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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 MATERIAL PROPERTIES .........................................................................................................5
1.3 Fasteners....................................................................................................................................... 5
1.3.1 Stainless Steel Bolts (ASTM F 738M Grade A2-70, M6-M20) ................................................ 5
2 GENERAL DESCRIPTION.........................................................................................................6
3 LOADS........................................................................................................................................9
3.4 Cable Forces due to Wind & Pretension Loads, PCF ................................................................... 13
4 GLASS......................................................................................................................................14
6 MULLIONS ...............................................................................................................................26
7 TRANSOMS .............................................................................................................................36
8 BRACKET DESIGN..................................................................................................................40
REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................................58
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Permasteelisa Gartner Middle East L.L.C
1 MATERIAL PROPERTIES
1.3 Fasteners
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2 GENERAL DESCRIPTION
Faade under study is a top-hanging unitised male-female curtain wall system. Aluminium extrusions act
as panel frame elements and are supported by high-strength aluminum alloy brackets. These brackets,
which allow vertical and horizontal tolerance adjustments, are fixed back to the supporting structure
(concrete, steel elements). Typical module widths are 1500 mm and 1433 mm for inclined and vertical
facades, respectively.
As per Permasteelisa Gartner Middle East L.L.C.s scope of work, this report covers facade spanning
from G.L. 2.7 to 18.7 (for inclined), and S.5 to V (for vertical). Kindly refer to revision 01 of drawing
number GAR-C-D-J-A-GN-2080.
Three facade sections have been considered in the report. For calculation purposes, three sections are
named as ZONE 01 (G.L. 2.7 to 4.3), ZONE 02 (G.L. 17.7 to 18.7), and ZONE 03 (G.L. 14 to 17.7). Kindly
refer to figures below.
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3 LOADS
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The infill has been verified under barrier loads as per ASCE 7-05: Section 4.4. The following load cases
have been considered:
FIL1 = 0.22 kN point load anywhere up to 1.1 m above FFL applied to the infill on
a surface area not to exceed 305 mm square;
FIL2 = 0.73 kN/m distributed line load at 1.1 m above FFL
It should be noted that the above loads have been considered not to act simultaneously with the
maximum wind load.
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4 GLASS
ASTM E 1300 latest edition: Standard Practice for Determining Load Resistance of Glass in Buildings
has been used to verify the structural adequacy of glass.
The allowable surface and edge stresses for each load case have been obtained in accordance to ASTM
E 1300 09a multiplied by a load duration factor (LDF) in Table X6.1.
LDF3s
LDF60s
LDF>1yr
HS,3s = LDF3s* HS,SURFACE = 46.6 MPa Allow. surface stress for HS 3-sec load
HS,60s = LDF60s* HS,SURFACE = 38.7 MPa Allow. surface stress for HS 60-sec load
HS,>1yr = LDF>1yr* HS,SURFACE = 14.5 MPa Allow. surface stress beyond 1 year
HSe,3s = LDF3s* HS,EDGE = 36.5 MPa Allow. edge stress for HS 3-sec load
HSe,60s = LDF60s* HS,EDGE = 30.3 MPa Allow. edge stress for HS 60-sec load
HSe,>1yr = LDF>1yr* HS,EDGE = 11.3 MPa Allow. edge stress beyond 1 year
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For structural verification against wind load, glass plates have been modelled using finite element
software (SJ Mepla), and a non-linear approach was employed.
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sHS,max
Figure 5: Maximum Plate Stresses (left) & Deflections (right): Case (DL+WLsuction)
Check stresses
sHS,max < sHS,3s = 46.6 MPa Adequate
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sHS,max
Figure 6: Maximum Plate Stresses (left) & Deflections (right): Case (DL+WLpressure)
Check stresses
sHS,max < sHS,3s = 46.6 MPa Adequate
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sHS,max
Figure 7: Maximum Plate Stresses (left) & Deflections (right): Case (DL+WLpressure)
Check stresses
sHS,max < sHSe,>1yr = 46.6 MPa Adequate
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For structural verification against barrier loads, glass plates have been modelled using finite element
software (SJ Mepla), and a non-linear approach was employed.
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Figure 8: Maximum Plate Stresses (left) & Deflections (right): Load Case Combination (DL+FIL1)
Figure 9: Maximum Plate Stresses (left) & Deflections (right): Load Case Combination (DL+FIL2)
Check stresses
sHS,max < sHS,60s= 38.68 MPa Adequate
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5 STRUCTURAL SEALANT
Allowed design stress in tension Vallowed for short term loads 0.14 MPa
Modulus of elasticity in tension or compression E 1.50 MPa
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6 MULLIONS
Inclined and vertical facades share similar system design. However, the inclined facade is considered to
be critical since the maximum panel dimensions are larger than that of the vertical facade. Also, forces or
loads on the inclined facade are much higher and cause more critical effects on the panels structural
elements such as frames, brackets, etc. Conservatively, the following analyses will only consider inclined
facade to check the overall structural adequacy of both vertical and inclined facades.
Note: Mullion stiffeners are only used in mullion profiles that support cable brackets.
