JANE'S

Encyclopedia of Aviation
 JANE'S
Encyclopedia of Aviation

Volume 4

Aircraft A-Z
Heinkel Norman Thompson
Compiled and edited by Michael J. H. Taylor

Contributors: Bill Gunston, A. J. Jackson, David Mondey,

Malcolm Passingham, John Stroud, Susan H. H. Young

JANE'S
LONDON SYDNEY

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Copyright Jane's Publishing Company Limited 1980

First published in the United Kingdom in 1980 by

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 Introduction
The panoramic view of aviation given by this encyclopedia brings out very strongly
the highly individual characters which can be discerned in even the largest and most
diverse aerospace concerns. Three organisations falling within the compass of this
volume illustrate this tendency as well as any other group, and probably rather
better than most, and between them they have supplied a respectable proportion of
the world's warplanes and transports.
In the West we have McDonnell Douglas and Lockheed. Both have a significant
share of the airliner market, McDonnell Douglas as the result of a merger in 1967
and Lockheed by the TriStar programme, which it started in the same year. Both are
also truly massive suppliers to the US military.
However, the two companies seem to have a diametrically opposed approach to
the design of aircraft. If there is one attribute which characterises both sides of the
McDonnell Douglas combine, it is the building-block approach. An outstanding
example of this is the series of McDonnell fighters from the FH-1 Phantom to the
F-15 Eagle. The FH-1 Phantom was scaled into the Banshee, and the lines of the
Banshee are evident in the Demon and XF-88. For any company but McDonnell,
the lines of the XF4H Phantom II prototype would have been an adventurous
departure; for the designers of the earlier Voodoo it was a logical step.
Lockheed, by contrast, seems unhappy when its designers are not starting with a
blank rule-book and a clean sheet of paper. The P-38 Lightning and the supremely
elegant Constellation showed this principle in action, and thereafter there was
always something about a Lockheed which distinguished it immediately from any of
itscontemporaries.
One
of Lockheed's most significant decisions, however, was to set up a design
cadre under the leadership of Clarence 'Kelly' Johnson: the Advanced Development
Projects division, better known as the 'Skunk Works'. Insulated from the overheads
and organisational weight of the company, and possessing by virtue of its small size
the morale and effectiveness of a pre- 1939 design office, the Skunk Works has
achieved results which were consistently years ahead of anything being done any-
where else. The shroud of secrecy which concealed its activities added drama, if
indeed the activities of Johnson's hand-picked team needed any dramatisation.
There was the F- 04, still one of the world's fastest fighters at any level 26 years after
1

its first flight; there followed the U-2, which for five years enjoyed immunity from

interception, and the SR-71, which but for two Soviet systems (the SA-5 Gammon
missile and the MiG-25) enjoys it still, having survived 800-plus attacks by lesser
systems in the course of its 13-year career.
However, it should be remembered that McDonnell Douglas has sold more aircraft
than Lockheed. Now producing more aircraft than either are the Soviet GAZ (State
Aircraft Factories) controlled by the design bureau named after Artem Mikoyan and
Mikhail Gurevich. As the leading supplier of fighters to the Soviet air forces, the MiG
bureau typifies Soviet technique. It is not evolutionary, but neither is it quite the same as
the high- technology approach of Lockheed. Rather, it is a belt-and-braces philosophy.
Once a MiG aircraft (such as the MiG-21 ) is in service, it is improved to an 'initial basic'
standard, represented in this case by the MiG-21 PF. Initial design work then starts on
its replacement, but at the same time development of the original aircraft continues.

When the replacement aircraft has been developed to the point where it offers a
significant advance over the ultimate that can be extracted from its predecessor's basic
configuration, the replacement may be committed to production. Thus the MiG bureau
like the Skunk Works - has almost certainly hatched some prototypes which will not be
found in the pages that follow.

651
Heinkel ^^m

Heinkel HD 28. Heinkel HE 1 (Germany/Sweden) Three-seat

low-wing monoplane floatplane designed by
Ernst Heinkel but produced under licence in
Sweden for the Navy as the Svenska S. of 1923, 1

powered by the 179 kW (240 hp) Maybach Mb

IVa or Siddeley Puma engine.
Heinkel HE 2 (Germany/Sweden) The Heinkel
HE 2 represented an improvement on the HE 1

and underwent considerable testing before it was

licence-built in Sweden as the Svenska S.2 for the
Swedish Navy and for export to Finland and poss-
ibly other countries. A two-seater, it was normally
powered by a 268.3 kW (360 hp) Rolls-Royce
Eagle IX engine, although a 223.6 kW (300 hp)
Hispano-Suiza, 298 kW (400 hp) Liberty or simi-
lar engine could be fitted. Maximum level speed
was 185 km/h (115 mph).
Heinkel HE 4 and HE 5 (Germany/Sweden)
Three-seat reconnaissance monoplanes of 1926,
developed from the HE and powered by 1
268.3 kW (360 hp) Rolls-Royce IX and 335.3 kW
(450 hp) Napier Lion engines respectively. Both
types were licence-built in Sweden for the Navy
by Svenska.
Heinkel HE 5b. Heinkel HE 3 and HE 18 (Germany) The HE 3
was a cantilever low-wing monoplane of the type
originated by Dr Junkers, but was of wooden
construction and had seating for three as a school
Heinkel HE 12 and HE 58 (Germany) The HE
12 was a two-seat twin-float commercial seaplane
designed for catapulting and powered by a
372.6 kW (500 hp) BMW-built Pratt & Whitney
Hornet radial engine. Aft of the rear cockpit was a
mail and cargo compartment, the floor of which
was constructed from corrugated light metal.
Only one was built, operated by Deutsche Luft-
Hansa (see Chronology 22 July 1929).
The single HE 58 was built for use on Bremen's
sister ship Europa: a slightly larger aircraft but
powered by a similar engine and with side-by -side
instead of tandem seating. Maximum speeds of
the HE 12 and HE 58 were 2 15 km/h (133.5 mph)
and 204 km/h (127 mph) respectively.
Heinkel HD 17 (Germany) Two-seat reconnais-
sance biplane of 1926 powered by a 335.3 kW
(450 hp) Napier Lion engine.
Heinkel HD 21 (Germany) The HD 21
appeared in 1924 and was a tandem three-seat
biplane suitable for basic training at flying
schools. The under the upper wing
front cockpit
was often faired over for training. It was con-
structed of spruce and powered by a 74.5 kW
(100 hp) or 89.4 kW (120 hp) Mercedes engine.
Maximum speed was 145 km/h (90 mph).
Heinkel HD 22 (Germany) Two-seat general-
purpose or sporting biplane of 926, powered by a
1

or touring aircraft. Powered by a 55.6 k (75 hp) W BMW IV or Junkers L-5 engine.
Siemens-Halske radial engine, it was readily con- Heinkel HD 23 and HD
28 (Germany) Single-
vertiblefrom a twin-float seaplane to a landplane, seat shipboard biplane fighter (447 kW; 600 hp
the two landing gears forming completely braced BMW VI) and three-seat reconnaissance biplane
structures which could be interchanged by releas- (335.3 kW; 450 hp Bristol Jupiter VI) respec-
ing and securing two fastenings only. The wings tively, examples of each going to Japan.
could also be detached. It won the first prize in its Heinkel HD 24 and HD
36 (Germany) Two-
class at the 1923 Gothenburg meeting. As a land- seat basic training biplanes of 1928 powered by
plane and seaplane respectively, maximum 171.4 kW (230 hp) BMW IV and 119 kW
speeds were 150 km/h (93 mph) and 145 km/h (160 hp) Mercedes D.III engines respectively.
(90 mph).
The HE 18 was a two-seat development of the
HI-", 3, featuring a fuselage constructed from steel
tubes and spruce wings with full-span slotted aile-
rons. Maximum level speed was 140 km/h
(87 mph).
Heinkel HE 8 (Germany) The HE 8 was a two/
tin cc-scat reconnaissance floatplane powered by
i
335.3 kW (450 hp) Armstrong Siddeley Jaguar
radial engine. It was
development of the earlier
a
Napiei Lion-engined The Danish Naval
HI', 5.
\n Servii e received at
least 22 under the designa-
tion H.M.I I, many remaining operational
throughout the 1930s. Maximum level speed was
218 km/h (135 mph). Armament comprised a
Heinkel HD 42B. ien -mounted machine-gun.

652
 Heinkel

Heinkel HD 25 (Germany) This was a two-seat

twin-float reconnaissance biplane of 1928, pow-
ered by a 335.3 k\V (450 hp) Napier Lion engine.
It was stressed for catapulting. A few served with
the Japanese Navy.
Heinkel HD
26 (Germany) Single-seat twin-
float biplane of 1928 powered by a 223.6 kVV
(300 hp) Hispano-Suiza engine. A few went to the
Japanese Navy.
Heinkel HD 29 and HD 32 (Germany) Follow-
HD 21, Heinkel produced the HD
ing on from the
29 and HD 32 in 1926. These were basically simi-
lar, powered by either a 56 kVV (75 hp) or
74.5 k\V (lOOhp) Siemens engine. Several HD
32s took part in the 1925 'Deutscher Rundflug',
one of which was fitted with a Bristol Lucifer
engine.
Heinkel HD 37 and HD 38 (Germany) Single-
seat biplane fighters of 1928, differing only in Heinkel He 51s.
having a wheeled landing gear and twin floats Focke-Wulf and BFW were used by the Luftwaffe
respectively. Power was provided by 559 kVV
for reconnaissance and light bombing duties.
(750 hp) BMW
VI engines. One hundred and Production totalled 512 aircraft.
Data (He 45C): Engine as above Wing span 1.5 m
forty-five HD 37Cs were licence-built in Russia
1

(37 ft 8% in) Length 10.6 m (34 ft 9V2 in) Max

from 1932 and HD
38Ds were produced in Ger-
many for the Reichswehrministerium.
Heinkel HD 35 (Germany) Development of the
HD 21, normally used as a three-seat school type
but equally suited to touring. Powered by an
89.4 kW (120 hp) Mercedes engine.
Heinkel HD 39 and HD 40 (Germany) The HD
39 was produced during 1926 to the order of B.Z.
am Mittag (Berlin's most widely read newspaper)
for the purpose of operating a newspaper delivery
service between Berlin and Hamburg, Koln,
Bremen, Hannover, Frankfurt, Dresden, Leipzig,
T-0 weight 2,745 kg (6,0511b) Max level speed
290 km/h (180 mph) Range 1,200 km (746 miles)
Armament one forward-firing 7.9 17 andmm MG
one rear-mounted MG
15 machine-guns, plus up
to 300 kg (661 lb) of bombs
Heinkei He 46 (Germany) The He 46 of 1931
was a two-seat armed reconnaissance and army
co-operation parasol-wing monoplane, powered
in its production form by a 484.4 kW (650 hp)
Bramo 322B radial engine. It was one of the main
types chosen for the Luftwaffe expansion pro-

etc. Power was provided by a 164 kW (220 hp)

gramme, initiated well before Germany's official
BMV IV engine. In the following year the larger announcement of the Air Force's existence.

HD 40 was delivered, able to carry four-six pas- Nearly 480 He 46s were produced, remaining
sengers and cargo. Power was provided by a operational with the Luftwaffe on the Eastern
447 kW
(600 hp) BMWVI engine. Front until 1943. It also served with the Bulgarian
and Hungarian Air Forces, and had previously
Heinkel HD 42 (Germany) The HD 42 was
designed as a two-seat twin-float biplane for train- been used by the Nationalist forces during the
ing and sporting use. The prototype first flew on 3
Spanish Civil War.
March 1931 powered by a BMW Va engine. The Data: Engine as above Wing span 14.0m (45 ft

initial production version was the HD 42A, 32 of

1 1V4 in) Length 9.5 m (31 ft 2 in) Max T-0 weight

which went to the German Navy as trainers, pow- 2,300 kg (5,0711b) Max level speed 260 km/h
ered by 223.5 kW (162 mph) Range 1,050 km (653 miles) Armament
(300 hp) Junkers L-5 engines.
The next version was the HD
42B, powered by the
one rear-mounted MG 15 machine-gun, plus
L-5-G engine. In total 44 were produced, all 20 X 10 kg bombs
Heinkel He 59.
strengthened for catapulting and used as trainers
and reconnaissance aircraft. The final version was
the HD
42C, similar to the HD
42B but with the
283 kW (380 hp) L-5-Ga engine. Some were
armed with a machine-gun. A number of HD
42s
remained in service as trainers until 1944.
Heinkel He 45 (Germany) The He 45 was the
firstof Heinkel's combat aircraft proper for the
Third Reich. At the time of its appearance the
general practice of using HD
designations for
Heinkel Doppeldeckers (biplanes) and HE
desig-
nations for Heinkel Eindeckers (monoplanes) was
dropped in favour of He designations.
Appearing in 1931, the He 45 was a two-seat
general-purpose biplane powered by a 559 kW
(750 hp) BMWVI engine. Early production
examples were employed mainly as trainers, but
subsequent aircraft produced by Heinkel, Gotha,
Heinkel

Luft-Hansa Heinkel He 70. Heinkel 50 (Germany) The He 50 was a

He
484.4 kW Bramo 322B-engined single-
(650 hp)
seat dive-bomber and two-seat reconnaissance
biplane of 1931, production examples of which
went into Luftwaffe service and were exported to
China and Japan. Luftwaffe He 50As remained
operational on the Eastern Front until 1944.
Maximum level speed was 235 km/h (146 mph)
and armament comprised one forward-firing tion of Hansa Brandenburg, Heinkel built a series

7.9 mm MG 17 or one rear-mounted MG 15 of seaplanes in Sweden, ostensibly for Svenska. In

machine-gun (dive-bomber and reconnaissance fact this was a ruse to circumvent the ban on all

types respectively), plus up to 500 kg (1,102 lb) of construction of military aircraft in Germany
bombs. which had been imposed under the terms of the
Heinkel He 60.
Versailles Treaty.
Following establishment of the new military
regime in Germany, Heinkel began the design
and construction of aircraft in a factory located at
Rostock. There (in 1932) he completed the pro-
totype of a biplane fighter which had the company
designation He 49A. A generally similar aircraft
with floats, instead of wheel landing gear, was
identified as the He 49B. The He 49A design was
submitted to the German Air Ministry, which
ordered ten pre-production aircraft under the
designation He 51, and it was this which became
the first single-seat fighter to serve with the new,
and then still secret, Luftwaffe.
The He 51 was of composite construction and
unequal-span single-bay biplane configuration.
The single seat for the pilot was in a cockpit just
aft of the wings, and a cut-out in the centre-section
of the upper wing was made to enhance the pilot's
field of view. Power plant comprised a BMW
12-cylinder in-line engine, and adoption of a
minimum cowled section provided a bluff, square
look to the fuselage nose. Wheel landing gear of
the He 51 A was neat and functional, that of the
He 51 B remarkably clean for a float installation.
Delivery of the first of the He 51A-0 pre-
production aircraft began in late 1933, and the
type was among those which were sent to take
part in the Spanish Civil War in support of the
Nationalists. The first batch of aircraft sent to
Spain comprised six He 51 As and 20 Junkers Ju
52/3ms: these were virtually the foundation air-
Heinkel He 63.
Heinkel He 51 (Germany) Ernst Heinkel, chief craft of the Condor Legion. Combat in Spain soon
designer of Hansa Brandenburg for a number of showed that the He 51 was an inferior fighter, but
years, was responsible for the creation of several they proved valuable in a close-support role.
significant seaplanes which were built by that Because of this they were still in service at the
company during World War I. Following liquida- beginning of World War II, being used for a

Spanish Heinkel He 70.

654
 Heinkel

variety of non-combatant duties until 1943.

Production versions for the Luftwaffe were the He
51 A and He 51C; floatplanes which served with
the German Navy had the designation He 5 IB.
Data (He 51 A): Engine one 559 kW (750 hp)
BMW VI Wing span 11.0 m (36 ft in) Length
1

8.4 m (27 ft 6% in) Max T-0 weight 1,900 kg

(4,189 1b) Max level speed 330 km/h (205 mph)
Range 390 km (242 miles) Armament two forward-
firing 7.9 mm MG 17 machine-guns
Heinkel He 55 (Germany) The He 55 appeared
in 1929 and was a two-seat shipboard flying-boat
with foldable equal-span single-bay wings and
strengthened for catapulting. Power was provided
by a 447 kW(600 hp) Siemens radial engine
mounted streamlined nacelle and supported
in a
on struts above the front cockpit and well forward Heinkel He 63 (Germany) Two-seat biplane Heinkel He 100V8.
of the wings. More than 40 were delivered to
trainer of 1932 powered by a 179kW (240 hp)
Russia, where they were given the designation
Argus As 10C engine. Ten built.
KR-1. Maximum level speed was 194 km/h Heinkel He 64 (Germany) Two-seat sporting
(120.5 mph).
and training monoplane powered by a 112 kW
(150 hp) Argus As 8R inverted engine. Both
cockpits were completely enclosed by a glazed
coupe top. Small number were built. Maximum
level speed 245 km/h (152 mph).
Heinkel He 70 and He 170 (Germany) The He
70 was produced as a commercial and military
high-performance monoplane, powered by a
469.5 kW (630 hp) or 559 kW (750 hp) BMW
VI
engine. It first flew on December 1932 as a
1

commercial type, accommodating a pilot,

navigator and four passengers (an additional
folding seat for a passenger was provided behind
the pilot). Aft of the passenger cabin was a bag-
gage compartment. The low cantilever wings
Heinkel He 72 Kadet.
tapered in chord and thickness and were of spruce
construction, planked with plywood. The fuselage
Heinkel He 56 (Germany) Two-seat reconnais- was an oval duralumin monocoque, and the land-
sance biplane of 1932, subsequently developed by
ing gear was retractable. Deutsche Luft-Hansa
Aichi into the E3A1 or Navy Type 15 Reconnais-
received 14 aircraft, although actual production
sance Seaplane, which remained in service until
of the passenger-carrying variants was 28.
Japan's entry into World War II.
Meanwhile the He 70's military potential had
Heinkel He 59 (Germany) The He 59 first
not gone unnoticed and, following the delivery to
appeared in 1931 and was a large twin-float bi-
the Luftwaffe of a number of He 70Ds for com-
plane powered by two 492 kW (660 hp) VI BMW munications duties, the He 70E and He 70F
engines. It was produced in limited numbers as a
appeared as three-seat light-bombing and recon-
two- or four-seat reconnaissance and torpedo
naissance aircraft respectively. Only the F
bomber, although numbers were operated as air-
entered production, numbers serving with the
crew and armament trainers and for air-sea
Luftwaffe and going to the Condor Legion and the
rescue. In the latter role it survived into World
Nationalist forces in Spain during the Civil War.
War II. Maximum level speed was 240 km/h
The production total ofnearly 300 military He 70s
(149 mph).
included 18 He 170As exported to Hungary dur-
Heinkel He 60 (Germany) The He 60 entered ing 1937-38, each of these powered by a 678 kW
production in 1933 as a two-seat short-range Heinkel He 111V2.
armed reconnaissance biplane and trainer, pow-
ered by a 492 kW (660 hp) BMW
VI engine. In
its twin-float reconnaissance configuration for

catapulting from warships, it remained in service

until 1939. It was replaced by the Arado Ar 196.
Maximum level speed was 225 km/h (140 mph).
Heinkel He 61 (Germany) Two-seat reconnais-
sance biplane of 1932 powered by a 492 kW
(660 hp) BMW
VI engine. A few were exported to
China.
Heinkel He 62 (Germany) Two-seat recon-
naissance biplane of 1932, a few of which were
exported to Japan. "
"..
,'.:'

655
Heinkel

Captured Heinkel He
111H.

Heinkel He 111H-6
torpedo-bomber.

engine. Large numbers were produced for the

Luftwaffe and for civil flying schools. Maximum
speed was 180 km/h (112 mph).
Heinkel He 74 (Germany) Produced as an
armed single-seat advanced-training and light-
fighter sister to the He 72, the He 74 was powered
by a 79 kW (240 hp) Argus As 10C engine. Only
1

a handful were built.

(910 hp) Gnome-Rhone 14K Mistral Major
radial engine and armed with two 7.8
Gebauer machine-guns for defence.
Data (He 70F): Engine as above Wing span 14.8 m
(48 ft 6V2 in) Length 12.0m (39 ft 4V2 in) Max
T-0 weight 3,460 kg (7,628 lb) Max level speed
360 km/h (224 mph) Range (with auxiliary fuel
tank) 1,400 km (870 miles) Normal range 800
(497 miles)
Heinkel He 72 Kadet (Germany) Appearing in
1933, the He 72 was a two-seat open-cockpit bi-
plane for training and aerobatics, usually pow-
ered by a 12 kVV (150 hp) Siemens Sh.l4a radial
1 planform, fitted with hydraulically operated
Heinkel He 100 (Germany) Designed as a
replacement for the very successful Mes-
serschmitt Bf 109, the He 100 failed to win pro-
duction orders. Nevertheless the 12 He lOOD-ls
built were eventually flown by Luftwaffe pilots as
home-defence fighters. Power was provided by a
Daimler-Benz DB 601 engine. On 30 March 1939
He 100V8 set a new world absolute speed record
of 746.604 km/h (463.917 mph) at the hands of
Flugkapitiin Hans Dieterle.
Heinkel He 111 (Germany) Like a number of
German aircraft which were designed and built in
the 1930s, the He 111 was planned from the
beginning for a dual-purpose role. The first was in
a legitimate civil capacity, during which the
engines and airframe would be developed to good
mm standards of reliability, or modified as necessary
to attain such high standards. The second role
was for military usage by the Luftwaffe which, at
the period when a number of Germany's most
successful wartime aircraft were being designed
and/or developed, was still a clandestine organ-
km isation.
The prototype an all-metal low-wing mono-
plane powered by two 447 kVV (600 hp) BMWVI
in-line engines - flew for the first time on 24
February 1935. The wings were of semi-elliptical

Heinkel He 111ZZwilling
towing an Me 321 Gigant
glider.

656
 Heinkel

Y-Genite, glider-tug, and with two aircraft Spanish-built CASA 2111.

'twinned' (He 111/, /willing, with a fifth engine
at the new joining centre-section) operated as a
tug for the Messerschmitt Me 321 Gigant (Giant)
glider.
A remarkable aircraft of long life - which
speaks well for the excellence of its basic design
examples of Spanish-built aircraft (constructed
by CASA post-war) remained in use for crew
training into 1970.
Data (He 111H-16): Engines two 1,006 kW
(1,350 hp) Junkers Jumo 211F-2 in-lines Wing
trailing-edge flaps, the tailwheel-type retractable span 22.6 (74 ft m \
3
A in) Length 16.4 m (53 ft Heinkel He 112B-0s,
landing gear also being hydraulically actuated. 9% in) Max T-0 weight 14,000 kg (30,865 lb) Max thirty of which were built

Very clean in appearance, the prototype (in level 435 km/h

speed (270 mphj Range 1,950 km for evaluation against the

bomber configuration) was able to accommodate (1,212 miles) Armament one 13 mm MG

131, one Messerschmitt Bf 109.
an internal bomb load of 1,000 kg (2,205 lb), and MG 81 twin-gun, one MG
FF cannon, plus a Many of these were flown
in 1938 by Nationalist
was armed with three machine-guns in nose, dor- bomb load of up to 2,000 kg (4,409 lb)
forces fighting in Spain.
sal and ventral positions. Flight testing proved
that, like some British bomber aircraft of the
period, its performance equalled or even bettered

that ofcontemporary fighters.

The second prototype was completed as a civil
transport and was handed over to Luft-Hansa
following the termination of early testing. Subse-
quently, this aircraft reverted to being used by the
Luftwaffe for secret high-altitude reconnaissance
missions. Many such missions were flown prior to
the outbreak of World War II, both by military
and civil aircraft, so that long before wartime
operational missions were flown, the Luftwaffe
had acquired very detailed documentation of a
vast number of important targets.
The fourth prototype was completed as a civil
airliner with accommodation for ten passengers in
two cabins. Named Dresden, it was delivered to
Luft-Hansa on 10 January 1936 and given the full
glare of press publicity. Six production airliners,
He 1 1 lCs named Breslau, Karlsruhe, Koln, Konigs-
berg, Leipzig, and Nurnberg, enured service from
the summer of 1936.
He 111 B- production bombers began to enter
1

Luftwaffe service in late 1936 and, like many

German military aircraft of that period, were
blooded first in the Spanish Civil War, gaining
valuable experience. In the case of the He it 1 1 1

proved somewhat misleading: since its perfor-

mance was superior to that of opposing fighter
aircraft, it could operate unescorted. Similar tac-
tics, when used against British Hurricanes and

Spitfires, proved costly and from that time their

Heinkel He 114A-2s.
deployment over Britain was mainly in the role of Heinkel He 114 (Germany) The He 1 1 f was a
a night bomber. The mauling by British fighters two-seat reconnaissance seaplane, originally
meant that, as development progressed, He Ills intended for catapult operations from ships of the
became more heavily armed. Many had 20 mm German Navy. Power was provided by a BMW
cannon and as many as seven machine-guns. 132 engine. A limited number were produced and
Most extensively built version was the He served into the war as coastal-patrol and recon-
111H, with considerably more than 5,000 built naissance aircraft. A few were also exported to
before production ended in 1944. Power plant of Romania and Sweden. Maximum level speed
this version comprised twojunkers Jumo engines, 335 km/h (208 mph).
with power ranging from 752.6 kW (1,010 hp) for Heinkel He 115 (Germany) the first prototype
the Jumo 221 A to 1,323.5 kW (1,776 hp) in the He 15 flew in early 1938 and in March set eight
1

Jumo 2 3 A- s installed in the final production He

1 1 world speed records. As a result orders were placed
1 1H-23 paratroop carrier. Other roles fulfilled
1 for the German naval air arm by Sweden
by this exceptional aircraft included torpedo- and Norway, eventually totalling more than
bomber, launch platform for Hs 293 glider bombs 300 aircraft. These were used as reconnaissance,
and V- flying-bombs, path finding using
1 torpedo-carrying and mine-laying seaplanes. The

657
Heinkel

went into large-scale production in widely dis-

persed assembly plants, many underground.
However only 16 He 162As had been completed
1

by Germany's capitulation and few were opera-

tional.
Data (He 162A): Engine one 7.83 kN (1,760 lb st)
BMW 003-1 or -2 turbojet Wing span 7.2 m (23 ft

7% in) Length 9.05 m (29 ft 8V2 in) Max T-0

weight 2,700 kg (5,953 lb) Ma v level speed 840 km/h
(522 mph) Range 220-1,000 km (137-621 miles)
Armament two 20 mm MG
151 cannon
Heinkel He 170 (Germany) see Heinkel He 70
Heinkel He 176 (Germany) Single-seat experi-
mental aeroplane powered by a 5.89 kN
(1,324 lb st) Walter HWK-R1 203 rocket motor
(see Chronology 15 June 1939).

Heinkel He 11 5B-1/R-2.
He 1 15 was the first German aircraft adapted to

carry the magnetic mine.

Data (He 115B): Engine two 671 (900 hp)kW
BMW 132Ns Wing span 23.15 m
(75 ft 10 in)
Length 17.38 m (57 ft in) Max T-0 weight
9,100 kg (20,062 1b) Max level speed 350 km/h
(217 mph) Range 2,100 km (1,305 miles) Arma-
Heinkel He 162A-2 ment two 7.9 mm MG
15 machine-guns, plus an
Salamander. 800 kg torpedo or 1,000 kg (2,205 lb) of bombs
Heinkel He 116 (Germany) Long-range mail
and freight-carrying airliner of 1937, powered by Heinkel He 177 Greif (Germany) Four years of
four 179 kW HM
508 engines. A
(240 hp) Hirth
development preceded the first production orders
for the He 177, the first prototype of which had
small number were operators including
built,
Deutsche Luft-Hansa and Manchuria Airtrans- flown in November 1939. It was a heavy bomber,
port.
introducing an entirely new type of power plant in
which four Daimler-Benz 12-cylinder inverted
engines were grouped together in pairs, each pair
driving a single propeller. Many prototypes were
built, most of which displayed obvious shortcom-
ings including dangerous diving characteristics,
landing gear and structural weaknesses, and
problems associated with the engines including
persistent crankshaft torsional vibration, lubrica-
tionand propeller troubles: two prototypes broke
up and at least one caught fire.
in the air
Following a brief period of use as an emergency
transport aircraft on the Eastern Front, during
which time several caught fire and so earned the
nickname 'Flaming Coffin', the Greif began its
operational career in October 1943 on anti-
convoy and U-boat co-operation duties. It took
part (sub-types A-3 and A-5) in attacks on Eng-
land in January 1944, known as the 'Little Blitz',
but as the war progressed was used to a greater
Heinkel He 116. extent as a missile carrier for anti-shipping duties.
Heinkel He 118 (Germany) sec Junkers Ju 87 As the end of the war approached fewer and fewer
Heinkel He 162 Salamander (Germany) Popu- Greifs remained operational: shortages of fuel and
larly known as the 'Volksjager' People's Fighter)
( trouble with the engines grounding huge
but best remembered by the name Salamander, numbers.
the He 162 turbojet-powered single-seal lighter Although a small number of twin-finned He
was designed to employ as little strategic material 177Bs were built in early 1944, most of the 1,160
as possible, which by 1944 was in short supply. or so Greifs produced were A-series types,
Design work on the fighter started on 23 Sep- although it is doubtful whether more than about
tember 1944 and the firsl prototype Hew on 6 200 became fully operational in all respects. The
Decembei 1944. On the second flight the leading He 177A-0 was the pilot production model, pow-
edge of the wing collapsed and the prototype ered by two DB 606 engines (made up of four 1)B
broke up in the air. This did not seriously hinder 601s). Armament comprised two 13 mm MG
the development programme and, aftei mod- Ills in do! sal and tail positions, one 7.9 mm \l(

ifications wcic made to the wings, the He 162 81 in llic nose, two 7. 'I mm MG
81s in a ventral

658
 Heinkel

Captured Heinkel He 177

Greif.

mmm ,f ^ "^MIM )m
m IL,^l.
w
1 n
(J
|KrJ
II **-

rfH
Heinkel He 280.

and a 20
position facing aft mm MG
FF cannon
firing from a 'chin' position, plus
forward
48 X 70 kg, ten 500 kg, six 1,000 kg, or two
2,500 kg bombs. The He 177A-1 was similar
except for defensive armament, while the He
77A-3 had two DB 6 10 power units (four DB 605
1

engines), airframe changes and was equipped to

carry two Hs 293 glider missiles. The final major
version, the He 177A-5, was equipped to carry
three Hs 293, two Hs 294 or two PC 1400 Fritz X
(armour-piercing) radio-controlled missiles.
Data (He 177A-5): Engines two 2,198 kW
(2,950 hp) Daimler-Benz DB 610A-ls and B-ls
(see text) Wing span 31.44 m (103 ft 3/4 in) Length
l

22.0 m (72 ft 2 in) Max T-0 weight 31,000 kg fuel, was developing about 4.89 kW (1,100 1b
(68,343 lb) Max level speed 488 km'/h (303 mph) st). In Britain the world's first turbojet air-
Range 4,000-5,500 km (2,485-3,418 miles) Arma- craft engine had been bench-run on 12 April 1937.
ment three 7.9 mm MG 81J and three 13 mm MG Of particular interest is the fact that the work of
131 machine-guns, two 20 mm MG 151 cannon, von Ohain and Whittle was entirely independent.
plus bombs or missiles The He 78 was designed to utilise von Ohain's
1

power plant. It was a shoulder-wing monoplane

Heinkel He 178.
of composite construction. The engine was
mounted in the fuselage, with a nose air-intake
duct passing beneath the pilot's seat and a long
tailpipe discharging from the fuselage tailcone.
Retractable tailwheel-type landing gear was
installed. A research aircraft only, the He 78 was 1

donated to the Air Museum in Berlin where it was

destroyed during a wartime air raid.
Data: Engine one HeS 3b turbojet ofabout 5.34 kN
(1,200 lb st) Wing span 7.2 m (23 ft l l/i in) Length
7.48 m (24 ft &/i in) Max T-0 weight 1,998 kg
(4,405 lb) Cruising speed 580 km/h (360 mph) Helio H-295 Super
Courier.

Heinkel He 178 (Germany) This aircraft is

assured a distinguished place in aviation history:
on 27 August 1939 (see Chronology), piloted by
Flugkapitan Erich Warsitz, it made the world's
first flight by a turbojet-powered aircraft. To put

this record in its true context of achievement, it

should be noted that the first flight of a turbojet-
powered aircraft in Britain was that of the Gloster
E. 28/39 on 15 May 1941.
The engine to power the He 178 derived from
the pioneering research work of Dr Hans Pabst
von Ohain who (together with his assistant Max
Hahn) had been employed by Ernst Heinkel in
March 1936 and provided with the necessary
facilities to continue the development of his work.
By September 1937 a hydrogen-fuelled demon-
stration engine was being run on the bench, and in
March 1938 his HeW 3 engine, using petrol as

659
Heinkel

HelioU-10 Super Courier.

Four or Courier prototype was derived from the

Koppen-Bollinger two-seat lightplane (an exten-
sively rebuilt Piper Vagabond, first flown in 949)
1

and production aircraft appeared in 1954. The

Helio Stallion Model
Heinkel He 219 Uhu (Germany) The He 219
550A.
was designed in 194041 as a high-altitude and
high-performance twin-engined interceptor but
was modified into a specialised night fighter. The
first prototype flew in 15 November 1942 and
production aircraft went into service in the sum-
mer of 1943. It is believed that about 290 of all
versions were built.
Data (He 219A-7): Engines two 1,416 kW
( 1,900 hp) Daimler-Benz DB 603Gs Wing pan
18.5 m (60 ft 8 in) Length 15.5 m (50
Max T-0 weight 15,300kg (33,731 lb) Max level
speed 670km/h (416.5 mph) Range 2,000 km
(1,243 miles) Armament two 20 mm MG
machine-guns, four 30 mm Mk 108 and two
30 mm MK 103 cannon Accommodation two crew
Heinkel He 280 (Germany) Single-seat jet-
propelled tighter developed in parallel to the
Messerschmitt Me 202. Prototypes only.
Helio Courier, Super Courier, Strato Courier
and Trigear Courier (USA) The Helioplane
improved five-seat H-391B Courier was followed
by the H-392 Strato Courier, intended mainly for
high-altitude photographic work, and the six-seat
Courier Model H-250 of 1964. The latter was
generally similar to the Super Courier (see
below), except for having a 186.3 kVV (250 hp)
Lycoming O-540-A1A5 fiat-six engine. The orig-
inal H-395 and H-395A versions of the Super
Courier six-seat light STOL personal, corporate
and utility monoplane appeared from 1958. Three
were supplied to the USAF for evaluation, under
the designation L-28A. Further substantial orders
were received subsequently, some aircraft being
assigned to Tactical Air Command for counter-
insurgency duties.
The final commercial versions of the Courier to
be produced were the Super Courier Model
H-295 with a non-retractable tailwheel landing
gear and the Trigear Courier Model HT-295 with
a non-retractable tricycle-type landing gear. The
prototype H-295 flew for the first time on 24 Feb-
ruary 1965. Production deliveries of the Trigear
Courier began in 1974.
USAF Super Couriers were produced in three
ft 1 \ k
3
in) versions: the U-10A standard version with a
Lycoming GO-480-G1D6 engine and 227 litres
(60 US gallons) of fuel; the U-10B long-range
151 version with twice the internal fuel capacity and
paratroop doors as standard; and the U-10D
inproved long-range version, with provision for
an aerial camera and sound broadcasting equip-
ment. Military Couriers are currently operated by
Peru and Super Couriers by the USAF (more
than 100 of all versions acquired) and Thailand.
Data (U-10B): Engine one 220 kW (295 hp)

Helwan HA-300.

