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Simple Fire Alarm Circuits at Low Cost

AUGUST 14, 2017 BY ADMINISTRATOR 13 COMMENTS

Contents [hide]

1 Circuit 1 Simple Fire Alarm Circuit

1.1 Circuit Diagram
1.2 Components Required
1.3 Component Description
1.4 Circuit Design
1.5 Working of the Simple Fire Alarm Circuit
2 Circuit 2 Simple Fire Alarm Circuit using Thermistor
2.1 Circuit Diagram
2.2 Components of Fire Alarm Circuit
2.3 Circuit Working
3 Circuit 3 Fire Alarm with Siren Sound
3.1 Circuit Diagram
3.2 Components Required
3.3 Working
4 Circuit 4 Fire Alarm Circuit Using LM741
4.1 Block Diagram of Fire Alarm Circuit Using LM741
4.2 Circuit Diagram of Fire Alarm Using LM741
4.3 Circuit working
5 Circuit 5 Fire Alarm Circuit Using Germanium Diode
5.1 Block Diagram of Fire Alarm Circuit Using Germanium Diode
5.2 Circuit Diagram of Fire Alarm Using Germanium Diode
5.3 Circuit Working
6 Applications
7 Related Articles

Fire Alarm Circuit is a simple circuit that detects the fire and activates the Siren Sound or
Buzzer. Fire Alarm Circuits are very important devices to detect fire in the right time and
prevent any damage to people or property.

Fire Alarm Circuits and Smoke Sensors are a part of the security systems which help in
detecting or preventing damage. Installing Fire Alarm Systems and Smoke Sensors in
commercial buildings like offices, movie theatres, shopping malls and other public places is
compulsory.

There are many expensive and sophisticated Fire Alarm Circuit in the form of stand-alone
devices, but we have designed five very simple Fire Alarm Circuits using common
components like Thermistor, LM358, Germanium Diode, LM341 and NE555.

We will see all these circuit, their circuit diagrams, components required for each circuit and
the working of the individual circuit in the following sections.
Circuit 1 Simple Fire Alarm Circuit
This is a very simple alarm circuit using Thermistor, LM358 Operational Amplifier and a
Buzzer.

Circuit Diagram
The circuit diagram of this simple Fire Alarm Project is shown in the following image.

Components Required
1 x 10 K Thermistor
1 x LM358 Operational Amplifier (Op Amp)
1 x 4.7 K Resistor (1/4 Watt)
1 x 10 K Potentiometer
1 x Small Buzzer (5V Buzzer)
Connecting Wires
Mini Breadboard
 5V Power Supply

Component Description
10K Thermistor

Thermistors are Temperature Dependent Resistors i.e. the resistance of a Thermistor varies
according to the ambient temperature. There are two types of Thermistors: PTC Thermistor
and NTC Thermistor. PTC stands for Positive Temperature Coefficient and NTC stands for
Negative Temperature Coefficient. In PTC Thermistor, the resistance is directly proportional to
the temperature and in NTC Thermistor, the resistance is inversely proportional to the
temperature.

In this project we have used a 10 K Thermistor with NTC. At 250C, the resistance of the 10 K
Thermistor is 10 K. The following image shows the 10K Thermistor used in this project.

LM358 Operational Amplifier

LM358 is a Dual Operational Amplifier (Op Amp) IC. All the functional modes of the typical
operational amplifier can be implemented using LM358 IC. In this project though, we will be
using the LM358 Operational Amplifier in the Comparator Mode where the input signals on
inverting and non inverting terminals are compared and corresponding output is produced.

Circuit Design
The design of the Fire Alarm Circuit with Siren Sound is very simple. First, connect the 10 K
Potentiometer to the inverting terminal of the LM358 Op Amp. One end of the POT is
connected to +5V, other end is connected to GND and the wiper terminal is connected to Pin 2
of Op Amp.

We will now make a potential divider using 10 K Thermistor and 10 K Resistor. The output of
this potential divider i.e. the junction point is connected to the non inverting input of the
LM358 Operational Amplifier.

We have chosen a small, 5V buzzer in this project to make the alarm or siren sound. So,
connect the output of the LM358 Op amp to the 5V Buzzer directly.
Pins 8 and 4 of the LM358 IC i.e. V+ and GND are connected to +5V and GND respectively.

Working of the Simple Fire Alarm Circuit

We will now see the working of the simple Fire Alarm Circuit. First thing to know is that the
main component in detecting the fire is the 10 K Thermistor. As we mentioned in the
component description, the 10 K Thermistor used here is a NTC type Thermistor. If the
temperature increases, the resistance of the Thermistor decreases.

In case of fire, the temperature increases. This increase in temperature will reduce the
resistance of the 10 K Thermistor. As the resistance decreases, the output of the voltage
divider will increase. Since the output of the voltage divider is given to the non inverting input
of the LM358 Op Amp, its value will become more than that of the inverting input. As a
result, the output of the Op Amp becomes high and it activates the buzzer.

