American International University - Bangladesh

Faculty of Science Information & Technology

Department of Computer Science

Geonames Classication for Bengali Geowordnet

A thesis submitted for the degree of

BSc. in CSE

By:
Farhan Ar Ra Sk. Golam Muhammad Hasnain Humaira Baker
10-17788-3 11-18716-1 11-19613-3

Supervisor:
Dr. Tabin Hasan
Head of Graduate Program
Department Of Computer Science
American International University Bangladesh

December, 2015
 i

i
We would like to dedicate this thesis to the people who enriched
Bengali Language in the past and who will work to enrich it even
more.
 Acknowledgments

First, we would like to thank our supervisor, Dr. Tabin Hasan, Head of
Graduate Program, Department Of Computer Science, American In-
ternational University-Bangladesh for taking time out of his extremely
busy schedule and help us. Secondly we would like to thank Dr. Md.
Shahedur Rashid, Geonames Ambassador and Professor, Department
of Geography & Environment, Jahangirnagar University, Dr. A S M
Abu Dayen, Associate Professor, Department of Bangla, Jahangirna-
gar University and Prof Dr. Saidur Rahaman, Chairman, Department
of Public Administration, Jahangirnagar University for their complete
support in our thesis. Thirdly, we would also like to thank Saida Hos-
sain, Shamim Ahmed, M. Samin Yasar and Sumaiya Salam Munira
- graduate students of American International University Bangladesh
who worked with us in making our research successful. Finally, we
would like to thank our parents for their encouragement, support and
assistance and would also like to convey our regards to all those who
supported us in any respect during the completion of this thesis.
 Abstract

Bengali Geo-Wordnet focuses on the creation of system that integrates

Wordnet, Geonames and Bengali Language that provides a growing
vocabulary set and crowd sourced data for all linguistic and natural
language processing systems. The Geonames data used in the sys-
tem has been prepared using manual classications methods under
the supervision of top linguists and professors of related departments.
Validation data shows that 98.8% terms were classied properly with
1.2% being non-existent in Bengali language. The underlying system
has been designed using a scalable method which enables the system
to be extended and replicated with ease. The system opens wide
possibilities of development of Bengali Linguistic Systems and Natu-
ral Language Processing Systems and Optical Character Recognition
Systems.
Contents

Contents iv

List of Figures vi

1 Introduction 1

2 Literature Review 3

3 Classication of Bengali Geonames 6

3.1 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.2 Classication Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

4 System Design 10
4.1 Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.2 Programming Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.3 User Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.4 Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.5 Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.5.1 Application Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.6 Application Programming Interface (API) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.7 Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

5 Results 15
5.1 Classication Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

6 Future Work 18

iv
CONTENTS v

7 Conclusions 20

Bibliography 21

Appendix A i

v
List of Figures

3.1 Dierent Phases of Classication Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

4.1 High Level Diagram of the system, showing how dierent modules
connect to each other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.2 High Level Diagram of the system, showing how dierent modules
connect to each other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

1 User Home Page After Logging into the system . . . . . . . . . . i

2 Login Screen for Logging into the system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii
3 Registration Interface for Users For token . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii
4 Web Interface for Viewing Latest Inputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii
5 Web Interface for User Input into the system . . . . . . . . . . . . iv

vi
Chapter 1

Introduction

This paper represents a new approach for Bengali classication of geographical

features No such system exists that can identify the places of Bangladesh ac-
cording to geographic features classes. To build such a system we have classied
667 concepts of 9 feature classes of Geonames to Bengali. The methodology we
followed is fully manual and validated by hand. We have proposed a Geospatial
Information System which is being built using this classication which will be
able to hold all relevant geographic information of Bangladesh.
GeoWordnet provides senses to map with words from dierent languages that
refer to same concepts. Bengali language resources are scarce and digitized infor-
mation systems are non-existent. To provide support for geological applications
that need Bengali localization, Bengali Geo-Wordnet is being built.
GeoWordnet has become a fundamental resource for geographical informa-
tion [1], geo-spatial applications [2] and also for geographical information re-
trieval [3]. But the information about dierent places and locations of Bangladesh
cannot be stored in the system because it does classify many geological features
of Bangladesh.
Geological Information Systems are used all over the world and used ex-
tensively in research and application in the elds of science, business, medical,
economics and used by government and non-government organizations, service
providers, small businesses, researchers, application and developers [18]. A sig-
nicant amount of research has been done regarding GeoWordnet as it plays
an important role in information retrieval in Geographical Information System.