660
 Henschel

Lycoming GO-480-G1D6 Wing span 11. 89m

(39 ft in) Length 9.45 m (31 ft Max T-0
in)
weight 1.342 kg (3,400 lb) Max level speed 2&V km/h
( 167 mph) Rangekm (660 miles) Accommoda-
1,062
tion pilot and
passengers or freight
five
Helio Stallion Model H-550A (USA) Design of
the turboprop Stallion 8 10-seat general-utility
STOL transport was started in July 1963 and tin-
prototype first flew on 5 June 1964. Construction

of the first production version (the Model

H-550A) began in 1966. This had full-span auto-
matic leading-edge slats, an augmented lateral
control system, slotted flaps to enhance STOL
performance, and a crash-resistant cabin struc-
ture. An armed version was also produced with
the USAF designation AU-24A for armed recon- Hendy 302.
naissance, COIN operations, close air support
and other special missions including forward air
control. A small number of AU-24As were sup-
plied to Cambodia by the USAF.
Helitec (Sikorsky) S-55T (USA) Turbine-
powered conversion of the Sikorsky S-55, fitted
with a 626 k\V (840 shp) Garrett-AiResearch
TSE 331-3U-303 turboshaft engine (derated to
485 kW; 650 slip).
Helwan Al-Kahira (Egypt) Name given to the
Hispano HA-200 Saeta tandem two-seat
advanced trainer built under licence in Egypt.
Helwan HA-300 (Egypt) Prototype supersonic
Henschel Hs 123.
jet fighter, first flown in March 1964.
Hendy Heck (UK) Last product of the Hend\ many's Col-Gen Baron von Fritsch had pre-
Company, completed in 1934 as a two-seat high- dicted: 'The next war will be won by the military
performance cabin monoplane. Preceded by the organisation with the most efficient photographic
Hobo and Model 302 (entered in the King's Cup reconnaissance.' It is not surprising, therefore,
Air Race of 1930). In 1935 the Heck was flown in
that Germany made special efforts to have adequ-
record time from Cape Town (South Africa) to ate photo-reconnaissance aircraft with which to
Lympne (England). A small number were pro- fight the coming war.
duced by Parnall Aircraft. One of the most important in the early years of
Henschel Hs 123 (Germany) Designed as an the war was the Henschel Hs 126 short-range
interim dive bomber until an aircraft of the Junk- reconnaissance aircraft: the first all-metal aircraft
ers J u 87 class was available for squadron service,
of this type to enter service with the Luftwaffe.
the prototype single-seat Hs 123 biplane first flew
This evoked from the earlier Hs 122 design of
ir. 1935. Hs 123A-1 production aircraft entered
1935, but the Hs 126 was developed to offer
Luftwaffe service from October of that year. In
improved performance and handling characteris-
the following year a number were evaluated in
tics. Of parasol-wing configuration with an abso-
Spain as an element of the Nationalist forces
lute minimum of supporting and bracing struts, it
fighting in the Civil War. These proved particu-
had a strut-braced tail unit and tailwheel-type
larly successful for ground attack. With the out- landing gear with streamlined cantilever main-
break of World War
II many Hs 123s were still in
gear struts. Initial production Hs 126A-ls were
first-line service with the Luftwaffe as ground- Henschel Hs 126.
attack aircraft and these participated in the cam-
paigns against Poland, Belgium, France and then
Russia - where they continued to operate until the
middle of 1944.
Data: Engine one 656 kW (880 hp) 132DcBMW
radial Wing span 10.5 m (34 ft 5 'A in) Length
8.33 m (27 ft 4 in) Normal T-0 weight 2,217 kg
(4,888 1b) Max level speed 341 km/h (212 mph)
Range 860 km (534 miles) Armament two 7.9 mm
MG 17 machine-guns, plus one 250 kg bomb as a
dive bomber or four 50 kg bombs, 92 anti-
personnel bombs or two cannon for ground-attack
role
Henschel Hs 126 (Germany) Adequate infor-
mation of an enemy's positions, reserves, move-
ments and supplies has long been a vital factor in
war. Before the outbreak of World War II Ger-

661
Henschel

into service on the Russian Front in 1942. The

original Hs 129A was fitted with two Argus
As 410A 12-cylinder inverted- Vee air-cooled
engines driving Argus automatic controllable-
pitch propellers. This was later superseded by the
Hs 129B series with two French-built 492 kW
(660 hp) Gnome-Rhone 14M 04/05 radial
engines driving Ratier propellers.
The Hs 29B- and B-2 were the major produc-
1 1

tion variants, the latter fitted to carry a drop-tank.

Some were equipped experimentally with the SG
1 13A recoilless gun installation: a battery of six

Henschel Hs 129.

Heston A.2/45.

powered by the 656 kW (880 hp) BMW l32Dc

radial engine. Accommodation was provided for a
pilot and observer/gunner.
At the beginning of the war the Hs 126 was in
service with most of the Luftwaffe's army co-
operation reconnaissance units, used for both day
and night sorties over battle areas. Used exten-
sively and successfully at the beginning of the
Russian campaign, they were later to meet severe
opposition and often could be operated only with
fighter escort. By early 1943 they were almost
completely superseded by more advanced types,
Hiller Model 12E-L3. thereafter being used as glider tugs and for
training.
Data (Hs 126B-1): Engine one 633.4 kW (850 hp) 75 mm smooth-bore tubes, each 1.6 m (5 ft 3 in)

BMW Bramo-Fafnir 323A-1 or Q-l radial Wing long, mounted in the fuselage at an angle slightly
span 14.5 m 6% in) Length 10.85 m beyond the vertical to fire downwards and rear-
(47 ft (35 ft
wards. The weapon was intended for use against
7V4 in) Max T-0 weight 3,090 kg (6,812 lb) Max
tanks and was triggered automatically when the
level speed 31 km/h (193 mph) Range 700 km (435
1

miles) Armament one forward-firing 7.9 mm MG aircraft flew over a tank at low altitude. A total of

17 machine-gun and one rear-mounted 15 MG more than 800 Hs 129s were built.
machine-gun, plus ten kg bombs carried in two
1
Data (Hs 129B-2): Engines as above Wing span
fixed containers in place of camera, when
13.5 m (44 ft 6 in) Length 9.75 m (31 ft 1 1% in)

required Max T-0 weight 5,250kg (11,574 1b) Max level

Henschel Hs 129 (Germany) The Hs 129 was speed 408 km/h (254 mph) Normal range 560 km

Heston Phoenix Series designed solely for ground attack and first went (345 miles) Armament one 20 151 cannon mm MG
II.
and one 7.9 mm MG machine-gun on each side
1 7
of the fuselage nose and firing forward, and one

30 mm MK
101 cannon under the fuselage. As an
alternative to the 30 mm cannon, the Hs
123B-1/R3 carried a battery of four 7.9 mm MG
17 machine-guns. Some models carried a total of
350 kg (772 lb) of bombs in place of the 30 mm
cannon or four 7.9 mm guns
Henson Aerial Steam Carriage (UK) The
model Steam ( Carriage of 847 (see Chronology)
1

was followed by a designed full-size version with a

wins; span of 45. 72 m 50 ft in) and powered by
( 1

one 22.35 kW (30 hp) Henson steam engine driv-

ing two pusher propellers.

662
Heston Type 5 Special (UK) 1,714 kW
(2,300 hp) Napier Sabre-engined racing aircraft,
first flown on 12 June 1940. Although designed to

establish a new world speed record, it made a

forced landing because of cooling problems and
was destroyed.
Heston A. 2/45 (UK) Prototype two-seat air
observation post powered by a 179 k\V (240 hp)
de Havilland Gipsy Queen 33 engine mounted as
a pusher.
Heston Phoenix (UK) Five-seat braced high-
wing cabin monoplane of 1935 with a retractable
landing gear and powered by a 149 kW (201) hp)
de Havilland Gipsy Six engine.

Hiller YH-32s.
A2A turbochargedengines respectively. The
Model E4 also featured a lengthened fuselage to
accommodate a pilot and a rear bench seat for
three passengers, and introduced stabilising tail
surfaces. The H-23 Raven was the military ver-
sion of the UH-12, produced under several desig-
nations for the US forces, including OH-23B and
OH-23G. Examples were also exported, but few
remain operational today.
In January 1973 Hiller Aviation acquired from
Fairchild Industries (which had amalgamated
with Hiller) the design rights, production tooling
Hiller Model E4.
and spares of the Hiller 12E and has put it back
Hiller UH-12/Model 360 and H-23 Raven into production as the three-seat UH-12E basic
(USA) Originally built as the Model 360, this model with a 253.5 k\V (340 hp) Lycoming
light utility helicopter was later known as the VO-540 piston engine and the four-seat
UH- 2 while produced under the company name
1
UH-12E-4 turbine version with a 298 kW
United Helicopters and subsequently just Model (400 shp) Allison 250-C20 turboshaft engine
12 under Hiller Aircraft parentage. Commercial (derated to 224 kW; 301 shp). Altogether more
variants began with the Model 12 powered by one than 2,200 aircraft of the whole series have been
133 kW (178 hp) Franklin 6V4-178-B33 piston completed.
engine, followed by 149 kW (200 hp) or 156.5 kW Data (UH-12E): Engine as above Main rotor
(210 hp) Franklin-engined Models 12A, B and C. diameter 10.8 m
(35 ft 5 in) Length oj'fuselage 8.69 m
The latter was the first to introduce the 'goldfish- (28 ft 6 in) Max T-0 weight 1,270 kg (2,800 1b)
bowl' canopy. Cruising speed 145 km/h (90 mph) Range 346 km
The initial versions of the Model 12E were the (215 miles)
12E-L3 and 12E-SL3 with 227.5 kW (305 hp) Hiller HJ-1 Hornet (USA) Two-seat ramjet-
V0-540-C2B and 235 kW (315 hp) TIVO-540- powered helicopter, 12 of which were produced
for the US Army and three for the US Navy under
the designations YH-32 and HOE-1 respectively. Hiller H-23F Raven.
Hiller X-18 (USA) Experimental tilt-wing con-
vertiplane, first flown as a conventional aeroplane
on 24 November 1959. Power was provided by
two 4,359 kW (5,850 eshp) Allison T40-A-14
turboprop engines, driving six-bladed
Curtiss-Wright contra-rotating propellers, plus a
VVestinghouseJ34 turbojet engine. Data provided
by the X-18 was used in the development of the
XC-142A tilt-wing aircraft.
Fairchild (Hiller) FH-1100/OH-5A (USA) See
Fairchild Industries
Hill Hummer (USA) Single-seat ultra-light
monoplane, plans and kits of parts for which are
available to amateur constructors.

663
Hindenburg

Series of photographs Hispano HA-43 (Spain) Two-seat advanced

showing the tilting wing trainer powered by a 290.6 kW (390 hp) Arm-
of the Hitler X-18. strong Siddeley Cheetah 27 radial engine. Pro-
duced in 1947 for the Spanish Air Force.
Hispano HA-100 Triana (Spain) Two-seat
advanced-flying and armament trainer produced
to replace the Spanish Air Force's HS-42 and
HA-43 trainers. First post-war Hispano aircraft
designed under the direction of Willi Messer-
schmitt. The first prototype flew on 10 December
1954. An initial batch of 40 HA-100-Els were
ordered.

Hindenburg (Germany) LZ 29 or Hindenburg is

1

the best remembered of Zeppelin airships

all
because of its tragic end on 6 May 1937 when it
Hirtenberg HS.9A. caught fire at Lakehurst, New Jersey (USA) with
the loss of 35 lives out of a total of 97 crew and
passengers. Launched in 1936, it was 245 m
(804 ft) long and powered by four 894 kW
( 1,200 hp) Mercedes Benz engines. Prior to the
accident it had made 62 flights, 36 of which were
ocean crossings.
Hiro G2H1 (Japan) Twin-engined medium
bomber, eight of which were built from 1935 for
the Japanese Navy.
Hirtenberg HS.9 (Austria) Two-seat touring
and training parasol-wing monoplane of 1935
Hispano HA-220 Super powered by a 93 kW (125 hp) Siemens Sh.Ha
Saeta. (HS.9) or de Havilland Gipsy Major engine
(HS.9A). Maximum level speed was 190 km/h
(118 mph). Other Hirtenberg types that were not
series produced included the HS.10 three-seat
light cabin monoplane; HA. 11 twin-engined
amphibious flying-boat; HAM. 11 military ver-
sion of the HA. 11; HV.12 twin-engined light
commercial transport; HM.13 single-engined
two-seat general-purpose military biplane;
HV. 15 twin-engined 4 6-seat commercial mono-
plane; HM.15 military version of the HV. 15; and
HS.16 single-seat military training monoplane.
Hill Hummer.
Hispano HA-200 Saeta and HA-220 Super
Saeta (Spain) First flown in 1955, the Saeta is an
advanced flying and instrument trainer and is
currently operated by the air forces of Spain
(designated E.14) and Egypt. The HA-200A was
the initial production version for Spanish service,
powered by two 3.92 kN (880 lb st) Turbomeca
Marbore II A turbojet engines and armed with
two 7.62 mm machine-guns and underwing rock-
ets. The HA-200B is similar but armed with one
20 mm cannon. This version was produced for
Egyptian service, being built in Spain and under
licence in Egypt as the Al-Kahira. The improved
HA-200D for Spanish use has uprated equipment
and heavier armament.
The HA-220 Super Saeta was first flown in
1970 and is a single-seat specialised ground-
attack version powered by two 4.71 kN
(1,058 lb st) Marbore VI turbojet engines. It is
operated by the Spanish Air Force as the C. 10-C.
Data (HA-220 Super Saeta): Engines as above
Wing span (over tip-tanks) 10.93 m (35 ft 10 in)
Length 8.97 m (29 ft 5 in) Max T-0 weight 3.700 kg
(8,157 1b) Max level speed 700 km/h (435 mph)
Range 1,700 km (1,055 miles) Armament can be
equipped with a variety of guns, rockets and
bombs on two underfuselage and four underwing
attachments

664
 Howard

Hispano HA-1109 Buchon (Spain) Mes-

scrschmitt Bf 109 built under licence in Spain by
Hispano and fitted with an Hispano HS-12Z or
Rolls-Royce Merlin engine (a full list of versions
appears in the 1957-58 Jane's).
Hispano HS-42 (Spain) First flown in March
1947, was a two-seat advanced trainer
this
powered by one 290.6 kVV (390 hp) Armstrong
Siddeley Cheetah 25 engine. Produced for the
Spanish Air Force.
Hitachi T.2 (Japan) Two-seat light training ses-
quiplane of the early 1940s powered by one
134 kW (180 hp) Jimpu 3 radial engine.
Hitachi T.R.I (.japan) Twin 179 kW (240 hp)
Hovey Whing Ding lis.
Kamikaze 5A radial-engined six-seat commercial retaining the general lines and power plant of the
monoplane of the early 1940s. Model 350. First flown in September 1959, it was
Honningstad 5A Finn mark (Norway) a pressurised 10-14-passenger aircraft. The first

Twelve-passenger (plus two crew) amphibious production example flew on 15 March 1960.
flying-boat, first flown in September 1949. Power Howard DGA-8 (USA) A 1936 four-seat com-
was provided by two 447 kVV (600 hp) Pratt & mercial version of Mr Mulligan, an aircraft which
Whitney Wasp R-1340-S1H1 radial engines won the 1935 Bendix Trophy Race from Los
mounted in the leading edges of the wings. One Angeles to Cleveland.
built which was operated by VLS. Howard DGA-9 (USA) A 1937 model of the
Hopfner HA- 1133 (Austria) Four-seat twin- DGA-8 powered by a 212.4 kW
(285 hp) Jacobs
engined amphibious flying-boat of the early L-5 engine instead of the former aircraft's
1930s. 238.5 kW (320 hp) Wright R-760-E2 engine.
Hopfner HS-528 (Austria) School and sporting Success of these aircraft resulted in the formation
parasol-wing monoplane of latter 1920s powered of the Howard Aircraft Corporation.
Howard 500.
by a 44.7 k\V (60 hp) Walter engine.
Hopfner HS-829 and HS-932 (Austria) The
HS-829 was a school and sporting light parasol-
wing monoplane powered by an 82 kW (110 hp)
Walter Venus or similar engine. The HS-932 was
a more powerful and modernised development of
the previous type of two-seater.
Hopfner HS-1033 (Austria) Three-seat cabin
monoplane developed from the HS-932. Power
was provided normally by a 97 kW (130 hp) de
Havilland Gipsy Major. The Hopfner Company
operated a taxi and joy-riding service with aircraft
ofits own design.

Hopfner HV-3 (Austria) Single example of a

four-passenger high-wing commercial monoplane
of 1927 powered by a 171.4 kW (230 hp) Hiero
engine and very similar in appearance to the
Fokker F.III. Operated on commercial services
between Vienna and Munich.
Hopfner HV-428 (Austria) Four-seat commer-
cial monoplane powered by a 179 kW (240 hp)
BMW IV engine.
Hopfner HV-628 (Austria). Single example of a
six-seatcommercial cabin monoplane of 1928
powered by a 7 1.4/223.6 kW
1 (240/300 hp)
Walter Castor radial engine. Operated by Aero St
Howard DGA-3 Pete racer
Gallen. Howard DGA-11 andDGA-12 (USA) Versions with a 67 kW (90 hp)
Hovey Whing Ding (WD-II) (USA) Single-
II of the DGA-9 with 335.3 kW (450 hp) Pratt & Wright Gipsy engine.
seat ultra-light biplane, plans of which are avail- Whitney Wasp Junior and 223.6 kW (300 hp)
able to amateur constructors: more than 6,000 Jacobs L-6 engines respectivelv.
sets soldby 1979. Howard DGA-15 and Nightingale (USA) The
Howard 250, 350 and 500 (USA) The Howard DGA-15 was designed as a four five-seat cabin
Aero 250 and 350 were conversions or re- monoplane powered by a 261 kW (350 hp)
manufactured examples of the Lockheed PV-1 Wright R-760-E2 (DGA-15W), 335.3 kW
Ventura for sale as executive transports, powered (450 hp) Pratt & Whitney Wasp Junior
by two 1,006 kW (1,350 hp) Wright R-1820-56A (DGA-15P) or 223.6 kW (300 hp) Jacobs L-6
and 1,863 kW (2,500 hp) Pratt & Whitney engine (DGA-15J). During 1943 the company-
R-2800 CB-17 engines respectively. The Howard ceased production of commercial aircraft to
500 was produced as a new aircraft, although manufacture the DGA-15 for the US Navy as a

665
HTM

Huff-Daland AT-1, TA-2, TA-6 and TW-5

(USA) In 1921 the USAAS received three Huff-
Daland TA-2 biplane trainers powered by
74.5 kW
(lOOhp) Anzani engines. These were
followed by a single 149 kVV (200 hp) Lawrence
J- -powered TA-6 and five 134 k\V (180hp)
1

Wright-Hispano E-2-powered TW-5 trainers. In

1924 Huff-Daland delivered more TW-5s, all 1 1

being redesignated AT- Is (see also Keystone).

Hughes H-l (USA) Hughes Aircraft was
founded in 1 935. The H- was its first product and
1

was a single-seat racing monoplane powered by a

522/745 kW (700/1,000 hp) Pratt & Whitney
R-1535-SA1G Twin Wasp Junior radial engine.
Howard DGA-15P
seaplane.

Hughes XF-11.

Wasp Junior-engined four-seat personnel trans- On 13 September 1935 Howard Hughes set a
port (GH-1); ambulance (GH-2 and GH-3); and speed record in the H-l of 567.115 km/h
instrument trainer (NH-1). In addition the US (352.388 mph).
Army acquired a number of civil aircraft asUC- Hughes XF-11 (USA) Prototype long-range
70As (DGA-12), UC-70Bs (DGA-15J), UC-70Cs photographic-reconnaissance aircraft designed
(DGA-8) and UC-70Ds (DGA-9). Military ver- during World War II but not completed until the
sions were known as Nightingale. summer of 1946.
HTM FJ-Skytrac and Skyraider (Germany) Hughes XH-17 (USA) Experimental helicopter
Lightweight multi-purpose helicopters, the designed to prove the pressure-jet propulsion sys-
former two-seater received German certification tem. First flown on 23 October 1952.
in 1969 and the latter four-seater first Hew in Hughes XV-9A (USA) Research helicopter
1974. Production ceased because of financial utilising a hot-cycle propulsion system. First
difficulties. flown in November 1964.
Huff-Daland HN-1, HN-2 and HO-1 (USA) Hughes H-4 Hercules USA) The ( 1 80-ton Her-
The HN-1 and HN-2 were two-seat training bi- cules was the largest flying-boat ever built and
planes powered by 134 kW (180hp) Wright- made just one flight at the hands of Howard
Hispano K-2 and 149 kW (200 hp) Lawrence J-l Hughes on 2 November 1947, covering a distance
engines respectively. Three of each type were of about 1.6 km (1mile) over Los Angeles Har-
delivered to the US Navy in 1923, together with bor. California. Powered by eight 2,236 kW
Hughes XH-17. three HO-1 observation derivatives. (3,000 hp) Pratt & Whitney R-4360 engines, it
hail a wing span of 97.54 m (320 ft).

Hughes Model 269 and Model 300 USA) Fol- (

lowing reorganisation of Hughes fool Company

as the Summa Corporation in the early 1970s, its

former Aircraft Division became known as

Hughes Helicopters.
Design and development of the Model 269
two-seat helicopter began in 1955 and the first of
two prototypes (lew in October of the following
year. Five pre-production Model 269As lor the
US Army were evaluated as YHO-2HU com-
mand and observation helicopters. Deliveries to
commercial customers began in October [961.
The Model 269A was selected 1>\ the US Army in
mid- 1964 as a light helicopter primary trainei and
792 were built under the designation TH-55A
( )s.ii;e.
 Hughes

Hughes OH-6 Cayuse, Model 500M and Hughes XV-9A.

Model 500M-D Defender (USA) Militar) ver-
sions of theModel 500 operated as light observa-
tion, anti-submarine and multi-mission helicop-
ters. The US Army received 1,434 examples
under the designation OH-6A, all delivered by
August 1970. In 1971 Hughes announced a mod-
ified version known as 'The Quiet One', claimed
to be the world's quietest helicopter. The Model
500M is an uprated version of the OH-6A which is
available to foreign customers. Deliveries began
to the Colombian Air Force in April 1968 and
examples are currently in service with Japan,
The Model 300 was developed originally as the Argentina, Denmark, Spain. Mexico and the
Model 269B. Production began in 1964 and those Philippines. Those delivered to the Spanish Navy
delivered from 1967 were fitted with quiet tail
for ASW duties have AN/ASQ-81 MAD and can
carry two Mk 44 torpedoes. Hughes Model 269As
rotors (QTR). The Model 300C is the current
under construction.
production version with improvements to allow a
45% increase in payload. The first production
example flew in December 1969 and more than
550 had been delivered byjanuary 1979. It is also
manufactured in Italy by BredaNardi. A specially
equipped Model 300C is available for police
patrol and is known as the Sky Knight.
Following the research that produced a modi-
fied version of the OH-6A known as 'The Quiet
One', Hughes used similar techniques to develop
a quiet version of the Model 300 as the Model
300CQ. In this configuration emission of audible
sound is 75% less than with earlier models, and
the necessarv modifications can be fitted to exist-
ing 300Cs.
Data (Model 300C): Engine one 142 kVV (190 hp)
Lycoming HIO-360-D1 A Main rotor diameter
8.18 m (26 ft 10 in) Length overall 9.4 m (30 ft

10 in) Max T-0 weight 930 kg (2,050 lb) Max cruis-

ing speed 169 km/h (105 mph) Range 370 km (230
miles) Accommodation three persons, plus 45 kg
(100 1b) of baggage.

The Model 500M-D Defender is a multi-role

version of the Model 500D, suitable for training,

command and control, scout, light-attack, anti-
submarine, troop or casualty transport and logis-
tical support missions. It can carry up to seven
people or two stretchers and a crew of two. Four
versions are currently available as the 500M-1)
Standard Scout, able io carry a variety of alterna-
tive weapons including 14 x 2.75 in rockets and
either a 7.62 mm Minigun, a 40 mm grenade
launcher, a 7.62 mm chain gun or a 30 mm chain
gun; 500M-D/TOW anti-tank version armed
with four TOW
missiles; 500M-D Quiet
Advanced Scout with added quietening kit and
Martin Marietta mast-mounted sight; and 500
M-D/ASW tbi anti-submarine warfare and
surface-search missions.
The Model 500M-D is the subject of a building
programme in South Korea. By June 1979 a total
of 75 Scouts and 25 TOW-equipped Defenders
had been delivered, with the local content pro-
gressing from assembly to full manufacture;
another 48 were then in production. Israel has Hughes XV-9A hot-cycle
ordered 30 of the TOW
version from the USA and rotor system.

667
 Hughes YAH-64 (USA) This is a prototype
armed helicopter designed to meet the US Army's
requirement for an Advanced Attack Helicopter
(AAH) capable of undertaking a full day/night/
adverse weather anti-armour mission and of
fighting, surviving and 'living with' troops in a
front-line environment.
The first prototype flew in 1975 and in
December 1976 the type was selected winner of
the competition against the Bell YAH-63. Deliv-
ery of the first production AH-64 is planned for
December 1982, with production of the expected
536 aircraft extending until 1989.
Data: Engines two 1,145 kW (1,536 shp) General
Electric T700-GE-700 turboshafts, derated for
Hughes Model 300.
Kenya was to receive 32 Defenders. The Taiwan- normal operations Main rotor diameter 14.63 m
ese Navy has also received 12 Defenders equipped (48 ft in) Length offuselage 15.06 m (49 ft 5 in)
with search radar and torpedoes. Max T-0 weight 8,006 kg (17,650 1b) Max level
Data (OH-6A Cayuse): Engine one 236.5 kVV speed 309 km/h (192 mph) Max range 611km
(317 shp) Allison T63-A-5A turboshaft Main rotor (380 miles) Armament flexible armament consists
diameter 8.03 in (26 ft 4 in) Length offuselage 7.01 m of a Hughes-developed XM230E1 30 chain mm
(23 ft in) Overbad max T-0 weight 1,225 kg gun mounted in an underfuselage turret, four
(2,700 lb) Max cruising speed 241 km/h (150 mph) underwing hardpoints on which can be carried up
Normal range 61 km (380 miles)
1 to 16 Hellfire anti-tank missiles or up to
Hughes Model 500 and Model 500C (USA) 76 X 2.75 in folding-fin rockets, or a combination
First flown in prototype form in 1963, the Model of both
500 is the standard commercial version powered
Hughes Model 500M-D by one 236.5 kW (317 shp) Allison 250-C18A
Defender. turboshaft engine (derated to 181 kW; 243 shp).
The Model 500C is similar except for the installa-
tion of a 298 kW (400 shp) engine for improved
hot-day/altitude performance. RACA of Argen-
tina, BredaNardi of Italy and Kawasaki of Japan
are building Model 500/500Cs under licence.
Maximum cruising speed of the Model 500C is
232 km/h (144 mph) and accommodation pro-
vides for a pilot and four passengers or freight.

Hughes Model 500D (USA) First flown in 1974,

the Model 500D is similar in size and general
appearance to the Hughes Model 500C, but dif-
fers in having a 313 kW (420 shp) Allison
250-C20B engine plus the modifications applied
to 'The Quiet One'. A small T-tail introduced to
this model gives greater flight stability in both
high and low-speed regimes, as well as better Hunting Percival P.56 (UK) The P.56 Provost
handling characteristics in abnormal man- trainer was designed by Percival Aircraft prior to
oeuvres. Maximum cruising speed is 258 km/h it becoming part of the Hunting Group in 1954. It

(160 mph) and accommodation provides
pilotand two passengers on the forward bench
scat and two-four passengers seated in the aft
compartment of the cabin.
Hughes 0H-6A.
for a was designed to Specification T. 16/48 to meet
RAF requirements. Three prototypes were built:
two fitted initially with Armstrong Siddeley
Cheetah 18 engines and one with an Alvis
Leonides. The first (Cheetah-engined) prototype
flew on 23 February 1950. As a result of com-
prehensive trials, the Leonides-engined P.56 was
selected for production as the standard RAF two-
seat basic trainer under the designation Provost
T.l. Some 461 Provosts had been built by I960,
including 1.5 Is supplied to the Eire Air Corps;
T.52 armed version for the Rhodesian Air Force;
and T.53 armed version for the Eire Air Corps,
the Burma Air Force, the Iraqi Air Force and the
Sudan Air Force.
Data: Engine one 410 k\V (550 hp) Alvis Leonides
Mk 126 Wing span 10.72 m (35 ft 2 in) Length
8.74 m(28 ft 8 in) Max T-0 weight 1,995 kg
(4,4001b) Max level speed 322 km/h (200 mph)
Endurance 4 h

668
 Hurel-Dubois

Hunting P. 66 Sea Prince ( UK ) Developed from Hughes Model

the Percival Prince, three versions of the Sea 500M-D/ASW Defender.
Prince were built for the Royal Navy. The C.l
communications aircraft was similar to the civil
Prince Series but with extra equipment. Four
II
were delivered, one of which was used by Flag
Officer (Air) Home and another by the naval staff
with the British Joint Services Mission in
Washington, DC. The C.2 was an improved ver-
sion with increased disposable load. Accommoda-
tion was provided for a crew of two and eight
passengers. Three were delivered. The T. was a 1

training version for instruction in navigation and

anti-submarine warfare and featured an extended
nose. Forty-two T. s were delivered between 95
1 1

and 1954. Hughes Model 500D.

Hunting P. 66 Pembroke (UK.) The Pembroke

prototype first flew in November 1952 as a mili-
tary six ten-seat communications and light-
transport aircraft developed from the Percival
Prince. Because the company name was changed
to Hunting Aircraft in 1957, the Pembroke is best
known as the Hunting Pembroke.
Two versions were produced for the RAF: the
Pembroke C.l communications and transport
aircraft; and the Pembroke C( PR). aerial photo- 1

graphy Both remained operational in

aircraft.
1979, although the C.ls have had their wings
re-sparred to prolong their service life. Export
versions were also produced for the Belgian Air
Force, Royal Swedish Air Force, Royal Danish
Air Force, Finnish Air Force, West German Air
Force and Sudanese Air Force. Only those
exported to Sweden remain operational.
Data (C.l): Engines two 402-417 kW
(540-560 hp) Alvis Leonides Mk 127s Wing span
19.66 m (64 ft 6 in ) Length 14.02 m (46 ft in)
Max T-0 weight 6,125 kg (13,500 1b) Max level
speed 360 km/h (224 mph) Range 1,850 km
(1,150 miles) Accommodation crew of two and eight
passengers or freight

Hughes YAH-64.
Hunting P.84 Jet Provost !UK) BAC Jet
Provost
Hunting President (UK) Development of the
Pembroke for the civil market, made available as
a six-passenger executive transport, 12-passenger
feeder airliner or for air survey, photographic,
freighter and air-ambulance roles.
Hurel-Dubois H.D.10, H.D.31, H.D.32 and
H.D.34 (France) Avions Hurel-Dubois was
formed to develop and put into practice the
theories of M. Hurel regarding the advantages of
using wings of high-aspect ratio. The company's
firstproduct was the H.D.10, an experimental
monoplane powered by a single engine. As a
result of the trials the French government ordered
two twin-engined aircraft of the same general
configuration. The first (the H.D.31) flew on 29 Hughes Model 500C.

669
 Instituto Aerotecnico (I.Ae)

I.Ae 30 Nancii (Argentina) Prototype single-seat

fighter powered by two 1,516.5 kW (2,035 hp)
Rolls-Royce Merlin engines. First flown in July
1948.
I.Ae 31 Colibri (Argentina) Tandem two-seat
light trainer powered by a Blackburn Cirrus
Major 3 or de Havilland Gipsy Major 10 engine.

Hunting Percival
December 1953; the second (the H.D.32) on 1 1

Provost T.1s.
February 1955. The latter entered very limited
production, with SNCASE being responsible for
the manufacture of major components and final
assembly. The H.D.34 was a development of the
H.D.32, specially adapted as a photographic air-
craft meeting the requirements of the Institut
Geographique National. Eight were built, the first
flying on 26 February 1957.
Instituto Aerotecnico (I.Ae) D.L.22 (Argen-
tina) Two-seat advanced trainer powered by a
335.3 kW (450 hp) I.Ae 16 El Gaucho engine.
The D.L.22-C was basically similar but fitted
with a 354 kW (475 hp) Armstrong Siddeley
Cheetah 25 engine.
Hunting President. I.Ae 24 Calquin (Argentina) The Calquin,
Hurel-Dubois H.D.10.
which flew for the first time in June 1946, was the
first twin-engined (782.5 kW; 1,050 hp Pratt &

Whitney R- 830-SC-G Twin Wasp) aircraft to be

1

designed and built in Argentina. It was of all-

wood construction with a likeness to the British de
Havilland Mosquito and intended as an attack
bomber. One hundred were built and the type
remained operational until about I960.
Data: Engines as above Wing span 16.3 m (53 ft
5% in) Length 12.0m (39 ft 4V2 in) Max T-0
weight 7,200 kg (15,873 1b) Max level speed
440 km/h (273 mph) Armament four 20 mm can-
non, plus up to 800 kg (1,764 lb) of bombs
I.Ae 27 Pulqui 1 (Argentina) First jet-powered
aircraft to be designed, built and flown in Latin
America. Designed by M. Emilio Dewoitine, it
flew for the first time on 9 August 947. Power for
1

the experimental lighter was provided by a
15.57 kN (3,500 lb st) Rolls-Royce Derwent 5
turbojet engine.
Hunting Pembroke C.1.
IAI 101, 102 and 201 Arava (Israel) The Arava
was designed to fulfil the need for a light transport
with STOL performance and rough-field landing
capabilities. The first prototype to fly took to the
air on 27 November 1969. The IAI 101 civil-
transport version was certificated by the FAA in
1972. The IAI 102, based on the IAI 101, accom-
modates 20 passengers in airline-standard
configuration, although VIP configurations for
up to 12 passengers, all-cargo and medical clinic
for flying doctor services are available; together
with versions for mapping, mining research,
rainmaking and bridge construction, as dying
laboratories for agriculture and health ministries,
and for supplying oil-prospecting units.
The IAI 201 is the military transport version,
although in 1977 it was announced that a version
suitable lor maritime surveillance duties had also
been developed. The IAI 202 is a modified version

670
 IAI

of the Arava, flown in 1976. It is longer, has a

first 4,500 km (2,795 miles) and more than eight hours
fully 'wet' wing
fitted with endplate surfaces respectively.
('winglets') and
a boundary layer fence just Data (civil Westwind I): Engines two 16.46 kN
inboard of each tip. Power for this version is pro- (3,700 lb st) Garrett AiResearch TFE 731-3-1G
vided by two 559 kW (750 shp) Pratt & Whitney turbofans Wing span 13.65 m (44 ft 9V2 in) Length
Aircraft of Canada PT6A-36 turboprop engines. 15.93 m (52 ft 3 in) Max T-0
weight 10,659 kg
Sales of the Arava had reached more than 80 by (23, 500 II)) Max 872 km/h (542 mph)
level speed
1979, six civil 102s having been sold to customers Range more than 3,983 km (2,475 miles) Accommo-
inArgentina and the remaining aircraft to mili- dation two pilots and up to ten passengers in pres-
tary customers in Israel, Bolivia, Ecuador, surised cabin
I.Ae 24 Calquin.
Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua and
Salvador.
Data (IAI 201): Engines two 559 kW (750 shp)
Pratt & Whitney Aircraft of Canada PT6A-34
turboprops Wing span 20.96 m (68 ft 9 in) Length
13.03 m (42 ft 9 in) Max T-0 6,903 kg
weight
( 15,000 lb) Max cruising speed 3 1 9 km/h ( 98 mph) 1

Range 1,306 km (812 miles) Armament optional

0.50 in Browning machine-gun pack on each side
of fuselage, above a pylon for a pod containing six
82 mm rockets. Provision for aft-firing machine-
gun
IAI 1123 Westwind (Israel) Israel Aircraft
Industries acquired production and marketing
all
rights for the Rockwell-Standard Corporation
(formerly Aero Commander) Jet Commander
business jet transport. Deliveries as the 1123
Westwind were made to customers in Israel, the
USA, Canada, the German Federal Republic,
Mexico and Panama. Production ended in 1976
afterabout 36 aircraft. Power was provided by
two 13.79 kN (3,100 lb st) General Electric
CJ610-9 turbojet engines.
IAI 1124 Westwind I (Israel) The 1124 is a
longer-range version of the Westwind, the first of
two modified 23 Westwind prototypes flying on
1 1

21 July 1975. A total of 74 had been sold by the

end of 1978. Aircraft from c/n 240 onwards are m *^A S*5bi
designated Westwind I. Major changes from the
original 1 124 are a 317 kg (700 lb) increase in fuel
load and an increase of approximately 5% in
cabin useful volume by relocation of some avion-
ics and by lowering the floor in the toilet/lavatory
compartment.
A maritime-reconnaissance version of the 124 1

has also been produced as the Sea Scan, the first

operational aircraft being delivered to the Israeli
Navy in early 978. Several versions are available,
1

equipped for specific operational requirements. ,AI 201 AraWa -

High-altitude search range and endurance are
IAI Kfir and Kfir-C2 Following the
(Israel)
manufacture of the Nesher, IAI developed a more
extensively modified and further improved ver-
sion of the same airframe, powered by a General
Electric J 79 afterburning turbojet engine. A pro-
totype of the Kfir was flown in 1973.
The Kfir utilises a basic airframe similar to that
of the Dassault Mirage 5, the main changes being
a shorter but larger-diameter rear fuselage to
accommodate the J79 engine; an enlarged and
flattened undersurface to the forward portion of
the fuselage; introduction of four small fuselage
airscoops, plus a larger dorsal airscoop in place of
the triangular dorsal fin, to provide cooling air for
the afterburner;and a strengthened landing gear,
with long-stroke oleos. Several internal changes
have also been made. Intended for both air-
defence and ground-attack roles, the Kfir retains
the standard Mirage fixed armament of two Hurel-Dubois H. 0.32s.

