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SUBMITTED BY:
MARK ROLAND J. SALA
11 ICT-1
SUBMITTED TO:
MR. ALBERT AMPUAN
Source:
(http://www.piaget.org/aboutPiaget.html)

Jean Piaget (1896-1980)

Jean Piaget was born in Neuchtel (Switzerland) on August 9, 1896. He died in Geneva on
September 16, 1980. He was the oldest child of Arthur Piaget, professor of medieval
literature at the University, and of Rebecca Jackson. At age 11, while he was a pupil at
Neuchtel Latin high school, he wrote a short notice on an albino sparrow. This short paper
is generally considered as the start of a brilliant scientific career made of over sixty books
and several hundred articles.

His interest for mollusks was developed during his late adolescence to the point that he
became a well-known malacologist by finishing school. He published many papers in the
field that remained of interest for him all along his life.

After high school graduation, he studied natural sciences at the University of Neuchtel
where he obtained a Ph.D. During this period, he published two philosophical essays which
he considered as "adolescence work" but were important for the general orientation of his
thinking.

After a semester spent at the University of Zrich where he developed an interest for
psychoanalysis, he left Switzerland for France. He spent one year working at the Ecole de la
rue de la Grange-aux-Belles a boys' institution created by Alfred Binet and then directed by
De Simon who had developed with Binet a test for the measurement of intelligence. There,
he standardized Burt's test of intelligence and did his first experimental studies of the
growing mind.

Successively or simultaneously, Piaget occupied several chairs: psychology, sociology and

history of science at Neuchtel from 1925 to 1929; history of scientific thinking at Geneva
from 1929 to 1939; the International Bureau of Education from 1929 to 1967; psychology and
sociology at Lausanne from 1938 to 1951; sociology at Geneva from 1939 to 1952, then
genetic and experimental psychology from 1940 to 1971. He was, reportedly, the only Swiss
to be invited at the Sorbonne from 1952 to 1963. In 1955, he created and directed until his
death the International Center for Genetic Epistemology.

His researches in developmental psychology and genetic epistemology had one unique
goal: how does knowledge grow? His answer is that the growth of knowledge is a
progressive construction of logically embedded structures superseding one another by a
process of inclusion of lower less powerful logical means into higher and more powerful
ones up to adulthood. Therefore, children's logic and modes of thinking are initially entirely
different from those of adults.

Piaget's oeuvre is known all over the world and is still an inspiration in fields like
psychology, sociology, education, epistemology, economics and law as witnessed in the
annual catalogues of the Jean Piaget Archives. He was awarded numerous prizes and
honorary degrees all over the world
WORKS:
1918, Recherche. Lausanne: La Concorde.
1924, Judgment and reasoning in the child, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1928.
1936, Origins of intelligence in the child, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1953.
1957, Construction of reality in the child, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1954.
1941, Child's conception of number (with Alina Szeminska), London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1952.
1945, Play, dreams and imitation in childhood, London: Heinemann, 1951.
1949, Trait de logique. Paris: Colin.
1950, Introduction l'pistmologie gntique 3 Vols. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
1954, Intelligence and affectivity, Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews, 1981.
1955, Growth of logical thinking (with Brbel Inhelder), London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1958.
1962, Commentary on Vygotsky's criticisms. New Ideas in Psychology, 13, 325-40, 1995
1967, Logique et connaissance scientifique. Paris: Gallimard.
1967, Biology and knowledge, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1971.
1970, Piaget's theory. In P. Mussen (ed) Handbook of child psychology, Vol.1. New York: Wiley,
1983.
1970, Main trends in psychology, London: George Allen & Unwin, 1973.
1975, Equilibration of cognitive structures, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985.
1977, Sociological studies, London: Routledge, 1995
1977, Studies in reflecting abstraction. Hove: Psychology Press, 2000
1977, Essay on necessity. Human Development, 29, 301-14, 1986.
1981, Possibility and necessity, 2 Vols, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1987.
1983, Psychogenesis and the history of science (with Rolando Garcia), New York: Columbia
University Press, 1989.
1987, Towards a logic of meanings (with Rolando Garcia), Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum Associates, 1991.
1990, Morphisms and categories (with Gil Henriques, Edgar Ascher), Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
Associates, 1992.
Source:

(https://www.livescience.com/54723-sigmund-freud-biography.html)

SIGMUND FREUD (May 6, 1856 to Sept. 23, 1939)

Freud was born to a wool merchant and his second wife, Jakob and Amalie, in
Freiberg, Moravia, in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, on May 6, 1856. This town is
now known as Pbor and is located in the Czech Republic.

For most of his life, he was raised in Vienna, and he was married there in 1886 to
Martha Bernays. They had six children. His daughter, Anna Freud, also became a
distinguished psychoanalyst.

In 1909, Freud came to the United States and made a presentation of his theories at
Clark University in Massachusetts. This was his first presentation outside of Vienna.
By this point, he was very famous, even with laymen.

In 1923, at age 67, Freud was diagnosed with cancer of the jaw after many years of
smoking cigars. His treatment included 30 operations over the next 16 years,
according to the PBS program, "A Science Odyssey."

Freud lived his adult life in Vienna until it was occupied by Germany in 1938.
Though Jewish, Freud's fame saved him, for the most part. The Nazi party burned his
books throughout Germany, but they let him leave Austria after briefly confiscating
his passport. He and his wife fled to England, where he died in September 1939.

WORKS:
1891: On Aphasia
1895:Studies on Hysteria (co-authored with Josef Breuer)
1900: The Interpretation of Dreams
1901: On Dreams (abridged version of The Interpretation of Dreams)
1904: The Psychopathology of Everyday Life
1905: Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious
1905: Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality
1907: Delusion and Dream in Jensen's Gradiva
1910: Five Lectures on Psycho-Analysis
1910: Leonardo da Vinci, A Memory of His Childhood
1913: Totem and Taboo: Resemblances between the Psychic Lives of Savages
and Neurotics
191517: Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis
1920: Beyond the Pleasure Principle
1921: Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego
1923: The Ego and the Id
1926: Inhibitions, Symptoms and Anxiety
1926: The Question of Lay Analysis
1927: The Future of an Illusion
1930: Civilization and Its Discontents
1933 New Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis
1939 Moses and Monotheism
1949 An Outline of Psycho-Analysis