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OUTLINE FOR Chapter 4

AIRFOIL NOMENCLATURE

The leading edge circle: (usually radius = 0.02 chord length c)

The trailing edge:
The chord line: Straight line connecting the center of leading edge circle and the trailing edges.
The leading edge:
The chord length c: the length between the leading edge and the trailing edge.
The thickness t: the distance between upper and lower surfaces, measured normal to the chord
line.
The mean camber line: the locus of points halfway between the upper and lower surfaces,
measured normal to the chord line.
camber: the maximum distance between the mean camber line and the chord line.
The distances of the points of maximum thickness and maximum camber aft of the leading
edge.
AERODYNAMICS (W3-1-2)

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NACA AIRFOIL NOMENCLATURE

NACA four-digit series: (http://airfoiltools.com/airfoil/naca4digit)
Example: NACA 2412 (2% camber at 40% chord, with 12% thickness)
2 => maximum camber = 0.02c
4 => maximum camber located at 0.4c from the leading edge.
12 => maximum thickness = 0.12c.
NACA five-digit series: (http://airfoiltools.com/airfoil/naca5digit)
Example: NACA 23012
2 => Maximum camber = 0.02c and 2*3/2=3 => lift coefficient Cl=0.3
30 => 30/2=15 => Maximum camber = 0.02c located at 0.15c from the leading edge.
12 => Maximum thickness = 0.12c.
NACA 6- series:
Example: NACA 65-218
6 => series designation
5 => the minimum pressure occurs at 0.5c for the basic symmetric thickness distribution at
zero lift
2 => the design lift coefficient 0.2
18 => Maximum thickness =0.18c

Interactive NACA Airfoil Shape Java Applet

http://www.ppart.de/programming/java/profiles/NACA4.html
http://www.ppart.de/programming/java/profiles/NACA5.html

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NACA Four-Digit Series:

NACA0000 NACA4400

NACA0012
NACA4402

NACA8412 NACA4412

NACA8812 NACA4424

http://www.ppart.de/programming/java/profiles/NACA4.html

VARIATION OF PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION OVER

AN AIRFOIL WITH ANGLE OF ATTACK

Inviscid flow Cf=0

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THE LIFT CURVE

Lift decrease,
Drag increase
Max lift coefficient

Cl = a0 ( - L=0 )
a0 = 2

zero-lift Angle of attack

Lift Coefficient for NACA0012

Cl
Clmax=1.288

Lift slope ~ 2

Stall angle ~ 14o

Angle of attack
Zero-lift angle of attack
L=0= 0

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DARG FOR SUBSONIC 2-D AIRFOIL

Df: skin friction drag, Cf=Df /(1/2V2S)
Dp: prssure darg (Df >> Dp in small angle of attack)
Profile drag coefficient Cd = (Df + Dp) /(1/2V2S)
d

AERODYNAMICS (W3-1-6)

Drag Coefficient Cd for NACA0012

Cd
Skin friction
drag
Pressure
drag

Angle of Attack ()

AERODYNAMICS (W3-1-6.1)

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Moment Coefficient Cm,le and Cm,c/4 for

NACA0012

Angle of Attack ()

NACA 2412 AIRFOIL CHARACTERISTICS

Moment
coefficient
about the c/4

Aerodynamic Center:
For low speed
airfoil,
aerodynamic
Moment center is always at
coefficient or near the
about the quarter-chord
aerodynamic point, i.e. c/4 from
center
leading edge.

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OUTLINE FOR Chapter 4

THEORETICAL SOLUTION FOR LOW SPEED

FLOW OVER AIRFOIL (I) - THE PHILOSOPHY
Source/Sink distributed
along the chord line

Thickness effect

Angle of attack effect

Thin airfoil theory
Camber effect

Thick Cambered wing at an angle of attack

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THE VORTEX SHEET

The Vortex Sheet recall Vortex Flow

d= ds

THE KUTTA CONDITION (I)

Just like flow over cylinder, has

infinite number of valid theoretical
solutions on a flow over airfoil with
Kutta condition:
angle of attack, but from experiments
there is a one physical solution for a For a given airfoil at a given angle of attack,
given airfoil at a given angle of attack. the value of around the airfoil is such that
We need an additional condition to fix . the flow leaves the trailing edge smoothly.