671
IAI
IAI 1123 Westwind.
IAI1124 Westwindl.
30 mm DEFA cannon and can carry a variety of
external weapons including the Rafael Shafrir 2
air-to-air and Luz-1 air-to-surface missiles. Two
squadrons of the Israeli Air Force were equipped
with this initial Kiir-Cl version.
In 1976 the first public demonstration took
place of the modified Kfir-C2, by which time it
was already in service with the Air Force. The
most significant changes from the original Kfir
are the addition of non-retractable, sweptback
canard surfaces just aft of the engine air intakes, a
small strake on each side of the extreme nose, and
an extended wing leading edge created by increas-
ing the chord on approximately the outer 40% of
each half-span. The Kfir-C2 is the principal
production version, both for the Israeli Air Force
and for export. The modifications (which are
reportedly being retrofitted to existing Kfirs) were
designed to improve the aircraft's dogfighting
manoeuvrability at the lower end of the speed
range and to enhance take-off and landing per-
formance.
A two-seat trainer version of the Kfir-C2 was
scheduled to fly for the first time in 1979. Approx-
imately 150 Kfirs and K.fir-C2s were believed to
have been built by the spring of 1979. Twenty-
four were ordered in 1976 by the Ecuadorean Air
Force, but this order was later vetoed by the US
IAI 1124 Sea Scan.
government. A similar order from Taiwan - for 50
Kfir-C2s for the Chinese Nationalist Air Force -
was granted US approval in 1978.
Data (Kfir-C2): Engine one 79.62 kN
(17,900 lb st, with afterburning) General Electric
J79-J E turbojet Wing span 8.22
1 m
(26 ft 1 Vi in) 1
Length approx 16.35 in (53 ft 7 3A in) Max combat
T-0 weight 14,600 kg (32,188 lb) Max level speed
over Mach 2.3 Combat radius 370-1,300 km (230-
807 miles) according to mission Armament two
30 mm DEFA 552 cannon. For interception
duties, one Rafael Shafrir 2 infra-red homing air-
to-air missile under each outer wing. Ground-
attack version can carry two 1,000 lb bombs, four
500 lb bombs, or a Rafael Luz- or similar air-to-
1
surface missile under fuselage, and two ,000 lb or
1
six 500 lb bombs (conventional or 'concrete dib-
ber' type) under wings. Alternative external
stores may include IMI rocket pods, napalm.
Shrike, Maverick or Hobos missiles, or drop-
tanks
IAI Nesher (Israel) Following the French
embargo on the delivery of Dassault Mirage 5
fighters to Israel, the decision was taken in Israel
to manufacture aircraft of generally similar design
to the Mirage. As an interim step to the Kfir. IAI
undertook responsibility for manufacturing
spares for the Mirage III-CJ fighters operated by
the Israeli Air Force and for putting into produc-
tion an aircraft named the Nesher. This com-
prised a locally built airframe, similar to that of
the Mirage III/5, fitted with an Atar 9C after-
burning turbojet and Israeli electronics and
equipment. The prototype flew for the first time in
September 1969 and deliveries of production air-
craft began in 1972. About 40 Neshers are said to
have taken part in the October 1973 war.
IAR 37, 38 and 39 (Romania) To replace
French-built aircraft of 1920s type then in first-
line service with the Romanian Air Force, IAR
produced the Model 37 three-seat biplane light
bomber in 1938. It was powered by a 648.3 kW
(870 hp) IAR-built French Gnome-Rhone 14K
radial engine. A two-seat reconnaissance variant
was also produced as the Model 38. while the
Model 39 was another bomber type.
IAR 80 and 81 (Romania) The IAR 80 single-
seat cantileverlow-wing monoplane fighter first
flew in prototype form in 1938 and embodied
many components of the P/.I. P-24E which the
company had manufactured under licence. The
new fighter went into production in 1941 and
 ICA-Brasov

entered squadron service with the Romanian Air

Force in the following year. It is thought that
between 120 and 25 were built, excluding a small
1

number of developed IAR 81 fighter-bombers,

each able to carry two 100 kg bombs or rocket
projectiles underwing.
Having signed the Axis Tripartite Pact on 23
November 1940, Romania assisted Germany in
the invasion of the Balkans and Russia, and IAR
80s fought alongside their German counterparts.
Having been overrun by Russian forces, Romania
accepted a peace offer from the Allies on 24
August 1944 and on the following day declared
war on Germany. IAR 80s and 81s remained ICA-Brasov IAR-821.
operational until replaced by Russian fighters in ICA-Brasov IAR-822B (Romania) Tandem
1949.
two-seat version of the IAR-822 for training,
glider-towing and agricultural-training duties.
Data (IAR 80): Engine one 700.5-764 kW
(940-1,025 hp) IAR-built Gnome-Rhone 14K ICA-Brasov IAR-823 Romania) Two-five-seat
(

training and touring cabin monoplane powered

radial Wing span 10.0 m (32 ft 10 in) Length 8. 16 m
9V2 in) Max T-0 weight 2,286-2,485 kg by a 16 kVV (290 hp) Lycoming IO-540-G1D5
(26 ft
flat-sixengine. The first production aircraft flew
(5,040-5,478 lb) Max level speed 510-550 km/h
in 1974 and by mid- 979 about 50 had been deli-
(317-342 mph) Range 950 km (590 miles) Arma- 1

vered to the Romanian Air Force and Romanian

ment two 20 mm
cannon and four 7.7 mm flying clubs.
machine-guns
ICA-Brasov IAR-821 (Romania) Single-seat
ICA-Brasov IAR-824 (Romania) Six-seat light
multi-purpose aircraft, first flown in 1971. Power
lightcrop-spraying and dusting monoplane. Pro-
is provided by a 216 kW (290 hp) Lycoming
duction began in 1968. Powered by one 223.6 kVV
IO-540-G D5 flat-six engine. Production status is
(300 hp) Ivchenko AI-14RF radial engine.
1

uncertain.
ICA-Brasov IAR-827 (Romania) Single-two- IAI Kfir.
seat agricultural aircraft powered by a 298 kVV
(400 hp) Lycoming IO-720-DA1B flat-eight
engine. Developed from the all-metal IAR-826
with increased payload, more powerful engine and
improved flying and operating characteristics.
ICA-Brasov IS-24 (Romania) Six-seat light
executive and utility aircraft of 1971, the design of
which was based upon the prototype IS-23A.
ICA-Brasov IAR-823.

ICA-Brasov IAR-822 and IAR-826 (Romania

Utility/agricultural single/two-seat monoplanes
of mixed and all-metal construction respectively.
Power for each is provided by one 216 kVV
(290 hp) Lycoming IO-540-G 1 D5 flat-six engine.
No longer in production. ICA-Brasov IS-28B2.

673
ICA-Brasov

ICA-Brasov IS-28M2.

ICA-Brasov IS-28 - IS-33 (Romania) Current Ilyushin DB-3 and 11-4 (USSR) While at
sailplanes and motor gliders, including the TsAGI in the 1920s,Vladimirovich
Sergei
IS-28B2 high-performance training sailplane; Ilyushin (son of peasant workers living in the
IS-28M two-seat motor glider; IS-29 single-seat village of Diliavili in the Vologda district)
Standard Class and Open Class sailplane (vari- designed the first successful post-Revolution
ous wing spans available); IS-30 Open Class sail- Soviet glider. In 1934 he designed the record-
plane developed from the IS-28B2; IS-31, version breaking TsKB-26 low-wing transport, modelled
of the IS-29 with 20 m wings and interconnected on the American Douglas DC-2, which eventually
flaps and ailerons; IS-32 18 m Open Class became the DB-3 bomber.
development of the IS-28B2; and IS-33, a version Following on from the unsuccessful DB-2
of the IS-29 type with 150 kg (300 lb) water bal- bomber prototype of 1936, the DB-3 (TsKB-26)
last tanks, estimated to have the best glide ratio of bomber appeared in the following year and was
41.5 at 114km/h (71 mph). accepted for production as the DB-3 (TsKB-30)
Ikarus S.M and I.O (Yugoslavia) This company long-range bomber. In retrospect it can be seen as
was formed in 1923 and became the largest air- being in roughly the same class as the German
craft undertaking in Yugoslavia. It began with the Heinkel He 111. Production aircraft entered ser-
design and construction of a number of training vice with the Red Air Force in 1937 and were the
flying-boats, known as the Ikarus S.M., fitted first operational aircraft to bear the name
with 89.4 kW (120 hp) Mercedes engines. These Ilyushin.
proved very successful. Later a military-type I.O The first DB-3s were powered by two 570 kW
with an engine of 335.3 kVV-447 kW (765 hp) M-85 engines, but these were super-
(450-600 hp) was put into production. In 1926 seded by two 715 kW
(960 hp) M-86s which gave
the company acquired a licence to build the Potcz a further increase performance. The high
in
25 and later the Avia B.H.33. speed, long range, manoeuvrability and reason-
Ikarus IK-2 (Yugoslavia) In 1935 the company able offensive capability of the bomber ensured
designed and built an all-metal prototype single- widespread service and indeed the type was used
seat high-wing monoplane fighter known as the against Finland during the Winter War that
IK.-1. The aircraft was fitted with a 641 kW started on 30 November 1939 and later against
(860 hp) Hispano-Suiza engine and was reported German forces during the invasion that began in
to have a maximum speed of over 400 km/h June 1941.
(248 mph). A development of this was the IK-2
Ilyushin DB-3. powered by a 641 kW (860 hp) Hispano-Suiza
12Ycrs 'moteur-canon' engine which had a built-
in 20 mm HS-404 cannon. Two 7.92 Darne mm
machine-guns completed the armament. Twelve
were built for the Air Force, delivered in 1937.
The eight remaining were used as ground-attack
aircraft during the German invasion of 6-1 7 April
1941. Two later designs that failed to enter pro-
duction were the low-wing IK-3 fighter and
twin-engined multi-seat Orkan fighter and
medium bomber. Continuous development of the bomber led to
Ilyushin DB-3F/II-4. the DB-3F which featured a restyled forward
fuselage (incorporating a lengthened and more
pointed glazed nose and housing a manually
operated 7.62 mm
machine-gun) and an
improved dorsal gun turret. It was normally pow-
ered by two 820 kW (1,100 hp) M-88 radial
engines. With the change in the military designa-
tion system, the DB-3 became the 11-4. A later
version of the 11-4 had 1,192 k\V (1,600 hp) M-82
engines which gave a maximum speed of only
370 km/h (230 mph), although bomb load
increased to 2,700 kg (5,952 lb) - as described in
the 1947 Jane's. Bui the DB-3F variant remained
the major production bomber and was slill being
built in 1944.

674
 Ilyushin

On 8 August 1941 Il-4s carried out the first

Soviet bombing raid on Berlin. The type was later
also used successfully as a torpedo bomber in the
Baltic area and elsewhere, carrying an 18 in tor-
pedo. During the final months of the war the 11-4
took on the less hazardous roles of glider towing
and aircrew training.
Data (DB-3F variant): Engines as above Wing span
21.39 m ft 2 in) Length 14.3 m (47 ft 7 in) Max
(70
T-0 weight 10,050 kg (22,156 1b) Max level speed
445 km/h (277 mph) with M-87A engines,
425 km/h (264 mph) with M-88s Range 4,000 km
(2,485 miles) Armament three 7.62 ShKAS mm PTAB armour-piercing bombs. The Shtur- Ilyushin 11-2
machine-guns in nose, dorsal and ventral posi- (single-seater).
movik's weapons could pierce all German
tions, plus up to 2,500 kg (5,5 lb) of bombs, a
1 1

armoured vehicles, even the Tiger tank being vul-

torpedo or mine
nerable when attacked from the rear. Swarms of
these tough aircraft are judged by the Soviet Ilyushin 11-4.
Union to have played the dominant role in air
warfare on the Eastern Front. Il-2s remained in
operational service in the Soviet Union and with
the Air Forces of Czechoslovakia and Poland into
the 1950s. Indeed Stalin commented that the 11-2
was 'as essential to the Soviet Army as air and
bread".
Data: Engine (from 1942) one 1,192 kW
(1,600 hp) AM-38F IVingspan 14.6 (47 ftm in) 1 1

Length 11.6m (38 ft in) Max T-0 weight (two-

1

seat I1-2M3) 5,872 kg (12,947 lb) Max level rpeed

434-452 km/h (270-281 mph)

*#

Ilyushin 11-2 Shturmovik (USSR) Though

seemingly an ordinary and unexciting machine
with superficial close similarity to Britain's Fairey
Battle (which proved a disaster), the 11-2 was
almost certainly built in larger numbers than any
other single type of aircraft. Output averaged
1,200 per month during most of World War II, to
give a total of approximately 36,000. When the
11-10 developed version is added the total is
reported to amount to 42,330.
Designed as an armoured ground-attack and
anti-tank aircraft, the prototype (designated
BSh-2 from Bronirovanni Shturmovik, armoured llyushin 11-2 (two-seater).
Ilyushin 11-4 (USSR) see Ilyushin DB-3
attacker) flew for the first time on 30 December
Ilyushin 11-10 Shturmovik (USSR) The 11-10
1939. It looked like a larger edition of one of the
single-seat fighters of the period and was powered
was a direct development of the 11-2, differing
mainly in being powered by a 1,490 kW
by an AM-35 engine. Apart from the wooden rear
fuselage it was all-metal, and the area round the
(2,000 hp) AM-42 engine. As noted in the
1949-50Jane's, 'His [Ilyushin] best known product
engine and cockpit was actually constructed from
of the War 1941-45 was the famous 11-2 Shtur-
700 kg (1,542 lb) of steel armour, offering excel-
movik which was in squadron service as a single-
lent protection against firefrom the ground. On
12 October 1940 theTsKB-57 took to the air with
the more powerful 967 kW 1,300 hp) M-38(

engine. This improved machine led to the 11-2

which was just getting into service when the
Germans invaded in June 1941.
Armament of the original 11-2 was two 20 mm
ShVAK and two 7.62 mm ShKAS guns firing
ahead, plus eight 82 mm rockets and four 100 kg
(220 lb) bombs. The need for rear protection
resulted in a second crew member being added to
man a rear gun, usually a 12.7 mm BS, and the
forward guns were changed to the hard-hitting 20
or 37 mm VYa, and sometimes two of each. Bomb
load went up to 600 kg (1,323 1b), including C Ilyushin IMOs.

675
Ilyushin

Ilyushin 11-14 (USSR) First flown in 1953, the

lllyushin 11-10.
seater at the time of the 1941 German
the Soviet Union. This series of low-wing mono-
planes brought Ilyushin the award of Hero of Soviet
Labour in 1 941and 50,000 roubles as a Stalin Prize
1 while military examples are operated by about 26
in 1945 for the redesign, the 11-10 two-seater'.
The 11-10 saw little service during World War
II but was used in action in Korea in 1950, flown
by airmen of the Korean People's Democratic
11-14 was developed from the 11-12 and is known
in the West under the NATO reporting name
Crate. Many thousands were produced in the
Soviet Union, East Germany and Czechoslovakia
(as the Avia 14). The 11-14 basic version with
normal accommodation for 28 passengers was
followed by the I1-14M and II-14P. The former
has a fuselage lengthened by 1.0 m (3 ft 3 'A in)
and accommodates up to 32 passengers, while the
latter seats 26 passengers, has improved perfor-
mance and an AUW
of 16,500 kg (36,376 lb). A
invasion of large number of M
and P versions were converted
into II- 14T freighters. Civil II- 14s remain flying in
the Soviet Union, China, Cuba and Mongolia,
countries.
Data (I1-14M): Engines two 1,416 kW (1,900 hp)
Shvetsov ASh-82T radials Wing span 31.67 m
(103 ft in) Length 22.34 m (73 ft 3Vi in) Max
1 1

Republic. Armament of the 11-10 included four T-0 weight 17,250 kg (38,030 lb) Max level speed
rocket projectiles under each wing (see 11-2). 415 km/h (258 mph) Range 1,508 km (937 miles)
Ilyushin 11-12 (USSR) Known in the West Ilyushin 11-18 (USSR) Known also under its
under the NATO reporting name Coach, the 11-12 NATO reporting name Coot, the 11-18 is a four-
twin-engined transport aircraft first flew in 1944. engined passenger transport aircraft. The pro-
It entered service with the Soviet Air Force as a totype (named Moskva) flew for the first time on 4
troop/paratroop or freight transport and for July 1957 and production models entered service
glider towing. It also went into commercial ser- with Aeroflot in 1959. Production is believed to
vice with Aeroflot, CSA of Czechoslovakia and have exceeded 700 aircraft, more than 100 of
LOT of Poland. Very few II- 12s remained flying which were exported for use by commercial air-
in 1979. lines. Military operators include the Air Forces of
Data: Engines two 1,323 kW ( 1,775 hp) ASh- Afghanistan, Algeria, Bulgaria, China, Czecho-
82FNV radials Wing span 31.67 m (103 ft 1 1 in) slovakia, Poland, the Soviet Union, Syria and
Length 21.31 m
(69 ft 10% in) Max T-0 weight Yugoslavia, mostly in comparatively small
17,250 kg (38,030 lb) Max cruising speed 350 km/h numbers.
(217 mph) Range 1,250-3,000 km (777-1,865 An anti-submarine derivative, the 11-38, is
miles) Accommodation 27-32 passengers described separately. Another specialised mili-

Ilyushin 11-12.

Ilyushin 11-14.

tary variant is the ECM or electronic intelligence

aircraft known to NATO as Coot-A.
Versions of the 11-18 commercial transport are
the II- 18V standard version for Aeroflot, powered

by four 2,993 kW (4,000 ehp) Ivchenko AI-20K

turboprops and accommodating 90-1 10 passen-
gers; I1-18E developed version with four
3,169 kW (4,250 ehp) AI-20M engines and
accommodating 110-122 passengers; and the
11-181), generally similar to the I1-18E but with
additional fuel capacity to increase range to
3,700-6,500 km (2,300-4,040 miles).
Data: (11-181-',) Engines as above Wing pan 37.4 m
(122 ft 8V2 in) Length 35.9 m (117 ft 9 in) Max

676
 Ilyushin

llyushin 11-18.

Ilyushin II-28T
torpedo-bomber.

cially adapted for use by Aeroflot between Sverd-

ovsk and Novosibirsk for a brief period of opera-
tion from early 1956, carrying cargo associated
with newspapers.
Data (11-28): Engines as above Wing span 21.45 m
70 ft 4V2 in) Length of fuselage 17.65 m (57 ft Cockpit of an Ilyushin
n) Max T-0 weight 21,000 kg (46,297 lb) Max 11-18.

level speed 900 km/h (559 mph) Range (with max

T-0 weight 61,200 kg (134,925 1b) Max cruising bomb load) 2,260 km 1,404 miles) Armament two
(

speed 675 km/h (419 mph) Range 3,300-5,200 km 20 mmcannon in nose and two 23 mm
cannon in
(1,990-3,230 miles) tail turret; bomb load of 2,040 kg (4,500 lb)
Ilyushin 11-28 and 11-20 (USSR) First flown in
1948, the 11-28 (NATO reporting name Beagle)
still remains operational today with the air forces

of about 12 countries (including the USSR) as a

four-seat tactical aircraft powered by two
26.47 kN (5,950 1b st) Klimov VK-1 turbojet
engines. Those operated by the larger air forces
have been adapted from tactical bombers for
specialised tasks such as reconnaissance (I1-28R),
electronic countermeasures, and training (I1-28U
with a second cockpit forward and below the Ilyushin II-28U.
Ilyushin 11-38 (USSR) Known by NATO as
standard canopy); although Chinese-built Il-28s
May, the 11-38 is an anti-submarine maritime-
may carry nuclear weapons. patrol development of the 11-18 airliner. It has a
The 11-20 was a civil version of the 11-28, spe-
lengthened fuselage fitted with an undernose
radome, a MAD
tail 'sting', other specialised elec-

tronic equipment and a weapon-carrying capabil-

ity.

The 11-38 is a standard shore-based maritime-

patrol aircraft of the Soviet Naval Air Force,
operating widely over the Atlantic and Mediter-
ranean. More recently Il-38s of the Soviet Navy
have operated over the Indian Ocean from an
airfield in the People's Democratic Republic of
Yemen.
In 1975 the Indian Navy ordered an initial
batch of four Il-38s, delivery of which began in
1977. Maximum range 7,240 km (4,500 miles). Ilyushin ll-28s.

677
Ilyushin
llyushin 11-20.
Ilyushin 11-38.
Ilyushin 11-62 (USSR) by Known NATO
as
Classic, the 11-62four-turbofan-engined
is a
long-range airliner. It accommodates up to 186
passengers and was designed to fly on ranges
equivalent to Moscow-New York with more than
150 passengers and reserve fuel. Aeroflot intro-
duced the airliner on its Moscow-Montreal ser-
vice on 15 September 1967 as a replacement for
the I'u-1 14. Services to New York began in July
1968, since which time it has been introduced on
other routes, including to Paris and Tokyo. Pro-
duction is reported to have totalled 125 by
December 1976, including exports.
Ilyushin II-76T.
Data: Engines four 103 kN (23,150 lb st) Kuznet-
sov XK.-8-4 turbofans Wing ipan 43.2 m (141 ft
9 in) Length 53.12 m (174 ft 3V2 in) Max T-0
weight 162,000 kg (357,150 lb) Normal cruising speed
820-900 km/h (510-560 mph)
6,700-9,200 km (4,160-5,715 miles)
Ilyushin 11-62.
Ilyushin I1-62M/MK (USSR) The U-62M is a
developed version of the 11-62 with no dimen-
sional hanges to the airframe, but lined with four
< Data: Engines as above Wing 'pan 50.5 m 165 ft
1 12.8 kN
(25,350 lb si) Soloviev D-30KU turbo-
fan engines, increased fuel capacity for a
10,00Q km (6,215 miles) range and other minor
changes. Production models entered service on
678
Aeroflot's Moscow-Havana route in 1974 and
have taken over progressively all of the airline's
long-distance routes. A variant announced
in 1978 is the I1-62MK with a strengthened wing
for longer airframe life. Its engines are derated to
107.9 kN (24,250 lb st); max T-O weight is
increased to 167,000 kg (368,170 1b); and
accommodation is for 195 passengers.
Ilyushin I1-76T USSR) First flown in prototype
(
form on 25 March 1971, the 11-76 1 (NATO
reporting name Candid) is a high-performance
pressurised heavy transport of conventional lay-
out, powered by four 7.7 kN (26,455 lb st) Sol-
1 1
Range
oviev D-30K.P turbofan engines. Nominal task of
the I1-76T is to transport 40 tonnes of freight for a
distance of 5,000 km (3, 100 miles) in less than six
hours, as a replacement for the An- 12. It can take
off from short unprepared airstrips and began
operations in Siberia, the north of the Soviet
Union and Far East, where operation of other
types of transport is difficult. It thereafter entered
service on Aeroflot's Moscow-Japan route.
As a military transport the 11-76 has been in
service with the Soviet Air Force since 1974, and is
superseding the An- 12 as the standard equipment
of Transport Aviation units, with about 100 cur-
rently in first-line squadrons. The military 11-76
has a turret mounting two guns at the tail. A
version has also been evaluated as a flight-
refuelling tanker for the Backfire supersonic
strategic bombers of the Soviet Air Force and
Naval Air Fleet. It will soon enter service in this
role. Military Il-76s have also been exported,
including to Iraq, Czechoslovakia and Poland.
(
8 in) Length 46.59 m (152 ft IOV2 in) Max T-0
weight 170,000 kg (371,785 1b) Cruising %peed
750-800 km/h (466-497 mph) Max range
6,700 km (4,163 miles)
Heinkel He 111.

679
Right to left: Hispano
C.10-A (version of
HA-200A), C.10-C
(HA-220) and C.10-B
(HA-200D).

680
 Howard DGA-15P.

m*
IAI Kfir.

682
Junkers Ju 52/3m in

Spanish Air Force

markings.
Junkers Ju88D-1.

684
 fWV ^^MMHH
Let Super Aero 45.

686
 IMAM

Ilyushin 11-86 (USSR) Known

by NATO
as
Camber, the 11-86 four-turbofan-engined
is a
wide-bodied passenger transport aircraft accom-
modating up to 350 passengers. The first of two
prototypes flew on 22 December 1976. It was
announced subsequently that the airliner would
be in Aeroflot service in time to carry visitors from
Prague, Sofia and Berlin to the 1980 Olympic
Games in Moscow.
The 11-86 is likely to be used also by the Soviet
Air Force and the evolution of an AW
ACS version
has been suggested as a possibility by Western
Ilyushin 11-86.
observers. IMAM Ro.57 (Italy) Designed as a twin-engined
Data: Engines four 127.5 kN (28,660 lb st) Kuz- (626 kW; 840 hp Fiat A. 74 RC-38) fighter, the
netsov NK.-86 turbofans Wingspan 48.06 m (157 ft Ro.57 entered service in small numbers with the
8 'A in) Length 59.54 m
( 195 ft 4 in) Max T-0 weight
Regia Aeronautica in 1942 as a fighter-bomber
190,000-206,000 kg (418,875-454,150 lb) Normal because of its comparatively low speed of
cruising speed 900-950 km/h (560-590 mph) 500 km/h (310.5 mph) and poor manoeuvrabil-
Range 4,600 km (2.858 miles) ity. From the Ro.57 was developed the Ro.57to,

IMAM Ro.10 (Italy) Licence-built Fokker evolved from the start as a fighter bomber and
F.VII-3m. dive bomber. Although it was similarly powered,
IMAM Ro.30 (Italy) Three-seat reconnaissance two 20 mm cannon were added to the 12.7 mm
and army co-operation cabin biplane developed machine-guns and dive-brakes were installed.
from the Romeo Ro. and powered by a 410 kW
1 Carrying up to a 500 kg ( 102 lb) bomb under its
, 1

(550 hp) Piaggio-built Jupiter engine. fuselage, this version was fairly successful but had
IMAM Ro.37 (Italy) The Ro.37 biplane was first faded from the scene before the Italian Armistice
flown on 6 November 1933 as a reconnaissance of September 1943.
IMAM Ro.37.
and attack aircraft to replace the Fokker C.Vs
built under licence as Ro Is. Two versions went
into production as the 410 kW (550 hp) Fiat
A.30-engined Ro.37/A.30 and 417 kW (560 hp)
Piaggio P.IX-engined Ro.ilbis. A total of 637
aircraft were built by 1939.
Ro.37s were operated during the Italian inva-
sion of Abyssinia and with the Italian Aviazione
Legionaria in Spain during the Civil War. During
World War II the 296 aircraft remaining in front-
line service were operated in East and North
Africa, against Greece and then in the Balkans.
Exported Ro.37s went to Afghanistan, Austria,
Ecuador, Hungary and Uruguay.
IMAM Ro.41 (Italy) The Ro.41 of 1935 was
i.^ i<-,i
designed as a single-seat biplane fighter powered
by a 290.6 kW (390 hp) Piaggio P.VII C.45
supercharged radial engine. It could also be
supplied as a two-seat advanced trainer with dual
controls. A number went into service with the
Regia Aeronautica.
IMAM Ro.43 and Ro.44 (Italy) The Ro.43
two-seat reconnaissance biplane and the Ro.44
single-seat fighter were both developed from the
Ro.37fc and were powered by the 521.6 kW
(700 hp) Piaggio P.X.R. radial engine. The wings
of each aircraft were designed to fold for easy
stowage on board ship and the landing gear com-
prised a large central float and two underwing
stabilising floats. In the event only the two-seater
was widely operated at sea, the fighter being used
mainly from coastal stations. When Italy became
involved in World War II 105 Ro.43s and 30
Ro.44s had been delivered, but these were obso-
IMAM Ro.37b/s.
lete and were little used. IMAM Ro.63 (Italy) Because of Italy's change of
Data (Ro.44): Engine as above Wing span 11.6 m fortune in 1943, only the prototype Ro.58 twin-
(38 ft OV2 in) Length 9.71m (31 ft IOV2 in) Max engined fighter bomber and five examples of the
T-0 weight 2,220 kg (4,894 lb) Max level speed Ro.63 708 kW (950 hp) Hirth HM 508D-engined
320 km/h (199 mph) Armament two 12.7 mm
and liaison and ambulance monoplane were
two 7.7 mm machine-guns produced.

687
 8
5

IMCO

INTA H.M. series (Spain) Sometimes referred

to as AISA types, the Instituto Nacional de Tec-
nica Aeronaiitica (INTA) designed the H.M.I
two-seat primary monoplane, H.M.
training
single-scat advanced training monoplane and the
H.M. 9 two-seat glider tug-all of which were built
by AISA and produced and put into service in
1943. In 1945 the H.M. 2 two-scat training cabin
monoplane was completed, followed in 1947 by
the prototypes of the H.M. 3 two-seat training
seaplane and the H.M. 7 four-seat touring cabin
monoplane.

IMAM Ro.41.
IMCO CallAir A-9 (USA) The A. 9 single-seat
agricultural aircraft was developed from the
CallAir series of agricultural aircraft following
IMCO's purchase of CallAir Inc in 1962 (see
Rockwell Quail Commander and AAMSA
Quail).
IMPA Tu-Sa (Argentina) First flown on 7 April
l

IMAM Ro.57.
194-3, the Tu-Sa was
built for Hying-club use but
after a number of accidents the type was with-
Interceptor 400 USA) The Type Certificate for
(

drawn from service. A total of about 25 were built.

the Interceptor 400 was transferred to a corporate
Indraero Aero 110 (France) Two-seat light
IMAM Ro.43. entity named Prop-Jets Inc in 1977. It was seek-
ing finance in early 1979 to put the aircraft into
production (see Aero Commander 200).
International F-17 Sportsman and F-18 Air-
Coach (USA) During the brief period that the
International Aircraft Corporation existed, it

produced the F- 1 7 three-seat biplane and the F- 1

six-seat cabin biplane.

Interstate S-1A Cadet (USA) First flown in
1940, the Cadet was a two-seat light cabin mono-
plane powered by a 48.4 k\V (65 hp) Continental
A65 engine. Following America's entry into
World War II the type was (at the request of the
US Army authorities) developed into a light
liaison and observation monoplane powered by
an 85.7 (115 hp) Franklin flat-four engine.
k\\'
Two fifty were delivered under the
hundred and
designation L-6 Grasshopper. Maximum level
speed was 107 km/h (104 mph) and range 870 km
(540 miles). A modern derivative of the Cadet is
currently being built by the Arctic Aircraft Com-
panv as the Arctic Tern.
IPE KWlb 2 Quero Quero II (Brazil) Single-
seat training glider, 24 production examples of
which had been built by April 1979.

IMAM Ro.44.
training biplane of the 1950s powered by a
I ! i
1', hp)
k\\ iSalmson 9ADB engine in the
protot) pc and a 56 kVV 75 hp) Minie l.IK 1.32 in
\

IMCO CallAir A-9 iln production model ordered 1>\ the SALS.

688
 mumnmm
Jodel

JeanSt-Germain Raz-Mut (Canada) Single-seat Isaacs Fury II.

ultra-light monoplane, component pans for

which are available in kit form to amateur con-

structors.
Jeffair Barracuda (USA) Two-seat all-wooden
sporting monoplane, plans for which are available
to amateur constructors.
Jodel D.9 and D.92 Bebe (France) Single-seat
light monoplane powered by an 18.6 k\V (25 hp)
Poinsard and a modified Volkswagen motorcar
engine respectively. Plans are available to
Isaacs Fury and Fury II (UK) The original
amateur constructors.
Fury single-seat ultra-light homebuilt aircraft
Jodel D.ll and D.119 (France) Two-seat light
(representing a Hawker Fury fighter of the 930s)
monoplanes powered by a 33.5 kW (45 hp) Salm-
1

first flew in 1963. The Fury II re-stressed and

son and a 67 k\V (90 hp) Continental engine
re-engined version appeared in 1967 and plans Norge.
are available to amateur constructors.
Isaacs Spitfire (UK) Single-seat sporting air-
craft, plans of which are available to amateur
constructors.
Issoire (Siren) D 77 Iris and E 78 Silene
(France) Single-seat training sailplane and side-
by-side two-seat training sailplane respectively.
Italia (N2) and Norge (Nl) (Italy) Italia and
Norge were sister airships, both built by SCA and
launched in 1924. Each was powered by three
186.3 kW(250 hp) Maybach engines, was 106 m
(347 ft 10 in) long and had a maximum speed of
113km/h (70mph). (See Chronology 11-14
May 1926 and 23 May 1928).

IVL A-22 (Finland) Basically a licence-built ver-

sion of the German Hansa-Brandenburg W.33
powered by a 223.5 kW (300 hp) Fiat &.\2bis
engine. A total of 122were produced and these
served as reconnaissance seaplanes between 1922
and 1936.
IVL Kotka (Finland) Built in the latter 1920s for
Finnish Air Force service, the Kotka was a Bristol
Jupiter-powered two-seat bombing and recon-
naissance biplane capable of operating on a wheel
or twin-float landing gear.
Jamieson J (USA) Four-seat light cabin mono-
plane, first flown in December 1958 as a larger
development of the J-2-L-1 Jupiter of the 1940s.
Small number of production aircraft built, each
powered by a 112k W
(150 hp) Lycoming
O-320-A3C engine.
JanowskiJ-lB Don Kichot (Poland) Single-seat
ultra-lightmonoplane, plans for which are avail-
able to amateur constructors.
Javelin Wichawk (USA) Two-three-seat
sporting biplane. Plans, wing ribs and fuel tanks Janowski J-1B Don
are available to amateur constructors. Kichot.

689
 mainly with Deutsche Luft-Hansa of Germany
and Ad Astra Aero of Switzerland, although some
found their way into military service.
Junkers A 35 (Germany) Basically a developed
version of the A 20 powered by a 208.7-23 k\V 1

(280-310 hp) Junkers L.5 engine. The 24 or so

aircraft produced included a number of A 20s
brought up to this standard and those built under
licence in Sweden. A military derivative was pro-
duced in Sweden as the R 53, armed with two
forward-firing and two rear-mounted machine-
guns.
Junkers CL.I (Germany) The CL.I carried the
Junkers designation J 10 and was a two-seat
ground-attack and escort monoplane, skinned
with the typical corrugated metal. Power was
Javelin Wichawk. amateur con-
respectively. Plans are available to provided normally by a 134 kW (180hp) Mer-
structors. Like other Jodel aircraft, these have cedes D.I I la engine. Forty-seven had been deli-
also been commercially manufactured. vered by the end of World War I, including three
Jodel D.112 Club (France) Dual-control version CLS.I floatplanes to the Navy. Post-war a coupe
of the D.9 fitted normally with a 48.5 kW (65 hp) conversion of the CL.I became Junkers' first
Continental engine. Plans are available to
commercial type, operating its Dessau-Weimar
amateur constructors. service in 1919.
Junkers D.I (Germany) The D.I (Junkers J 9)
was a single-seat cantilever monoplane fighter,
first flown in prototype form on 10 March 1918.
Production totalled just 41 aircraft, these becom-
ing the first ever operational all-metal combat
planes (full structural details appear in the 1920
edition of Jane's). Power was provided normally
by a 138 kW
(185 hp) BMW
Ilia engine, givinga
maximum speed of 185 km/h (1 16 mph). Inter-
estingly the first detailed information on the D.I
to reach the Allies came from an abandoned
specimen discovered at Evere, near Brussels.
Junkers F 13 (Germany) The F 13 was the
world's purpose-built all-metal commercial
first

aircraft enter service and

to was basically a
development of the wartime J 10 (CL.I). First
flown on 25 June 1919, it was a four-passenger
Jodel D.112 Club.
Junkers A
20 (Germany) The A 20 was first monoplane (plus two crew in an open and later
flown in 1923 as a fast two-seat open-cockpit enclosed cockpit), powered as a prototype by a
low-wing monoplane for carrying mail and single 19 kW ( 160 hp) Mercedes D.I I la engine.
1

freight. Having been passed by the Commission Initial production aircraft were fitted with the
Aeronautique Inter-Allie for production, it was 138 kW (185 hp) BMW
Ilia engine, giving way
produced as the A 20L Iandplane and A 20VV subsequently to the 231 kW (310 hp) Junkers L.5.
twin-float seaplane in Germany and Sweden, Interestingly the first F 13 built was still flying
normally powered by 9 kW
l 160 hp) Mercedes
( 1
regularly in 1939, giving joy-rides in Berlin.
D.I I la and 164 kW (220 hp) Junkers L.2 engines Production of the F 13 continued until 1932, by
respectively. More than 30 were built, serving which time no less than 322 had been built in

Junkers A 50, a two-seat

sporting monoplane built
in limited numbers from
1929.