1
 2

Lack of such a system supporting Bengali Language makes it impossible to reach

almost 1 billion people in the world. Developing intelligent systems and natural
language processing engines require such systems. We have designed a scalable
framework for such a system, which can provide web services for the applications
stated above.
Development of Geospatial Information System in Bengali is a recent initia-
tive and we are the rst to develop such a system for providing web services
in Bengali Language. The system that we have designed needed pre-validated
data and knowledge that was nonexistent. We have classied Geonames features
classes [4] to Bengali and validated the data using top linguists of the country.
Then, we have developed the system for providing standard web services and then
enriched the system with validated data. Prior to our classication, there were
no validated Bengali classied Geological features for use in geological resources
systems. It was extremely hard to classied classes because of limited resources
in Bengali Language. As there are very few reliable sources, validation has been
done extensively through continuous meeting with Dr. Abu Dayen, Dr. Shahedur
Rashid and Dr. Saidur Rahaman.
In the beginning of 2015 Saida Hossain [5] wrote a paper named Geo En-
tity Types and Classication of Bengali Geonames, where she had classied the
features of Geonames entity to Bengali. Saida Hossains [5] classications were
not validated by that time. During the classication of dierent classes we have
searched similar types of books. For example to nd classication for adminis-
trative words we have searched books on Administrative Terminology.

2
Chapter 2

Literature Review

A classication scheme, or a classication for short, is a rooted tree whose nodes

are assigned natural language labels and are populated with a (possibly empty)
set of documents. Ontology is a formal naming and denition of the types,
properties, concepts and also relationships between the entities that really or
fundamentally exist for a particular domain. Three phases of similarity mea-
sures are generally used in an ontology matching similarity measure between
concepts, similarity measure between properties, and logical inference similarity
measure [6]. This paper aims at developing a system for data collection in Bengali
language which contains the geographical information such as longitude, latitude,
geographical coordinates about cities, countries and dierent places and locations
of Bangladesh.
A number of ideas intended to deal with in dierent research elds towards
the capturing and representation of named places. A linguistic ideas is introduced
in [7], using documents harvested via Web search. It is based on co-occurrence
of place names and produced comparable results to those of the previously men-
tioned method using paper maps. In another linguistics-based approach presented
in [8], a bootstrapping algorithm is applied to automatically classify places into
predened categories (e.g., city, mountain) [9]. In our classication we follow a
novel approach which was fully manual. We determine the semantic relation by
analyzing concept and description.
Geographical Information Retrieval (GIR) has become a new research area
in the sector of Information Retrieval (IR). Davide Buscaldi, Emilio Sanchis and

3
 4

Paolo Rosso have explained the GeoWordnet as a resource for Geographical Infor-
mation Retrieval (GIR) [3] [10]. Geographical Information Retrieval (GIR) has
become a new research area in the sector of Information Retrieval (IR). Associat-
ing a toponym (i.e., a geographical name) to its actual coordinates in a map are
the main technical challenges in GIR. In Bangladesh there were no such system
which can classify the location according to Geo location.
Davide Buscaldi, Emilio Sanchis and Paolo Rosso have proposed an automatic
method in [3] to expand the geographical terms in queries. They have used
the Wordnet ontology and another method that expands the terms during the
indexing phase. Unfortunately, WordNet has quite limited coverage in geo-spatial
information and lacks of latitude and longitude coordinates [10]. Therefore, it
is essential to look elsewhere if we want an adequate amount of geographical
information. Saida Hossain [5] has classied nine feature classes and again 667
subcategorized feature codes of Geonames in Bengali language. On the basis of
quantity and quality we choose Geoname features classes due to less ambiguity
and Geonames contains the largest geo-spatial database.
Geo Wordnet has a very signicant importance in many applications such
as Geographical Information Retrieval (GIR) for increasing semantic interoper-
ability, semantic Geographic Information Systems as well as Geo-spatial Web
Services. This paper aims at developing a system for data collection in Bengali
language which contains the geographical information such as longitude, latitude,
geographical coordinates about cities, countries and dierent places and locations
of Bangladesh. Here we have used the 9 feature classes and further subcategorized
684 feature codes of GeoNames, a geographical database containing information
about dierent places. This will contribute a lot in Geo Wordnet, Multi Wordnet
- a multilingual lexical database including information about words in dierent
languages as well as in natural language processing.
Saida Hossain [5] has classied nine feature classes and again 684 subcatego-
rized feature codes of Geonames in Bengali language. She faced several challenges
while translating the feature codes and developing the classes and entities in Ben-
gali. Our research hugely focus on this work as Saidas [5] classications were not
validated. We updated the classication of several classes in order to make a
correct sense. We have also validated manually with the help of Dr. Abu Dayen,

4
 5

Dr. Shahedur Rashid and Dr. Saidur Rahaman.