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THE KUTTA CONDITION (II)

Finite trailing edge angle Cusp trailing edge angle

KELVINS CIRCULATION THEOREM

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Kelvin Theorem (Helmholtz Vorticity theorem: Part II)

Consider the motion of an inviscid fluid under the action of

conservative body force f j G G (e.g. gravity, for which
G=gz) x j
For inviscid flow, N-S equation reduces to Euler equation as
Duj u j u j 1 p 1 p G D(dxj ) Dxj xj xj
uk fj d d( uk ) d(ukjk) duj
Dt Dt t xk
Dt t xk x j x j x j
D D Duj D(dxj ) Duj
u j dxj dxj u j dxj u j duj
Dt Dt Dt Dt Dt

D Duj 1 p G 1 1 p G
dxj u j duj ( )dxj d (u ju j ) ( )dxj
Dt Dt x j x j 2 x j x j
D Duj 1 p 1 p
dxj u j duj ( )dxj dG ( )dxj
Dt Dt x j x j 19

D 1 p
( )dxj
Dt x j
If fluid density is constant (=constant)

D 1 p 1 p 1
( )dxj ( )dxj dp 0
Dt x j x j

If the fluid density is barotropic (1/ =g(p) or p=f())

D 1 p
( )dxj g( p)dp G( p) p2 0
p

Dt x j
1

D 1 p 1 f ' ( )
( )dxj ( )dp d F () 2 0
Dt x j 1

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Application in 2D Airfoil Lift Calculation

The following equations are unconditional satisfied (no assumptions).

dV n dS 0
V S
V dl ( V ) n dA i ni dA
c A A

upstream near airfoil far downstream

Uniform
U V Uniform
velocity U V
velocity
Irrotational
0 Irrotational
flow 0
flow

Downwash velocity W

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Tip Vortex in 3D Airfoil / Lifting Line theory

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Vortex Above Delta Wing or Slender body

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Leapfrogging of two Vortex Rings

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Karman Vortex Street behind Circular Cylinder

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Vorticity intensification by stretching

vortex lines
Inviscid fluid (=0)
Conservative body force f G xG
j

Fluid density = constant or barotropic (p=g())

j

D
Dt
0 dA A
A
D ( ) D ( A ) D ( ) D ( A )
A 0
Dt Dt Dt Dt

D ( A )
D

D ( A ) 0 if 0
/ A Dt
Dt Dt D ( A )
0 if 0
Dt
If a fluid particle is
2 1
1 stretched in an
inviscid flow field,
its vorticity in the
stretch direction is
1 1 A1 2 2 A2 1 increased.
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Horseshoe
Vortices in a
Laminar
Boundary
Layer

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OUTLINE FOR Chapter 4

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CLASSICAL THIN AIRFOIL THEORY (I)

Calculate (s) such that the camber line

becomes a streamline of the flow and such
that the Kutta condition is satisfied at
trailing edge, i.e.,

THE THIN AIRFOIL THEORY (II)

Calculate (x) such that the

camber line becomes a
streamline of the flow and such
that the Kutta condition is
satisfied at trailing edge, i.e.,

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THE THIN AIRFOIL THEORY (III)

Fundamental
equation for thin
airfoil theory
Solve integral equation ( ) to satisfy (1) the camber line is a
streamline and (2) Kutta condition (c )=0 boundary conditions.

THE SYMMETRIC AIRFOIL - A FLAT PLATE WITH

ANGLE OF ATTACK

- No camber, camber line = chord line dz/dx=0

since x is a fixed point, it corresponds

to a particular point of , namely o.

Mathematical theory of integral which satisfy Kutta condition ( ) = 0

equations by using LHospital rule

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LIFT AND LIFT COEFFICIENT OF FLOW OVER

A FLAT PLATE WITH ANGLE OF ATTACK

MOMENT AND MOMENT COEFFICIENT OF FLOW

OVER A FLAT PLATE WITH ANGLE OF ATTACK
dL V d V ( ) d

V 2c 2
'
M LE 2
0 (1 cos )d
2
V2
0 (1 cos
2
)d q
2 2

For a thin, symmetric airfoil, the aerodynamic center is located at the c/4 location.