690
 Junkers

provided by Mercedes D.IIIas, Junkers J. 2s, or Junkers CL.I.

two J. 2s and a Napier Lion engine. Accommoda-

tion was for a crew of three and nine passengers.
Although the G
23 was the 'official' German
version of the aircraft - built according to the
limitations of the Versailles Treaty and approved
by the Commission Inter-Allie for service in Ger-
many - the G 24 that appeared in 1925 became
the major production version of the design. It
differed in the engines fitted (normally three
231 kW; 310 hp Junkers L.5s or one L.5 and two
171.4 kW; 230 hp Junkers L.2as); these made it
heavier and faster. By the autumn of 1925 it was
Junkers 0.1.
the major European version, 56 eventually being
built.
On24 July 1926 three G 24s left Berlin and flew
to Peking and back, arriving in Berlin on 26
September; the object was to examine the pos-
sibilities of Deutsche Luft-Hansa opening a regu-
lar service across Asia. In March 1927 aG 24 with
Junkers L.2a engines (piloted by Herr Roder and
carrying a 2,000 kg load) flew ,0 8 km in 7 hours
1 1

52 minutes, setting up world duration, speed and

distance records. Eventually a number of G 24s
were converted into F 24s (see entry).
From the G 24 was developed a military

Junkers F 13.
some 60-70 variants. The operator of the largest bomber version known as the K. 30. Powered by
number of F 13s was undoubtedly Deutsche three L.5s, it had two open dorsal gunners' cock-

Luft-Hansa which received approximately 15% pits, each armed with two Lewis guns, and a
of all those built. Others went into civil and mili- retractable ventral 'dustbin' with a further gun.
tary service in at least ten European and several Bombs were carried under the wings. As the R-42,
South American countries, in addition to the the bomber entered production in Sweden, Russia
USA, Russia and elsewhere. and Turkey.
Data: Engine as above Wing span 17.75 m (58 ft Data (G 241andplane): Engines as above Wingspan
2 3A in) Length 9.6 m (31 ft 6 in) Max T-0 weight 29.9 m (91 ft 1 in) Length 15.7 m (51 ft 6 in) Max
1,730 kg (3,814 1b) Cruising speed140km/h T-0 weight 6,500 kg (14,330 lb) Max level speed
(87 mph) Endurance 5 h 200 km/h (124 mph) Range 1,300 km (808 miles)
Junkers F 24 (Germany) Appearing in 1928 the Junkers G 31 (Germany) The G 31 was a three-
F 24 was simply a single-engined conversion of engined (335.3 kW; 450 hp Gnome-Rhone Jupi-
the G 24 with the wing-mounted engines ter or 391.2 kW; 525 hp BMW-built Pratt &
removed. Eleven were produced, nine operated Whitney Hornet) enlarged development of the G
by Deutsche Luft-Hansa. 24, accommodating 12-15 passengers in three
Junkers G 23, G 24 and K 30/R-42 (Germany) compartments. Alternatively the design allowed
Preceding the F 24, the G 23 was the first all-metal for each compartment to be fitted with sleeping
three-engined commercial transport monoplane bunks for night flying. The first G 3 appeared in 1

in the world, nine of which were built in Germany 1926 and a total of 5 were built, operators includ-
1

and Sweden. It went into service with AB

first ing Deutsche Luft-Hansa. Maximum level speed
Aerotransport on its Malmo-Hamburg- and cruising speed were 200 km/h 124 mph) and (

Amsterdam route from 15 May 1925. Power was 170 km/h (106 mph) respectively.

691
Junkers

Junkers F 24
Junkers J 1 and J.I (Germany) At Dolberitz on
12 December 1915 the first flight was made of a
prototype all-metal monoplane, the J 1. This was
the first Junkers aircraft to be built and was pow-
ered by an 89.4 kVV (120 hp) Mercedes D.II
engine. Dubbed 'Tin Donkey', initial troubles
were quickly overcome and by January 1916 it
proved to have excellent speed despite the use of
metal for skinning. As a result in the autumn an
order was placed for an experimental armoured
aircraft. This appeared as the Junkers J 4 and first
flew in February 1917.
The J 4, unlike the J 1, was a biplane, and its
Junkers G 38
workmanlike appearance gave rise to the nick-
Generalfeldmarschall
name 'Furniture Van". Powered by a 149 k\V
von Hindenburg.
(200 hp) Benz Bz.IV engine, the J 4 went into
production as the J.I, entering service in the
summer of 1917. Although heavy to fly, it proved
a first-class low-level reconnaissance and close-
support aircraft and was well liked by crews. Pro-
duction totalled 227, each armed with two
forward-firing Spandau and one rear-mounted
Parabellum machine-guns, plus light bombs, etc.
Data: Engine as above Wing span 16.0 m (52 ft 6 in)
Length 9.1m (29 ft 10 V* in) Max T-0 weight
2,175 kg (4,795 1b) Max level speed 155 km/h
(96 mph) Endurance 2 h

Junkers G38 (Germany) The G 38 was a most

remarkable aircraft. It was a huge all-metal
monoplane with a wing span of 44.0 m (144 ft
4 in) and powered in its final form by four 559 k VV
(750 hp) Junkers Jumo 204 engines. Accommo-
dation provided for three passengers in each of
two cabins in the wing roots, two passengers in the
fuselage nose and a further 26 passengers in the
main cabins. Only two were built: the first was
Junkers J 1.
named Deutschland (flying on 6 November 929) 1

and the second Generalfeldmarschall von Hinden- Junkers Ju 46(Germany) One 484.4 k\V
/wsj.Both served with Deutsche Luft-Hansa. The
first crashed in 1936 but the second carried on
(650 hp) BMW 132E-engined sidc-by-side two-
seat commercial floatplane of 1932, five of which
flying until destroyed in an RAF raid in 1940.
were built for Deutsche Luft-Hansa as mail and
Cruising speed was 208 km/h 129 mph).
(
freight-carrying monoplanes.
Junkers Ju 52 (Germany) Not to be mistaken for
the three-engined Ju 52/3m (although it can be
considered the prototype), the Ju 52 was first
flown on 13 October 1930 as a single-engined
freight-carrying all-metal commercial transport.
Only five were built.
Junkers Ju 52/3m (Germany) Built in larger
numbers than any other European transport air-
craft before or this extremely robust
since,
machine combined exceptional qualities of
payload, STOLand all-round utility that resulted
Junkers G 38. H
Junkers 21 (USSR) Built at the Junkers fac- in a very long active life. The original prototype
near Moscow, the H 2 was a two-seat
tor) ,u Fill, 1 (flown in May 1932) was aju 52 redesigned to be
pai asol-wing armed-reconnaissance monoplane powered by three engines. Most early civil
powered by .1 138 k\V 185 hp)
( BMW
lll.i examples had the 447 k\V (600 hp) BMW Hornet
engine. Armament comprised one or two engine, made under Pratt & Whitney licence; but
forward-firing and one rear-mounted machine- the vast bulk oflater sub-types had the derived
guns. About K)(i were built, entering service with engine known as the BMW 132, rated at
the Rtil An Force from 1924. 507-618.5 k\V (680-830 hp).

692
 Junkers

Like the original single-engined Ju 52, the tri- Junkers Ju 46 Europa on

its catapult launcher.
motor transport had a structure wholl) of light
alloy with corrugated skin and a very large can-
tilever wing with patented 'double wing' flaps and
ailerons giving great lift at low airspeeds. The
fixed landing gear was almost unbreakable and on
a few examples had spats; float-seaplane and ski
versions were not uncommon. In World War II
the vast numbers of Luftwaffe transports (more
than 90% of which were of this basic type)
changed landing gear to suit the local terrain and
climate.
The Ju 52/3m was by far the leading European
of the 1930s, seating 15 to 17 in single
civil airliner
seats each side of the central aisle. It carried more
than 75% of Luft-Hansa's Europe-wide traffic in
the 1930s, the airline using at least 120. Exported
civil models had Wasp, Hornet and Pegasus Inli! Junkers Ju 52/3m.
engines, and a small number in Germany had
Jumo diesels. In 1935 the first 3mg3e bombers
reached the Luftwaffe, with 1,500 kg (3,307 lb) of
bombs and MG 15 machine-guns in a dorsal
cockpit and ventral about half
'dustbin'. In 1936
the total production (450) of this model were
serving as transports or bombers with the Condor
Legion in Spain.
Total production of all models was about 4,845
on German account, 575 of which were completed
before 1940. German plants then made a further
2,659, the rest comprising output by Amiot for the
Luftwaffe. The latter was continued post-war by
the AAC which delivered 400 by 1947 with the
designation AAC.l. A further 170 were built by
CASA in Spain. More than 3,500 served with the
Luftwaffe, nearly all in the transport role with the
popular names 'Tante Ju' (Auntie Ju) and 'Iron
Annie'. The most-produced wartime types were
the 3mg5e, 7e, 8e and 14e, though differences
were confined to such features as armament, load-
ing arrangements, autopilot, glider couplings and
crew armour. There were several non-transport
versions, such as the gbeMS with a degaussing
ring for exploding mines. After 1945 BEA used a
Junkers H 21.
fleet on internal services and the Spanish T.2B Junkers Ju 60 and Ju 160 (Germany) Theju 60
version was not withdrawn until 1975. One of the was a six-passenger airliner of 1932 powered by a
last, with the Swiss Air Force, was still active in 447 k\V (600 hp) BMW-built Pratt & Whitney
1979. Hornet G radial engine. Only four were produced
Data (g7e): Engines three 618.5 kW (830 hp) for Deutsche Luft-Hansa.
BMW 132T-2 radials Wing span 29.25 m (95 ft In June 1934 the first J u 160 flew. This was
1 1 V2 in) (landplane) 18.9 m (62 ft
Length in) basically a refined version of the Ju 60 with many
Max T-0 weight 11,030 kg (24,317 lb) Max level improvements to the airframe: the most obvious
speed 286 km/h (178mph) Range 1,300 km of which were a redesigned cockpit and the use of
(808 miles) smooth metal for skinning. Production of the Ju
160 totalled 48 aircraft, about half of which were
operated by Deutsche Luft-Hansa.
Junkers Ju 86 (Germany) The Ju 86, best
remembered as a bomber and later a high-
altitude reconnaissance aircraft, began life as a
commercial airliner, first flying on 4 November
1934. From 1936 Ju 86s began operating a
number of Deutsche Luft-Hansa's domestic ser-
vices, each aircraft accommodating ten passen-
gers or freight. Other users included South Afri-
can Airways and AB Aerotransport. The engines
fitted to the commercial models varied consider-
ably but those of Luft-Hansa had 447 kW
(600 hp) Junkers Jumo 205Cs. Junkers J.I.

693
 The fact remainedthat theju 86 was not a good
bomber and appeared that its first line career
it

was to end. Even Jane 's of 1939 noted: 'It may be

rated as an obsolete type.' However Junkers pro-
duced a new reconnaissance version with an
increased wing span, a pressurised cabin for the
crew and powered by two Jumo 207 engines. This
became the Ju 86P and was well received by the
Luftwaffe. From 940 a number of successful very
1

high-altitude missions were flown over Britain,

then on the Eastern Front. Its success can be
measured by the fact that the 943-44Jane 's states
1

that 'theJu86P appeared in 942", indicating that

1

the aircraft was able to carry out missions in

South African Airways From 1935 until 1938 Junkers also produced complete secrecy and without fear of interception.
Junkers Ju 86s. military variants of the J u 86 for the Luftwaffe and
But this situation was not to last long. In the
for export. The Ju 86A was the first bomber type, summer of 942 three Ju 86Ps were shot down by
1

used essentially for evaluation under squadron Spitfires over the Mediterranean at heights of

conditions. Next came the Ju 86D, powered also 12,1 90 m (40,000 ft) and over. The interception

by Jumo 205C-4 engines but with refinements to by an RAF Spitfire VC flown by G. VV. H.
improve longitudinal stability. By the autumn of Reynolds in August was made at a staggering
1938 the Luftwaffe had nearly 160 Ju 86A/Ds in
Junkers Ju 87D-1.
service, together with a much smaller number of
BMW 132-poweredJu 86Es and Ju 86Gs. Prior to
the introduction of the wartime-reconnaissance
versions this was the height of the Ju 86's career
with the Luftwaffe. From this point on Ju 86s were
relegated to transport and training roles.

15,090 m(49,500 ft) - the highest interception

ever made by an unpressurised aircraft and with
the pilot not wearing a pressure suit.
The possibility that Allied aircraft would even-
Junkers Ju 86A-1s.
Meanwhile the bomber, like the airliner, had tually manage to intercept the Ju 86P led Junkers
proved fairly successful as an export product with to produce the Ju 86R, the final version of the
the forces of Sweden (also licence-built),
air aircraft with a wing span of 32.0 m (105 ft) and
( Hungary and Portugal. Also, with the out-
Ihile, powered by 745 kW 1,000 hp) Jumo 207B-3
(

break of war, all South African Airways' Ju 86 engines. Design service ceiling was 14,000 m
airliners were impressed by the South African Air (45,925 ft). Few were produced.
Force as transports. Data (Ju 86P): Engines as above Wing span 25.6 m
Swedish Junkers Ju 86. (84 ft din) Length 16.46 m (54 ft in) Max T-0
weight 10,400 kg (22,928 1b) Max level speed
360km/h (223.5 mph) Range 1,750 km
(1,087 miles) Armament one 7.9 mm MG 17
machine-gun, plus four 250 kg bombs as a bomber
Junkers Ju 87 (Germany) Remembered as the
'Stuka', the Ju 87 was an ugly cranked-wing
dive-bomber and ground-attack aircraft. For a
plane that was to blast its way through Europe
during the first months of World War II, it is
ironic that the first prototype made its maiden
flight in the spring of 1935 powered by a Rolls-
Royce Kestrel V engine. Evaluated against the
AradoAr81, Hamburger Ha 137 and Heinkel He

694
 Junkers

Italian Junkers Ju 87s.

1 18, the Ju 87 was, perhaps surprisingly, judged

winner; although Heinkel found solace in the
interest shown for the He 1 18 by Japan.
Sent to Spain for battle evaluation with the
Condor Legion (like so many other Luftwaffe
combat aircraft), the Ju 87 found little opposition
from the poorly equipped and 'stretched' Repub-
lican forces. As a result few changes were made to
the design and Ju 87As and Bs were mass pro-
duced for the Luftwaffe, Italy and other countries.
Power was provided by Jumo 210C and much
more powerful 21 ID engines respectively.
The designation Ju 87C was applied to an
experimental deck-landing development of the
B- intended for use from the aircraft carrier Graf
1
Zeppelin, which was never completed. This version
was stressed for catapulting and fitted with a jetti-
sonable landing gear for emergency alighting in
the sea.
The Ju 87D was developed from the B and R,
Arming a Junkers Ju 87.
D-3, D-5, D-7 and D-8. Production of all versions
oftheju 87 amounted to more than 5,700 aircraft.
During its early wartime campaigns the Ju 87
proved able to 'Blitzkrieg' its way through
Poland, France and other countries. It received a
reputation far in excess of its actual abilities,
made clear when opposed by RAF fighters during
the Battle of Britain. Against a well-equipped
defence force the Ju 87 was shown to be slow and
poorly armed, proving an easy target for the RAF.
With destruction the obvious outcome, Ju 87s
were begrudgingly withdrawn from the fray but
continued to serve until the end of the war on the
Eastern Front, in North Africa and elsewhere.
Data (Ju87D-l): Engine one 1,043.3 kW
(1,400 hp) JunkersJumo21 J- Wingspan 13.8 m
1 1

the latter being similar to the B but with provision 3/2 in) Length m 8% Max
(45 ft 1 1.5 (37 ft in)
for external fuel tanks under the wings in place of
T-0 weigh! 6,585 kg (14,517 1b) Max level speed
bombs to increase range. The D differed consid-
410 km/h (255 mph) Range 1,000 km (621 miles)
erably, having a Jumo 2 engine with induction 17 and mm MG
1
1J Armament two forward-firing 7.9
cooling, redesigned cowling and cockpit enclos-
two rear-mounted 7.9 mm MG
81 machine-guns,
ure, and provision for carrying up to a 1,800 kg
plus one 250 kg, 500 kg, 1,000 kg or 1,800 kg
(3,960 lb) warload. Coolant radiators were bomb under the fuselage and four 50 kg, two
mounted under the wings and additional armour 250 kg or two 500 kg bombs under wings
was fitted. Several sub-variants were produced, Junkers Ju 88 prototype.
originally as dive bombers but later for specialised
ground-attack work, often by night. The Ju
87D-4, for example, had provision for mounting
two jettisonable weapons containers (each with
six MG
8 machine-guns) for service on the East-
1

ern Front. Later versions of the D introduced

increases in the wing span and armament.
Theju 87G was an anti-tank version fitted with
long- and short-span wings, without dive brakes
and carrying two 37 mm BK (Flak 18) guns under
the wings. The final version was the Ju 87H, a
dual-control trainer corresponding to the D- 1

Junkers Ju 88 (Germany) Theju 88 became the

Luftwaffe's 'maid of all work' and production
eventually totalled 14,980 aircraft. It was first
flown in prototype form as a bomber on 21
December 1936 and by the beginning of 1939
approximately 50 were in service. During World
One of ten Italian Junkers
War II the basic design was adapted for a wide Ju 87s captured by the
variety of duties and was still in production when RAF after landing near
hostilities ended, having served throughout the The pilots
Allied forces.
entire period of the European war. accused German
The initial version was the Ju 88A bomber, ground crews of only
produced in a large number of sub-variants. The half-filling their tanks.

695
 1

Junkers

Junkers Ju 87B-2
1 Rudder trim tab

2 Trim-tab actuating
linkage
3 Rudder frame
4 Rudder hinges
5 Rudder post
6 Rudder tab control rod
7 Tailfin structure
8 Rudder balance
9 Aerial attachment
10 Aerial
1 Elevator trim tab
12 Port elevator
13 Elevator balance
14 Port tailplane
15 Tailplane bracing struts
16 Tailf in/fuselage fillet
section
17 Fuselage aft frame/tailfin
spar
front
18 Tailwheel leg
shock-absorber
19 Tailplane attachment
points
20 Inspection panel
21 Rudder control
22 Elevator trim tab
23 Tailplane structure
24 Starboard elevator
25 Elevator balance

26 Tailplane leading edge

27 Tailplane bracing struts 70 Aileron outer-section
28 Fixed tailwheel mass balances
29 Heating point 71 Port wing tip
30 Rudder control cables 72 Wing skinning
31 Elevator control cables 73 Wing leading edge
32 Fuselage stringers 74 Underwing weapon
33 Fuselage skin panels racks (2)
34 First-aid kit (access port 75 Two 50 kg bombs
side) 76 Alternative underwing
35 Fuselage frame stores inc drop-tank
36 Radio installation (Ju 87R)
37 Crew entry step 77 Anti-personnel bomb
38 Gunner's seat container
39 Spare ammunition drum 78 50 kg bombs with
stowage percussion rod fuzes and
40 Entry hand/footholds fin screamers'
41 Aft-canopy additional 79 Landing light
side armour 80 Port underwing
42 Art-section canopy track divebrake
43 Hand-held 7.9 mm 81 Machine-gun muzzle
MG 15 machine-gun fairing
44 Ring and bead sight 82 Fixed forward-firing
45 Machine-gun flexible 7.9 mm MG 17
mounting machine-gun
46 Canopy aft-sliding 83 Ammunition tank
section 84 Engine bearer/bulkhead
47 Aerial mast ball-and-socket fixing
48 Canopy fixed 85 Firewall/bulkhead
centre-section 86 Engine-bearer fixing
49 Electrical leads fairing
50 Cross-brace 87 Cooling hose
51 Canopy track 88 Oil-cooler outlet cowl
52 Crash turnover structure 89 Oil cooler
53 Pilot's sliding canopy 90 Oil-cooler intake
section
54 Pilot's seat and harness
55 Centre-section bulkhead
56 Fuselage main frame
57 Control column
58 Rudder pedals 91 junkers Jumo 211 Da
59 Instrument panel engine
60 Dive-bombing sight 92 Anti-vibration engine
(Stuvi) mounting pad
61 Windscreen 93 Engine main bearer
62 Oil tank forging
63 Wing ribs 94 Main bearer support
64 Aileron centre-section fixing
65 Aileron control linkage 95 Supercharger intake
66 Aileron control rods duct
67 Hinge fairing 96 Engine supercharger air
68 Fixed tab intake
69 Aileron outer section 97 Engine exhaust stubs

696
 Junkers

106 Bomb crutch pivot 125 Main spar centre-section 137 Outer wing fuel tank
107 Engine main bearer carry-through position (Ju 87R)
lower support strut 126 Wing-root 138 Wing front spar
108 Ventral bomb shackle entry/maintenance 139 Wing ribs
109 Vent walkway 140 Aileron control rods
110 Bomb crutch (extended) 127 Wing tank fuel filler cap 141 Starboard aileron
111 Port mainwheel 128 Starboard wing fuel tank centre-section
112 Alternative main bomb 129 Wing ribs 142 Wing rear spar
load inc:500kgSC-type 1 30Starboard aileron 143 Fixed tab
fragmentation bomb inboard section 1 44 Starboard aileron
113 500 kg SC-type 131 Outboard wing section outboard section
semi-armour-piercing attachment rib 145 Wing skinning panels
bomb 132 Wing join capping strip 146 Pitot head
114 500 kg PC-type Pauline' 133 Ball-and-socket spar 147 Starboard navigation
armour-piercing bomb fixings light
115 Starboard mainwheel 134 Starboard wing MG 17
116 Mainwheel spat machine-gun
117 Axle fork/spat fixing lugs 135 Leading-edge panels
118 Axle fork 136 Nose ribs
119 Aerodynamic siren
(capped)
fairing
120 Undercarriage leg
121 Torque link
122 Machine-gun muzzle
fairing
123 Undercarriage leg/wing
front spar fixing
124 Inboard leading edge

697
 7

Junkers

width. An interesting model was the A- 13, a

ground-attack aircraft with increased armour, no
dive brakes, an automatic pull-out device or pre-
cisionbomb sight and fitted with a special anti-
personnel bomb installation. The A- 14, A- 16 and
A- 7 were a bomber (with a built-in cable cutter
1

and other refinements), dual-control trainer and a

torpedo-bomber respectively.

Junkers Ju 88A.
J1188A-I was powered by u mo 2) B- or'illG
1 I 1

engines and armed with four 7. 'J mm MG

15
machine-guns plus 2,500 kg (5,51 lb) of bombs.
1

This was followed by the A-2 with special fittings

for catapult-assisted take-off; the A- 3 trainer with
Junkers Ju 88P-2. dual controls and duplicate instruments; and the
A-4 with Jumo 21 IF. 21 1J-1 or 21 1J-2 engines,
increased wing span of 20.0 m(65 ft 8 in) and a Following a few Ju 88Bs fitted with 801 BMW
typical armament of one 13 mm MG 131 and five engines and generally regarded as one of the fore-
7.9 mm MG 81 machine-guns and 3,000 kg runners of theju 188, Junkers produced theju
(6,614 lb) of bombs. Theju 88A-5, powered by 88G series as day and night fighters. Power was
Jumo 2 lGs, had the wing span and bomb load of
1 provided by Jumo
21 IB. 21 1G, 21 1J and BMW
the A-4 but was otherwise similar to the A- It 1 . 801 engines. Variants covered G- to G-7, the first
1

was also the first version to have the option of a 'Zerstorers'armed normally with three 7.9 mm
balloon-cable cutter. The A-6 had a balloon-cable MG machine-guns, one 20
17 FF can-mm MG
fender and balloon-destroying gear; while the A- non and a further two MG
FF cannons in an
was a dual-control trainer based on the A-5. The underfuselage pack. Armament for the C-6
A-H was similar to the A-6. included a 'Schriige Musik' mounting in which

Junkers Ju 88C-6.

two MG 151 guns were fixed in the fuselage to fire

obliquely upward and forward.
The Ju 88D was a specialised long-range
reconnaissance version; while the Ju 88G was
produced in several variants as a night fighter
with BMW 801D, 801G, Jumo 213A or 213E
engines. The Ju 88H - originally projected in
bomber, fighter and reconnaissance forms- had a
longer fuselage. However most Hs were used as
the lower component of the Mistcl composite.
The final versions of theju 88 were (he P. S and
T. The P was a ground-attack aircraft produced
in very limited numbers. Originally mounting a

75 mm cannon, this proved unsuccessful and was

Junkers Ju 88G-7. replaced subsequently by two 37 and then mm
Ihc Ju 88A-9 was the Inst tropical version one "ill mm BK 5 cannon. The S was built in three
(based on the A- 1), carrying water containers, sub-variants as a bomber, originally powered l>\
sun blinds, shotgun .11 id rifle, in, ks.u Ls. sleeping BMW 801G engines with GM-I power-boost and
bags et( <>i desert operation. The A- 10 and A- 11
I
later withjumo 213As. he final version was the
I

were also tropical versions, flic A-12 was .1

Ju 88 1', similar to the Ju 88S but lor photo-
trainei version of the A-5 with increased cockpit graphic-reconnaissance du lies.

698
 Junkers

Data (Ju88A-4): Engines two 998.5 kW Interior of a Junkers

(1,340 hp) Junkers Jumo 21 Js (see above) Wing
I Ju90.
tpan 20.0 m
(65 ft 8 in) Length 14.3 (47 ft m
lVi in) Max TO
weight 14,000 kg (30,865 lb) Ma*
/m7 >/><<y/ 470 km/h (292 mph) Normal range
2,500 km (1,553 miles)
Junkers Ju 90 (Germany) Forty-passenger
commercial airliner of 1937 powered by four
618.5 kVV (830 hp) BMW
132H engines. Eleven
delivered to Luft-Hansa during 1938, most of
which later passed to the Luftwaffe as troop
transports.

Junkers Ju 90.

bomber (with a remotely controlled tail turret); G

(development oftheC); H reconnaissance aircraft
(developed from the C); R night fighter; and the T
Junkers Ju 90 fuselage
photographic reconnaissance aircraft with a pres-
under construction.
sure cabin. The only other version to enter service
was the Ju 188S, a three-seat high-altitude
bomber powered by Jumo 21 3E engines and with
a pressurised crew cabin. The priority for low-
level attack aircraft caused an abrupt end to Ju
188S production, all remaining airframes being
converted into unpressurised aircraft mounting a
50 mm BK 5 cannon. More than l,000Ju 188s of
all versions were built.

Data (Ju 188A): Engines as above Wing tpan 22.0 m

(72 ft 2 in) Length 14.95 m (49 ft OV2 in) Max T-0
weight 14,530 kg (32,033 1b) Max level speed
520 km/h (323 mph) Range 2,500 km (1,550
miles) Armament one 20 mm MG
151 cannon in
nose, one 20 mm MG
151 cannon in dorsal turret,
one 13 mm MG 131 machine-gun in dorsal posi-
tion, and one 13 mm MG
131 gun or twin 7.9 mm
MG 81 guns in lower rear-firing position; up to
3,000 kg (6,614 1b) of bombs

Junkers Ju 188 (Germany) The Ju 188 was a

development of the Ju 88. It had a redesigned
nose, new wings of greater span with pointed tips,
and heavier armament.
The first major versions were the Ju 188E and
Ju 188F of 1941, which entered service before the
Ju 188A and were bombing and reconnaissance Junkers Ju 188F-1.
types respectively. Power for these was provided Junkers Ju 252 and Ju 352 Herkules (Ger-
by 1,267 kVV (1,700 hp) BMW
8011) and G many) Theju 252 was a transport aircraft pow-
engines. Next came the Ju 188A which had been ered by three 1,051 kW (1,410 hp) Junkers Jumo
held up by the slow delivery of the 1,323.5 kW 211 engines. It had been designed to replace the
(1,776 hp) Jumo 2 13A engines. One version of the Ju 52/3m but only 15 were produced. Theju 352
A was adapted to carry two torpedoes. The Ju development was based on wood in order not to
188D was a reconnaissance sister to the A fitted use strategic materials. Power was provided by
with the same engines and armament. three 894 kW ( 1,200 hp) Bramo 323R-2 engines.
Projected versions of the J
u 188 included the C Production of this version totalled 43 or 44.

699
Junkers
Junkers Ju 352 Herkules.
Junkers Ju 288 (Germany) In spite of its numer-
ical similarity, the Ju 288 was not a development
of the Ju 88 or Ju 188. It was designed as a
twin-engined (Daimler-Benz DB 610) medium
bomber and was test flown in 1940. Development
was slow but a long series of prototypes had been
completed by 1943.
Junkers Ju 290.
Junkers Ju 290 (Germany) The Ju 290 was orig-
inally designed as a development of the Ju 90
transport and was test flown in 1941. Subsequent
development was undertaken to enable it ulti-
mately to supersede the Fw 200C for long-range
over-sea anti-shipping and U-boat co-operation
work, but it failed to achieve this. Nevertheless
Junkers K 37. seven versions of the A series were produced as
transport (A-l with BMW801 D engines), recon-
naissance (A-2, A- 3 and A-5), transport (A-6),
reconnaissance-bombing (A-7), and reconnais-
sance (A-8) aircraft - the latter with provision,
for carrying two Hs 293 anti-shipping glider
Production totalled about 55 aircraft.
missiles.
The Ju 290B was a projected heavily armed
long-range bomber. It was followed by the Ju
290C reconnaissance and transport aircraft, Ju
290D long-range bomber and Ju 290E night
bomber: all of which failed to enter production.
Data (Ju 290A-8): Engines four 1,192.3 kW
i
,600 hp)
1
BMW801L-2 radials Wingspan 42.0 m
I138 ft in) Length 28.2 m (92 ft 6 in) Max T-0
weight 45,000 kg (99,207 1b) Max level speed
mtkm/h (280 mph) Range 6,060 km (3,766
miles) Armament three 20 mm MG 151 cannon
.iihI two 7.9 mm MG
81 machine-guns, plus two
Hs 293 glider missiles
Junkers Ju 388.
700
Junkers Ju 388 (Germany) The only version of
this Ju 188 development to enter production
before the end of the war was the Ju 388L recon-
naissance aircraft, a small number of which were
built. Power was provided by two 1,349 kVV
(1,810 hp) BMW 801TJ engines.
Junkers Ju 390 (Germany) Six-engined (BMW
801 E) development of the Ju 290, test flown in
1943 as a large transport aircraft. Failed to
become operational during the war.
Junkers K 16 (Germany) The K 16 of 1922 was a
small three-seat (two passenger) cabin mono-
plane powered by a 41-83.5 kW (55-112 hp)
Siemens & Halske or 74.5 kW (lOOhp) Bristol
Lucifer engine. Only a small number were built,
being used for aerial survey and photographic
work as well as passenger carrying with a few
airline operators.
Junkers K 37 (Sweden) This aircraft first
appeared in 1927 as a twin-engined mailplane. At
the Junkers factory in Sweden it was developed
into the K 37 three-seat general-purpose military
aircraft armed with two Vickers machine-guns
and three Lewis guns as a fighter; two quicker-
firing machine-guns and three Lewis guns as a
chaser; and guns and bombs as a reconnaissance
bomber. From the K 37 donated to Japan was
developed the Mitsubishi K.i-2.
Junkers K 39 (Sweden) Prototype only of a
three-seat reconnaissance bomber.
Junkers K 43 (Sweden) Three-seat single-
engined reconnaissance and bombing monoplane
developed from the W
33/W 34 and available in
landplane and seaplane form. Exported to Col-
ombia and Finland.
Junkers K 47 (Sweden) The K 47 was a high-
performance two-seat fighter of 1928 powered by
a Bristol Jupiter or Mercury radial engine. A few
were exported to China.
Junkers K 53 (Sweden) This was a military
fighter-reconnaissance development of the A 20
postal aircraft powered by a 231 kW (310 hp)
Junkers L.5 engine. A few went into service in
Sweden from 1926, while others were built at the
Junkers factory in Russia for the Red Air Force
and for export to Turkey,
 Kalinin

seal monoplane intended for high-performance Junkers K 39.

aerobatic and competition Hying. Plans are avail-
able to amateur constructors.
Jurca M.J.7 and M.J. 77 Gnatsum (France)
Scale replica for amateur construction of the
North American P-51 Mustang fighter. Its name
'Gnatsum' is 'Mustang' reversed. Two-thirds
stale and three-quarters scale respectively.

Junkers K 43.

Junkers W
33 and W
34 (Germany) Cantilever .V w
low-wing transport aircraft of 1926, usually pow-
ered by 231 k\V (310 hp) Junkers L.5and313kW
(420 hp) Gnome-Rhone Jupiter engines respec-
tively. Except for the engines and the cockpits
(open in the W
33 and enclosed in the 34), the W
two types were virtually identical and could be
operated as landplanes or seaplanes. Each had
two pilots sitting side-by-side and a large freight
compartment which was entered from the side
door and communicated with the cockpit. Some
VV 34s had this compartment fitted for six passen-
gers. A total of 1 99 W 33s were produced, together
h
with a large number of E 34s. Production ended in USAF Kaman KH-43F
1934. Jurca M.J.7S Solo (France) Intended as a Huskie on firef ighting
Data (\V 341andplane): Engine as above or similar single-seat advanced trainer, basically similar to
duty.
m the M.J.7 Gnatsum.
Wing span 17.75 (58 ft 2 A
3
in) Length 10.27 m
(33 ft 8 in) Max T-0 weight 2,700 kg (5,953 1b) Jurca M.J.8 and M.J.80 l-Nine-0 (France)
Cruising speed 175 km/h (109 mph) Range 850 km
Three-quarters and full-size representations of
the Focke-Wulf Fw 190 respectively. Plans for the
(528 miles)
M.J.8 are available to amateur constructors.
Jurca M.J. 9 One-Oh-Nine (Fiance) Prototype
three-quarters scale representation of a Messer-
schmitt Bf 109.
Jurca M.J. 10 Spit (France) Single-seat three-
quarters scale representation of a Supermarine
Spitfire which can be modified into a two-seater.
Plans are available to amateur constructors.
Jurca M.J. 12 Pee-40 (France) Three-quarters
scale representation of a Curtiss P-40.
Jurca M.J. 14 Fourtouna (France) Small single-
seat racing aircraft of unorthodox configuration.
Junkers W 34 landplane.

