CPP Geotechnical Engineering Graduate Classes Prof.

Kitch
CE 540: Earth Retaining Structures
Module 1: Introduction
Primary Text Book:
FHWA-SA-96-038 Earth Retaining System
FHWA-NHI-07-071 Earth Retaining Structures
Design Guide Book
FHWA-SA-97-076 Design Guidance: Geotechnical Earthquake
Engineering for Highway, Chapter 9
FHWA-NHI-00-043 Mechanically Stabilized Earth Walls and
Reinforced Soil Sloped Design & Construction Guidelines
FHWA-IF-99-015 Ground Anchors and Anchored System
EM 1110-2-2504 Design of Sheet Pile Walls, USACE
Steel Sheet Piling Design Manual, United State Steel

Type of Externally Stability / Internally Stability

Module 2: Earth Pressure Theory

If no lateral strain occurs
v
K0 = = at rest earth pressure coefficient
h

Theoretical Solution(s) for K0 are

Jaky (1944) used a theoretical analysis to show
 2 sin
1+
3
K 0=( 1sin ) ( )
1+ sin
For from 20 to 40 this is nearly equal to
K 0=0.9 ( 1sin )
In 1948 Jaky simplified his equation to
K 0=( 1sin )

Jakys assumption is his derivation were shown be unrealistic

(Michalowski,2005) so its theoretical basis is questionable.
Jakys assumption(s) Strain path for K0 loading
1) Assume that soil is deposited through sedimentation in an infinite
haalf-space
2) No difference in the behavior of the soil elements at same level
(depth)
3) The horizontal strain is zero because the soil is at rest and no
axial loading is applied.
4) Soil undergoes unaxial compression during sedimentation; the
depth is increased. The vertical stress and horizontal stress are
increased. In this stage, the soil is loading
5) When unaxial compression swelling during erosion or unloading;
only vertical stress is released; horizontal stress is not released
and remain the value at under unaxial compression.

Hendron (1930) show for a material of uniform frictional spheres

1+ sin
6 3 6
1 8 8
K 0= [ ]
2 6 3 6
1 + sin
8 8

Early tests by Hendron (1963) on sand; and Brooker (1965) on clay

Result:
Upper line is over consolidation; lower line is normally consolidation
The slopes of the lines mean K0 (vertical stress / horizontal stress)
under normally consolidation and over consolidation in
representively
Comparing the slope of 1 and 2 on over consolidation line, high over
consolidation (1) has higher value of K0; less over consolidation has
lower value of K0
Comparing the horizontal stresses under normal consolidation and
over consolidation at same vertical stress value, the difference in
value is because of the horizontal stress has not been fully released.
A part of horizontal stress logged inside the soil. Thus, over
consolidated soil will have higher horizontal stress to provide a
lateral force.

where
Konc = coefficient of lateral earth pressure for normally consolidated
soil (i.e. 1st loading)
Kou = coefficient of lateral earth pressure during unloading (i.e. over
consolidated soils)

For investigation of the relationship of unaxial load normal

consolidation stage and soil friction angle on sand
On the other hand, K0 also depend on the initial void ratio;
For dense soil, there is only less void for the soil particular to
relocate under unaxial consolidation (loading). When the soil is over
consolidation (unloading), the horizontal stress is increased
(because only part of horizontal strain is released; more stress is
logged between soil particular) so that dense soil has lower K0 value.
For loss soil which has higher void ratio. More void can be relocated
for soil particular to log on more stresses so that loss soil has higher
K0 value.

Soil compression work is one of common ground improvement; it is

the most effective for loss soil to improve the soil parameters.
Higher value of K0 is
provided a critical
design value.

Early studies
- Worth (1973)
v
K ou=K onc OCR
1v [ ]
(OCR1)
- Meyerhof (1976)
 K ou=(1sin ) OCR

Summary
For normally consolidated soils on first loading compared to Jakys
equation
K 0=1sin
Jaky valid for clay;
Moderately valid for sands