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EXPERIMENTAL V.S. THEORETICAL Cl AND Cm,c/4

OF NACA0012 SYMMETRIC AIRFOIL

Conclusion:

AERODYNAMICS (W3-3-8)

OUTLINE FOR LECTURE 10

AERODYNAMICS (W4-1-1)

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THE CAMBERED AIRFOIL WITH ANGLE OF ATTACK (I)

solution form

Fourier cosine series expansion of the function dz/dx

AERODYNAMICS (W4-1-2)

THE CAMBERED AIRFOIL WITH ANGLE OF ATTACK (II)

AERODYNAMICS (W4-1-3)

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LIFT AND LIFT COEFFICIENT OF A CAMBERED AIRFOIL

AERODYNAMICS (W4-1-4)

Zero-Lift Angle of Attack

AERODYNAMICS (W3-1-5.1)

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MOMENT AND MOMENT COEFFICIENT OF A

CAMBERED AIRFOIL

V2c 2
'
M LE [ A0 (1 cos2 ) An (1 cos ) sin n sin ]d
2 0
n 1
2 0 sin n sin d
(n 1)
0 (1 cos ) d
2 2
0 (n 1)
1
0 sin n cos sin d 2 0 sin n sin 2d 4 (n 2)
0 (n 2)

SUMMARY

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Solution:

1 dz
0 dx
A0 d

1 0.9335
[ (0.6840 2.3736 cos 1.995 cos 2 )d (0.02208)d ]
0 0.9335

0.0286

2 dz
0 dx
A1 cos d

2 0.9335
[ (0.6840 cos 2.3736 cos 2 1.995 cos3 )d (0.02208 cos )d ]
0 0.9335

0.0954

2 dz 2 dz 4 dz 2 dz
0 dx
A2 cos 2 d (2 cos 2 1)d cos 2 d d
0 dx 0 dx 0 dx
4 0.9335
[ (0.6840 cos 2 2.3736 cos 3 1.995 cos 4 )d (0.02208 cos 2 )d ] 0.0572
0 0.9335

0.0792 Mathmatica 8 Tutor: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MjCpgxYslRc

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A0 0.0286 A1 0.0954 A2 0.0792

c
cl (2 A0 A1 ) cm c / 4 ( A2 A1 ) X cp [1 ( A1 A2 )]
4 4 Cl
(a) zero-lift angle of attack:
cl (2 A0 A1 ) [2( 0.0286) 0.0954] 0
L 0 0.0191 rad 1.09o
(b) lift coefficient at =4o:
4
cl (2 A0 A1 ) [2( 0.0286) 0.0954] 0.559
180
(c) moment coefficient about the quarter chord:

cm c / 4 ( A2 A1 )
(0.0792 0.0954) 0.0127
4 4
(d) center of pressure at =4o:
X cp 1
[1 (0.0954 0.0792)] 0.273
c 4 0.559

THE AERODYNAMIC CENTER

The definition of the aerodynamic center is that point on a body
about which the aerodynamically generated moment is
independent of angle of attack. dc /d =0 m,ac

For most conventional airfoils, the aerodynamic center is close

to, but not necessarily exactly at, the quarter-chord point.

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Remarks on Thin Airfoil Theory

THIN Airfoil means that this theory is only for airfoils of about
12 percent thickness or less.
For the airfoils with thickness more than 12 percent, vortex
panel method were developed.

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VORTEX PANEL NUMERICAL METHOD (I) :

LIFTING FLOWS OVER ARBITRARY BODIES
(1)
(2)

(recall )

AERODYNAMICS (W4-1-7)

VORTEX PANEL NUMERICAL METHOD (II)

geometry dependent
not flow

AERODYNAMICS (W4-1-8)

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VORTEX PANEL NUMERICAL METHOD (III)

n-1

AERODYNAMICS (W4-1-9)

SOPHISTICATED VORTEX PANEL NUMERICAL METHOD (IV)

First-order method: a constant value of over a given panel
Second-order method: a linear variation of over a given panel

Vortex panel on the surface of

body, with strength (s)

and satisfy Kutta condition AERODYNAMICS (W4-1-10)

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MODERN LOW-SPEED AIRFOILS Design

30 % higher Cl,max
50 % increase in the ratio of lift
computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to drag (L/D) at Cl=1.0

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