5
Chapter 3

Classication of Bengali
Geonames

3.1 Methodology
During our classication we used two books of geography terminology [11] [12] in
order to nd the accurate senses of the feature code. After doing this we went to
meet with Dr. Shahedur Rashid to validate our classication. He told us to go
Department of Bangla of Jahangir Nagar University to measure the accuracy of
our translation because the classication is in Bengali Language.
After going the Bangla Department we met with Dr. Aniruddha Kahaly in
order to validate our translation. Dr. Aniruddha Kahaly had issued a letter to
Dr. A S M Abu Dayen to verify our classication. Dr. Abu Dayen told us to nd
the accurate classication we had to study Bengali terminology. Dr. Abu Dayen
told us to visit Bangla Academy library to nd the terminology of the feature
classes. In addition Dr. Abu Dayen also give us idea what types of books we
need to search.
We had visited Bangla Academy several times and improved continuously in
iteration under the supervision of Dr. Abu Dayen. We had used about 9 books
of terminology [13], [14], [15], [16], [17], [11], [12], [18], [19] in order to nd the
accurate senses of the feature code in Bengali. For every classes of classication
of Geonames we choose specic books to nd out the best terminology as well as

6
3.2. Classication Process 7

searched other books also.

Though it was time consuming we had manually searched all the books for
each single classes to nd the best sense. We found polysemy for several classes
and we choose the one that matched with the description. The major problems
we had faced to nd the Bengali classication of administrative and political
classes. Some subclasses are not valid to the perspective of Bangladesh. Though
we had managed to make senses of these sub classes with the help of Dr. Saidur
Rahaman. During this part of classication we had an assumption of last hundred
years to done this terminology.

3.2 Classication Process

In the beginning of 2015 Saida Hossain wrote a paper named Geo Entity Types
and Classication of Bengali Geonames, where she had started classifying the
features names of Geonames to Bengali. After studying the classication we tried
to update the classication and we had a better accuracy from her classication.
Figure 1 gives a pictorial process of our work. We also tried to classify the feature
of Geonames to Bengali by using Facebook apps but it was not possible due to
Facebook policy.
At rst, of our classication process we used two books of geography termi-
nology [11], [12] in order to nd the accurate sense of the Geonames feature.
From [11], [12] books we classied 314 Geonames features classes to Bengali out
of 667 classes. Secondly, we used 9 terminology books [13], [14], [15], [16], [17],
[11], [12], [18], [19] to classify rest of the Geonames features classes. Here we
replace around 150 meaning or senses comparing to Saida Hossains work. In the
rst phase of our translation we worked with Saida Hossain.
In the second phase we had manually searched all the books [13], [14], [15],
[16], [17], [11], [12], [18], [19] for each single word to nd the best sense. We
found polysemy for several classes and we choose the one that matched with the
description or the context of Geonames. For examples current means belonging
to the present time, ow of electricity which results from the ordered directional
movement of electrically charged particles. But in Geonames description it means
the direction of water owing [21]. Some Geonames features classes does not have

7
3.2. Classication Process 8

any description at all. We had decide the terms of those words from the context of
parent classes. For examples territory is a subclass of country, region and states.
According to this context it means a place which falls in a specic country. For
every classes of translation of Geonames we choose specic books to nd out the
best terminology as well as searched other books also. For examples to nd
the senses of subclasses of city and villages we used arts and social terminology
books [15]. The major problems we had faced to nd the Bengali terminology of

Figure 3.1. Dierent Phases of Classication Process

administrative and political subclasses classes. Some subclasses are not valid to
the perspective of Bangladesh. For examples Israeli settlement but according to
the sense it means refugee camp. Though we had managed to make senses of
these sub classes with the help of Dr. Saidur Rahaman .
We had updated around 300 terminology comparing to Saida Hossains work,
which we had found out from the books. For examples rst order administrative
division means division in Bangladesh. From Saida Hossains work additional
classes were found out from the existing classes. For examples Beel and Jheel
maps with lake class of Geonames. There were some Geonames features classes
that do not exists in our country. So naturally most of them does not have any

8
3.2. Classication Process 9

direct terminology in Bengali. For examples sabkha, ovefalls.

9
Chapter 4

System Design

Since the last decade with the increasing availability of internet all over the world,
more and more people are being able to access contents and applications through
it. According to Global Internet Report- 2014, number of internet users reached 1
billion on October 05 2 billion on September 13 and is estimated to have reached
3 billion by May 2015 according to the report of 2015. By the end of September
14, more smartphones were being sold in developing countries and by the end of
October 2015, no of tablets sold crossed no of all PCs sold.
Most these applications that run on these devices need a strong backend
system to function properly and without errors. Our approach has been to design
such a system that is robust and scalable. The system has been designed to work
with the Geonames classication and the database has been modeled using the
data-structure of Geonames. The database has been further modeled to accept
more data and add more features to the system.

