the normal direction
of the surface, and must be equal for different layers at their boundaries.

r i1 r i
ui1 ui

Therefore, 2  n  2 more boundary conditions can be written for the radial stress
and displacement at the boundaries of layers. Their summation reaches 2  n. The stresses
and displacements in each layer can be calculated by using the known integration
constants.

Closed End Condition

When both ends of the cylinder are closed, the thermal stresses are obtained by using a
parameter, C.
In this case, "z C, i.e.,

"z a13 r a23 
a33 z 33 T C

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1174 I_ .H. AKCAY AND I_ . KAYNAK

 z can be written in terms of C as,

C a13 a23 3
z  r  
 T 13
a33 a33 a33 a33

Substituting  z in Equation (2) gives new relations for the strain components:

C
"r 11 r 12 
1 T a13
a33
14
C
"
12 r 22 
2 T a23
a33

Under the compatibility condition (Equation (6)), a new differential equation is obtained:

d3F d 2F dF dT
r3 22 3
r2 22 2  r11 Tr2 1  2 2 r3 Cr2 0 15
dr dr dr dr

where:

a13  a23
0
a33

Under a uniform temperature distribution, the stress function is found to be:

F C0 C1 r1k C2 r1k Ar2 16

where:

T0 0 Cc0
A
21  k2

0 and 0 are defined in Equations (8) and (15), respectively and c0 0 =22
The stress components can be written as:

1 dF
r 1 kC1 rk1 1  kC2 rk1 2A
r dr
d 2F

2 k1 kC1 rk1  k1  kC2 rk1 2A
dr 17
C a13 ka23 a13 ka23
z   1 kC1 rk1 1  kC2 rk1
a33 a33 a33
a13 a23 33
 2A  T0
a33 a33

Radial displacement,

u 12 k22 1 kC1 rk 12  k22 1  krk 212 22 Ar

18
2 T0 r a23 =a33 Cr

The result of  z for the closed end condition is equal to the axial force at the ends.

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Analysis of Multilayered Composite Cylinders 1175

For layers it can be written as:

n Z
X ri1
Pz 0 Pz z 2r dr a2 pi 19
i1 ri

where, pi and a are the inner pressure and the radius of the cylinder, respectively.
Equation (19) gives the parameter C that can be found by iterations.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The mechanical properties of a glass fiberepoxy composite material [15] are given in
Table 1. As seen in this table, the composite material shows different properties in the
principal material directions. The inner radius of the cylinder is 40 mm. The thickness of
a layer is 0.25 mm. In this study, it is assumed that the material properties do not change at
high temperatures.

Plane-strain Case

The radial, tangential, and axial stresses for a uniform temperature distribution of 40
C
at the inner and outer surfaces are given in Table 2. In this solution, the sixteen layers
are oriented symmetrically, as [0
/0
]8, [15
/15
]8, [30
/30
]8, [45
/45
]8, [60
/60
]8,
[75
/75
]8, [90
/90
]8, and antisymmetrically. As seen in this table, the magnitude of

is higher than those of  r and  z for all the orientation angles, and is tensile in all
the orientations. The magnitude of  z becomes higher at high orientation angles. The
resistance of the material is greater in the axial direction at high orientation angles,
due to high thermal expansion coefficient of 2.
The stress components are the same for symmetric and antisymmetric cases. The failure
of the composite cylinders, due to the different strengths of the layers for the tensile and

Table 1. Mechanical properties of a composite layer.

E1 E2 G12 Xt Yt Xc Yc S 1 2
(MPa) (MPa) (MPa) 12 (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (1/
C) (1/
C)

53,780 17,930 8620 0.25 1035.0 27.6 1035.0 138 41.4 6.3 E-6 20.52 E-6

Table 2. Stress components at the inner and outer surfaces for uniform temperature
(T0 40
C and p 2 MPa) distribution in the cylinders of plane strain case.

At the inner surface At the outer surface

Stacking
sequences  r (MPa) 
(MPa)  z (MPa)  r (MPa) 
(MPa)  z (MPa)

[15
/15
]8 2.00 21.06 0.60 0.00 19.04 0.78

[30
/30
]8 2.00 21.04 0.56 0.00 19.07 0.21
[45
/45
]8 2.00 20.98 0.23 0.00 19.13 0.54
[60
/60
]8 2.00 20.85 2.38 0.00 19.27 2.53
[75
/75
]8 2.00 20.63 4.76 0.00 19.51 4.72

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1176 I_ .H. AKCAY AND I_ . KAYNAK

compressive strength of the composite cylinders, is checked using the TsaiWu criterion
[14]. The failure of composite cylinders at 0
C is shown in Figure 2. As seen in this figure,
when the orientation angle at the point of failure is increased, the internal pressure also
increases. However, orientation angles of 0 and 90
are not so useful in the manufacturing
process of the cylinders. The failure of the cylinders are shown in Figures 37 at
temperatures of 20, 40, 50, 100, and 120
C. As seen in these figures, when the orientation
angle is increased the internal pressure causing failure of the cylinders increases. It is also
seen that the pressure increases for all the orientations at high temperatures. Since the
axial stress decreases at high temperatures and the thermal stress is high, the influence
of internal pressure on the axial stress of  z decreases.

PLANE-STRAIN (T=0C)
40

30
PRESSURE

20

10

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
ORIENTATION ANGLE

Figure 2. Failure of pressure at T 0
C.

PLANE STRAIN (T=20C)

50

40
PRESSURE

30

20

10

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
ORIENTATION ANGLE

Figure 3. Failure of pressure at T 20
C.

PLANE STRAIN (T=50C)

60
50
PRESSURE

40
30
20
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
ORIENTATION ANGLE
Figure 4. Failure of pressure at T 50
C.