Jurca M.J. 2 and M.J. 20 Tempete (France) Kaiserlicht Werft floatplanes (Germany) A
Single-seat light monoplanes, plans for which are small number of two-seat K.W floatplanes were
available to amateur constructors. operated by the German Navy during World War
Jurca M.J.3H Dart (France) Single-seat sporting I, each powered by a 119kW ( 160 hp) Benz
monoplane, plans for which are available to Bz.III engine.
amateur constructors. Kalinin AK-1, K4 and K5 (USSR) The AK-1
Jurca M.J. 5 Sirocco (France) Tandem two-seat was a four-seat high-wing monoplane of 192324,
monoplane developed from the Tempete as a a single example of which was operated by Dob-
potential club training and touring aircraft. It is rolet for a brief time on the Moscow-Kazan ser-
fully aerobatic when flown as a two-seater. Plans vice. The AK- was one of 16 types that Konstan-
1

are available to amateur constructors.
Jurca M.J. 5 Sirocco (Sport Wing) (Fiance)
Special version of the Sirocco with increased wing
span.
Jurca M.J. 51 Sperocco (France) Tandem two-
tin Kalinin helped design, two others being the
K4 of 1928 and the K5 of 1929. The K4, powered
by a BMW IV engine, entered very limited pro-
duction and was operated as a six-passenger air-
liner by Dobrolet and Ukrvozduchput, the two

701
Kaman

level 265 km/h (165 mph) Normal range

Kaman SH-2F Seasprite.
companies becoming Dobroflot in 1929. The K5
was an eight-passenger development of the K4,
usually powered by a 391 k\V (525 hp) M-15
engine. In 1932 Plant C.H. (formerly Kalinin)
received an order for 120 K5s, which entered
service with Dobroflot in the following year.
likely that total production was double
Of interest are the K6 single-engined mail-
speed
679 (422 miles) Armament one or two Mk 44 or
km
Mk 46 ASW
homing torpedoes carried on auxili-
ary fuel tank mounts on each side of the fuselage;
eight Mk 25 marine flares/smoke markers (US
Navy tests have proved the Seasprite suitable as a
platform for firing air-to-surface missiles, guns
and rockets)
Kaman H-43 Huskie (USA) First flown in 1956,
the Huskie helicopter was produced in several
versions for crash-rescue, firefighting, liaison and
utility roles. The OH-43, UH-43 and HH-43A
piston-engined variants of the original H-43
design, with twin intermeshing rotors, were
ordered by the US Navy and USAF (the US Navy
OH-43Ds originally designated HOK-ls) and
were used during the Korean War.
The HH-43B was the initial turbine-powered
production version with a T53-L-1B turboshaft
engine (derated to 615 kW; 825 shp). HH-43Bs
served with the USAF and in Burma, Colombia,
It is Morocco, Pakistan and Thailand. The HH-43F
this figure. was a development of the HH-43B, 40 of which
were built for the USAF and 7 were acquired by
1

carrying parasol-wing monoplane, the K.7 and the Iran. The QH-43G was produced as a drone
K9 two-seat light monoplane. The giant K7 was development of the HH-43F for the US Navy.
reportedly tested in 1933 and had accommoda- Very few Huskies remain operational today.
tion for 128 passengers. Late the same year it met Data (HH-43F): Engine one 857.5 kW (1,1 50 shp)
with disaster, resulting in heavy loss of life. Lycoming T53-L-11A turboshaft (derated to
Data (K.5): Engine as above Wing span 20.5 m 615 kW; 825 shp) Main rotor diameter (each)
(67 ft 2'/2 in) Length 15.7 m (51 ft 6 in) Max T-0 14.33 m (47 ft in) Length ojfuselage 7.67 m
(25 ft
weight 3,500 kg (7,716 lb) Max level speed 198 km/h 2 in) Max T-0 weight 4,150 kg (9, 150 lb) Max level
(123 mph) speed 193 km/h (120 mph) Range 811km (504
Kaman H-2 Seasprite (USA) The prototype miles) pilot, two fully clothed
Accommodation
Seasprite helicopter flew for the first time on 2 firefighters and 454 kg (1,000 1b) of firefighting
July 1959 and many versions were produced sub- and rescue gear. Alternative accommodation for a
sequently for the US Navy. From 1967 all of tin- pilot, co-pilot and ten passengers; or pilot, four
original UH-2A/B Seasprites were converted stretchers and a medical attendant
progressively to UH-2C twin-engined configura-
Kaman H-43B Huskie.
tion, with two 932 kW 1,250 shp) General Elec-
(

tric T58-GE-8B turboshafts in place of the former

single T58. They have since undergone further
modification under the US Navy's important
LAMPS (Light Airborne Multi-Purpose System)
programme to provide helicopters for ASW
(Anti-Submarine Warfare) and ASMD (Anti-
Ship Missile Defence) operations. Therefore ver-
sions which no longer remain in service or that
have been converted to later standards include
the UH-2A, B, C, HH-2C and VSH-2E.
Versions of the Seasprite still operated in 1979
were the HH-2D, three aircraft without LAMPS
modifications assigned to Coast and Geodetic
Surve) work, being upgraded to SH-2F standard,
NHH-D tesl aircraft assigned to the circulation
( ontrol rotor (CCR) programme; SH-2D LAMPS
version for ASW ASM I) . and a utility role, being
upgraded to SH-2F standard; and the SH-2F
further developed Mk 1 LAMPS version with
Raman's 101 rotor, im Tcascd-strenglh landing Kamov Ka-10 (USSR) Single-seat light utility
gear, shortened wheelbase, and twin 1,007 kW helicopter powered by one 11 kW
{~t~i hp) AI-4G

I
1,350 shp) General Electric T58-GE-8F turbo- engine driving two contra-rotating three-bladed
shafl engines - deployment of which began in rotors. Twelve examples were built lor testing
September 1973 (87 delivered by 1979). during 195(1 (NATO reporting name //<//). A later
Data (SH-2F): Engines as above Main rotoi diametei modification was the Ka-ldM with twin fins and
13.41 m (44 ft () in) Length overall 16.03 m (52 ft rudders, several of which were demonstrated
7 in) Normal T-0 weight 5,805 kg ( 12,800 lb) Max during 1950.

702
 Kamov

Kamov Ka-25 and Ka-25K (USSR) The pro- Kamov Ka-IOM.

Kamov Ka-15 USSR) Known
( to
the Ka-15 was a two-seat general-purpose
helicopter powered by a 205 kVV (275 hp) AI-14V
radial engine driving two contra-rotating three-
bladed rotors. First reported in 1956, some were
supplied to State Collective Farms for agricul-
tural purposes. Others served with the Soviet
Navy as ship-based anti-submarine helicopters. A
variant, known as the Ka-15M, was flown by
Aeroflot with two external panniers for stretchers.
totype of the Ka-25 military helicopter was first
shown in public in the Soviet Aviation Day
fly-past over Tushino Airport, Moscow in July
1961 It was allocated the
. NATO
reporting name
Harp, but this was changed to Hormone lor the
production versions, about 460 of which were
built in 1966-75. Nine are also operated on
coastal anti-submarine duties by the Syrian Air
Force and others by India and Yugoslavia.
In its ship-based anti-submarine version, the
Ka-25 operates from the cruisers of the Kresla and
Kara classes, the carrier/cruiser Kiev and the
helicopter carrier/cruisers Moskva and Leningrad
each of which accommodates about 18 aircraft. It
NATO asHen, has a search-radar installation in an undernose
radome, while other equipment includes a towed
magnetic anomaly detector, dipping sonar
housed in a compartment at the rear of the cabin,
and an electro-optical sensor.
Kamov Ka-18.

Kamov Ka-18 (USSR) Known to.NATOas//?,

the Ka-18 was a four-seat development of the
Ka-15. It time in mid-1957 and
flew for the first

went into production for passenger, freight- and

mail-carrying, geographic-survey and agricu
tural duties. An ambulance version carried a
stretcher in the cabin. Maximum level speed was Kamov Ka-20.
150km/h (93 mph).
Kamov Ka-20 (USSR) Known to NATO as
Harp, the Ka-20 was first shown in public in the
1961 Soviet Aviation Day fly-past. It was a
specialised anti-submarine helicopter following
the familiar Kamov formula of two three-bladed
co-axial contra-rotating rotors, pod and boom
fuselage, multi-fin and four-wheel
tail unit
landing gear. Power was provided by two small
turboshaft engines. A radome under the nose
housed a search radar, while a further blister-
fairing under the tail-boom housed more equip-
ment. Main armament comprised a pair of air-
to-surface missiles (see Ka-25).
Kamov Ka-22 Vintokryl (USSR) Experimental
large twin-turboprop convertiplane shown in
public during the 1961 Soviet Aviation Day
display. Kamov Ka-22 Vintokryl.

703
Kamov

used widely on Aeroflot's air-ambulance services

Kamov Ka-25. As well as serving as an anti-submarine and
missile-guidance aircraft, the Ka-25 fulfils a
variety of other military roles. Only two versions
may be identified at present by NATO
reporting
names Hormone-A (basic anti-submarine version)
Kamov Ka-25K. and Hormone-B (special electronics variant able to
acquire targets for ship-launched missiles).
The Ka-25K (also carrying the NATO
report-
ing name Hormone) is a commercial flying-crane
variant of the Ka-25, first shown in public in 967.
and is suitable for many other applications,
including cargo and passenger transport, forest
firefighting, mineral prospecting, pipeline con-
struction and laying transmission lines.
The space aft of the pilots' cabin (between the
main landing-gear units and under the rotor
transmission) is able to accommodate a variety of
interchangeable payloads. For agricultural work
the chemical hopper (capacity 900 kg; 1,985 lb)
and dust-spreader or spraybars are fitted in this
position. This equipment is quickly removable
and can be replaced by a cargo/passenger pod
accommodating six persons with provision for a
seventh in the co-pilot's seat. Alternatively the
Ka-26 can be operated with either an open plat-
form for hauling freight or a hook for slinging
bulky loads at the end of a cable or in a cargo net.
Data: Engines as above Main rotor diameter (each)
13.0 m (42 ft 8 in) Length offuselage 7.75 m (25 ft
5 in) Max T-0 weight 3,250 kg (7,165 lb) Max
cruising speed 150 km/h (93 mph) Max range with
auxiliary tanks 1,200 km (745 miles)
1

Instead of the undernose radome of the ASW

version, it has a removable gondola giving an
exceptional field of view for the occupant.

^J$^ Jfi*%
ij/j/jgjftir

Kamov Ka-25
Data (Ka-25K): Engines (Ka-25 and Ka-25K)
Hormone-As on board
Moskva.
two 671 k\V (900 shp) Glushenkov GTD-3 tur-
boshafts Main rotor diameter (each) 15.74 m (51 ft
8 in) Length oj fuselage 9.83 m (32 ft 3 in), (Ka-25,
estimated) 9.75 m Oin) Max T-0 weight
(32 ft

7,300 kg (16,1001b) Max level speed 220 km/h

Kamov Ka-26 with (137 mph) Range 650 km (405 miles) Armament
cargo/passenger pod (Ka-25) enclosed weapons bay for ASW tor-
attached. pedoes, nuclear depth charges and other stores.
Some armed with newly developed Tne-and-
foi get' air-to-sui face missiles Karhumaki Karhu 48B (Finland) Four-seat
Kamov Ka-26 (USSR) Known to NATO as cabin monoplane of the earl) 1950s powered by a
Hoodlum, the Ka-26 is a twin 242.5 kW (325 hp) 141.6 kW (190 hp) Lycoming 0-435A flat-six
\l-l l-V-26 radial-engined light helicopter which engine.
enti red large-scale service as an agricultural air- Kawanishi Navy E7K (Japan) flown on 6
First
craft in the Soviet Union in 1970 - being used February 1933, the Kawanishi l\pe J was a
primai >K ovei orchards and vineyards. It is also three-seat twin-float biplane designed by Fiji

704
 Kawanishi

Kawanishi Navy H6K

(Japan) The H6K1 pro- Kamov Ka-26 with
totype flew for the lime on 14 July 1936.
first agricultural equipment
Designed by Yoshio Hashiguchi and Shizuo fitted.

Kikuhara, it represented a marked improvement

oxer previous Japanese flying-boat designs. A
parasol-wing monoplane, it was powered by four
626 k\V (840 hp) Nakajima Hikari 2 radial
engines, had an enclosed cabin lor the flight crew .

and defensive machine-gun positions in the nose

Sckiguchi. It was an immediate success and was
and bow and in a manually operated tail turret set
behind the twin fin and rudder tail assembly.
Series-built aircraft were known as the Type 97
Flying- Boat; a total of 217 of all versions up to the
H6K5 being built. These included 38 transport
versions, some of which operated with Japan Air
Lines on Pacific routes pre-World War II. The
main production maritime-reconnaissance ver-
sion was the H6K4 with four 797.4 k\V ,070 hp) ( 1

placed in production for the Japanese Navy for Mitsubishi Kinsei radials. Offensive load com-
ship-based (catapult-launched) and shore-based prised two 800 kg torpedoes or 1,000 kg (2,205 lb)
operations as the E7K Type 94 Reconnaissance
I
of bombs carried on racks attached to the under-
Seaplane. It was a single-bay equal-span biplane wing struts.

with a liquid-cooled 559 kW

(750 hp) Hiro 91
engine. The wings folded for shipboard stowage.
Although its qualities in flight and on the water
were excellent, the E7K had a rather poor maxi-
1
The H6K (Allied code name Mavis) had out-
standing performance compared with its foreign
contemporaries, but by 1942 proved an easy prey
to Allied fighters in the Pacific.

mum speed, as a result of which Kawanishi modi- Data (H6K4): Engines as above Wing span 40.0 m
fied one machine to take a 633.4 kVV (850 hp) (131 ft 2% in) Length 25.63 m (84ft 1 in) Max
Mitsubishi Zuisei radial engine. Performance was T-0 weight 21,500 kg (47,400 1b) Max level speed
much improved and the new version went into 340 km/h (211 mph) Range 4,100 km (2,550
service in 1938 as the E7K.2 Type 94 Model 2. miles)
Both versions were in first-line service for a vari-
ety ofduties during the early part of the war in the
Pacific. Production totalled 530 and lasted until
1941.
Data (E7K2): Engine as above Wing span 14.0 m
(45 ft 11 'A in) Length 10.5 m (34 ft 5V2 in) Max
T-0 weigh/ 3,300 kg (7,275 1b) Max level speed
275 km/h (171 mph)
Kawanishi Navy E15K1 (Japan) Six prototypes
of this remarkable high-speed reconnaissance
seaplane were built in 1942. A two-seat low-wing
cantilever monoplane with the Kawanishi desig-
nation K10, it originally featured ingenious
retractable wingtip floats with inflatable top sec-
tions, but these were discarded during develop-
ment and replaced by fixed cantilever units. ( )nly
nine production E15K1 'Siun' floatplanes were
completed, retaining the same type of jettisonable
central float of the prototypes. The intention was Kawanishi Navy H3K2.
to discard the drag-inducing float when necessary Kawanishi Navy H8K (Japan) Code-named
to avoid interception, but six aircraft were lost Emily by the Allies, the H8K is acknowledged as
soon after being put into service as a result of the world's finest four-engined flying-boat of
failure of the jettisoning mechanism. Powered by World War II. Designed by Kikuhara, the pro-
a 1,378.6 k\V (1,850 hp) Kasei 24 radial engine, totype flew initially on 31 December 1940.
the E15K1 (coded Myrt by the Allies) reached Hydrodynamic qualities left something to be
561 km/h (348.5 mph) with the float detached desired, but after modification to the keel the
(93 km/h; 57.8 mph faster than in normal aircraft went into production and service as the
configuration). Type reaching first-line units in
2 Flying-Boat,
Kawanishi Navy H3K1 (Japan) The Short S. 15 1942. Power was provided by four 1,379 kW
or K.F. 1 was powered by
a biplane flving-boat (1,850 hp) Mitsubishi Kasei 22 radials. A high-
three 633.4 k\V (850 hp) 'Rolls-Royce Buzzard wing cantilever monoplane with a deep slab-sided
engines. It was built for Kawanishi who re- hull, it carried a normal crew often. Armament
assembled it and sold it to the Japanese Navy for comprised one 20 mm
Type 99 cannon in bow,
maritime-reconnaissance duties in 1930. Four dorsal and tail turretsand in two beam blisters,
more examples were built by Kawanishi under plus four 7.7 mm machine-guns on flexible
the designation H3K2 or Type 90-11 Flying-Boat. mountings and an offensive load of 2,000 kg

705
Kawanishi

Kawanishi Navy H6K4.

machines plus 36 Seiku H6K.2-L transports,

which could carry up to 64 troops. These served
throughout World War II in the Pacific, proving
very effective and difficult to destroy even towards
the end when Allied fighters enjoyed total air
superiority.
Data (H8K.2): Engines as above Wing span 38.0 m
(124 ft Sin) Length 28.13 m (92 ft' 3 V2 in) Max
T-0 weight 32,500 kg (71,6501b) Max level speed
467 km/h (290.2 mph) Max range 7,180 km (4,461
miles)
Kawanishi Navy N1K1 (Japan) The first K. 20
prototype Hew time in May 1942. It
for the first
was a tubby mid-wing monoplane with a central
main float and wingtip stabilising floats. During
Kawanishi Navy H6K5.
(4,409 lb) of bombs or two 800 kg torpedoes, or an development the retractable wingtip floats and
equivalent weight of depth charges. contra-rotating propellers - both advanced fea-
Japan's industrial potential limited production tures - were discarded. Ninety-seven produc-
to 131 maritime bomber-reconnaissance tion machines were built between 19415 and 1944

Series of photographs
showing a Kawanishi
Navy H8K2 being shot
down in July 1944.

706
 Kawasaki

Kawasaki Army Type 87 (Japan) The first Kawanishi Navy N1K1.

twin-engined bomber to be built in series in
Japan, the Type 87 was in fact a licence-built
Dornier Do X. the work of Dr Richard Vogt.
Total production amounted to 28 aircraft. An
all-metal parasol-wing monoplane, was pow-
ii

ered by two372.6 k\V (500 hp) BMW

VI engines.
Open cockpits were provided for the pilot and
nose and dorsal gunners. Armament was three
light machine-guns and up to 1,000 kg (2,205 lb)
of bombs. In 1931 the Type 87 was used in action
against the Chinese during the Manchurian Inci-
dent, but with limited success.
Kawasaki Army Type 87.
as single-seat fighters carrying the Japanese Navy
designation N1KI. Armed with two 20 mm can-
non and two 7.7 mm machine-guns and powered
by a ,088 kW
1 (,460 hp) Kasei radial, the N 1K1
1

was named Kyofu by the Japanese and coded Rex

by the Allies. It reached a maximum 489 kin/h
(304 mph) but saw only limited service in Borneo
and over the homeland.
Kawanishi Navy N1K1-J and N1K2-J (Japan)
A landplane fighter development of the N1K1, the
N1K1-J appeared in 1942. Power plant selected
was the Nakajima Homare radial which gave con-
siderable trouble. Nevertheless the design was
promising and further prototypes were followed
series N1K1-J and N K.2-J
by more than 1,420 1

(known to the Allies as George). Most

fighters
N1K1-J machines were armed with two
fuselage-mounted 7.7 mm
machine-guns, two
20 mm cannon in the wings and two more cannon
in underwing gondolas. The N K.2-J had four
1

wing-mounted cannon.
The inherited mid-wing configuration of the
NTK1-J resulted in a long stalky undercarriage
which caused many problems. It was discarded in
favour of a low-mounted wing in the N1K2-J
which was able to utilise a more conventional and
tougher undercarriage. The second external
change was a fin and rudder of enlarged area. The
Shiden (Japanese name for N1K1-J) and
Shiden-Kai (N1K.2-J) became the Navy's princi-
pal land-based fighter and fighter bomber (the
latter role with up to ,000 kg; 2,205 lb of bombs).
1

Experienced Shiden pilots did well against their

main US Navy opponent, the F6F Hellcat.
Kawasaki Army Type 87.
Data (N1K2-J): Engine as above Wingspan 12.0 m Kawasaki Army Type 88 (Japan) The pro-
(39 ft 4V2 in) Length 9.35 m
(30 ft 8 in) Max T-0 totype KDA-2 reconnaissance aircraft and light
weight 4,860 kg (10,714 1b) Max level speed bomber flew for the first time in February 1927.
595 km/h (369.5 mph) Range more than 1,700 km Designed by Dr Vogt (by then Kawasaki's chief
(1,056 miles) designer), it was a single-bay, unequal-span two-
seat biplane with I-tvpe wing-bracing struts and
powered by a 372.6 kW (500 hp) BMW
VI
liquid-cooled engine with a frontal radiator. It
proved successful and was placed in large-scale
production, 710 having been completed by 1931.
A number were adapted to take additional
streamlined fuel tanks beneath the forward fusel-
age, giving an increased range of 1,200 km (746
miles).
The need for a specialised light bomber led to
the development of an improved version, the
Type 88-11, with smooth nose contours and
radiator relocated below the nose. It also had a fin
and rudder of entirely new design. It was placed Kawanishi N1K2-J.

707
Kawasaki
14 *i.i"' *J
Kawasaki Army Type 88.
in production in 1929 and 407 were Both the
built.
Kawasaki Type 88-1 and Type 88-11 were exten-
sively used during the fighting in Manchuria and
China during the early 1930s.
Data: Engine as above Wing span 15.0 m (49 ft 2 in)
Length (Type 88-1) 12.8 m (42 ft in), (Type
88-11) 12.38 m (40 ft 3Vi in) Max T-0 weight
(Type 88-11) 3,100 kg (6,834 1b)Max level 'speed
210 km/h (130.5 mph) Endurance 6h Armament
three machine-guns, plus a normal offensive load
of 200 kg (441 lb) of bombs
Kawasaki Army Type 92 Fighter (Japan) The
KDA-5 was a single-seat fighter biplane with a
basic structure of metal. The wings were braced
either side with single I-struts and the undercar-
riage was of split-axle tvpe. Power was provided
by a 447 kVV (600 hp) BMW
VI engine, uprated
to 559 kW (750 hp) in production machines. Five
prototypes were followed by 180 Type 92 Model
production aircraft and 200 slightly modified
Model 2 machines. Deliveries were completed in
1934 and the Type 92 participated in the fighting
during the Manchurian and Chinese incidents.
Armed with two 7.7 mm
machine-guns, the Type
92 was manoeuvrable and had a maximum speed
of 320 km/h (199 mph).
Kawasaki Army Ki-3 (Japan) The two-seat
Ki-3 was the last Vogt design to go into produc-
tion for the Japanese Army. Three prototypes,
tested in 1933, were followed by 243 production
aircraft built up to March 1935 (40 built by
Tatchikawa).
Powered by a single 596 k\V (800 hp) Ha 2
liquid-cooled engine with nose radiator, the Ki-3
was known as the Type 93 Light Bomber in Army
service. It was an unequal-span biplane braced
either side by a single contoured I-strut. The fixed
Kawasaki Ki-10.
wide-track divided undercarriage could be fitted
with wheel spats. Armament comprised one fixed
7.7 mm synchronised machine-gun installed in
the engine cowling and another weapon of the
same calibre on a Scarff-type mounting over the
rear cockpit. Up to 500 kg (1,102 lb) of bombs
were carried on underwing racks.
The Ki-3 was in front-line service in the
fighting with China until relegated to supply-
dropping missions to isolated troops during 939. 1
Data: Engine as above Wing span 3.0 m (42 ft 8 in)
1
Length 10.0 m (32 ft 9V2 in) Max T-0 weight
3,100 kg (6,834 1b) Max level speed 260 km/h
(161.5 mph)
Kawasaki Army Ki-10 (Japan) Four Ki-10
single-seat fighter prototypes made their appear-
ance in the spring of 935, designed by Takeo Doi
1
(who had succeeded Richard Vogt as Kawasaki's
chief designer). The Ki- 10 was selected
in compet-
ition low-wing mono-
with Nakajima's Ki-11
plane, the Japanese Army preferring the Ki-10
biplane's manoeuvrability to its opponent's
slightly superior speed.
Production Ki-10- 1 aircraft were powered by
the 633.4 kW (850 hp) Kawasaki Ha-9-IIa
liquid-cooled engine, 300 of which were built be-
tween 1935 and 1937 and went into service as the
Army Type 95 Fighter. They featured biplane
wings of unequal span, braced by N-struts and
with ailerons on the upper wing only. The divided
undercarriage had wheel spats. The all-metal
structure was alloy sheet and fabric-covered.
Armament comprised two synchronised 7.7 mm
1
Type 89 machine-guns. The improved Type 95
Model 2 had increased wing span and length, and
vertical tail surfaces of greater area.This version
remained production until December 1938, 280
in
being completed. Meanwhile during 1936-7 three
experimental variants, incorporating mod-
ifications to improve performance, were tested
but rejected for production.
The Ki-10 had excellent dogfighting qualities
and proved itself during the second Chinese inci-
dent. It took part in the fighting against Russian
forces at Nomonhan, although by then (1939) it
was largely outclassed. The Ki- was coded Perry
1
by the Allies.
Data (Ki-10-I): Engine as above Wing span 9.55 m
(31 ft 4 in) Length 7.2 m (23 ft 7V2 in) Max T-0
weight 1,650 kg (3,638 lb) Max level speed 400 km/h
(248.5 mph) Range 1,000 km (621 miles)
Kawasaki Army Ki-32 (Japan) The Ki-32 light
bomber was an all-metal mid-wing monoplane
powered by a single 708 kW-(950 hp) Ha-9-IIb
liquid-cooled engine. Its wide-track fixed can-
tilever undercarriage featured open-sided wheel
fairings. Wing and tail surfaces were finely
tapered. The two-man crew were accommodated
beneath a long raised canopy. Armament com-
prised one fixed cowling 7.7 mm Type 89
machine-gun and another of the same type on a
flexible mounting operated by the observer. An
internal bomb bay accommodated a 300 kg
(661 lb) offensive load, supplemented by 150 kg
(330.5 lb) of bombs on external racks.
Eight 1937 prototypes were followed by 846
series aircraft built up to May 1940 and desig-
 Kawasaki

nated Army Type 98 Light Bomber. They saw

extensive war service in China, flying with seven
Sentais during 1938-9 and participated in the
fierce fighting over the Khalkin Gol and at
Nomonhan against Soviet forces during 1939.
Among the Type 98's final operational sorties
were successful bombing raids on Hong Kong
prior to surrender in December 94 The type
its 1 1 .

was coded Mary by the Allies.

Data: Engine as above Wing span 15.0 m (49 ft
2V2 in) Length 11.64 m (38 ft 2Va in) Max T-0
weight 3,762 kg (8,294 lb) Max level speed 423 km/h
(263 mph) Range 1,350 km (839 miles)
Kawasaki Army Ki-45 Kai (Japan) The first
Ki-45 twin-engined fighter prototype made its
maiden January 1939- nearly two years
flight in
after an official Army
specification had appeared
calling for such an aircraft. Designer Takeo Doi
was then only at the beginning of his troubles and
after the building and testing of eight more Ki-45
prototypes, the need emerged for a simplified
design suitable for mass production. Three Ki-45
Kai prototypes (test-flown during 1941) were fol-
lowed by 12 development aircraft. Only in early
1942 did quantity production as the Army Type 2
two-seat fighter begin.
The Ki-45 Kai had aesthetically attractive
lines. The slim, oval fuselage of the original Ki-45
was retained, but the wings and horizontal tail-

plane acquired straight contours instead of the Captured Kawasaki Army

original elliptical configuration. Of all-metal con-
struction, the Ki-45 Kai had two 782.5 k\V
( 1,050 hp) Nakajima Ha-25 close-cowled radial
engines. The main undercarriage legs retracted
backwards into the nacelles.
The Model A went into service
fighter
August 1942 with the home-based 5th Sentai.
specialised attack version replaced the fixed nose-
mounted 20 mm cannon and two 12.7 mm
Ho 5 Ki-45 Kai was coded Nick by the Allies. Total
Type machine-guns of the Model A with a
1 production was 1,701, including prototypes and
37 mm Type 98 cannon in a ventral tunnel and a
20 mm Ho 3 cannon. The observer retained his
7.92 mm Type 98 machine-gun on a flexible
mounting. The need for an effective night fighter
led to production of the Model C from April 1944.
This had a 37 mm Ho 203 cannon in the ventral
tunnel and two obliquely mounted forward-firing
20 mm Ho 5 cannon on top of the fuselage.
Ki-45 Kai.
All the versions of the Ki-45 Kai were popular
with their crews. The Model B scored some suc-
cesses against Allied shipping and the Model C
in destroyed a number of American Liberators in the
A south-west Pacific and Superfortresses over the
home islands. Named Toryu by the Japanese, the
evaluation machines.
Data (Model A): Engine as above Wing span
15.02 m (49 ft 3Va in) Length 10.6 m (34 ft 9V4 in)
Max T-0 weight 5,276 kg (11,632 1b) Max level
speed 547 km/h (340 mph) Range 1,500 km
(932 miles)
Kawasaki Army Ki-48 (Japan) During 1939
nine Ki-48 prototypes and evaluation aircraft
were extensively tested by the Japanese Army. As
a twin-engined light bomber (Allied code name
Lily) it entered operational service in Northern
China during the autumn of 1940, designated
Army Type 99. Its high speed and good service-
ability won much praise; it was not until it
encountered serious air opposition from the
British and Americans during the Pacific war that
the weaknesses of the design became obvious.
Defensive armament of three 7.7 mm
machine-guns in nose, dorsal and ventral step
positions was increased in the late production
Model lie aircraft by a single 12.7 mm weapon.
Bomb load of the Model II (1,411 built)
was doubled to 800 kg (1,764 lb), but was still
inadequate. Originally powered by two
708 k\V (950 hp) Ha-25 radial engines these
were replaced in Model II aircraft by
857 k\V (1,150 hp) HA-115s. Production Kawasaki Army Ki-32s.

709
Kawasaki

Nevertheless the all-metal low-wing Ki-61

proved popular with its pilots who acquitted
themselves well in action over New Guinea, For-
mosa (Taiwan), the Philippines, Okinawa and
finally over the Japanese homeland. It had sleek
lines, and the initial armament of two fuselage-
mounted 12.7 mm
Ho- 103 machine-guns and two
wing-mounted 7.7. mm Type 89s was increased
in later Ki-61-I aircraft to two 20 mm cannon in
the wings and two 12.7 machine-guns; mm
changing to four 12.7 machine-guns and mm
finally to four 20 mm
cannon. The Ki-61 Kai and
Ki-61-II Kai had external racks for two 250 kg
(551 lb) bombs.
Data (Ki-61-Ib): Engine as above Wing span

Kawasaki Army Ki-48s.

12.0 m (39 ft 4V2 in) Length 8.75 (28 ft 8V2 in) m
totalled 1,977 aircraft of all versions, many being Max T-0 weight 3,250 kg (7,165 lb) Max level speed
relegated to night attacks and finally to Kamikaze 592 km/h (368 mph) Range 1,900 km
operations as the war approached the Japanese (1,180 miles)
home islands.
Data (Model II): Engines as above Wing span
17.45 m (57 ft 3 in) Length 12.75 m (41 ft 10 in)
Max T-0 weight 6,750 kg (14,881 lb) Max level
speed 505 km/h (314 mph) Range 2,400 km
(1,491 miles)
Kawasaki Ki-55 (Japan) Advanced trainer,
powered by a 335.3 kW (450 hp) Hitachi Ha. 13A
radial engine.
Kawasaki Army Ki-56 (Japan) Developed from
the Lockheed 14 transport built by the Kawasaki
Kawasaki Army Ki-61 in
Company under licence, the Ki-56 had an
enlarged fuselage incorporating a large freight
Chinese Air Force
markings. loading door in the port rear-fuselage side. Pow- ,;;i -'7'-:v:j
f''/:':<"vw. / v

ered by two 671 kW (900 hp) Ha-26-II radial

engines, two prototypes were followed by 119 Kawasaki Army Ki-100 (Japan) Late in 1944,
series-built machines designated Army Type 1
275 airframes for Kawasaki Ki-61-II fighters lay
Freight Transport (assembled between 1941 and unused due to lack of engines resulting from the
1943). Widely used in the Pacific war, the Ki-56 destruction by USAAF Superfortresses of the
was coded Thalia by the Allies. company's aeroengine factory. The skilled
Kawasaki Army Ki-61 (Japan) When it first Kawasaki engineers rapidly adapted them to take
appeared in action in April 1943, the Kawasaki the 1 8 kW
, 1,500 hp) Ha- 22-1 1 radial engine
1 ( 1 1

Army Type 'Hien' (production version of the

3 in place of the original in-line power plant. The
Ki-61 single-seat fighter known to the Allies as first conversion flew in February 1945. First pro-
Tony) was confused with the German Bf 109F. It duction aircraft was in fact the fourth Ki-100 to
was an original design by Takeo Doi. The
in fact
take to the air. The type went into service as the
first of prototypes flew in December 1941 and
1 1
Army Type 5 Fighter Model 1A and proved very
2,654 production Ki-61-I aircraft plus 137 successful operating with home-defence units. All
Ki-61-IIs were built up to the end of the Pacific 275 airframes were completed as Model As and 1

war in 1945. The Ki -61 was an important part of 118 Ki-100-Ib fighters were built from scratch.
the Japanese Army's aircraft inventory but, like Each featured a cut-down fuselage
of the cock- aft
other in-line-engined Japanese types, it had a pit. Two Ki- 100-11 pro- high-altitude fighter
relatively poor serviceability record due to prob-
totypes were built before the Japanese surrender.
lems with its 820 kW (1,100 hp) Ha-40 engine Data (Ki-100-Ib): Engine as above Wing span
(replaced by the 1,1 18 kW; 1,500 hp Ha-140 in 12.0 m
(39 ft 4V2 in) Length 8.82 m (28 ft V* in) 1 i

the Ki-61-II).
Kawasaki Army Ki-61-l.
Max T-0 weight 3,500 kg (7,716 lb) Max level speed
580 km/h (360.5 mph) Range 2,000 km
(1,243 miles)
Kawasaki Army Ki-102 (Japan) Developed
from the Ki-45 Kai via the experimental Ki-96
fighter, the first of three Ki-102 prototypes flew in
March 1944. Twenty evaluation aircraft followed.
Production was initiated and the first series-built
machines were rolled out towards the end of 944. 1

They went into service as the Army Type 4

V Assault plane or K.i-1021), resembling the Ki-45
Kai externally but having an angular fin and
rudder, pointed nose and retractable tailwheel.

710
The two-man crew and fuel tanks had armour
protection. Armament comprised a 57 mm
Ho- 141 nosecannon, two 20 Ho-5 forward- mm
firing cannon
in the lower forward fuselage and a
single 12.7 mm
Ho- 103 machine-gun operated by
the observer. Two 250 kg bombs could be carried.
A total of 215 were built up to July 1945, some
participating in the battle for Okinawa. Twenty-
six earlier were modified as Ki-102a
aircraft
high-altitude fighters and two as Ki-102c night Kawasaki KH-4.
fighters equipped with radar. Allied code name (270 hp) Lycoming TVO-435-D1A flat-six

for the Ki-102b was Randy.

engine. Based on the Bell Model 47G-3B, the
Data Ki- 02b) Engines two 8 kW
prototype first flew in August 1962. A total of 21
( 1 : ,500 hp) 1 , 1 1 ( 1

Mitsubishi Ha. 112-11 radials Wing span 15.57 m production examples were built up to mid- 1975
for civil and military use. Maximum level speed is
(51 ft 1 in) Length 1 1.45 m (37 ft 6% in) Max T-0
weight 7,300 kg Max 169 km/h (105 mph).
(16,094 1b) level speed
580 km/h (360.5 mph) Range 2,000 km Kawasaki P-2J (Japan) The P-2J was developed
to meet a JMSDF requirement for a new anti-
(1,243 miles)
Kawasaki Ki-108 (Japan) Pressurised high-
submarine aircraft to replace its P2V-7 Neptunes
altitude fighter developed from the Ki-102. Four in service during the 1970s. Work on the conver-
sion of a standard P2V-7 to the P-2J prototype
built.
Kawasaki C-l (Japan) The C-l medium-sized began in mid- 1965 and it flew for the first time on
21 July 1966.
troop and freight transport was designed to meet a
JASDF requirement for a replacement for its
The first production aircraft was flown on 8
former of Curtiss C-46s. The first flying pro-
fleet
August 1969 and a further 81 P-2Js were built, the
last delivered in 1979. One has been converted to
totype took off for the first time on 12 November
1970 and the first production aircraft was deli- UP-2J configuration for target-towing duties.
vered in December 1974. By early 1978 24 pro- Three further conversions are planned.
duction C-ls had been delivered, including two Data: Engines two 2,282 kW (3,060 ehp)
long-range aircraft with an additional 4,732 litre Japanese-built General Electric T64-IHI-10E
turboprops, plus two 15.2 kN (3,417 lb st)
(1,250 US gallon) wing centre-section fuel tank.
Three more long-range CI- s were ordered there- Ishikawajima J3-IHI-7D turbojets Wing span
1

after and further production is anticipated.