4.1 Design
For developing Bengali GeoWordNet, we needed a system that can eciently
handle all user inputs and outputs eciently. For that reason we chose MVC as
the base framework for our system. The Model-View-Controller design pattern
is very useful for architecting interactive software systems [20]. MVC pattern
allows systems to be built using modules, which add dierent features to the

10
4.2. Programming Language 11

system such as, security, easy maintenance, easy upgrade, scalability and good
performance. The MVC of Model View Controller Pattern is proven in the eld
as a dependable development pattern.

4.2 Programming Language

We needed a system that can be maintained and updated easily and did not need
the complexity of a programming language like JAVA at the starting phase. As
PHP applications are easy to maintain and understand, we chose PHP as our pro-
gramming language. JavaScript has been used in designing the User Interface(UI)
for better User Experience(UX).

4.3 User Interface

user Interface design was minimal. But to keep up standards, Bootstrap was used
as styling library(CSS). Some screen shots of User Interface has been attached to
the Appendix A.

4.4 Framework
A framework provides basic libraries and various functions. We required a frame-
work which is lightweight and fast. As our application is mainly backend server,
we didnt need very good UI. The PHP framework CodeIgniter matched all our
requirements. Besides CodeIgniter is free and open-source which made it a perfect
choice for our application.

4.5 Structure
The system has been built using MVC pattern and uses the following design in
its implementation level.

11
4.5. Structure 12

4.5.1 Application Server

At the core of our system is the application server which hosts all the code for
the system. The system or application server has three theoretical parts.

Model: The model denes the data-structure of dierent objects in the sys-
tem. It controls all data input and output to and from the database. The
models provide security checks and data validation and also prevents SQL
injections. The class diagram for some important models are shown below.
We have designed the system to have a dierent Model Class for object in
the system. For example User Object, Geonames Object etc.

Figure 4.1. High Level Diagram of the system, showing how dierent modules
connect to each other

View: The view denes the user interface of the system. In the system we have
two types of views. Views with graphical user interface and views that do
not have a user interface but provides the interface to let other applications
or systems to access the system. The view also provides basic access to the
system for registration and allows registered users to insert data using a
web UI. We have planned to provide a validation system based on web UI
in the future.

Controller: The controller handles all input output to the system. All user
inputs are checked and validated in the controller and then send to the

12
4.6. Application Programming Interface (API) 13

model for database interaction. All outputs are send to the view from the
controller. We have designed a controller for each of the APIs.

4.6 Application Programming Interface (API)

Our system is delicate in its API. We have designed APIs to work for dierent
platforms like - Mobile Devices, Web Browsers, etc and to provide exibility of
input/output by providing various schemes of data transport such as JSON, XML,
RAW, etc for each of the platform. The exibility allows all kinds of devices to
connect to our system and avail the services we will provide. Currently, as the
system is under development, we have added Android and Web platforms using
JSON data only. In the future we have plans to implement sockets for secure and
fast data transmission. The API has been designed in such a way so that as new
technologies appear in the market, they can always be integrated to the system
with little eort and time.
The API provides access to users for saving data targeted to the creation of a
large vocabulary set of words classied using Geonames classication. The system
accepts structured data that the users provide, disregarding of what information
it contains, as long as it contains some minimal specic data. For example: of all
the data that the user sends, the user must provide a name for the location, along
with classication, longitude and latitude. This rule ensures that each entry in
the database can be linked using the classication and location information of
the corresponding entry.

4.7 Database
The database of the system is designed after Geonames database and then has
been modied according to system requirements. We have designed to store all
application data like User information, non-validated dump data and other data
to one database. The other database is designed to store validated data which will
be used for further research and application development. All user provided data
is saved into the system and later after validation (including automatic checking
using data validation algorithms and manual checking by expert) is moved to

13
4.7. Database 14

another database. The initial database design was provided by Shamim Ahmed,
which was extended based on further requirements. Each entry in the vocabulary
set contains distinct 19 data including location, altitude, population and alternate
names of the entry. A very basic database diagram of relation between the tables
that store data (provided by the user), is shown below. The gure shows how

Figure 4.2. High Level Diagram of the system, showing how dierent modules
connect to each other

dump data from users are related to Bengali feature classes and how users are
mapped to each record they enter. The record is kept for validation process in
the future.