Figure 13:
Figure 14: Load Cases: PCF, DL, WLsuction, WLpressure
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ZONE 02
ZONE 01
ZONE 03
Figure 15: Max. Bending Moments for Unreinforced Mullions: Worst Case - (DL+PCF+WLpressure)
ZONE 02
ZONE 01
ZONE 03
Figure 16: Max. Bending Moments for Reinforced Mullions: Worst Case - (DL+PCF+WLpressure)
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ZONE 02
ZONE 01
ZONE 03
Figure 17: Max. Deflections for Unreinforced Mullions: Worst Case - (DL+PCF+WLpressure)
ZONE 02
ZONE 01
ZONE 03
Figure 18: Max. Deflections for Reinforced Mullions: Worst Case - (DL+PCF+WLpressure)
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The maximum bending moment for the worst load combination for unreinforced mullions is:
M = 5.93 kN-m (Refer to Figure 15)
Calculated deflections:
L = 4029 mm
max = 11.79 (0+2.54)/2 = 13.1 mm
lim = min.(L/200,20) = 20 mm
max < lim Adequate
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Female Mullion
Section check - tension in beams
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Male Mullion
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The maximum bending moment for the worst load combination for reinforced mullions is:
M = 14.01 kN-m (Refer to Figure 16)
Bending moment carried by the female mullion: MF = (Ixx,f / Ixx,TOTAL) x M = 1.796 kN-m
Bending moment carried by the male mullion: MM = (Ixx,m / Ixx,TOTAL) x M = 2.709 kN-m
Bending moment carried by the steel stiffener: Msteel = (Ixx,steel / Ixx,TOTAL) x M = 9.505 kN-m
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Shared bending moments carried by the male and female mullions are lower compared to that at Section
6.1.2; therefore, no further structural check is necessary.
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7 TRANSOMS
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ZONE 02
ZONE 01
ZONE 03
Figure 22: Top Transom Bending Moments & Deflections (Strong Axis): Worst Case - (DL+PCF+WLpressure)
ZONE 02
ZONE 01
ZONE 03
Figure 23: Bott. Transom Bending Moments & Deflections (Strong Axis): Critical Case - (DL+PCF+WLpressure)
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Bottom Transom
For Strong axis bending
Section check - tension in beams
P = 2500*0.018*1.476*4.414*9.81*(cos 20.6o)/2*1000
1.35 kN
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Top Transom
For Strong axis bending
Section check - tension in beams
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8 BRACKET DESIGN
ZONE 02
ZONE 01
ZONE 03
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ZONE 02
ZONE 01
ZONE 03
The bracket has been analysed using a F.E. model to determine the extent of any stress concentrations.
Due to symmetry, only half of the bracket has been modelled by means of Hexa8 brick elements. Beam2
compression only beam elements have been used (with radial disposition) to simulate the contact
between bolt and bracket, and also between bracket and supporting concrete structure. A non linear
analysis has been carried-out.
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The bracket has been analysed using a F.E. model to determine the extent of any stress concentrations. It
has been modelled by means of Hexa8 brick elements. Compression-only beam elements have been
used to simulate the contact between secondary hook and slide brackets. A non linear analysis has been
carried-out.
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The bracket has been analysed using a F.E. model to determine the extent of any stress concentrations. It
has been modelled by means of Hexa8 brick elements. Compression-only beam elements have been
used to simulate the contact between secondary hook and slide brackets. A non linear analysis has been
carried-out.
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Material:
Bolt type: M10 A2/70
Direct shear,
Fh2 = Fh/3 = 4.28 kN
Fv = Fv/3 = 0.15 kN
Resultant shear,
VR = [(Fh1 + Fh2)2 + Fv2]1/2 = 4.92 kN
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9 ANCHORAGE DESIGN
Anchor Channel / Bolt: HAC-50 F hef = 106 mm; HBC-C 4.6F, M12
Critical support reactions: Load Case - (DL+ PCF +WLsuction) (Refer to Figure 24)
V = RVn = 0.89 kN
N = RHn = 25.67 kN
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REFERENCES
LOADS
SEI/ASCE 7-05 Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures
ALUMINIUM
ALUMINIUM DESIGN MANUAL Specification guidelines for aluminium structures
ASTM B209 Specification for Aluminum and Aluminum-Alloy Sheet and Plate
ASTM B221 Specification for Aluminum-Alloy Extruded Bars, Shapes and Tubes
AAMA TIR-A9-1991 Metal curtain wall fasteners
GLASS
ASTM E 1300-09a Standard Practice For Determining The Minimum Thickness And Type
Of Glass Required To Resist A Specified Load
AAMA- 1984 Structural Properties Of Glass
SILICONE
ASTM C 1401 - 02 Standard Guide for Structural Sealant Glazing
ASTM C 1249 - 93 Standard Guide for Secondary Seal for Sealed Insulating Glass Units
for Structural Sealant Glazing Applications
STEEL
ANSI/ AISC 360-05 Specification for Structural Steel Building
SOFTWARE
Straus 7.1/ Strand 7.1 Finite Element Analysis System, researched and developed by
G+D Computing Pty.Ltd in Australia. Address: Suite1, Level7, 541
Kent Street, Sydney, 2000. Australia. Email: strand7@gd.com.au.
Web: www.strand.aust.com. Fax: +61 2 9264 2066..
Tel: +61 2 9264 2977.
Reference manual and User Guide.
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