Circuit 2 Simple Fire Alarm Circuit using Thermistor

Circuit Diagram

Components of Fire Alarm Circuit

Thermistor
Variable resistor(POT)
Diode
Capacitor
Resistor
BC547 Transistor
Speaker

Circuit Working
The circuit consists of a 10k ohm thermistor. This is an NTC thermistor, which decreases
its resistance with increase in the temperature.
At room temperature it had a resistance of 10kohms.
Another resistance is connected to the thermistor to form voltage divider circuit and this
is connected to the transistor through a diode.
Buzzer switches on only when the transistor is grounded. As the temperature increase
 the buzzer sound also increases

Also read this interesting post: Panic Alarm Circuit

Circuit 3 Fire Alarm with Siren Sound

This circuit alerts us when there is a fire accident at home by ringing a siren sound. You might
have seen fire alarms earlier but this is quite different as it generates a siren sound instead of a
buzzer and also it uses basic components to generate that siren sound.

We are aware that there are many integrated circuits which can be used to generate the siren
effect but we preferred to use basic electronics components like resistors, capacitors and
transistors to generate it so that you will clearly understand the internal working of it and it will
be much useful for you as you will gain more knowledge by analyzing it instead of simply
going for pre designed integrated circuits.

Circuit Diagram

Components Required
1 x 10K Thermistor
2 x BC547 NPN Transistor
1 x BC107 NPN Transistor
1 x 2N2222 NPN Transistor
1 x 2N2907 PNP Transistor
3 x 4.7K Resistor (1/4 Watt)
1 x 470K Resistor (1/4 Watt)
1 x 56K Resistor (1/4 Watt)
1 x 47K Resistor (1/4 Watt)
1 x 39K Resistor (1/4 Watt)
1 x 22K Resistor (1/4 Watt)
1 x 1K Resistor (1/4 Watt)
1 x 470 Resistor (1/4 Watt)
1 x 120 Resistor (1/4 Watt)
1 x 10K Potentiometer
1 x 22F Capacitor (Polarized)
1 x 470nF (0.47F) Ceramic Capacitor
1 x Buzzer
Working
This circuit uses a thermistor to sense the temperature. When it senses that the temperature
of the environment is increasing above a given threshold, then it gives a signal. The
temperature at which the circuit detects fire can be adjusted by using the potentiometer
arrangement at VR1.

Get an idea about Thermistor Temperature Sensing Alarm if you are interested.

When the temperature increases above the set value, the potentiometer arrangement
produces a high voltage. This voltage is then given to BC547 transistor in common emitter
mode. It is an NPN general purpose transistor. When the base is given a high input, it gets
turned on. When the transistor is turned on, its collector voltage is reduced to low as the
collector to emitter voltage decreases. The collector output voltage of the first transistor is
given to the base as an input to the second BC 547 NPN transistor. This transistor too is in
common emitter mode and as the input is low when the temperature threshold is reached, the
output at the collector will rise high. In this state, it will turn on the next transistor, i.e. BC107.
This transistor will now act as a switch for the siren circuit. This transistor can bear power quite
larger than the BC547 and it is also equipped with a heat sink for that purpose.

When the BC107 transistor turns on, it allows current to pass from power supply to ground
through collector thereby acting as an electronically controlled switch. When the current is
passing, the siren circuit which is assembled as the load to the circuit is turned ON. Then you
can hear the siren sound through the buzzer. The capacitors used in the circuit are the main
components in producing the siren effect. The principle involved in generating the siren effect
is to make an oscillator with an envelope which periodically increases and decreases so as to
generate that effect.

Related Post: Pull Pin Security Alarm Circuit

Circuit 4 Fire Alarm Circuit Using LM741

Here is another small project on fire alarm. When a fire accident is happened in home or office,
it will detect the fire and give the alarm.

Block Diagram of Fire Alarm Circuit Using LM741

The thermistor is the main component which detects the fire by sudden change in the room
temperature because of the heat generated by the fire. The thermistor will detect the heat
and give the information to the LM741 OP-AMP. The op-amp will make the NE555 to generate
pulse which has been given to a buzzer to buzz.

LM741: LM741 is an operational amplifier which will work according to the difference in the
input voltages. LM741 has following features like high current driving, voltage gain, noise
amplification and also provide low output impedance. LM741 can also use as a short circuit
protection.
Circuit Diagram of Fire Alarm Using LM741

Circuit working
Circuit principle is similar to the first circuit i.e. Thermistor is used to sense the raise in
temperature. But it rises only after a fixed temperature.
Here op amp acts as non-inverting comparator i.e. Vout is positive only if Vin (voltage at
pin 2) < VRef (voltage at pin3).
When there is no any fire, voltage at pin 2 of the comparator is greater than the voltage at
pin3.
When there is no fire resistance of thermistor is 10k. So 10K and 4.7k forms voltage
divider circuit.
Voltage at pin2 is calculate using formula. V= (100*12) / (100+4.7) =11.4
Voltage at pin 3 =50*12/100=6v (Variable pin of the pot is at 50% of total resistance.)
When there is any fire thermistor temperature raises and its resistance decreases. So
voltage at pin2 starts decreasing. Thus Vout is goes to positive i.e. it is equal to Vcc.
Here reference voltage selected is 6v.Fire alarm starts only if the input voltage is less
than 6v.To increase the reference voltage decrease the resistance of pot.