14
Chapter 5

Results

5.1 Classication Results

We had been classied 662 features class out of 667 features. Out of 667 we cannot
classied overfalls, sabkha, portage, retreat, triangulation, arrugado, corridor and
clearing. We had updated 115 classes from previous works and classication had
been veried around 50%. In previous research of classication process done by
Saida Hossain, the data were not validated. Figure 3 shows the result of every
parent class classication process.

15
5.1. Classication Results 16

Classication Source Classication Availability

Classication Classication
Total Classication Classication
Class found found based
Classes found Not found
from book on concept
Class A:
Country,
23 3 20 23 0
State,
Region
Class H:
Stream, 137 135 0 135 2
Lake
Class L:
Parks, 48 47 0 47 1
Area
Class P:
City, 17 0 17 17 0
Village
Class R:
Road, 22 21 0 21 1
Rail Road
Class S:
Spot,
243 232 9 241 2
Building,
Farm
Class T:
Mountain, 98 97 0 97 1
Hill, Rock
Class U :
62 58 3 61 1
Undersea
Class V:
Forest, 17 17 0 17 0
Heath

Table 5.1. Tables containing statistics are shown above for 9 classes of Geonames
feature classes.

16
5.1. Classication Results 17

The results from the table shows that almost all Geonames features could
be classied in Bengali. Only 8 features could not be matched to any Bengali
features. Figure 8 shows our percentage of performance.

Geonames Classes Instances %

Which have a description in GeoNames 624 93.55
Which have no description in GeoNames 43 6.45
For which we provided our concept 49 7.35
Classication found directly from books 610 91.45
For which we did not nd out any classication 8 1.20

Table 5.2. Tables containing percentage of our classication process

17
Chapter 6

Future Work

The research results in creation of Bengali Geonames and leads the path to cre-
ation of Bengali GeoWordnet by mapping Bengali Geonames to Wordnet. We
manually laid the foundation of all computational work. In the future, Natural
Language processing, Optical Character Recognition and Automated Sentence
Translation.
In the future after the system is complete, we will have names of all the places
in the Bangladesh. We will be able to search based on geographical features and
places. For example if someone wants to nd where an ocean, a river, a forest
or a mangrove forest is, they will be able to nd it correctly.
Geonames includes features that are nonexistent in Bangladesh. These fea-
tures need to be removed from Bengali Geonames. There are also features that
exist in our country but are not included in Geonames and features that exist
all over the world and no word in Bengali for these features. Thus a path of
research has also opened in Bengali linguistic for the creation of new words. Be-
sides Geonames does not contain any places for undersea features which needs to
be added.
A new path has also been set for the development of Applications that use
geological features in Bengali. These applications can use gamication rules to
create innovative applications. The future work is to provide descriptions in
Bengali for easy understanding of concept classes. Besides, terminology of some
words were not found anywhere and is presumed to be nonexistent due to the
fact that these geological features do not exist in places inhibited by people using

18
 19

Bengali. The current system that provides web service needs major development
and improvement of features like XML support and support of dierent output
types for users of various devices.

19
Chapter 7

Conclusions

We had classied the geonames features class to Bengali. As a result from our
research many new things came out. Our classifying process was fully manuals
with some automatic checks when needed. We had manually let the foundation
of all computational work. We use the vocabulary of our collaborators and we
know how to classify this so that computational logic can be built up on it.
After classifying the features classes we had built the API system. Here we
created the gateway so other people to work in this research process. Our research
opened up many sectors of research and brought the necessity of development of
new words in Bengali.

20
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[16] Vubiggan Porivasha.

[17] Bhugol Porivasha.

22
BIBLIOGRAPHY 23

[18] M. M. Rahaman, Sthapotto Porivasha, 1st ed. Dhaka: Bangla Academy,

1994. [Online]. Available: http://library.sust.edu/cgi-bin/koha/opac-
detail.pl?biblionumber=15865&shelfbrowse_itemnumber=289432

[19] A. A. Khan, Polli Unnoyon Porivasha, K. Siddiqui, Ed. Bangla Academy,

1985.

[20] A. Le and J. Rayeld, Web-application development us-

ing the Model/View/Controller design pattern, Proceedings
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puting Conference, pp. 118127, 2001. [Online]. Available:
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23
Appendix A

Figure 1. User Home Page After Logging into the system

i
 ii

Figure 2. Login Screen for Logging into the system

Figure 3. Registration Interface for Users For token

ii
 iii

Figure 4. Web Interface for Viewing Latest Inputs

iii
 iv

Figure 5. Web Interface for User Input into the system

iv