5 ModernEthernet

Thursday,May4,2017 1:11PM

1. ModernEthernet,Switches,andDuplex
100BaseEthernet

Youcan'ttellfromaNIChowfastitis.

100BaseTX=100BaseT

Fiberopticversionis100BaseFX=100BaseF

4portswitch:knowstheMACaddressofeachcomputerpluggedintoeveryport.

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Ahubwillsendtheinfoouttoeveryotherport,butaswitchwillonlysendtheinfoouttotheportthat
theinfoisaddressedto.

Exampleofaswitchwith4portsandcomputerspluggedintoeveryport.TheswitchknowstheMAC
addressofeachcomputerpluggedintoeachport.

Ifit'sabroadcast,aswitchwilltakethebroadcastandsenditouttoalloftheotherports.

Aswitchcandramaticallyimprovenetworkbandwidth.Becauseaswitchmakesapointtopoint
connectionbetweentwodevices,itgetstouseallofthebandwidth.Itmakesabigdifference.

Duplexisalittledifferent.

Halfduplexcommunicationislikewalkietalkiecommunication.Youcaneithersendorreceive.Youcan't
dobothatthesametime.Ethernetoriginallycameoutinhalfduplex.

Fullduplexiswhenyoucantalkandreceiveatthesametime.Startingwith100BaseTisallfullduplex.
Backintheolddaysyouhadtoworryaboutsettinghalforfullduplex.

Onesituationwhereyouneedtoworryaboutthisisifyouuseacrossovercabletoconnecttwolaptops
andcreateamininetwork.Youneedtoswitchtheircommunicationtohalfduplex.

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 2. ConnectingSwitches
Ifyournetworkgetsbiggerthanyour24portswitchcanhandle,youneedtoexpandyourbroadcast
domain,getanotherswitch,interconnectthem,andthosetwoswitcheswillworktogetherasonebig
switch(ratherthanbuyinganew48portswitch).

Howweconnectthese?Patchcables.Aregularcable(568Aonbothends,or568Bonbothends=
straightthroughcable)oracrossovercable(568Aononeend,568Bonotherend).

Yellow=straightthroughcable
Blue=crossovercable

Plugintoanyportononeswitchtoanyportontheotherswitchwithacrossovercable.

Uplinkport=aprecrossoverport.It'salreadygotthecrossoverinit.

Cantakeastraightthroughcableandplugoneendintotheuplinkportononeswitch,theotherend
intotheregularportonanotherswitch

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Uplinkport=essentiallyaprecrossoverport.It'salreadygotacrossoverinit.

Buttonletsyouturnitintoanuplinkportbypressingitin,andmakeitanormalportbylettingthe
buttonpopout.

Todays'switcheshaveautosensingportsthatknowiftheyarepluggedintoaswitchorsomethingelse.

Mostofthetimeyoucanusestraightthroughcablesonswitchesbecausetheywillautomaticallywork

3. GigabitEthernetand10GigabitEthernet
GigabitEthernet=1,000Gigabitspersecond

1000BaseCXisweird.It'sacopperstandardthatusesastrangecoaxialstandardcalledtwinax.Forthe
mostpartthisisrareandweird.

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Fiberoptics:
1000BaseSX:

1000BaseLX:

1000BaseT:

10GbE(10GigabitEthernet)

10GBaseT

10GBaseSR:

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10GBaseLR(LongRange):

10GBaseER

ThesestandardsallhaveSW,EW,orLWversions.ThesearedesignedtoworkonSONETnetworks.

Example:Tommyhasa10GBaseLWnetwork.Howlongcanthecablesrun?It'sstill10km.Itdoesn't
changeanyting.

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MEMORIZETHE1000BaseTYPES!!!

4. SwitchBackbones

Ifyou'regoingtohaveanetworkwithdifferentspeedsofEthernet,youhavetoanswerthequestion:
Howdoyouwireeverythingtogether?

That'showtheideaofbackbonescomesin.

It'strivialforyoutodaisychainswitches.Youdon't needonecentralswitchfeedingotherswitches.

However,youcanhaveoneveryhighspeedswitchinthecenterthatonlyconnectstootherswitches.
Thenwecanhaveswitchesontheoutlinethatconnecttohighspeedandlowerspeednetworks.Thisis
wherethetermbackbonecomesintoplay.

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Forexample,thecentralswitchis10Gigabitbuttheouterswitchesonlygive1Gigabittotheouterlying
customers.

Thepartontherightisahigherspeednetworkthantherestoftheswitch.

GigabitInterfaceConverter(GBIC):interchangeabledevicesthataredesignedtobemovedinandoutof
switchessothatdependingonwhattypeofnetworkyouhave,youcanbuytheswitchboxandthenbuy
therightGBICforyournetwork.GBICsallowustohaveveryflexibleswitchesthatconnecttobackbone
networksthatrunathigherspeedsthantherestofthenetwork.

Oneproblemyoucanrunintoisifyouaccidentallypluginoneofyour1GBswitchestoanother1GB
switch(andbothofthesearepluggedintothecentral10GBswitch),youcreateaBridgeLoop.This
couldbringthewholenetworkdown!ButsmartswitchesuseSpanningTreeProtocol(STP)
automaticallytopreventBridgeLoopsfromtakingplace.Theyturnoffwhateverport(s)iscausingthe

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loop.

Sonowyoucandaisychainswitches.Forexample,youhaveonemainswitchthatsitswithallthe
serversandstuff.Thenyouhaveaswitchoneveryfloorthatconnectstoallthecomputersonthatfloor
(aswellasthemainswitch).

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