29.78 m (97 ft 8V2 in) Length 29.23 m
(95 ft
Future derivatives of the C-l under study in 10% in) Max T-0 weight 34,019 kg (75,000 1b)

1979 included an electronic warfare version, a Max cruising speed 402 km/h (250 mph) Range
minelaying version and an improved tactical 4,450 km (2,765 miles)
Kawasaki P-2J.
transport version with an extended fuselage.
Data: Engines two 64.5 kN (14,500 lb st) Mit-
subishi (Pratt & Whitney) JT8D-M-9 turbofans
Wing span 30.6 m
(100 ft 4% in) Length 29.0 m
(95 ft 3
/4in) Max T-0 weight 45,000 kg
l

(99,2101b) Max level speed 806 km/h (501 mph)

Range 1,300-3,353 km (807-2,084 miles) Accom-
modation crew of five, plus up to 60 troops, 45
paratroops, 36 stretchers and attendants, or
1 1,900 kg (26,235 lb) of freight
Kawasaki KH-4 (Japan) Four-seat light
general-purpose helicopter powered by a 201 kVV

Kawasaki (Boeing Vertol) KV- 107/11 and

KV-107/IIA (Japan) Kawasaki has extensive
rights to manufacture and sell the Boeing Vertol
107 Model II helicopter. The first KV-107 to be
built under the agreement flew for the first time in
May 1962.
In 1965 Kawasaki obtained worldwide sales
rights of the KV-107 from the Boeing Company's
Vertol Division. An improved model, the KV-
107/IIA, is available in any of the KV- 107/11
forms powered by two 1,044 ( 1,400 shp)kW
General Electric CT58- 140-1 or Ishikawajima-
Harima CT58-IHI-140-1 turboshaft engines
(max continuous rating 932 kW; 1,250 shp),
which give improved performance during VTOL Parachuting from an early
and in 'hot and high' conditions. Kawasaki C-1.

711

Kawasaki-Dornier
Kawasaki KV-107/II.
Versions of the KV-107/II and IIA so far
announced are the KV-107/II-l basic utility
helicopter (none yet built); KV-107/II-2 basic
airline helicopter (ll built;) KV-107/II-3 mine-
countermeasures (MCM) helicopter for the
JMSDF, with extended-range fuel tanks, towing
hook and cargo sling (nine ordered, all of which
were delivered in 1975, including seven KV-107/
IIA-3s with uprated power); KV-107/II-4 tacti-
cal cargo/troop transport for the JGSDF,
foldable seats for 26 troops or 15 casualty stretch-
ers (57 delivered by March 1979, including one
with VIP for Cabinet use, the latest
interior
16 as KV-107/IIA-4s with uprated power);
KV-107/II-5 long-range search-and-rescue
helicopter for the JASDF (27 delivered by early
1979, including eight uprated KV-107/IIA-5s);
KV-107/II-6 de luxe transport (none yet built);
KV- 107/1 1-7 deluxe VIP version with 6-1 seats;
KV-107/IIA-17 long-range passenger and cargo
transport version for the Tokyo Metropolitan
Police Department; KV-107/IIA-SM-I firefight-
ing version for the Saudi Arabian government
(four delivered by early 1979); and KV-107/
Kellett KD-1B. IIA-SM-2 rescue and aeromedical version for the
Saudi Arabian government (two delivered).
Data (commercial KV-107/II-2): Engines two
932 kW ,250 shp) General Electric CT58-
( 1
0-
or Ishikawajima-Harima CT58-IHI- 10- tur-
boshafts Main rotor diameter 15.24 m (50 ft in)
Length of fuselage 13.59 m (44 ft 7 in)
weight 9,706 kg (21,400 1b) Max level speed
253 km/h (157 mph) Range 175 km (109 miles),
(KV-107/IIA with max fuel) 1,097 km
(682 miles)
Kawasaki-Dornier types (Japan/Germany)
During 1925 Kawasaki obtained licences to con-
struct the Dornier Komet, BMW
engine and the
Vincent Andre radiator. Komets were supplied to
the Tozai-Teiki-Kokukai as a commercial trans-
port for use on the service between Tokyo and
Osaka. Following this, several Kawasaki-Dornier
Do F bombers were delivered to the Japanese
Army Air Service.
Keleher Lark-IB (USA) Single-seat sporting
monoplane, plans for which are available to
amateur constructors.
Kellett K-3 Autogiro (USA) The Kellett Auto-
giro Corporation held a licence to build thcCierva
autogiro and undertook development of the type
from 1929. The K-3, one of which went with
Admiral Byrd on the 19 53 Antarctic expedition,
was side-by-side two-seat aircraft powered by a
,i
712
1
156.5 kW (210 hp) Kinner radial engine. Rotor
diameter was 12.34 m (40 ft 6 in) and wing span
7.92 m (26 ft in).
Kellett K-4 Autogiro (USA) Two-seat autogiro
powered by a 156.5 kW (210 hp) Continental
R-670 radial engine. Wing span 7.49 m (24 ft
7 in).
Kellett KD-1 Autogiro (USA) Following con-
siderable research and development in connec-
tion with the Direct-Control Wingless Autogiro,
Kellett produced the KD-1 which was similar to
the British C-30 Autogiro and was completed in
late 1934. It was demonstrated to the US Army
and Navy as well as civil authorities. In May 1935
it made the first landing on the roof-top of a
building with air mail during the opening cere-
mony of the new Philadelphia post office. One was
bought by the US Army as the YG-1, its first
rotary-winged aircraft.
Kellett KD-1A Autogiro (USA) Two-seat
direct-control wingless autogiro built for com-
mercial purposes. It represented a considerable
improvement over the KD-1. Powered by a
with 167.7 kW (225 hp) Jacobs L-4-MA radial engine.
One purchased by the US Army as the YG-1 A.
Kellett KD-1B and YO-60 Autogiro (USA)
Single-seat direct-control wingless autogiro oper-
ated in an air-mail shuttle service by Eastern
Airlines between Camden Airport, Philadelphia
and the roof of the Philadelphia post office. Maxi-
mum level speed was 209 km/h ( 130 mph). Seven
were purchased by the US Army as YG-lBs; one
1
subsequently being modified into the XR-2 and
another as the XR-3. In 1943 the company com-
pleted delivery to the USAAF of seven more auto-
giros, six as YO-60s. On completion of this order
it abandoned the manufacture of autogiros.
1 1
1 1
Max T-0
Kellett XH-8 and XH-10 (USA) Kellett pro-
duced the XR-8 and XR-10 helicopters for the
USAAF/USAF, delivered 1943-45 and June 1948
respectively. These became XH-8 and XH-10
respectively.
Kellett XH-17 (USA) Kellett development of a
very large heavy-lift helicopter powered by a jet
rotor system: Kellett served in the role of sub-
contractor to the Hughes Aircraft Company
which had purchased the prime contract from
Kellett in August 1948 (see Hughes XH-17).

Keystone bombers (USA) On 8 March 1927
HufT-Daland Airplanes Inc became the Keystone
Aircraft Corporation. Keystone bombers formed
the backbone of the USAAC's heavy offensive
force for nearly a decade. Although the first air-
craft of the series was delivered in 1927, they were
still being produced in large numbers in the early
1930s. Indeed during 1931 and early 1932 Key-
stone delivered more than 100 bombardment
biplanes to the USAAC. In the following year
Keystone maintained bomber production, sup-
plemented by amphibians and patrol flying-boats
for the US Navy.
As a replacement for the Martin \BS- biplane
1 with accommodation for two side-by-side, was in
bombers, Keystone delivered in August 1927 nine
LB- Is, each powered by a single 566.7 kW
(760 hp) Packard 2A-2540 engine. Known to
Keystone as the Cyclops, the LB-1 was a
development of the XLB-1 Pegasus prototype
powered by a 596 kW (800 hp) Packard A-2540 1 one Lewis gun below; with the wireless operator's
engine (see 1927 Jane's for full details). With a
change of USAAC policy from single-engined to
twin-engined bombers. Keystone delivered the
original XLB-5 Pirate. This decision was no
doubt influenced by the successful flight testing of
the XLB-5 Pirate which in 1926 had proved cap-
able of maintaining altitude for half an hour on
one engine only, and it had 'the ideal' bombing
fuselage, developed by Air Corps engineers. This
was followed by ten Liberty-powered LB-5s and
one XLB-3, the latter with a triple fin and rudder
tail unit. Twenty-four 313 kVV (420 hp) Liberty-
powered LB-5As were then produced, each with
twin fins and rudders, plus one 391 kVV (525 hp)
Wright R- 1750-1 Cyclone-engined XLB-6.
Production continued with 17 Cyclone-
powered LB-6 and 18 391 kW (525 hp) Pratt &
Whitney R- 1690-3 Hornet-powered LB-7 Panthers.
Experimental installation of different engines
in LB-6s and LB-7s led to a number of one-off
types, including the LB-9, LB-10, LB-1 and
1 (575 hp) Wright Cyclone-powered examples of
LB- 12. However series production began again
with 36 B-3As, featuring a lengthened fuselage
and a conventional single fin and rudder tail unit.
Power for the B-3As was provided by Hornet
engines similar to those fitted to the LB-6, as also
Keystone
Keystone Y1B-4.
powered five service-test VlB-4s. Twenty-seven
B-5As and six YlB-6s, with 391 kW (525 hp)
Cyclones, followed 25 428.5 kW (575 hp)
Hornet-powered B-4As. Finally came 39
428.5 kW (575 hp) Wright R- 1820-1 Cyclone-
powered B-6As, making a grand total of well over
200 bombers built in the series.
Although generally similar to earlier versions,
it is worth remarking on the accommodation for
the B-6A. A crew of five was carried with a gun-
ner's and bomber's cockpit in the nose fitted with
a gun-mounting above and a bomb-sighting and
-dropping compartment below. Pilots' cockpit,
Under the centre-section was
front of the wings.
carried the standard Air Corps internal bomb
rack for 975 kg (2,150 lb)of bombs. Midway be-
tween the wings and the was the aft gunner's
tail
position armed with twin Lewis guns above and
compartment in the fuselage.
Of the Keystone bomber force, only 20 aircraft
1
served in the USA, the rest being deployed in
Hawaii, the Philippines and around the Panama
Canal. Interestingly a number of the bombers
took part in the National Air Races and also per-
formed occasionally as makeshift mail carriers.
Data (B-3A): Engines as above Wing span 22.76 m
(74 ft 8 in), (B-6A) 22.78 m (74 ft 9 in) Length
14.88 m (48 ft 9Va in) Max T-0 weight 5,875 kg
(12,950 lb), (B-6A) 6,048 kg (13,334 lb) Max level
speed 183km/h (114 mph), (B-6A) 195 km/h
(121 mph) Normal range 1,385 km (860 miles),
(B-6A) 1,328 km (825 miles) Armament three
0.303 in Browning machine-guns, plus
975-1,134 kg (2,150-2,500 lb) of bombs
Keystone NK-1 Pup (USA) Two-seat trainer,
16 of which were delivered to the US Navy in
1930.
Keystone PK-1 (USA) Eighteen 428.5 kW
an all-metal development of the Naval Aircraft
Factory PN-12 flying-boat, delivered to the US
Navy in 1931.
Keystone Air Yacht USA) Six-passenger cabin
(
amphibious biplane powered by one 391 kW
713

Klemm KI.107B.
(525 hp) Wright Cyclone engine mounted in the
leading edge of the upper wing.
Keystone Commuter (USA) Four-seat cabin
flying-boat powered by a 223.6 kW (300 hp)
Wright J-6 engine.
Keystone OL-9 (USA) High-speed amphibian
powered by a 3 17 kW (425 hp) Pratt & Whitney
R- 1340-4 Wasp engine. Twenty-six delivered to
the US Navy Loening OL).
(see
Keystone Patrician (USA) Twenty-passenger
cabin monoplane fitted with three 391 kW
(525 hp) Wright Cyclone engines. Began trials in
November 1928. The first Patrician was
thoroughly service-tested in a return trip to the
Koolhoven F.K.40. Pacific coastand on a month's charter to the
Colonial Air Transport, with whom it was placed
on the scheduled passenger run between Boston
and New York.
Keystone Pathfinder (USA) Ten-passenger
commercial cabin biplane powered by three
164 kW (220 hp) Wright J-5 Whirlwind radial
engines. The first Pathfinder was used by the
West-Indian Aerial Express of Santo Domingo.
Keystone Pronto (USA) Three-seat general-
utility commercial biplane powered by a 164 kW
(220 hp) Wright J-5 Whirlwind engine. Number
supplied to Peru.
Klemm KL.25.
V ^
Kungl. Flygforvaltningens Flygverkstad J. 22
(Sweden) Owing to the difficulty of purchasing
aircraft from abroad during World War II and
the fact that the small Swedish aircraft industry
was fully engaged, the Swedish Air Board under-
took the design and construction of a single-seat
fighter. Its design was supervised by Mr Bo
Lundberg; production was handled by the Royal
Air Board Aircraft Factory (FFVS) at Ulvsunda.
Powered by a 782.5 kW 1,050 hp) Swedish-
(
built Pratt & Whitney R-1830 Twin Wasp radial
engine, armament comprised two 13.2 mm and
two 7.9 mm machine-guns in theJ.22A version
and foui 13.2 mm guns in theJ.22B. A total of 198
were produced, deliveries starting in 1943. The
J. 22remained operational until 1952.
Data: Engine .is above Wing span 10.0 m (32 ft
714
10 in) Length 7.8 m
(25 ft 7 in) Max T-0 weight
2,858 kg (6,300 lb) Max level speed 575 km/h
(357 mph) Range 1,250 km (777 miles)
Kharkov KhAI-1 (USSR) M-22-powered
seven-seat commercial monoplane operated by
Aeroflot for a few years from 1934.
Kingsford Smith PL-7 and KS-3 Cropmaster
(Australia) In 1955 the company began the con-
struction of a prototype agricultural biplane
which became known as the PL-7 Tanker. It flew
on 2 September 956. Following
for the first time 1 1
this the KS-3 was developed as a conventional
low-wing agricultural aircraft powered by a
Warner Super Scarab engine. From the end of the
1950s the company concentrated on an Auster
aircraft modernisation and re-engining pro-
gramme, producing the Bushmaster (J-5G Cirrus
Autocar with a 134 kW; 180 hp Lycoming
O-360); Kingsmith (Autocar J/ with a 12 kW; 1 1
150 hp Lycoming O-320); Auster J/5G Super
Autocar (with a 168 kW; 225 hp Continental
O-470); and an E.P.9 conversion.
Kinner Envoy (USA) Enlarged version of the
Playboy with the cabin accommodating four
people. Power was provided by a 276 kW
(370 hp) SC-7 radial engine. In 1935 the US Navy
ordered three Envoys as personnel transports,
designated RK-ls.
Kinner Playboy (USA) Two-seat cabin mono-
plane powered by a 119 kW ( 160 hp) Kinner R-5
Series II engine.
Kinner Sportster (USA) Two-seat open-cockpit
light monoplane powered by a 74.5 kW (100 hp)
Kinner K-5 or 93 k\V (125 hp) B-5 engine.
Kinner Sportwing (USA) Refined version of the
Sportster powered by a 119 kW ( 160 hp) Kinner
R-5 Series II engine.
Klemm K1.25 (Germany) see British Aircraft
Swallow and Eagle
Klemm K1.31 (Germany) Four-seat light cabin
monoplane of 1933 powered by a H2kW
(150 hp) Siemens Sh.l4a or similar engine.
Klemm K1.32 (Germain) Three-seat light cabin
monoplane of 1933 powered by a Siemens Sh. 14a
or similar engine.
Klemm K1.35B and K1.35D (Germany) The
K1.35B was a two-seat light monoplane with
either open or enclosed cockpits. Power was pro-
vided by k\V 100 hp) Hirth H.M.504A-2
a 74.5 (
engine. held several international records for
It
aircraft with engines of 6.5 litres capacity as a
landplane and seaplane ist eel in the I939jane's)
( 1
and many were built for the home market and for
export. It was also built in Sweden under licence.

The K.1.35D was a 59.6 kW (80 hp)
H.M.60R-engined version, produced as a trainer
for the Luftwaffe (which had received numbers of
the earlier types).
Klemm K1.36 (Germany) Four-seater specially
designed to compete in the 1934 Challenge de
Tourisme International.
Klemm K1.105 (Germany) Two-seat light
monoplane of 1938 powered by a 37.25 kW
(50 hp) Zundapp Z.9-92 or similar engine.
Klemm K1.107 (Germany) Similar
to the Kl. 105
but fitted with a 74.5 kW
(100 hp) Hirth engine.
Only six had been built for the Luftwaffe when the
factory was destroyed completely during World
War II. In 1955 a new prototype of the Kl. 107 was
completed. Following this a prototype K1.107B
was built which flew for the first time on 4 Sep-
tember 1956 with a 12 kW (150 hp) Lycoming
1
O-320-A2A engine. A number of production
K1.107Bs were built.
Knoller C.I and C.II (Austria-Hungary) Two-
seat observation biplanes of 1916 powered by
119kW (160hp) or 138 kW (185hp) Austro-
Daimler engines.
Knowles Duet (UK) Two-seat light monoplane,
plans for which are available to amateur construc-
tors.
Kocherghin DI-6 (USSR) Two-seat (rear cock-
pit enclosed) biplane fighter of 935 powered by a
1 was designed in three forms:
533 kW (715 hp) M-25 radial engine. Armament
comprised four forward-firing 7.62 ShKAS mm
machine-guns and a similar rear-firing gun. Used
against the Japanese in Mongolia in 1939. Maxi-
mum level speed 385 km/h (239 mph).
Kokusai Army
Ki-59 (Japan) A high-wing light
transport powered by two 335.3 kW (450 hp)
Ha- 13a radial engines. A number were operated
as commercial feeder-line transports, but 59
military examples (each accommodating ten
troops or freight) went into service in 1941 as the
Army Type ] (146 mph) in the combat versions and 218 km/h
Koolhoven
Kokusai Army Ki-76 (Japan) A strut-braced Koolhoven F.K.43s.
high-wing cabin monoplane inspired by the
Fieseler Storch but fitted with Fowler instead of
slotted flaps. The Japanese claimed that it had
higher STOL qualities than the German
machine. Power was provided by a 23 kW 1
(310 hp) Ha-42 radial engine. believed that
It is
several hundred were built between 1941 and
1944. They were used mainly in conjunction with
artillery units and were designated Army
Type 3 Command Liaison Plane. They received Koolhoven F.K.46.
the Allied code name A
few were used for
Stella.
anti-submarine coastal-patrol duties carrying two
60 kg (132 lb) depth charges. In the latter role a
number were embarked on the Army's only air-
craft carrier during 1943.
Koolhoven F.K.26 (Netherlands) Small com-
mercial aircraft operated by the British Aerial
Transport Company (BAT) on its short-lived
London-Birmingham and London-Amsterdam
services (see BAT F.K.26).
Koolhoven F.K.30 (Netherlands) Small two-
seat sporting monoplane fitted with Armstrong
Siddeley Genet, Walter or Siemens Sh.l engine 1
in the 41-44.7 kW (55-60 hp) range.
Koolhoven F.K.48.
Hirth
Koolhoven F.K.50.
Koolhoven F.K.31 (Netherlands) The F.K.31
was a two-seat parasol-wing general-purpose air-
craftpowered by a 298 kW (400 hp) Bristol Jupi-
ter radial engine. It
as an Avion de Chasse with fuel for two hours; an
Avion de Combat with fuel for four hours; and as
an Avion de Corps d'Armee with fuel for six
hours. Each version carried a pilot and observer/
rear-gunner. Armament for the interceptor/
fighter versions was two forward-firing and two
rear-mounted machine-guns, while the observa-
tion variant carried a fifth gun firing downwards.
Produced for the Dutch Air Force (LVA) dur-
ing 1924 and 1925, it was found to be too slow -
with a maximum speed of only 235 km/h
715
Koolhoven

Koolhoven F.K.51s. ( 135.5 mph) as an observation type. Therefore

many were passed on to the Netherlands East
Indies Army Air Service. A few were also
licence-built in France by M. Louis de Monge,
powered by Gnome-Rhone-built Jupiters.
Koolhoven F.K.33 (Netherlands) Ten-seat twin
Armstrong Siddeley Puma-engined commercial t-Awj^'-

transport aircraft produced to the order of KLM

for use on its Amsterdam Paris, London and
MalmS services. F.K.50B powered by Bristol Mercury VIII
Koolhoven F.K.40 (Netherlands) Four-six-seat engines.
cabin monoplane powered by a 171.4 kW Koolhoven F.K.51 (Netherlands) Two-seat
(230 hp) Gnome-Rhone Titan or 223.5 kW advanced training biplane powered by a 261 k\V
(300 hp) Pratt & Whitney Wasp Junior engine. (350 hp) Armstrong Siddeley Cheetah IX engine.
Operated by KLM. Sixty-eight built for the LVA and Dutch Navy,
Koolhoven F.K.41 (Netherlands) Three-seat some going to the Netherlands East Indies. A
cabin monoplane powered by a Cirrus III or number were assigned as artillery spotters.
Cirrus Hermes engine. Koolhoven F.K.52 (Netherlands) Two-seat
Koolhoven F.K.42 (Netherlands) Two-seat Bristol Mercury VHI-engined general-purpose
training and touring monoplane powered by a biplane built to the order of the Netherlands gov-
Cirrus Hermes engine. ernment.
Koolhoven F.K.43 (Netherlands) Four-seat
Koolhoven F.K.52. cabin monoplane powered by a 97 kW (130 hp)
de Havilland Gipsy Major engine.
Koolhoven F.K.46 (Netherlands) Two-seat
training biplane powered by a 97 kW ( 130 hp) de
Havilland Gipsy Major engine. A light version,
powered by a 70.8 kW (95 hp) Walter Minor 4
engine, was also produced as the F.K.46L; while
the F.K.46S was a specially adapted version for
aerobatics.
Koolhoven F.K.48 (Netherlands) Six-passenger
commercial cabin monoplane of 1934 powered by
two 97 kW (130hp) de Havilland Gipsy Major
engines. One example was operated by on KLM
its Rotterdam-Eindhoven service.

Koolhoven F.K.49 (Netherlands) Twin-engined

survey aircraft with a 5.8 m 3 (205 cu ft) cabin
suitable for placing cameras or adaptable for car-
rying four stretchers as an ambulance or for
general-purpose military duties. Power was pro-
Koolhoven F.K.53. vided by two 227 k\V (305 hp) Ranger V-770.B-4
engines. The Turkish government received the
type.
Koolhoven F.K.50 (Netherlands) Three F.K.50
high-performance commercial monoplanes were
built, all delivered to Alpar of Switzerland. Power
was provided by two 313 kW (420 hp) Pratt &
Whitney Wasp Junior TIB engines and accom-
modation was for eight passengers (six in chairs
and two on a bench seat at the rear of the cabin). A Koolhoven F.K.53 Junior (Netherlands) Two-
military version, carrying a crew of four and seat light touringmonoplane powered by a 46 k\V
,000 kg (2,205 lb) of bombs, was projected as the
1
(62 hp) Walter Mikron II engine.
Koolhoven F.K.50B.
Koolhoven F.K.58 (Netherlands) The F.K.58
was a single-seat fighter with a retractable land-
ing gear, enclosed cockpit and powered bv an
805 kW 1,080 hp) Hispano-Suiza 14AA radial
(

(F.K.58) or Gnome-Rhone 14N/16 engine

(F.K.58A). Armament comprised four 7.5 mm
machine-guns. Fifty were ordered by Fiance and
the LVA ordered 40 with Bristol Taurus engines,
bin only 18 F.K.58s and F.K.58.\s were deli-
vered, all to France. These were flown by Polish
pilots during the Battle of France on local defence
duties. Maximum level speed was ~>n km/h (313
I

mph) and it could climb to 5,000 in 1(>. KM) It) in

(

just over six minutes.

716
 Lake

Kraft K-l Super Fli (USA) Single-seat acrobatic

monoplane, plans for which are available to
amateur constructors.
Kress triplane (Austria) In 1901 Wilhelm Kress
flight-tested a twin-hulled tandem triplane-
winged seaplane. As it began to take off an
attempt was made to change direction and the
aircraft capsized (see Chronology 1901).
Kyushu Navy E9W1 Hitachi
(Japan)
Amakaze-powered reconnaissance aircraft car-
ried by submarine, known by the Allies as ,Slim.
Kyushu Navy K11W (Japan) A total of 798
examples of this single-engined mid-wing crew
trainer was built as the Navy Operations Trainer
'Shiragiku' between 1942 and 1945. They were
intended to train aircrew for Mitsubishi G3M KZ KZ VII Lark.
bombers. Pilot and radio-operator/gunner were KZ KZ VII Lark (Denmark) Four-seat cabin
seated above the wing, protected by a continuous monoplane powered by a 93 kYV (25 hp)
1

transparent canopy. The instructor, navigator Continental CI 25 engine. Produced for the same
and bomb aimer were accommodated in a cabin markets as the KZ III.
under the wing. Power was provided by a 384 k\V KZ KZ VIII (Denmark) Single-seat advanced
(515 hp) Hitachi Amakaze 21 radial engine. Most trainer and aerobatic monoplane.
aircraft produced were of the K11YV1 version, KZ KZ X (Denmark) AOP monoplane powered
although a few all-wood KllW2s were also by a 08 k VV 45 hp) Continental C 45-2 engine.
1 ( 1 1

completed. Twelve ordered by the Danish Army.

Data (Kl 1W1): Engine as above Wing span 15.0 m Laister-Kauffman TG-4 (USA) Two-seat train-
(49 ft 3 in) Length 10.24 m (33 ft 7 in) Max T-0 ing glider, 150 of which were delivered to the
weight 2,800 kg (6, 1 73 lb) Max level speed 230 km/h USAAF during World War II.
(143 mph). LAK LAK-9 Lietuva (USSR) Single-seat Open
Kyushu Navy Q1W (Japan) Twin-engined Class sailplane.
low-wing anti-submarine aircraft, 153 examples Lake LA-4 USA) Four-seat amphibian powered
(

of which were built between 1943 and 1945: the by a 134 kW (180hp) Lycoming O-360-A1A
majority were the all-metal Q1W1 version, but a engine. Developed from the original Colonial C-2
few were QlW2s with wooden rear fuselages. Skimmer IV after the company purchased the
Named 'Tokai' by the Japanese, the type saw manufacturing rights to the aircraft. Developed
little service. It was coded Lorna by the Allies. versions included the LA-4, 4A, 4P, 4S and 4T.
Power was provided by two 454.5 kW (610 hp) Lake LA-4.
Hitachi Tempu 31 radial engines giving a max-
imum speed of 320 km/h (199 mph).
KZ KZ I (Denmark) Kramme & Zeuthen's first
product was the KZ I single-seat light monoplane
of 1937.
KZ KZ II (Denmark) Pre-war two-seat light
open-cockpit (Sport), cabin (Kupe), and military
training (KZ II Trainer) monoplane, powered by
a 67 kW (90 hp) Cirrus Minor engine. The latter
was supplied to the Danish Air Force as a primary
trainer.
KZ KZ III (Denmark) Two-seat cabin mono-
plane produced for domestic, European and over-
seas markets.
KZ KZ IV (Denmark) Six-seat cabin monoplane
powered by two 97 kW (130hp) de Havilland
Gipsy Major engines. Two flown commercially
from the late 1940s.

Lake LA-4-200 Buccaneer (USA) The Buc-

caneer is the latest production version of the
LA-4. It is basically similar to the earlier LA-4
versions (946 of all versions had been
built by the beginning of 1979) but is powered by
a 149 kW (200 hp) Lycoming IO-360-A1B
engine.
Data: Engine as above Wing span 11.58 m (38 ft

Oin) Length 7.6 m (24 ft 11 in) Max T-0 weight

1,220 kg (2,690 1b) Max cruising speed 241 km/h
(150 mph) Max range 1.327 km (825 miles) Koolhoven F.K.58.

717
Lancashire Aircraft

Lake LA-4-200
Buccaneer.

Langley Aerodrome. Lancashire Aircraft Prospector (UK) See

Edgar Percival.
Landgraf Model H-2 Helicopter (USA)
Experimental single-seat twin-rotor helicopter
powered by a Pobjoy R radial engine. First flown
on 2 November 1944. In 1945 the company
received a contract from the US Army for
development of the helicopter.
Langley Aerodrome (USA) The full-size Aero-
drome was a tandem-wing aeroplane powered by a
38.75 kVV (52 hp) Manly radial engine driving
two 2.67 m (8 ft 9 in) propellers. Wing span was
14.63m (48 ft in). (See Chronology August
1901, 7 October 1903 and 8 December 1903).

Latecoere 15 (France) In the 1920s Lignes

Aeriennes Latecoere (succeeded by Aeropostale
company) pioneered air routes from Toulouse
across North Africa to Dakar. Alter connection by
ship, other aircraft of South American associated
companies connected Natal in Brazil to Buenos
Aires. There is no firm evidence that earlier
Latecoere designs operated on these lines, but the
Late 15 - a gawky, parasol-wing monoplane with
two 205 kW (275 hp) Lorraine Dietrich engines
and cabin accommodation for four-six passengers
- flew over the Toulouse Casablanca sector. At
least 10 were built during 1925-6.

On board the houseboat

with the full-size Langley
Langley Monoplane (USA) First product of the

Aerodrome. Langle) Aircraft Corporation wasatwin 48.4 k\V

(65 hp) Franklin 4AC- 76-engined cantilever
1

low-wing four-seat cabin monoplane of 194041,

i>l mi milled plastic and plywood construction.
Lapan XT-400 (Indonesia) Fwin-engined light
STOL transport, first flown in 198(1.
Larkin KC-3 Skylark (USA) Two-seat light
twin-boom monoplane, plans and material kits
loi wliic h are available to amateur constructors.

Latecoere 8 (France) Single 223.6 kW (300 hp)

Renault-powered five-passenger commercial bi-
plane of 1921. It is believed thai it was used on
Lignes Aeriennes Lateo lere's Moroccan services.
Langley Monoplane. Latecoere 14 (France) See Latecoere 17.

718
 Latecoere

Mcimoz, Dabry and Gimie) of 3,173 km Latecoere 17.

(1,971.6 miles) in a straight line from St Louis
(West Africa) to Natal (Brazil).
Latecoere 28/9 (France) Three-seal high-wing
bomber, three of which were delivered to Vene-
zuela. Power was provided by a 484.4 k\\
(650 hp) Hispano-Suiza 12Nb engine.
Latecoere 28-1.

Latecoere 17 (Prance) The whole France-Brazil

Aeropostale route (with the aid of ships from
Dakar to Natal) was opened in early 928. At least
1

two Late 14s were followed by approximately 20

Late 17s. The latter was a single-engined
parasol-wing monoplane with a rounded metal
fuselage (fabric-covered) accommodating four
passengers plus baggage and mail. Most were
powered by a 223.6 kW (300 hp) Renault 12Fc
engine, although some were fitted with a
Gnome-Rhone-built Jupiter.
Latecoere 21 (France) A single example of the
Late 21 four-passenger commercial parasol-wing
flying-boat was followed by approximately five
Late 2 [bis (redesigned hull and tailplane) and one
Late 21/er (Farman engines). Power for the Late
21 and 2[bi\ was provided by twin 313 kW
(420 hp) Gnome-Rhone Jupiter 9Ab engines
mounted tandem. All were operated by
in
Aeropostale on its Marseilles Algiers route.
Latecoere 25 (France) The Late 25 was basically
a Late 7 with increased wing span powered by a
1

Renault or Jupiter 9Ab engine in the Latecoere 28-6, a

335.3-372.6 kW (450-500 hp) range. A few were Latecoere 32 (France) Slightly larger than the transport version of the
fitted with Handley Page automatic slots. More Late 21 but with the same parasol wing with Late 28 delivered to
than 50 were built, operated by Aeropostale and sponsons, the Late 32 was powered by two Aviacion Nacional
by subsidiary Brazilian and Argentinian com- 372.6 k\V (500 hp) Farman 12\Ve engines. At Venezolana.
panies. least eight were during 1927-28, five becom-
built

Latecoere 26 (France) The Late 26 (about 70
were built during 1928-30 mainly for Aeropos-
tale) was primarily a mailplane, although it
accommodated two passengers. The crew sat in
tandem open cockpits. Power was provided by a
335.3 kW (450 hp) Renault 12Ja engine in the
Late 26.2R and a 372.6 k\V (500 hp) Renault
12Jb in the Late 26.6R.
Latecoere 28 (France) The Late 28 was a hand-
ing Late 32-3s when re-engined with Hispano-
Suiza 12Hbrs engines of similar power. Used by
Aeropostale on its Toulouse-Algiers mail service,
although the aircraft could be converted to
accommodate four passengers.
Latecoere 290 (France) The Late 290 was a
naval development of the Late 28. Two pro-
totypes were followed by 40 production aircraft
built during 1933-34. Each powered by a single

some single-engined commercial high-wing 484.4 k\V (650 hp) Hispano-Suiza 12Nbr engine,
monoplane accommodating eight passengers in a these were normally operated with twin metal
floats. Armament comprised twin machine-guns
long cabin. About 50 were built: operated by
in a manually operated dorsal turret and a tor-
Aeropostale from 1930 in several versions on
routes to Africa and South America. Power was pedo or two 150 kg bombs. Production aircraft
provided by a 372.6 k\V (500 hp) Renault 12Jb were flown by Escadrilles 111 and 411 of the
(Late 28-6 and 28-1). 372.6 kW (500 hp) French Aeronavale.
Hispano-Suiza 12Lbr (Late 28-3 floatplane) and Latecoere 290.
484.4 kW (650 hp) Hispano-Suiza 12Nb engine
(Late 28-5 floatplane).
Nineteen speed- with-load-over- distance,
closed circuit with load and endurance records
were established with Late 28-3 and 28-5 land-
planes (5) and floatplanes 14). The Late 28-3 is
(

also remembered for an outstanding flight (by

719
Latecoere

Latecoere 298s. Latecoere 298 (France) A multi-purpose twin-

prototype Late 298.0 1 first flew
float seaplane, the
on 8 May 1936. Intended missions included torpedo
bombing; horizontal or shallow dive bomb-
ing (with two bombs of up to 150 kg each); long-
range reconnaissance (with extra 535 litre; 118
Imp gallon fuel tank); night reconnaissance; and
smokescreen laying. A cantilever low-wing
monoplane with an all-metal oval-section
stressed-skin fuselage, the production Late 298A
Latecoere 300. was powered by a 656 kW
(880 hp) Hispano-
Suiza 12 Vers engine and had a crew of three
accommodated under a glazed canopy. The Late
298B version had folding wings for shipboard
stowage. Armament comprised two fixed 7.5 mm
Darne wing guns and a third Darne machine-gun
on a flexible mounting at the rear of the crew
canopy. The Late 298D had a fourth crew
member, and the 'one-off' unsuccessful Late 298E
had a ventral observation gondola.
Some 110 Late 298s of all versions had been
built by 25 June 1940 and a further 20 Late 298Fs
(with MAC instead of Darne weapons and two
additional 7.7 mm machine-guns for ventral
'under-taiT defence) were built for the French
Vichy regime.