Also read this interesting post: Remote Operated Alarm Circuit

Circuit 5 Fire Alarm Circuit Using Germanium Diode

This is a simple fire alarm circuit using Germanium Diode and 555 timer. In this circuit
Germanium Diode play very important role in detecting the fire. This circuit is very easy to
construct, cost effective and implementable.

Block Diagram of Fire Alarm Circuit Using Germanium Diode

Here is the simple fire alarm circuit which costs less than 100 rupees. The key component in
the circuit is DR25 (germanium diode) whose resistance will decrease with increase in
temperature. The conduction of germanium diode will start at 70 degrees. So we may use
germanium diode as a heat sensor. When the temperature is more than 70 degree, the
germanium diode will conduct and trigger the NE555 timer through a transistor. The NE555 is
configured in astable Multivibrator and make the buzzer to alarm when germanium diode
conducts. So that we can get alert and act according to the alarm.
Circuit Diagram of Fire Alarm Using Germanium Diode

Circuit Working
The DR25 germanium diode is heat sensor which will conduct when temperature is
increased at certain point. The DR25 is made reverse biased in the circuit. It will conduct
only when it is more than 70degree of room temperature.
The DR25 is connected to the transistor in reverse bias, which has high reverse
resistance (more than 10K ohm) and does not make the transistor to turn off which is
connected to the reset pin of 555 timer. The reset pin of 555timer will be in ground level
when the transistor is turned off. Here, the 555 timer is configured as astable
Multivibrator.
When more than 70degrees in room temperature occurred, the resistance of DR25 diode
drops to 1k ohm which will make the transistor to turn off and make the reset pin to go
high. This will generate the output at pin3 and make the sound through the alarm.
We can use 3 or more diodes in reverse bias connected in parallel and placed in
different room. If there is fire accident, it will sense and make the alarm.

Note

If DR25 germanium diode is available, you can still use AC128, AC188 or 2N360
germanium transistors. Use base and emitter junctions in place of cathode and
anode.
Diode must be connected to the circuit in reverse bias.

Applications
Fire Alarm Circuits are very useful in homes, offices, schools, labs, etc. to detect and
prevent any disasters due to fire.
Fire Alarm Systems can work as a stand alone devices or be a part of a complex home
security system with other security features like smoke detection, intruder alert, motion
detection, etc.
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FILED UNDER: 555 TIMER, ELECTRONICS, FREE PROJECT CIRCUITS, MINI PROJECTS

Comments

Midhun Davis says

OCTOBER 16, 2013 AT 3:28 PM

Was looking for circuit like this , its nice , really helpfull

Reply

mohammed says
DECEMBER 4, 2013 AT 5:36 PM

thank you very much for these circuits

they were very helpful

Reply
 john says
DECEMBER 22, 2013 AT 3:35 AM

the connection for ne555 is it correct??? i try to build this circuit but cant work!!

Reply

Administrator says
DECEMBER 25, 2013 AT 10:14 AM

It is already verified and is working very fine. Once again please check your circuit
connections.

Reply

Mihir says
SEPTEMBER 12, 2016 AT 10:58 AM

Plz tell me where is capacitor used in simple low cost fire alarm ckt

Reply

Johnson says
APRIL 5, 2014 AT 11:04 PM

It is actually a nice and useful piece of info.

Im satisfied that you just shared this useful info with us.
Please stay us informed like this. Thanks for sharing.

Reply

Ammorabi Kin says

JUNE 7, 2014 AT 8:57 PM

Thanks alot. This curcuit will help me very well

Reply
 Dwinanri Egyna says
AUGUST 22, 2014 AT 7:04 AM

Hey, Im using Proteus to make this, whats the default resistance of the thermistor should I
use?

Reply

kishan Modi says

NOVEMBER 3, 2014 AT 10:19 AM

provide value of thermister plz!

Reply

somanagoud says
FEBRUARY 14, 2016 AT 2:33 AM

Please explain the use of registers in fire alarm ckt using germanium diod

Reply

Vasanthi says
APRIL 1, 2016 AT 8:35 AM

Anyone suggest me a simple mini project with output to be submitted within two days

Reply

TUYISENGE says
FEBRUARY 22, 2017 AT 10:35 AM

thanks for great work of providing us those circuits!!!! so, on fire alarm using LM741, Sir
What is exactly temperature the thermistor working on(sensing)

Reply

bndu says
JULY 13, 2017 AT 10:45 AM

Tnq vry much

 Reply

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