A PROJECT REPORT

on

A NON INVASIVE BLOOD GLUCOMETER

Submitted in partial fulfilment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

in

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

by

Abhijeet Ghodgaonkar (1051310467)

Harshvardhan Nagelia (1051310474)

Anshuman Sahana (1051310478)

Under the guidance of

Dr. A. Rathinam, M.E, Ph. D

(Assistant Professor (S.G), Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering)

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur- 603 203
Kancheepuram Dist.
MAY 2017
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BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report titled Non Invasive Blood Glucometer

is the bonafide work of ABHIJEET GHODGAONKAR (1051310467),

HARSHVARDHAN NAGELIA (1051310474), ANSHUMAN SAHANA

(1051310478) who carried out the project work under my supervision. Certified

further, that to the best of my knowledge the work reported herein does not form

part of any other project report or dissertation on the basis of which a degree or

award was conferred on an earlier occasion of this or any other candidate.

Signature of the Guide Signature of the HoD

Dr. A. RATHINAM, M.E., Ph. D Dr. K. VIJAYAKUMAR, M.E., Ph. D
Asst. Professor (S.G) Professor and Head
Department of EEE Department of EEE
SRM University SRM University

Internal Examiner External Examiner

Date:
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to extend our gratitude to the many people who helped to bring
this project to fruition. First, we would like to thank the management for the academic
and technical support. We are also thankful to t h e Director (E&T),
Dr. C. Muthamizhchelvan for the academic support and allowing us to undertake
this project.

We take this opportunity to acknowledge our beloved Head of the department,

Dr. K. Vijayakumar for being a constant source of inspiration and encouragement.

Above all, we would like to express our gratitude to our project guide
Dr. A. Rathinam without whom this project would have never taken place. We
would also like to thank our Project Coordinator, Dr. M. Arun Noyal Doss
for his support and valuable inputs throughout our project. We are deeply grateful
for their help, valuable guidance, in-depth knowledge and experience provided
throughout the course of our project.

Finally, we express our very profound gratitude to our parents for providing
us with unfailing support and continuous encouragement throughout the process of
researching and writing this thesis. This accomplishment would not have been
possible without them.

(ABHIJEET GHODGAONKAR)

(HARSHVARDHAN NAGELIA)

(ANSHUMAN SAHANA)
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ABSTRACT

Diabetes is one of the fastest growing health hazard in the present century. It
has affected approximately 422 million people according to an estimate by
International Diabetes Federation (IDF). Diabetes is one of the most severe disease
which affects vital organs of the body if not diagnosed and treated on time. Hence,
regular monitoring of Blood Glucose is required for avoiding further complication.
Most common method used for the measurement of Blood Glucose is by Prick Method
which is Invasive in nature. Even though it is highly accurate, it suffers from few
disadvantages such as high recurring Costs, painful and risk of spreading infections.
Thus, there is a need to develop a Non-Invasive method for blood glucose
measurement which can measure blood glucose without posing much problem and be
easy to use for the diabetic population.

The proposed method makes use of the Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy
for the determination of blood glucose. The prototype consists of a Near Infrared
sensor of the peak wavelength 940 nm and is placed over the fingertip which has been
chosen as the body site. The intensity of received light depends on the Glucose
concentration in the blood since glucose molecules are sensitive at that particular
wavelength. The signal is then amplified and fed into microcontroller Arduino Uno for
further calculations.

On analysing the variation in the voltage received after reflection of the

incident light, a look up table is formed with the help of the Glucose value found with
the conventional prick method. A relation between the Glucose value and the voltage
variation is established using Regression Analysis in MATLAB. The results obtained
were validated using various statistical analysis and it was concluded that the voltage
intensity level due to pulsatile nature of blood flow and blood glucose level has a
correlation.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER PAGE
NO. TABLE NO.

ABSTRACT iv
LIST OF TABLES vii
LIST OF FIGURES viii
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS x
1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1. BACKGROUND 1
1.1.1. Diabetes Mellitus 2
1.1.2. Importance of controlling blood glucose level 4
1.1.3. Glucose Properties 4
2. LITERATURE SURVEY 5
2.1. INVASIVE BLOOD GLUCOSE MONITORING 5
2.2. NON-INVASIVE BLOOD GLUCOSE MONITORING 5
2.2.1. Near Infrared (NIR) Spectroscopy 5
2.2.2. Mid Infrared (MIR) Spectroscopy 6
2.2.3. Occlusion Spectroscopy 6
2.2.4. Raman Spectroscopy 7
2.2.5. Optical Coherence Tomography 7
2.2.6. Optical Polarimetry 7
2.2.7. Bio-Impedance Spectroscopy 7
2.3. REGRESSION ANALYSIS MODEL 8
2.4. ORGANIZATION OF THESIS 8
3. METHODOLOGY 9
3.1. PRINCIPLE 9
3.2. PHOTOPLETHYSMOGRAPHY (PPG) 12
3.3. SELECTION OF WAVELENGTH 13
4. SYSTEM DESIGN 14
4.1. HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION 14
4.1.1. Components Used 14
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4.1.1.1. Pulse sensor 14

4.1.1.2. Operational Amplifier 16
4.1.1.3. Microcontroller 17
4.1.2. Block Diagram 19
4.1.3. Signal Conditioning Circuit 20
4.2. SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION 22
4.2.1. Simulation Diagram 22
4.2.2. Algorithm of the system 23
4.2.3. Flowchart of the system 24
5. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 25
5.1. DATASET 25
5.2. ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK (ANN) 28
5.3. NFTOOL (MATLAB) 29
5.4. CALCULATIONS (REGRESSION ANALYSIS) 31
6. CONCLUSION 32
7. REFERENCES 33
8. APPENDIX 34
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LIST OF TABLES

TABLE TABLE PAGE

NO. NO.

1.1 Glucose molecule specific target wavelength table 4

4.1 Specification of Microcontroller (Atmel328P) 19

5.1 Lookup table for glucose concentration 25

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LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE FIGURE PAGE

NO. NO.

2.1 Block diagram of NIR Spectroscopy 6

2.2 Scattering of glucose molecules in specified volume 6

2.3 Proven methods of non-invasive glucose detection 8

3.1 Schematic description of the influence of glucose on 9

light propagation
3.2 Cross section of skin and light path 11

3.3 Transmission mode Photoplethysmography 12

3.4 AC and DC components of PPG signal from finger 12

4.1 Pulse sensor module HRM-2511 15

4.2 Schematic diagram of HRM-2511 15

4.3 Block diagram of op-amp LM 324 16

4.4 Block diagram of microcontroller 17

4.5 Arduino module 18

4.6 Block diagram of designed method 19

4.7 Filter and amplifier circuit 20

4.8 Hardware setup 21

4.9 Simulation diagram in Proteus 8 software 22

5.1 Regression analysis using MS Excel 26

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5.2 PPG waveform obtained from Arduino software 27

5.3 PPG waveform obtained from Processing software 27

5.4 Neural Network block diagram 28

5.5 NFTool window in MATLAB 29

5.6 Parameter setting of NFTool 30

5.7 Network Architecture 30

5.7 Regression analysis using MATLAB NFTool 31

5.8 Fitting Curve 31

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LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS

NOTATION MEANING

T1DM Type 1 diabetes mellitus

LED Light Emitting Diode

Mg/dL Milligrams per decilitre

bpm Beats per minute

IBI Inter beat interval

IDDM Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus

NIDDM Non-Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus

MIR Mid Infrared Region

PPG Photo-plethysmograph

HPF High Pass Filter