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Analysis of Multilayered Composite Cylinders 1177
PLANE STRAIN (T=80C)
70
60
50

PRESSURE
40
30
20
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
ORIENTATION ANGLE

Figure 5. Failure of pressure at T 80
C.

PLANE STRAIN (T=100C)

80
70
60
PRESSURE

50
40
30
20
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
ORIENTATION ANGLE

Figure 6. Failure of pressure at T 100
C.

PLANE STRAIN (T=120C)

80
70
60
PRESSURE

50
40
30
20
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
ORIENTATION ANGLE

Figure 7. Failure of pressure at T 120
C.

Closed End Condition (Pressure Vessels)

For the closed end condition, the stress components at 20
C, for an internal pressure
of 2 MPa, are given in Table 3. Under internal pressure and the thermal loading
conditions, stress components are calculated interatively, provided that the resultant

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1178 I_ .H. AKCAY AND I_ . KAYNAK

Table 3. Stress components at the inner and outer surfaces under the both internal
pressure and uniform temperature distribution ( p 2 MPa, T0 20
C) in the pressure
vessel.

At the inner surface At the outer surface

Stacking
sequences  r (MPa) 
(MPa)  z (MPa)  r (MPa) 
(MPa)  z (MPa)



[0 /0 ]8 2.00 21.14 9.46 0.00 18.96 9.42
[15
/15
]8 2.00 21.11 9.53 0.00 18.99 9.42
[30
/30
]8 2.00 21.03 9.52 0.00 19.07 9.40
[45
/45
]8 2.00 20.92 9.45 0.00 19.17 9.45
[60
/60
]8 2.00 20.80 9.33 0.00 19.30 9.53
[75
/75
]8 2.00 20.68 9.26 0.00 19.44 9.61
[90
/90
]8 2.00 20.61 9.23 0.00 19.652 9.63

Table 4. Failure pressures of the composite cylinders in pressure vessels.

 0
15
30
45
60
75
90

p (MPa) 2.70 2.90 3.30 3.80 4.70 5.40 5.70

of axial forces is zero at the free ends. As seen in this table, the magnitude of 
is
the highest for all the orientation angles. However, the axial stress ( z) gains high values,
due to the influence of the internal pressure at the closed ends. Especially, ( z) causes
the cylinders at lower internal pressures to fail, because the strength of the composite
layer in the matrix (transverse direction) has low values, as given in Table 1. The failure
pressures of the vessels for various temperatures are given in Table 4. They have
approximately the same pressure for all the temperatures in each orientation. As seen in
this table, it increases at high orientation angles. At different temperatures, the failure
pressure remains approximately constant in each orientation.
The manufacturing of 0 and 90
orientation angles may be impossible, but these
parameters are also investigated for considering thermal loadings.

CONCLUSION

In this study, a thermal stress analysis is developed for multilayered composite cylinders.
The solution is further subjected to plane-strain and closed-end conditions.

Plane Strain Condition

1. The magnitude of the tangential stress component (
) is the highest for a uniform
temperature distribution.
2. When the temperature is increased, the internal pressure causing the failure of the
composite cylinder, decreases.
3. The internal pressure causing the failure increases at high orientation angles.

Closed End Condition

1. The failure pressure is nearly the same for all the temperatures in any of the
orientations.

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Analysis of Multilayered Composite Cylinders 1179

2. When the orientation angle is increased, the failure pressure increases.

3. The failure pressure is found to be nearly the same in each orientation for all the
temperatures.

REFERENCES

1. Liang, C. C., Chen, H. W. and Wang, C. H. (2002). Optimum Design of Dome Contour for Filament-wound
Composite Pressure Vessels Based on a Shape Factor, Composite Structures, 58: 469482.
2. Beakou, A. and Mohammed, A. (2001). Influence of Variable Scattering on the Optimum Winding Angle of
Cylindrical Laminated Composites, Composite Structures, 53: 287293.
3. Xia, M., Takayanagi, H. and Kemmochi, K. (2001). Analysis of Multi-layered Filament-wound Composite
Pipes Under Internal Pressure, Composite Structures, 53: 483491.
4. Xia, M., Takayanagi, H. and Kemmochi, K. (2001). Analysis of Transverse Loading for Laminated
Cylindrical Pipes, Composite Structures, 53: 279285.
5. Wild, P. M. and Vickers, G. W. (1997). Analysis of Filament-wound Cylindrical Shells under Combined
Centrifugal, Pressure and Axial Loading, Composites Part A, 28A: 4755.
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8. Soden, P. D., Kitching, R., Tse, P. C., Hinton, M. J. and Tsavalas, Y. (1993). Influence of Winding Angle on
the Strength and Deformation of Filament-wound Composite Tubes Subjected to Uniaxial and Biaxial
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9. Mistry, J., Gibson, A. G. and Wu, Y.-S. (1992). Failure of Composite Cylinders under Combined External
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Structures, 51: 273283.
11. Al-Khalil, M. F. S., Soden, P. D., Kitching, R. and Hinton, M. J. (1996). The Effects of Radial Stresses on
the Strength of Thin-walled Filament Wound GRP Composite Pressure Cylinders, Int. J. Mechanical
Sciences, 38(1): 97120.
12. Xia, M., Takayanagi, H. and Kemmochi, K. (2002). Bending Behavior of Filament-wound Fiber-reinforced
Sandwich Pipes, Composite Structures, 56: 201-210.
13. Parnas, L. and Kat|rc|, N. (2002). Design of Fiber-reinforced Composite Pressure Vessels under Various
Loading Conditions, Composite Structures, 58: 8395.
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