Hispano-Suiza 12NBr water-cooled engines in

tandem pairs. On 31 December 1933 it achieved
an international record by covering 3,679 km
(2,285 miles) non-stop.
Thereafter it operated the Air France South
Atlantic mail service between Dakar and Natal,
until it was lost at sea with pilot Jean Mermoz on
the 24th crossing on 7 December 1936.
Three civil Late 301s and three military Late
302s were built during 1935-6, incorporating
changes made to the Late 300 in 1935. including
increased wing dihedral and enlarged tail sur-
faces. Late 302s had 693 kW (930 hp) Hispano-
Latecoere 298. The naval escadrilles to equip with the
first Suiza 12Vdrs engines. The first Late 301 was lost
type were at Saint-Raphael and T at Berre in
T2 1 but the remaining two maintained a South Atlan-
February and March 1939 respectively. Escadril- tic service until World War II.

les HB and HB2 on the seaplane carrier Comman-

1 The all-metal two-step hull accommodated a
dant Teste re-equipped with Late 298Bs in April four-man crew with sleeping accommodation,
and July the same year. From then on the type mail load and most of the fuel. Naval Late 302s
saw widespread service, flying overland in shal- had machine-gun posts in bow and two beam
low dive-bombing attacks during the May-June positions, as well as two in the engine nacelles.
1940 'Blitzkrieg' on France and subsequently con- Bomb load was 300 kg (661 lb). Late 302s equip-
tinuing to operate - mainly on reconnaissance ped Escadrille E4 at Berre, joined by the last civil
missions - with both the Vichy and Free French but militarised Late 301 in August 1939. These
forces. Several captured aircraft were used for were used during the early part of World War II
liaison duties by the Germans. A number of Late to patrol from Dakar (West Africa) and continued
298s continued into the post- World War II period to do so after the German Armistice, until pre-
with the French Aeronavale. vented by lack of spares.
Data: Engine as above Wing spun 15.5m (50 ft Data (Latecoere 302): Engines as above Wing span
10'/4 in) Length 12.56 m (41 ft 2Vb in) Max 1-0 12.8 m (144 ft 5 in) Length 26.15 m (85 ft 9V2 in)
weight 4,800 kg (10,582 1b) Max level speed Max T-0 weight 24,000kg (52.911 lb) Max level

290km/h (180 mph) Rangi 2.200 km (1,367 speed 240 km/h (149 mph)
miles) Latecoere 380/381 (France) The first prototype
Latecoere 300 series (France) The Latecoere of the Late 380 parasol-wing flying-boat flew for
Kill flew for the Inst time in 1951 and then had to the first time in 1930. Having established six
be rebuilt after sinking, h was flown again in 1932 world seaplane records in September 1931 -
as the Croix du Sud parasol-wing monoplane including three speed- with- load-over-d is ta nee
flying-boat with lour 184.4 kW (650 hp) and a closed circuit disiance-u th-load i

720
 Latecoere

(2,208.42 km; 1,372.23 miles) - it entered service

with Aeropostale on the South Atlantic mail
route. A second prototype followed.
Three Late 381 maritime-reconnaissance
flying-boats were also produced in 1934, which
entered service with Escadrille 3E3 at Saint-
Raphael. Each Late 381 had three defensive posi-
tions, each armed with twin 7.62 mm
machine-
guns. A bomb load of 300 kg (661 lb) was carried
on underwing racks.
Data: Engines two 507 k\V (680 hp) Hispano-
Suizas IVing span 31.4m (103 ft O'A in) Length
Latecoere 631
18.5 m (edit 8V4 in) Max T-0 weight 9,280 kg March 1940. The remaining aircraft of the series
(20,459 lb) Max level 200 km/h (124 mph)
speed performed Atlantic patrols with Escadrilles E6
Latecoere 500/501 (France) The Late 500 and El 2. One Late 523 had been lost in Sep-
flying-boat, powered by three 298 kW (400 hp) tember 1939, a second was scuttled in June 1940;
Hispano-Suiza I2jb engines, flew for the first time and the Late 521 was demobilised in August of
in mid- 1931. It had been built to serve the South that year. The surviving Late 523 was grounded
Atlantic mail route but was scrapped due to poor in August 1942, having flown with Escadrille 4E
flying qualities. The eight-passenger Late 501 out of Dakar since June 1941. The Late 521 and
flew in April 1932. Powered by Hispano-Suiza 522 were destroyed at Berre by retreating Ger-
12Jbr engines of similar power, it was used on mans in August 1944.
Mediterranean passenger routes. Data (Late 523): Engines as above Wing span

Latecoere 521.

Latecoere 521 series (France) The Late 521 was 49.3 m (161 ft 9 in) Length 31.6 m (103 ft 8 in)
an outsized flying-boat with strut-braced high Max T-0 weight 42,000 kg (92,594 lb) Max level
wings and short stub sponsons. Named Lieutenant speed 260 km/h (161.5 mph)
de Vaisseau Pans, it was powered by six 641 k\V Latecoere 631 (France) The prototype Late 631
(860 hp) Hispano-Suiza 12Ycrs engines (inboard flew for the first time on 4 November 1942. It was
engines mounted as tandem pairs) and flew for a graceful high-wing monoplane flying-boat pow-
the first time on 17 January 1935. A total of 76 ered by six 1,192 kW (1,600 hp) radial engines.
passengers could be accommodated on the two Accommodation was provided for 46 passengers
decks of the two-step hull. Unfortunately it sank in two- or four-berth cabins. However this aircraft
in a storm on its inaugural flight to the USA, but was confiscated by the Germans during the occu-
was salvaged and rebuilt with 484.4 k\V (650 hp) pation of France.
Hispano-Suiza 12Nbr engines. It subsequently- Three Late 631s were built after the war and
established seaplane load-over-distance and inaugurated transatlantic services to Fort de
load-to-height records in 1937. France on 26 July 1947. One was lost on 1 August
Latecoere 631.
The Late 522 (powered by six 67 1 k\V; 900 hp
Hispano-Suiza 12V37 engines) appeared in April
1937 but World War II prevented a regular
transatlantic service. Both the Late 521 and 522
were impressed into French Navy service on 1

September 1939, three naval Late 523s having

already been delivered between January and
October 1938. These were armed with five
7.5 mm Darne machine-guns and carried up to
1,200 kg (2,645 lb) of bombs. Maximum endur-
ance was an excellent 33 hours.
The Late 522 returned to passenger service in

721
Latham

Lavochkin La-5. 1948 and the type was subsequently withdrawn

from the service. It is believed that eight aircraft
were eventually built. The Societe France-Hydro
operated one on cargo services in French Equator-
ial Africa for three years, but it crashed: after
which all remaining Late 631s were broken up.
Latham H.B.3 (France) Two Latham prototype
three-seat bomber-reconnaissance flying-boats
were tested between 1924 and 1926 in the French
Navy's H.B.3 classification. This resulted in 18
production aircraft being ordered, each powered
by two 283.2 k\V (380 hp) Gnome-Rhone-built
Jupiter radial engines. These served with Navy
Escadrilles 4R1 and 5R1, with which they
remained operational until 1929. Armament
comprised twin machine-guns in bow and mid-
ship gunners' positions, plus up to 400 kg (882 lb) an M- 105P engine and armament comprised one
of bombs. Eight Lorraine-powered flying-boats 20 or 23 mm Shpitalny-Vladimirov cannon and
were also sold to Poland. two 12.7 mm Beresin machine-guns. Although
placed in production (entering squadron service
in 1940), the LaGG-1 was quickly superseded by
an improved and lightened version of the same
aircraft, designated LaGG-3. The construction of
the LaGG-3 was described by the Russians at the
time as 'revolutionary'. Of virtually all-wood con-
struction, the wings, fuselage and tail unit were
covered by plastic-bonded diagonal plywood
strips, the plastic bonding being used as an adhe-
sive and as an impregnating medium. Power was
provided by the M-105PF engine and several
armament combinations were introduced during
the production run, which lasted until mid- 1942.
In addition to guns and cannon, the aircraft could
be used as a fighter bomber, carrying bombs or six
25 kg RS-82 rocket-propelled fragmentation
bombs on special guide rail-type racks under the
wings.
Although rugged, the LaGG-3 was under-
Latham 47.
Latham 47 R3B4 (France) Produced as a powered and lacked the manoeuvrability of some
replacement H.B.3 type,
for the the two prototype other fighters, but nevertheless performed well as
Latham 47s appeared in 1928. Production
first a fighter and fighter bomber to the end of the war.
flying-boats, powered by tandem-mounted perhaps best remembered as an escort fighter
It is

447 k\V ((500 hp) Hispano-Suiza 12Lbs engines ground-attack aircraft.

for the Ilyushin 11-2
and designated R3B4s, entered service with the Data (LaGG-3): Engine one 820 kW 1.100 hp) (

French Navy in 1929, but were withdrawn in the M-105PF Wing span 9.8 m (32 ft 1% in) Length
following year. 8.87 m (29 ft l
3
/t in) Max T-0 weight 3.200 kg
Laverda Falco and Super Falco (Italy) Origi- (7,055 1b) Max level 560 km/h (348 mph)
speed

nally produced by Aerfer. See Aeromere and Normal rangt 650 km (404 miles)
Sequoia 8FL Lavochkin La-5 and La-7 (USSR) After the
Lavochkin LaGG-1 and LaGG-3 (USSR) LaGG-3 had been completed, the LaGG design
Designed by Lavochkin, Gorbunov and Gudkov, committee broke up and in 1941-42 Lavochkin
the 1-22 or LaGG-1 single-seat fighter flew for the produced the radial-cngined La-5. his light I

first time in March 1939. Power was provided by all-wood single-seat lighter was first used in large
Lavochkin LaGG-3. numbers during (he Baltic- of Stalingrad. From
ground level to 3,660m (12,000ft) it proved
aerobaticall) superior to the German Mes-
serschmitt Bf 109F and Focke-Wulf Fw 190A
fighters. The title of Hero of Socialist Labour was
conferred on Semyon Lavochkin lor this success-
ful design. The original La-5 power plant of one
1,192 k\V 1,600 hp) ASh-82A radial engine was
(

replaced by a higher-power ASh-82FN engine in

the La-5FN of 1913. This also featured structural
impro\ ements, the most noticeable of which were
the culling down of the all fuselage top decking
and improvements to the shape of the engine
iiiu ling.

722
 Lavochkin

Taking advantage of the improved perfor-

mance of the La-5FN with the ASh-82FN engine,
Lavochkin redesigned the La- 5 and produced the
La-7 in 1943. As a result of his work Lavochkin
was awarded a Stalin Prize of 100,000 roubles. By
the end of the war the La-7 was in service in
greater numbers than any other tvpe, except for
the Yak-3. Powered by a 1,323 kW 1,775 hp) (

ASh-82FN engine and supporting an extra

20 mm ShVAK cannon, it had a maximum speed
of680km/h (422 mph).
La-7s entered service in the latter half of 1944.
Prototypes also appeared of the La-7R version
with a small rocket motor in the tail to boost
'dash' speed to more than 740 km/h (4(50 mph).
In 1946 a two-seat trainer version of the La-7 Lavochkin La-9.
appeared, also suitable for reconnaissance and
liaison duties. The La-7 fighter remained in ser-
vice post-war, also serving with the Czecho-
slovakian Air Force. More than 5,700 La-7s were
built, about half the number of La-5s completed.
Data (La-5F.\): Engine as above Wing 'pan 9.8 m
(9 ft 1% in) Length 8.5 m (27 ft 10% in) Max T-0
weight 3,360 kg (7,407 lb) Max level speed Ml km/h Lavochkin La-9 fitted
(402 mph) Range 765-850 km (475-528 miles) experimentally with two
Armament two 20 mm
ShVAK cannon, plus up to underwing turbojet
150 kg (331 lb) of bombs engines.

were also operated by other nations friendly to the

Soviet Union and some were identified among the
fighters escorting formations of Tu-2s of the Chin-
ese Air Force in Korea in December 1951, a
number of which were shot down by USAF
fighters.
The La-1 was a revised longer-range version
1

of the La-9 and was the final piston-engined

fighter to come from the Lavochkin stable. It
incorporated technical improvements and was
armed with three 23 mm cannon. The first evi-
dence of its existence was obtained in the summer
of 1949 when an aircraft of the type crash-landed
in Sweden. The pilot (a young Russian lieuten- Lavochkin La-7.
ant) requested political asylum and the aircraft Lavochkin La-7R.
was returned USSR.
to the
Lavochkin La-15 (USSR) Lavochkin's first
turbojet-powered fighter, which entered produc-
tion for the Soviet Air Force in 1948. Power was
provided by a 15.57 kN (3,500 lb st) RD-500
engine and armament comprised two 23 mm
cannon, bombs and rockets. NATO gave the air-
craft the reporting name Fantail.
Lavochkin La-15.

Lavochkin La-9 and La-11 (USSR) In 1946

Lavochkin switched from wood to metal construc-
tionand his first all-metal fighter design, the La-9,
entered service as a replacement for the La-7. On
the 3 April 1947 Soviet Aviation Day Display, a
large number of La-9s took part, numerous
examples carrying an experimental athodyd (or
ramjet) engine under each wing as well as at least
one La-9 with rocket boosters. Normal power was
provided by a 1,378 kW (1,850 hp) ASh-82 FNV
engine, giving a speed of 690 km/h (429 mph).
Armament comprised four 23 mm
cannon. La-9s

723
Lawson

Lavochkin La-150, which 0.21 first flew on 16 May 1953 and the 0.22,
unsuccessfully rivalled designed as a prototype Mach 2 interceptor, first
the Yak-17. flew on 26 December 1956.
Lefebvre MP. 205 Busard (France) Single-seat
racing monoplane, plans for which are available
to amateur constructors.

Leduc 0.10 carried by its

SE 161 Languedoc
motherplane.

Lawson L-2 and L-4 (USA) Eighteen-seat twin

Liberty-powered and larger triple Liberty-
powered airliners of 1920 and 1922 respectively,
both built for the Lawson Air Line. The latter was
provided with berths, shower bath, etc for the
night service between New York and Chicago, but
had an accident on its first trial flight.
Lear Jet 23 (USA) Small twin-jet (12.7 kN;
2,850 lb st General Electric CJ610-1) executive
transport, first flown on 7 October 1963. Accom-
modation for a crew of two and seven passengers.
One hundred and four delivered before being
superseded by the Model 24D (see Gates Lear-
jet).
Lear Jet 23. Let L-13 Blanik (Czechoslovakia) Training sail-
plane for all categories from elementary to 'blind'
flying and for high-performance flight. It is fully
aerobatic when flown solo and capable of aeroba-
tic manoeuvres when carrying a passenger. More
than 2,600 had been sold by the end of 1978, when
production terminated.

Lebed 11, 12 and 13 (USSR) The Lebed 11 of

1915 was a two-seat unarmed reconnaissance bi-
plane powered by a 112 kW (150 hp) Canton-
Unne engine. A small number were produced
before being superseded by the Lebed 12, with
Leduc 0.21.
reduced wing span and armed with one or two
machine-guns. This version could also carry a
light offensive load of 90 kg (200 lb) of bombs. A
total of 214 were built up to 1917. The Lebed 13
development of the 1 2 remained a prototype only.

Lebed 12.

Leduc 0.22.

Let L-40 Meta-Sokol (Czechoslovakia) Four-

seat light training and sporting monoplane, the
standard version powered by a 104 kW (140 hp)
Walter M332 engine. Two hundred were built up
to the end of 1961.
Lederlin 380-L (France) Two-seat light aircraft, Let L-200 Morava (Czechoslovakia) Twin-
plans which are available to amateur construc-
1. 1!
engined (156.5 kW; 210 hp M337) light business
tors, and taxi monoplane accommodating four or five
Leduc and 0.22 (France) Experimen-
0.10, 0.21 persons. First flown on 8 April 1957. More than
tal powered by ramjet (or athodyd)
aircraft 1,000 were built in three versions, the L-200D
engines. The 0. 10 first flew on 21 April 1949. The being introduced in 1962.

724
 Let

Let Mraz M.2 Skaut (Czechoslovakia) Two-seat Let L-40 Meta-Sokol.

training and touring monoplane powered by a
56 kW (75 hp) Praga D engine.
Let Mraz M.3 Bonzo (Czechoslovakia) Four-
seat cabin monoplane powered by a 119 kW
(160 hp) Walter Minor 6-1 II engine.
Let L-410M Turbolet.

Let Aero 145 and Super Aero (Czechoslovakia)

Let L-200A Morava.
The Aero 145 was produced as a development of
the widely exported twin 78.25 kW (105hp)
Let L-410 Turbolet (Czechoslovakia) Design of Walter Minor 4-III-engined Super Aero. Pow-
the L-4 twin-turboprop light transport began in
ered by two 104.3 kW (140 hp) M332 engines, it
1

1966 and the first prototype flew on 16 April 1969. accommodate four or five persons
was designed to
The L-410A initial passenger/cargo production in the air-taxi configuration. Production ended in
version, powered by 533 kVV (715 ehp) Pratt &
the early 1960s.
Whitney Aircraft of Canada PT6A-27 engines, Let Mraz M.1C Sokol.
entered service with the Czechoslovak domestic
operator Slov-Air in 1971. The L-4 1 OAF is the
aerial-photography/survey version and the
L-410M is a 17-passenger version (deliveries
started in 1976). From 1979 the standard produc-
tion version has been the L-410UVP, most of
which are being supplied to Aeroflot.
Data (L-4\0UVP): Engines two 544 kW
(730 ehp)
Walter M
601 B turboprops Wing span 19.49 m
(63 ft 1 lVi in) Length 14.47 m (47 ft 5V2 in) Max
T-0 weight 5,700 kg (12,566 lb) Max cruising speed
365 km/h (227 mph) Max range 1,040 km
(646 miles) Accommodation standard accommoda-
tion for 15 passengers; alternative layouts for 14
parachutists, 12 firefighters, six stretchers and
five sitting casualties (plus medical attendant), or
all cargo

Let Aero 145.

Let Z-37 Cinelak (Czechoslovakia) The pro-

totype of this agricultural aircraft flew for the first
time on 29 June 1963. Additional applications for
the production Z-37 include mail and cargo
Side-facing
transport during the winter season. Power is pro-
photographer's seat in
vided by a 234.7 kW
(315 hp) M462RF radial
the glazed nose of a Let
engine. Production ended in 1975 after 600 exam-
L-410AF Turbolet.
ples had been produced.
Let Mraz M.l Sokol (Czechoslovakia) Three- Let Z-37-2 Sparka (Czechoslovakia) Two-seat
seat sporting, training, touring and air-taxi cabin conversion trainer model of the Cmelak, pro-
monoplane powered by a 78.25 kW (105 hp) duced to train pilots in the operation of agricul-
Walter Minor 4-1 II engine. tural aircraft.

725
 4

Letord

erable negative wing stagger. A total of ,500 of all1

versions were ordered, but the exact number built

is not known. The Let. 9 night bomber was a very
different design, but was too late to go into war-
time production.
Data (Let.l): Engines as above Wing span 18.0 m
(59 ft 0% in) Length 1. 15
1 m
(36 ft 7 in) Max T-0
weight 2,450 kg (5,401 lb) Max level speed 148 km/h
(92 mph)
Letov L-101 and L-290 Orel (Czechoslovakia)
The L-101 was a twin Argus As.410-powered
12-passenger feeder-line commercial monoplane
produced immediately after World War II. The
L-290 Orel was a four-engined (BMW 801) 44-48
passenger airliner produced after the war as a civil
development of the Junkers Ju 290. Neither type
entered service.
Letov S-1 and S-2 (Czechoslovakia) The S-1 was
the first military aircraft to be designed (by Alois
Smolik) and built in Czechoslovakia. A total of 90
were produced from 1919 as SH-ls (164 kW;
220 hp Hiero L engine); SM-ls (194 kW; 260 hp
Maybach Mb.IVa engine); and S-2s (Mb.IVa
An SM-1
engine). type was also produced as a
Let Z-37 Cmelak. commercial biplane with a fully enclosed cabin to
Letord 1 to 7 (France) Between 1916 and 1919 a the rear of the pilot's open cockpit (full details of
series oftwin-engined Le Pere designs were built the SM-1 appear in the I920jane's). Armament
at the Letord factory, Meudon. Many went into comprised three machine-guns and up to 120 kg
service as A3-category long-range reconnaissance (264.5 lb) of bombs. Maximum level speed of the
aircraft carrying a three-man crew. Defensive SM-1 was 195 km/h (121 mph).
armament comprised twin machine-guns in bow
Letord 9. and midships cockpits and aerial cameras were
carried. Their secondary role was long-range
bomber escort. Most widely used were the Let. of
1

1916(175 built) and the Let. 5 of 1918. The former

had two 112 kVV (150 hp) Hispano-Suiza 8A
engines and the latter two 179 kW (240 hp)
Lorraine-Dietrich 8Bs. Like the Let. 2, the Let.
and Let. 7 were also built in quantity; they were
twin-engined unequal-span biplanes with large
Letov S-1. single-fin-and-rudder tail assemblies and twin-
wheel main undercarriage units. They could be
distinguished by their rounded noses and consid-
Letord 4.

726
Lockheed C-141B
StarLifterabout to be
refuelled by a KC-135
tanker.
Prototype Lockheed
L.188 Electra.

728
 Lockheed P-3 Orion.

524
730
JASDF Lockheed T-33A
Shooting Star.

Lockheed S-3A Viking.

55
wm
'S939Q

5S
M ^^^ .
Lockheed Super
Constellation flying over
New York.

732
LTV-Hiller-Ryan XC-142A.
734
 Letov

Letov S-4 (Czechoslovakia) Single-seat biplane

fighter of 1922 powered by a 149 kW (200 hp)
Hispano-Suiza 8Ba engine.
Letov S-6 (Czechoslovakia) Two-seat reconnais-
sance bomber of 1923 powered by a 194 k\\'
(260 hp) Maybach Mb.IVa engine.
Letov S-10 (Czechoslovakia) Licence-built
Hansa-Brandenburg aircraft of 1923.
Letov S-16 series (Czechoslovakia) The S-16
two-seat reconnaissance bomber first appeared in
1926 powered by a Skoda-built 335.3 k\V
(450 hp) Lorraine-Dietrich engine. Armament
comprised one forward-firing V'ickers machine-
gun and twin rear-mounted Lewis guns, plus up
to 600 kg (1,323 1b) of bombs. The quickly
detachable engine mounting permitted the instal-
lation of any engine of similar power or type;
production aircraft, built first for export to Latvia
(S-16) and Turkey (S-16T) and in 1928 for the
commercial monoplane of 1932 powered by three Letov S-20.
Czechoslovak Air Force, only varied in having
Hispano-Suiza 50 (S-16L) and the standard 108 kW (145hp) Walter Mars engines. Five
Lorraine-Dietrich engines. Production of the S-16 operated by CSA.
of all types totalled just over 150 aircraft. Letov S-39 (Czechoslovakia) Two-seat light
Using the detachable mounting to its full sporting monoplane of 1931 powered by a 41 kW
potential, Letov produced the S-l 16 (335.3 k\V; (55 hp) Walter Polaris or 55.6 kW (75' hp) Pob-
450 hp Skoda L); S-216 (358 kW; 480 hp joy R radial engine.

Walter-built Jupiter); S-316 (335.3 kW; 450 hp
Hispano-Suiza 12N); S-416 (372.6 kW; 500 hp
Breitfeld-Danek BD-500); S-515 (596 k\V; 800 hp
Isotta-Fraschini Asso); S-6 16 (of 1930 with a
447 kW; 600 hp Hispano-Suiza 12Nbr); S-716
(Skoda L); S-816 (410 kW; 550 hp Praga ES);
and S-916 (Lorraine-Dietrich). A seaplane ver-
sion of the S-16 was also produced for Yugoslavia
as the S-16J with long duralumin single-step
floats.
Data (S-16, unless otherwise stated): Engine as
above Wingspan 15.3 m (50 ft 3 in) Length 10.22
(33 ft Max T-0 weight 2,280 kg (5,026 lb)
6 in)
Max level speed 230 km/h (143 mph)/(S-816) 225
km/h (140 mph), (S-516) 276 km/h (171.5 mph)
Letov S-228 (Czechoslovakia) Two-seat obser-
vation and light bombing biplane of 1931 pow-
ered by a 372.6 kW (500 hp) Gnome-Rhone-built
Mercury VII engine. Production aircraft deli-
vered to Estonia.
Letov S-239 (Czechoslovakia) Two-seat light
sporting monoplane of 1933 powered by a
63.3 kW (85 hp) Walter Minor engine.
Letov S-328 and S-528 (Czechoslovakia) Like
the S-228, these aircraft were direct developments
of the Walter Castor-powered S-28 of 1929. With
m the experience of the excellent S-228 behind it,
Letov produced a modified version of the same
aircraft for Czech service as an observation and
light bombing biplane, designated S-328. Power

Cruising range800- 1,000 km (497-621 miles) was provided by the more powerful 387.5 kW
Letov S-18 (Czechoslovakia) Biplane trainer of (520 hp) Walter-built Pegasus II.M-2 radial
1925 flown by the Czechoslovak and Bulgarian air engine, giving a maximum speed 35.5 km/h
forces. (22 mph) faster than the previous version. The
Letov S-19 (Czechoslovakia) Four-passenger prototype appeared in 1932 and in 1934 the type
commercial biplane of 1924 powered bv a 194 kW was ordered for the Czechoslovak Army Air
Letov S-328.
(260 hp) Maybach Mb.IVa or Walter W-IV
engine. Seven operated byCSA.
Letov S-20 and S-21 (Czechoslovakia) The S-20
was a single-seat biplane fighter of 1926 powered
by a 223.5 kW (300 hp) Skoda-built Hispano-
Suiza 8Fb engine. A total of 95 S-20s were pro-
duced (most as S-20Ms with slimmer fuselages)
including 20 ordered by Lithuania. Armament
comprised two forward-firing Vickers machine-
guns with 800 rounds of ammunition. Maximum
level speed was 256 km/h (159 mph).
The S-21 of the same year was an unarmed
training version of the S-20 powered by a 134 kW
(180 hp) Hispano-Suiza 8Aa engine. A small
number were produced.
Letov S-31 (Czechoslovakia) Single-seat biplane
fighter of 1929 powered by a Walter-built Jupiter
engine. A development of 1933 was the S-231
powered by a Bristol Mercury IV engine.
Letov S-32 (Czechoslovakia) Five-passenger

735
Letov
Levasseur P.L.2 AT.2.
Force, deliveries starting in the following year.
totalof nearly 460 were produced, including a
small number of two-seat night-fighter variants.
These remained operational throughout the
remaining 1930s. After the German occupation
many S-328s were passed to Slovak and Bulgarian
squadrons. Armament comprised two forward-
firing and two rear-mounted machine-guns, the
latter on a Skoda mounting. Provision was made
for carrying 120 kg or smaller bombs under the
lower wings.
The S-528 of 1935 was basically similar to the
S-328, but was powered by a 596 kW (800 hp)
Walter-built Gnome-Rhone 14K.rsd Mistral
Major engine. Only a very small number were
built. Maximum bomb load was increased from
350 kg (772 lb) to 400 kg (882 lb).
Data (S-328): Engine as above Wing span 13.71 m
(44 ft 1 1% in) Length 10.36 m (34
T-0 2,640 kg (5,820 lb) Max level speed
weight
280 km/h (174 mph) Range 700 km (435 miles)
Levasseur P.L.2 (France) Inspired by Black-
burn designs and intended in production form to
equip the first French aircraft carrier Beam, the
P.L.2 AT.l prototype was first displayed at the
1921 Paris Salon Aeronautique. Nine production
AT. 2s followed, each powered by a 432 k\V
(580 hp) Renault 12Ma engine. No defensive
armament was carried, but the offensive load was
a 670 kg 400DA-type torpedo or two 225 kg
bombs. Flotation bags of British design were
installed, inflatable when an emergency required
a 'put down' on water. The P.L.2s served for two
Levasseur P.L.5.
736
A years on the Beam from 1926, but suffered engine
troubles which forced early scrapping.
Data: Engine as above Wing span 15.15 m
(49 ft
8V2 in) Length 1.01 m
(36 ft 1 in) Max T-0 weight
3,652 kg (8,0511b) Max level speed 180 km/h
(112 mph) Range 700 km (435 miles)
Levasseur P.L.4 (France) Carrier-borne three-
seat reconnaissance biplane of 926 powered by a
1
335.3 kW(450 hp) Lorraine water-cooled engine.
Thirty-nine modified production aircraft were
built between 1928 and 1931, equipping
Escadrille 7R1 (later 7S1) on board Beam. An
interesting feature of the design was the landing
gear which could be jettisoned for an emergency
ditching, while the underfuselage was hull-
shaped and floats were attached to the lower
wings ('avion marin').
Levasseur P.L.5, P.L.6 and P.L.9 (France) The
ft in) Max P.L.5 was a two-seat sesquiplane fighter ('avion
marin'), of which four prototypes and 20 produc-
tion aircraft were delivered to Aeronavale Esca-
drille 7C1 in 1927 for service on board the carrier
Beam. Power was provided by a 335.3 k\V
(450 hp) Lorraine 12Eb engine. Only a single
example of the P.L.6 landplane variant was pro-
duced. A lower-powered naval trainer develop-
ment of the P.L.5 was the P.L.9, six of which were
built.
Levasseur P.L.7 (France) The P.L.7 was pro-
duced as a torpedo bomber for service with Esca-
drille7B1 on board the aircraft carrier Beam. It
was an unequal-span biplane powered in pro-
totype form by a 410 kW (550 hp) Farman
engine. The 1930 initial production version stan-
dardised the 18.0 m
(59 ft 3
/4 in) span upper
wing with rounded tips, and ten were built as
three-seaters. After testing on board Beam, a sec-
ond production batch of 30 aircraft was ordered,
featuring upper wings of reduced span with
downward-folding outer sections to fit the lifts of
the carrier. Both series were 'avions marins'.
Armament comprised two mm
7.7 machine-guns
mounted rearmost cockpit, plus a single
in the
670 kg (1,474 lb) torpedo or 550 kg (1,212 lb) of
bombs.
After two P.L.7s had been lost due to structural
collapse, allwere grounded in June 1931. The
engine bearers and cabane struts were reinforced
and three-bladed metal propellers fitted to the
production aircrafts' 447 k\V (600 hp) Hispano-
Suiza engines. Following re-delivery in 1933 the

P.L.7s only remained on the carrier until the fol-
lowing year - when they were put ashore - but
returned for a third time in 1936, thereafter serv-
ing until World War II.
Data (final form): Engine as above Wing span
16.5 m (54 ft V2 in) Length
1 11.68 m
(38 ft 3% in)
Max T-0 weight 3,950 kg (8,708 lb) Max level
170 km/h (106 mph) Range 650 km (404 miles)
Levasseur P.L.10 (France) Carrier-borne
three-seat reconnaissance aircraft armed with one
forward-firing 7.7mm and two rear-mounted
machine-guns. Twenty-nine production aircraft
built, serving in board Beam from 1930 to 1936.
Levasseur P. L. 14 (France) Reconnaissance sea-
plane version of the P.L.7. Thirty were produced,
initially as landplanes, subsequently serving as
seaplanes at the Berre naval air station with Esca-
drille 7B2. Following the structural troubles with
the P.L.7s, the P.L. 14s were refitted with wheel
landing gears, four thereafter serving on board
Beam from 1935 to 1937 (see P.L. 15).
Levasseur P.L. 15 (France) Built from the
as a seaplane, the twin-float P.L. 15 eliminated the
deep 'avion marin' fuselage of the P.L. 14 and had
slim contours. The prototype and 16 production
aircraft equipped Escadrille 7B2 on board the
seaplane carrier Commandant Teste from 1933. Like
the P.L. 14s, these performed several roles, includ-
ing bombing, torpedo-dropping and long-range
reconnaissance (with four-man crew and extra
fuel tanks to increase range to 1,500 km; 932
miles).
In 1938 the aircraft went into reserve, but were
hurriedly withdrawn from retirement in Sep-
tember 1939 to form Escadrille 3S6 for coastal-
patrol duties along the Bay of Biscay. The type
later won fame by sinking a German U-boat on 30
L6vy
Levasseur P.L.7.
speed
October 1939. As with the P.L. 14 power was pro- Levasseur P.L.15.
vided by a 484.4 kW (650 hp) Hispano-Suiza 12
engine.
Data: Engine as above Wing span 18.0 m (59 ft
0% in) Length 12.85 m (42 ft 2 in) Max T-0 weight
4,350 kg (9,590 1b) Max level speed 190 km/h
(118 mph)
Levasseur P.L. 101 (France) Carrier-borne
armed-reconnaissance biplane developed from
the P.L. 10. Power was provided by a 484.4 kW
(650 hp) Hispano-Suiza 12 engine. Thirty were
produced to replace P.L. 10s with Escadrille 7S1
on board Beam.
Georges Levy G.L.40 HB2 (France) Numeri-
cally lessimportant than the FBA flying-boats,
Levasseur P.L.14.
the Georges Levy HB2 of November 1917 was the
start most efficient of several types of two-three-seat
flying-boats operated for coastal patrol by the
French Navy during 1917-18. It was an unequal-
span biplane, with a distinctive bow and curved
fin and rudder. Power was provided by a
223.6 kW (300 hp) Renault 12Fe water-cooled
engine, driving a two-bladed pusher propeller.
Pilot and observer sat side-by-side in open cock-
pits just in front of the lower wing, while the bow
cockpit had a machine-gun on a flexible mount-
ing. Up to 200 kg (441 lb) of bombs were carried.
G.L.40 HB2s remained in post-war service with
the French Navy. Six were also exported to Bel-
gium and 12 to Finland. Belgian aircraft were
operated by SNETA as commercial flying-boats
in the Congo from 1920.
737
L6vy
Georges Levy G. L. 40 HB2
in Finnish service.
Georges Levy G.L.40 HB2
operated by SNETA in the
Congo, 1923.
Data: Engine as above Wing span 18.5 m (60 ft
8V4 in) Length 12.4m (40 ft 8V4 in) Max T-0
weight 2,350 kg (5,181 lb) Max level speed 150 km/h
(93 mph) Range 435 km (270 miles)
Levy-Le Pen (France) Alternative designation
for the Georges Levy G.L.40 flying-boat, M. Le
Pen being the designer.
LFG Roland C.II (Germany) Aircraft produced
by Luft Fahrzeug Gesellschaft (LFG) were nor-
mally known as Roland types after their designer.
The C.II, nicknamed 'Walfisch' (Whale), was a
high-performance general-purpose biplane, con-
siderably smaller than other German two-seaters
of the 191617 period. The most interesting fea-
ture of the aircraft was its monocoque fuselage
which was round in section and so deep that
windows were let into the flanks to aid downward
vision. Both sets of wings were attached directly to
the fuselage, enabling the pilot to have a clear
view over the top of the upper wing. Several
hundred C.IIs were built powered normally by
the 119kW (160hp) Mercedes D.III engine.
LFG Roland C.II.
738
Armament comprised as standard a rear-
mounted Parabellum machine-gun as a recon-
naissance aircraft, increased with a forward-firing
Spandau for escort duties. Four light bombs could
also be carried under the fuselage, attached to
bomb clips with jaw-type release gear.
Data: Engine as above Wing span 10.3 m (33 ft
10 in) Length 7.7 m
(25 ft 3 in) Max T-0 weight
1,310 kg (2,888 1b) Max level speed 165 km/h
(102.5 mph) Endurance 4 h
LFG Roland D.I, D.II and D.III (Germany)
The D-type single-seat fighters incorporated in
design many of the innovations of the C.II. The
fuselages were again of monocoque construction,
consisting of very small longerons round which
were placed bands of crossed veneer- in the man-
ner of the Deperdussin - the whole forming a
single multi-ply structure, reinforced with layers
of thin fabric. The six layers of wood and the
fabric had a total thickness of only 1 V2 mm. To
enable the wings to be attached directly to the
fuselage in C.II fashion, the normal wing gap
forward of the pilot's cockpit was built up, while
the lower wings attached to fixed fuselage/wing-
root projections to avoid 'live' fittings and enable
a cleaner join. The engine and the twin Spandau
machine-guns were cowled inside the forward
fuselage, the whole retaining its rounded appear-
ance by the use of a large propeller spinner.
The first fighter (the D.I) was powered by a
119 kW (160 hp) Mercedes D.III engine and
entered service in 1917. Production of this version
was limited, allowing for rapid deployment of the
refined D.II which had better vision for the pilot
because of its slimmed-down wing gap structure
and cut-down cockpit sides. The D.I la was simi-
lar to the D.II but had a 134 kW (180 hp) Argus
As.III engine. However none of the fighters was
particularly good and squadron shortages were
normally made up with Albatros types. With the
D.III LFG attempted to improve the design, the
most obvious changes being the use of cabane
struts to support the upper wing and a tail fin of
increased area. The D.III proved inferior to Alba-
tros fighters and the few built were employed
mainly in secondary roles (a full description of the
D.II appears in the 1918 Jane's, details for which
were obtained from a machine captured by the
French).
 LIBIS

Among the more successful was the Strela four- LFG Roland D.I.
passenger cabin biplane. The initial version was
the V 13, mounted on large twin floats and suit-
able for a Benz, Mercedes or BMW
engine in the
134-194 kW 180-260 hp) class. Range with four
(

passengers was 400 km (249 miles), but with two

was increased to 865 km (538 miles). A very small
number were produced for commercial use. From
the V 3 was developed a landplane version as the
1

V 130 Strela. At least seven were built. The V 13s

first served on Luft-Fahrzeug's Hamburg-
Stettin-Danzig and Stettin-Swinemiinde-
Stralsund services, later operated in conjunction
with Luftverkehr Pommern. These and the VI 30s
eventually served with Deutsche Luft-Hansa
(details of many other types can be found in the
Data (D.II): Engine as above Wing span 8.94 m 1926,/an^'O-
(29 ft 4 in) Length 6.93 m (22 ft 9 in) Max T-0 LFG V 20 Arkona (Germany) Four-passenger
weight 950 kg (2,094 lb) Max level speed 170 km/h commercial low-wing monoplane fitted with twin
(105.5 mph) Endurance 2 h floats and powered by a 112 kW ( 50 hp) Benz or
1

LFG Roland D.VI (Germany) The D.VI was the 138 kW (185hp) BMW
Ilia engine. A small
last fighter from the LFG stable to go into opera- number were used by Luft-Fahrzeug on the
tional service duringWorld War I, although it services mentioned under the V 13/V 130 entry
was followed by several new prototypes. It dif- above.
fered in virtually every respect from the earlier LFG V 101 Jasmund (Germany) Although
D.I-D.III and indeed enjoyed considerable
series Luft-Fahrzeug expected to operate its seaplane
success with the Air Service and Navy. routes in North Germany with V 59s from 1926
Powered by a 19 kW (160 hp) or 134 kW
1 (in conjunction with Luftverkehr Pommern), it is
(180hp) Mercedes engine in its D.VIa and believed that the V 59 was abandoned in favour of
149 kW (200 hp) Benz Bz.IIIa in its D.VIb pro- the V 101 - an all-metal version of the V 20 and
duction versions, it had a 'boat-built' fuselage flown alongside Strela and Arkona types. Power
comprising longitudinal wooden strips which was normally provided by a 138 kW (185 hp)
formed a robust and very streamlined structure. BMW Ilia engine.
Cabane struts were used support the upper
to LFIL-Reghin RG-6 Romania) Two-seat light
(

wing and (for the first time on an LFG fighter) monoplane powered by a 56 kW (75 hp) Praga D
horn-balanced ailerons were fitted to the upper engine. Produced from the later 1950s for the
wings. If it had one problem it was the time national sports flying organisation AVSAP. A
needed in construction, which prevented any single-seat fully aerobatic development, powered
great numbers from serving during the last by a 78.25 kW
(105hp) Walter Minor engine,
months of the war. was designated RG-6c.
Data (D.VIb): Engine as above Wing span 9.4 m LIBIS KB-6D Matajur (Yugoslavia) Two-seat
(30 ft 10 in) Length 6.3 m (20 ft 8% in) Max T-0 light training and sporting aircraft, first flown in
weight 860 kg (1,896 lb) Maxkm/h level speed 182 June 1952. Power was provided by a 101.3 kW
(113 mph) Endurance 2 h Armament two forward- (136 hp) Regnier 4L00 engine.
LIBIS KB-6T Matajur.
firing Spandau machine-guns
LFG V 13 and V 130 Strela (Germany) In the
first LFG produced a
few years after the Armistice
number of commercial monoplanes and biplanes;
most of which were operated in ones or twos,
remained prototypes, were used for experimental
purposes, or were built for competition flying.

LIBIS KB-6T Matajur (Yugoslavia) Three-seat

development of the KB-6D powered by a 119 kW
(160 hp) Walter Minor 6-III-J engine. Produced
mainly for Yugoslav flying clubs.
LIBIS KB-11 Branko (Yugoslavia) Four-seat
light monoplane intended for business and air-
taxi operations. First flown in December 1959.
Power was provided by a 134 kW (180 hp)
Lycoming O-435-l engine. LFG Roland D.VIb.

739

Liore et Olivier
LIBIS KB- 11 Branko.
Liore et Olivier 7 (France) Evolved from the
twin-engined ground-attack LeO 5 prototype, the
LeO 7 of 1922 was intended for bomber-escort or
multi-seat combat duties. Following the solitary
LeO 7/1, which made a crash landing, some 20
examples of the modified LeO 7/2 were built.
These were three-seat unequal-span biplanes
powered by 223.6 kW (300 hp) Hispano-Suiza
liquid-cooled engines. The observer/gunner was
seated in a nose cockpit, while the pilot and
radio operator/rear gunner sat close together in
tandem immediately below a 'cut-out' in the
upper wing and had armour protection. The LeO
7/3 12 of which went to the French Navy) had a
( cony' below and slightly to the rear. Pilot was
more rounded nose with a cut back observation
position beneath. The main and tailwheel spats
were much enlarged, containing buoyancy bags
in the event of an emergency landing at sea. The
LeO 7/2 served briefly at Metz and the LeO 7/3 at
Saint-Raphael.
Data (LeO 7/2): Engines as above Wing span
18.6 m O'A in) Length 1.25 m (36 ft 1 in)
(61 ft 1 1
Max T-0 weight 3,000 kg (6,614 lb) Max level speed
Liore et Olivier 20s. 203 km/h (126 mph)
Liore et Olivier 12 (France) Intended as a two-
seat night bomber, the prototype LeO 12 flew for
the first time in June 1924. A three-bay equal-
span biplane, it was constructed largely of
duralumin (with fabric covering) and had two
298 kW(400 hp) Lorraine liquid-cooled engines.
Itfeatured a blunt nose, a gunner's cockpit amid-
ships and trousered independent main landing-
gear legs. Three other LeO 12s were built, one
Liore et Olivier 7/3.
740
3
later being converted into a 12-passenger trans-
port and operated by a LeO subsidiary,
L'Aeronavale. In 1925 the sole LeO 122
appeared, the true prototype of the LeO 20. It
differed from the LeO 12 in having a nose-
gunner's 'balcony' and Jupiter radial engines.
One LeO 12 was subsequently converted into the
fully enclosed LeO 123 used by the French Air
Ministry for experimental work.
Liore et Olivier 20 (France) The true prototype
of the LeO 20 night bomber was the LeO 122, in
turn developed from four evaluation LeO 12
bombers. The LeO 20 Bn3 three-bay equal-span
biplane was the backbone of French night-
bomber escadrilles until replaced by the Bloch
200 in 1935. About 100 machines were still air-
worthy when World War II broke out.
First production machines were delivered in
1927 to 2^ me and 22<-mt Regiments d'Aviation at
'
Nancy and Chartres. Total production for French
military aviation amounted to 311 aircraft, and
seven LeO20s were exported to Brazil. Of mixed
construction, the LeO 20 was powered by two
uncowled 313 kW (420 hp) Gnome-Rhone radial
engines. In the extreme nose was a gunner's cock-
pit, with a glazed bomb-aimer/navigator's 'bal-
located in an open cockpit in front of the wing,
behind which was the dorsal gunner with a twin-
gun mounting. A fifth machine-gun was carried in
a retractable ventral turret.
Data: Engines as above Wing span 22.25 m(73 ft
in) Length 13.81 m 3%
(45 ft in) Max T-0 weight
5,460 kg (12,037 lb) Max level speed 198 km/h
(123 mph) Range 1,000 km (621 miles)
Liore et Olivier 21 (France) Two examples of
the commercial LeO 21 appeared in 1926, each
accommodating 18 passengers in a deep fuselage.
These were operated by Air Union, serving the
Paris-London route from July 1927. When each
was subsequently re-engined with two 335.3 k\\'
(450 hp) Renault 12Jas, they became LeO 212s;
one also being further modified into a flying
restaurant for 2 passengers. In 928 the LeO 2
1 1 1
appeared with improved accommodation for 12
passengers. Eleven were built, serving Air
Union's regular Paris-London route. Nine air-
craft were bought by the Artnee de ['Air in
October 1934 as transports for 20 troops.
Data: Engines as above Wing span 23.43 m (76 ft
XQVi in) Length 15.95 m (52 ft 4 in) Max T-0
weight 5,700 kg (12,566 1b) Max level speed
190 km/h (119 mph)
 Liore et Olivier

Liore et Olivier 206 (France) Four-engined relegated to transport and liaison duties (a
developments of the LeO 20 included the LeO number flown in these roles by the Luftwaffe).
203, 206, 207, 208 (with retractable undercar- Twenty-seven LeO 451s were ceded to Italy in
riage) and the H-204 twin-float seaplane. The 1941 but saw little service.

only version to see service was the LeO 206, first There were numerous experimental conver-
flown in 932. Open cockpits were retained for the
1 sions of the basic design. Several examples
crew, but power was provided by four 261 k\V remained in use in secondary roles for several
(350 hp) Gnome-Rhone radial Kd
engines years following the end of the Second World
mounted in tandem A
long ventral gondola
pairs. War.
contained the bomb bay, with a ventral gunner's Data: Engines as above Wing span 22.52 m (73 ft
position at the rear. The 37 LeO 206s built were IOV2 in) Length 17.17 m (56 ft 4 in) Max T-0
based at Chartres, Reims and in Morocco. weight 11,398 kg (25,128 1b) Max level speed
Nicknamed 'Caravelle', 29 were still flyable in 480 km/h (298.5 mph) Range 1,675 km
September 1939. (1,040 miles)

Liore et Olivier 451s.

Liore et Olivier 451 (France) The LeO 45.01 B4
- designed by Jean Mercier to Armee de 1'Air
Programme A21( 1934)- first flew on 16 January
1937. It was an all-metal low-wing monoplane
powered by two radial engines. The wings had
considerable dihedral and the streamlined ellipti-
cal monocoque fuselage had a pointed and fully
glazed nose. The landing gear was fully retract-
Liore et Olivier H-13 series (France) The LeO
H-13 was an equal-span biplane flying-boat pow-
ered by two 112k\V (150 hp) Hispano-Suiza
engines driving two-bladed tractor propellers.
The was accommodated in an open cockpit
pilot
behind the wings, in front of which was the four-
passenger cabin. Twenty-five were produced,
three as H- 3 A amphibians. These were operated
1

able. Accommodation provided for a pilot in an on several Mediterranean routes, starting with
enclosed cockpit, behind which was the radio the Antibes-Ajaccio (Corsica) service of
operator's panel and below the retractable ventral Aeronavale. The sole H- "ibis ( 934) was a naval-
1 1

gun turret. ised variant. Two H-132s were followed by four

Production LeO 451s had two 849.5 kW
(1,140 hp) Gnome-Rhone 14N 48/49 or 38/39
radial engines in specially designed Mercier cowl-
ings. Despite excellent performance, construction
of the type was slow. Only five LeO 45 s were on
first-line strength by 3 September 1939. When
France collapsed in June 1940 only 452 of some
1,700 ordered had been delivered. A number of
modifications were incorporated during series
production, the principal being a totally re-
designed fin and rudder assembly. Armament
included a fixed 7.5 mm MAC1934 nose
machine-gun, another gun of the same type flexi-
bly mounted in the ventral gondola, and a some-
what troublesome 20 mm
HS-404 on a special
mounting in the dorsal position. Maximum bomb
load - carried in fuselage and wing bomb bays -
was 2,400 kg (5,291 lb).
The LeO 45 s were used
1 initially for long-range
reconnaissance missions, then for daylight bomb-
ing during the Battle of France and in night raids
on Italian targets during June 1940. A further 225
were ordered by the French Vichy regime, the
type serving in French overseas territories, later
H-133s, each with a single 223.6 kW (300 hp)
Renault engine. Two H-13s were subsequently
modified to H-134s, each powered by a single
335.3 kW (450 hp) Lorraine engine.
1 Seven H-135 amphibians were acquired by the
Polish Navy for reconnaissance and training
duties, and the prototype H-136 was followed by
12 production aircraft for the French Navy, each
with the pilot's cockpit in front of the wings, bow
and midships gunners' positions. Production of
all the H-13 versions totalled 52 aircraft.
Data: Engines as above Wing span 16.0 m (52 ft
6 in) Length 1 1.5 m (37 ft 8% in) Max T-0 weight
2,564 kg (5,653 1b) Max level speed 160 km/h
(99.5mph)
Liore et Olivier H-25 series (France)
Developed from the LeO 20, the 1928 prototype
had a new tailplane and liquid-cooled Hispano-
Suiza engines. The second aircraft was sold to
Romania and three LeO 253 landplane bombers
(built in 1931) went to Brazil.
The LeO H-254 was the first naval variant with
an interchangeable wheel or twin-float landing
gear. It retained the open cockpits of the earlier

741
Liore et Olivier

Liore-Olivier H-25
prototype.

Max T-0 weigh! 9,380 kg (20,679 lb) Max level

speed250km/h (155.5 mph) Range 1,500 km

(932 miles)
Liore et Olivier H-43 (France) Built to a French
Navy requirement of 1933, the prototype H-43
first flew in December 1934. It was a three-seat
twin-float monoplane armed with two machine-
guns. The 20 production aircraft were not deli-
vered until 1939 by which time the type was
totally obsolete.
Liore et Olivier H-47 (France) Intended for Air
France's South Atlantic route, the prototype H-47
flew for the first time in July 1936 but was lost in
March of the following year. Five strengthened
production flying-boats were delivered during
1938-39 but were requisitioned by the Navy at the
outbreak of World War II. Power was provided
by four 641 kW (860 hp) Hispano-Suiza 12Y34
Liore-Olivier H-257A/S
engines mounted in tandem pairs.
landplane. versions and the 'balcony'-type nose-gunner's
Liore et Olivier H-49 (Fiance) See Sud-Est
cockpit. The single supercharged H-255 followed,
which established several altitude records for sea- SE 200
planes. Four LeO H-256s had engines with reduc- Liore et Olivier H-190 series (France) The
tion gear, while the single LeO H-257 was the H- 90 was a single-engined flying-boat of wooden
1

prototype for a series of 60 H-257 bis delivered to
the French Navy from 1935. These had enclosed
cabins for the flight crew, a bow gun position and
revised bomb-aimer's position. The dorsal gun
position remained open and a retractable ventral
turret was fitted. Armament comprised four
0.303 in Lewis or 7.7 mm
Darne machine-guns,
plus a 670 kg torpedo or up to 600 kg ( ,323 lb) of 1
bombs. Power was provided by two 648.3 k\V
(870 hp) Gnome-Rhone 14Kfrs radial engines.
Twenty-six 484.4 kVV (650 hp) Hispano-
Suiza-powered H-258s were produced as stop-
gaps pending the delivery of the H-257bis. The
solitary H-259 was powered by 641 kVV (860 hp)
Hispano-Suiza engines with variable-pitch prop-
ellers.
LeO H-257bi.\ and H-258s equipped
oi naval cscadrilles Hying neutrality patrols dur-
ing the Spanish Civil War and anti-submarine
construction. Twenty-nine initial production air-
craft were built (including five H-190'Fs),
each accommodating six passengers. These had
the pilot's cockpit aft of the biplane wing. All
subsequent production aircraft had the pilot's
cockpit forward of the wings. The postal H-198
variant (nine built) was powered by a 357.7 kW
(480 hp) Jupiter radial engine and reinforced for
catapult launching from transatlantic liners. All
had been withdrawn from service by 1933.
The LeO H-194 of 1926 became famous for
making a three-month African cruise covering
28,000 km (17,400 miles). Two examples of the
twin tandem-engined LeO H-199 were com-
pleted, together with 16 examples of a naval var-
iant of the series designated H-193S, used for
a number coastal-patrol duties.
Data (LeO H-193S): Wing span 16.0 m (52 ft 6 in)
Length 2.5 m (4 ft
1 in) Max T-0 weight 3, 185 kg
1

patrols during World War II. Some even carried (7,022 lb) Max level (peed 170 km/h (105.5 mph)
"in attacks on land targets during the German Liore et Olivier H-242 (France) Fourteen
Blitzkrieg of May 1940. H-242 flying-boats went into service from 1932
Data (LeO H-257bis): Enginei .is above Wing span with Air Union (soon to be Air France) on
25.5 m (83 ft 8 in) Length 17.54 m (57 ft 6% in) Mediterranean routes - each aircraft bearing the

742
 Lockheed

name of a French-controlled Mediterranean port.

Powered by lour 3 3 k\V (420 hp) Gnome-Rhone
1

7Kd radial engines mounted in tandem pairs

above the high cantilever wing, each had an
enclosed pilot's cockpit and cabin accommoda-
tion for 15 passengers. Robust aircraft, they sur-
vived on regular routes until 1939, most falling
into Italianhands in 1940.
Liore Olivier H-246 (France) Twenty-six-
et
passenger flying-boat designed for Air France's
Mediterranean routes. Power was provided by
four Hispano-Suiza 12X liquid-cooled engines
mounted in the leading edge of the high mono-
plane wing. The prototype was followed by six
production aircraft in 1939, five of which operated
the Marseille-Algiers route. The sixth had a
glazed bow and defensive armament and was
used as a military reconnaissance aircraft during
1939-40.
Lloyd experimental
Lloyd C types (Austria-Hungary) The Lloyd
observation biplane of
series of two-seat reconnaissance and training bi-
World War I, with the
planes began before the outbreak of World War I
observer occupying a
with the C.I. At the 1914 Vienna meeting it was
cockpit high in the nose
flown by Oberlieut Bier (former director of of the fuselage.
Deutsche Flugzeug Werke) to an altitude of more
than 6,150 m (20,200 ft), at the same time or on a
separate occasion setting an altitude record while
carrying three persons. During the war Lloyd
aircraft were standardised in the Austro-
Hungarian Air Service, the C.Is giving way to
108 kW (145 hp) Hiero-powered C.IIs, 19 kW 1

(160 hp) Austro-Daimler-powered C.IIIs and

C.IVs, and 138 kW (185 hp) Austro-Daimler or
149 kW (200 hp) Benz-powered CVs, operated
until the end of the war. Production of all versions
totalled about 400 aircraft. Several interesting
experimental aircraft were also built during the
war by Lloyd.
Data (C.III): Engine as above Wing span 14.0 m
(45 ft IIV2 in) Length 9.0 (29 m ft 6V2 in) Max
T-0 weight 1,380 kg (3,042 1b) Max level speed
134 km/h (83 mph) Endurance 3 h 30 min Arma-
ment one rear-mounted Schwarzlose machine-gun
Liore-Olivier H-246.
Lockheed C-5A Galaxy (USA) In October 1965
Lipnur LT-200 (Indonesia) Two-seat light air- Lockheed was selected prime contractor for a new
craft based on the Pazmany PL-2. Powered by one
very large logistics transport for Military Airlift
112 k\V (150 hp) Lycoming O-320-E2A engine.
Command (then MATS) and the designation
It was expected that about 30 would be built C-5A and name Galaxy were assigned. Initial
initially for the Indonesian Air Force, Civil Flying construction began in August 1966 and the first
flight was made on 30 June 1968. Contracts were
School and flying clubs (see also Angkatan).
Lisunov Li-2 (USSR) Soviet licence-built ver- placed subsequently covering the manufacture of
sion of the Douglas DC-3 operated widely during 81 C-5As for the USAF and delivery of these was
World II and after by air forces and airlines. completed in May 1973. The Galaxy remains the
largest aeroplane in the world.
Power was provided by two 745 kW 1,000 hp) (

Shvetsov ASh-621R radial engines. In early 1978 Lockheed received a USAF con-
tract to manufacture two new sets of C-5A wings
of a design intended to reduce stress and increase
service life to 30,000 hours. Apart from the mov-
ing surfaces, these wings are of virtually new
design. One set is for ground testing and one for
flight trials in 1980. If these tests are successful it

is planned to fit them

Galaxies still
to the 77 in
operational service with the USAF, beginning in
1982.
Data: Engines four 182.4 kN (41,000 lb st) Gen-
eral Electric TF39-GE-1 turbofans Wing span
67.88 m 8V2 in) Length 75.54 m (247 ft
(222 ft

10 in) Max T-0 weight 348,810 kg (769,000 1b)

Ma\ level speed 919 km/h (571 mph) Range (max
payload) 6,033 km (3,749 miles) Accommodation
normal crew of five, with rest area for 15 people
(relief crew, couriers, etc) at front of upper deck.
Basic version has seats for 75 troops on rear part of
upper deck. Provision for 270 troops on lower
deck, but aircraft is employed primarily as a Lisunov Li-2.

743

Lockheed
Lockheed C-5A Galaxy.
freighter. Typical freight loads include two M-60
tanks or 16 X 3A ton lorries; or one M-60 and two
Bell Iroquois helicopters, five M-113 personnel
carriers, one \l-59 2V2 ton truck and an M-151 V*
ton truck; or 10 Pershing missiles with tow and
launch vehicles; or 36 standard 463L load pallets.
Visor-type upward-hinged nose and loading
ramp permit straight-in loading into front of hold
under flight deck.
Lockheed C-130 Hercules (USA) Following a launch/control aircraft; JC- 30As for the tracking
decision to equip the USAF with turboprop
transport aircraft able to carry outsize cargo
economically over long ranges, two types emerged
from the resulting design competition: the Lock-
heed C-130 and the much larger, longer-range
Douglas C- 33.1
Lockheed received an initial contract for two
YC- 30 prototypes on July 95 and the first of
1 1 1 1 1 WC-130Bs
these made its maiden flight on 23 August 1954.
Lockheed C-130K
Hercules, designated C.1
by the RAF.
744
2
The first production C- 30 A flew on 7 April
1 955. 1
These aircraft (named Hercules) began to enter
service with Troop Carrier Command and Tacti-
cal Air Command in December 1956.
As the primary requirement was to carry cargo,
the wing was mounted high on the fuselage so that
its carry-through structure would cause the
minimum loss of internal capacity. In the same
vay themain landing gear was kept on the outside
of the fuselage, with the struts and wheels retract-
ing into external fairings. Access to the main
cargo hold was from the rear with a large hydraul-
ically operated ramp making easy the direct on-
loading of military vehicles, or simplifying the
handling of general cargo. Once the load was
aboard the ramp was raised, forming the under-
surface of the rear fuselage. Power plant of the
C-130A comprised four Allison T56-A-1A or -9
turboprop engines mounted in nacelles at the
wing leading edge.
Second major version was the C-130B which
differed from the original C-130A by having
increased fuel capacity, uprated landing gear and
more powerful Allison engines. The first of these
entered service with Tactical Air Command on 1
June 1959 and 230 were built before production
ended. The requirement for increased range
brought about production of 503 C-130Es with
additional fuel capacity. The current production
version in 1979 was the C-130H, well over 500 of
which had been ordered.
Apart from its basic transport role, the Her-
cules has proved to be particularly adaptable for a
range of differing tasks, leading to a large number
of variants of each version. C-130As included a
single test example AC-130A gunship; two
GC-130A (later DC-130A) drone carrier/
1
of missiles and spacecraft, seven of which were
reconverted to AC-130A gunship configuration;
and RC-130A mapping aircraft.
Variants of the C-130B include US Coast
Guard HC-130B search and rescue aircraft; and
NC-130B for short take-ofTand landing (STOL)
research; RC-130Bs similar to RC-130As; and 17
for weather reconnaissance and
research.
 Lockheed

Lockheed CP-140 Aurora (USA) Special ver- Lockheed L-100 Hercules.

sion of the Lockheed P. 3 Orion for the Canadian
Armed Forces, combining the airframe, power
plant and basic aircraft systems of the Orion with
the avionics systems and data-processing capabil-
ityof the US Navy's carrier-based Lockheed S-3A
Viking. Delivery of 18 aircraft will be completed
between May 1980 and March 1981.
Lockheed C-141 StarLifter (USA) With the
aim of increasing significantly the strategic airlift
capability of the USAF, the specification
SOR-182 Lockheed Hercules W.2,
(Specific Operational Requirement
operated by the RAF for
182) was issued in 1960. Intended to provide
weather reconnaissance.

| II
^ .v. _ -w
i
^TTT i II
s
.^
*4li
i
<
*
KZZt
HMHM>u|^^^^
us
C-130E variants have included AC-130E gun-
ships; DC-130E drone launch and control air-
craft; US Coast Guard EC-130E;
special-duty
three HC- 30E SAR aircraft for the Coast Guard;
1

and weather reconnaissance \VC-130Es for the

USAF.
C-13UH variants include long-range SAR
HC-130Hs; JC-130Hs to retrieve re-entering
space capsules; a drone launch and recovery
DC-130H; and KC-130H tankers.
Other Hercules versions include the
C-130D with wheel/ski landing gear for opera-
tion in snow-bound areas; C-130F assault trans-
Lockheed CP-140 Aurora.
port;KC-130F assault transport/tanker; global-range airlift for MATS (subsequently
HC-130N for space capsule retrieval; HC-130P MAC) as well as high-speed strategic deployment
helicopter-refuelling tanker; EC-130Q US Navy for US Strike Command, Boeing, Douglas, Gen-
Command communication aircraft; K.C-130R eral Dynamics/Convair and Lockheed all made
tanker; and LC-130R wheel/ski landing gear submissions. It was announced on 13 March 1961

transport. More than 1,500 examples of the Her- that the Lockheed-Georgia Company had been
cules have been built. In addition Lockheed build chosen as winners of the design contest. On 16
a lengthened-fuselage civil counterpart under the August 96 construction of an initial batch of five
1 1

designation L-100. The designations L-100-50 C-141 As was contracted and the first of these
and L-400 Twin Hercules apply to two pro- aircraft made its initial flight at Marietta on 17
jected new versions, the former a 'stretched' December 1963 (the 60th anniversary of the first
L-100 and the latter a twin-engined derivative of powered flight made by the Wright brothers).
the C-130. 1

Design of the fuselage was somewhat similar to

Data (C-130H): four 3,362 kW
Engines that of the C-130 Hercules, with a rear loading
(4,508 ehp) Allison T56-A-15 turboprops Wing door, but to provide the high-speed characteris-
span 40.41m (132 ft 7 in) Length (except tics required by Strike Command, the monoplane
HC-130H) 29.79 m (97 ft 9 in) Max T-0 weight wing (mounted in a high-wing configuration) had
79,379 kg (175,000 1b) Max level speed 021 km/h 25 sweepback and carried four turbofan engines
(386 mph) Range with maxpayload 4,002 km (2,487 mounted in underwing pods. Tricycle-type land-
miles) Armament (gunship versions) has included ing gear consisted of a twin-wheel nose unit, each
a variety of 7.62 mm, 20 mm, 40 mm
and 105 mm main unit comprising a four-wheel bogie.
guns C-141 A StarLifters (as the type was named)

745
Lockheed

Prototype Lockheed
YC-141B StarLifter
undergoing
flight-refuelling tests

Lockheed C-141A
StarLifter.
began to enter service with MATS
in October Lockheed F-80 Shooting Star (USA) In June
1964 and by the summer of 1965 had started 1943 Lockheed was instructed to proceed with the
regular operational flights across the Pacific to design and development of a new single-seat
Vietnam, maintaining virtually a daily service. fighter, utilising as its power plant a British de
C-141 A StarLifters carried a crew of four to six Havilland H- 1 turbojet. This was undoubtedly an
and could accommodate 154 troops, 123 para- exciting project for Lockheed, for the first US-

troops, 80 stretchers and 16 sitting casualties, or built turbojet-powered aircraft- the Bell XP-59A
cargo. Some aircraft were modified to carry a prototype - had made its maiden flight less than
Minuteman intercontinental ballistic missile in nine months earlier. At that time the tempo of
its special container: a load totalling 39, 103 kg American aircraft production had got into high
(86,207 lb). However operational deployment gear and C. L. ('Kelly') Johnson, leader of Lock-
showed that C-141 As were often loaded consider- heed's design team, used his genius and
ably below their maximum permissible weight, enthusiasm to such effect that the project details
although the cargo hold was physically full. This had been completed within a week.
resulted in a C-141 A being modified by having the The design proved acceptable to the LSAAF. It
fuselage lengthened by 7. 1 1 m
(23 ft 4 in) and the was a low-wing cantilever monoplane with a
inclusion of flight-refuelling equipment. This flew knife-edge laminar-flow wing section; engine
for the first time on 24 March 1977. It is planned within the rear fuselage; air intakes on each side of
to convert the existing 277 C-141 As to this new the fuselage forward of the wing leading edge; and
C-141B StarLifter standard by July 1982. retractable tricycle-type landing gear. Equally
Data (C-141A): Engines four 9,525 kg attractive was the company's proposal to com-
(21,000 lb st) Pratt & Whitney TF33-P7 turbo- plete an initial prototype within 180 days and
fans Wing span 48.74 m (159 ft 1 Length
1 in) little time was lost in awarding contracts for three

44.2 m (145 ft in) Max T-0 weight 143,607' kg prototypes and 13 service trials aircraft. Work on
(316,600 lb) Max level speed 919 km/h (571 mph) the first prototype began in August 1943 and just
Cruising speed 797 km/h (495 mph) Range (with 143 days later (on 9 January 1944) this aircraft
32,136 kg; 70,847 lb payload) 6,566 km flew for the first time.
Lockheed F-80A Shooting ( 1.080 miles) Service designationof the prototype was
Star. XP-80. Its power
plant was a 13.34 k.\
(3,000 lb st) de Havilland H- turbojet, predeces-
1

sor of the Goblin and supplied to the USA in July

1943. Unfortunately plans for this engine to be
built by the Allis-Chalmers Company in America
went awry, so the next two prototypes each had a
16.68 kN (3,750 lb General Electric I- 10 tur-
st)

bojet. This was and more powerful engine

a larger
than the intended Allis-Chalmers J36, involving
redesign which included increased span and
length, a taller fin and strengthened landing gear.
The exercise cost five months, for it was nol until
10 June 1914 that the first of these two \P-80.\s
was flown.

746
 The YP-80A service trials aircraft, powered i>\

Allison-developed General Electric J33s, began to

equip L'SAAF units in October 1944 but were too
late to see operational service in World War II.
The name allocated (Shooting Star) was indica-
tive of the excitement generated by these new
turbine-powered aircraft, able to demonstrate
speeds of 160-240 km/h 100-150 mph) higher
(

than those of the best piston-engined fighters.

Because of such performance, war-end contract
cancellations did not eliminate the P-80 (changed
to F-80 in 1948), but ensured that production
continued to re-equip USAAF first-line squad-
rons - beginning in December 1945.
Production P-80As had wingtip tanks and pro-
vision for bombs, rockets and fuel tanks to be
carried beneath the wings, plus six 0.50 in guns
mounted in the fuselage nose. P-80Bs which fol-
lowed had a more powerful engine, thinner wing
section, stronger bulkheads in the nose section to Lockheed F-94C Starfire.
support greater fire-power, stainless steel 7,646 kg (16,856 1b) Max level speed 933 km/h
armoured engine compartment and provisions for (580 mph) Cruising speed 707 km/h (439 mph)
JATO. Final version was the P-80C (RF-80C Range 2,221 km 1,380 miles) Armament six 0.50 in
(

unarmed photographic reconnaissance sub- guns, rockets, bombs and napalm bombs
variant), with a still more powerful engine and Lockheed F-94 Starfire (USA) Third member of
increased underwing weapons capabilitv. Lockheed's F-80 family, the F-94 Starfire was
evolved to satisfy a requirement for a two-seat
all-weather radar-equipped fighter. It was
evolved from the two-seat T-33, trainer and origi-
nally used many of the main components and the
production facilities of its predecessor. The pro-
totypes were converted T-33s, each with a new
26.69 kN (6,000 lb st Allison J33-A-33 turbojet,
)

radar equipment installed in the fuselage nose

and suitably equipped accommodation for the
radar operator in the rear cockpit. Armament of
four 0.50 in guns was retained in the forward
fuselage.
Deliveries of production F-94As began in June
1950. These incorporated the wings, landing gear
and centre fuselage of the T-33, with a new nose
and rear fuselage (former to house the radar and
the latter for the afterburner installation). All
Checking the cameras in
hydraulic, electric and control systems were simi-
a Lockheed RF-80
lar to those of the F-80C. The F-94As were fol-
Shooting Star.
lowed in 1951 by F-94Bs which differed in having
The Shooting Star has an established place in square wingtips with centrally mounted Fletcher
USAAF/USAF history:its first operational jet- tip-tanks of larger capacity and improved shape,
powered aircraft, one of which set a world speed raised to the wing centre-line, and a revised hy-
record of 1,003.91 km/h
(623.8 mph) on 19 June draulic system. Final version was the F-94C with
1947. Soon after (in 1950) they were used in com- a thinner wing, longer nose, swept horizontal tail
bat during the Korean War and an F-80C, flown surfaces, larger vertical surfaces, a more powerful
by Lieut Russell J, Brown on 8 November 1950, engine, and the radome centred in the fuselage
achieved the first air-combat victory between two nose and surrounded by a ring of 24 air-to-air
jet-powered fighters, destroying a Mikoyan rockets housed in firing tubes, faired by a retract-
MiG-15 of the Chinese People's Republic Air able shield. Two pods (one mounted on each
Force. For Korea, F.80s were adapted to carry wing) could together accommodate 24 more rock-
two 500 lb and four 260 lb fragmentation bombs ets. A total of 544 kg (1,200 1b) of electronic
or two ,000 lb bombs plus eight rockets or four 40
1 equipment included automatic locating, tracking
US napalm bombs.
gallon and firing instruments, Westinghouse autopilot,
have included reconnaissance
Variants Sperry Zero-Reader, ILS, etc. A total of 854 pro-
RF-80s, QF-80A and QF-80F drones, and one duction Starfires were built. The USAF's first
F-80C was converted as a prototype two-seat turbojet-powered all-weather interceptor, the
trainer (see Lockheed T-33). type served primarily with Air Defense Command
Data (F-80C): Engine one 20.46 kN (4,600 lb st) for national defence.
AllisonJ33-A-23 turbojet If 'ingspan 12.17 in (39 ft Data (F-94C): Engine one 38.92 kN (8,750 lb st,
1 1 in) Length 10.52 m (34 ft 6 in) Max T-0 weight with afterburning) Pratt & Whitney J48-P-5 or

747
Lockheed

Lockheed F-104Js and ary 1958 that the first production F-104As began
two-seat F-104DJs of the to enter service - as interceptors - with Air
JASDF. Defense Command's 83rd Fighter Interceptor
Squadron.
These production aircraft appeared quite
revolutionary to those seeing them for the first
time: with but a token monoplane wing mid-set on
the fuselage- this latter assembly wrapped tightly
round a powerful turbojet engine - needle-nosed
and T-tailed. Able to demonstrate a level speed of
around 2,250 km/h ,400 mph) and to climb to a
( 1

height of 25 km (15.15 miles) in about 4.5

minutes, it is not surprising that the Press dubbed
the Starfighter the 'missile with a man in it'.
F-104As (170) and multi-mission F-104Cs (77)
served with the USAF, as well as F- 104B (26) and
F-104D (21) two-seat operational-trainer coun-
terparts of the A and C respectively. Major con-
struction, however, was in Europe: following
development by Lockheed of the multi-mission
F-104G, more than 1,000 came from production
lines in Belgium, Germany, Holland and Italy to
equip the air forces of those nations. Similar ver-
sions were built under licence in Canada and
Japan. Lockheed also built 179 F-104Gs for
export or for supply to friendly nations through
the Military Assistance Program.
Final production line was that of Aeritalia SpA
in Turin, Italy which built 205 Starfighters for the
Italian Air Force and 40 for Turkey. These
multi-role combat aircraft have the designation
F-104S and have extended production of this out-
standing (and sometimes controversial) aircraft
for a period of 20 years.
Interestingly a Starfighter - built from non-
Lockheed F-104Gs in serviceable ex-military aircraft components by
Luftwaffe service. -5 A turbojet Wing span 12.93 m (42 ft 5 in) Length American Darryl Greenamyer over a ten-year
13.56 m (44 ft 6 in) Max T-010,977 kg
weight period - was without doubt the fastest and most
(24,200 lb) Max level speed 941 km/h (585 mph) at complex 'homebuilt' aircraft ever completed.
9,145 m
(30,000 ft) Range 1,931 km (1,200 miles) With this aircraft- known as the Red Baron
Armament up to 48 air-to-air rockets F-104RB Starfighter - he raised the world speed
Lockheed F-104 Starfighter (USA) Lockheed's record over a 3 km low-level course to
C. L. ('Kelly') Johnson has designed some really 1,590.45km/h (988.26 mph) on 24 October 1977.
exciting aircraft, but the company's Model 83 Unfortunately the F-104RB was lost in an acci-
(which originated in late 1952) must qualify as dent in 1978.
outstanding when the state of the art at that time Data (F- 104S): Engine one 79.62 kN ( 7,900 lb st, 1

is taken into account. Lockheed were aware that with afterburning) General Electric J79-GE- 19
USAF experience in Korea had shown the need turbojet Wing span 6.68 m (21 ft 11 in) Length
for an air-superiority fighter able to operate from 16.69 m (54 ft Max T-0 weight 14,061 kg
9 in)
forward airfields and climb rapidly from the (31,000 lb) Max level speed Mach 2.2 Cruising speed
ground to engage in high-level combat. The 982 km/h (610 mph) Range 1,247 km (775 miles)
Model 83 was designed to fulfil these roles, and in Armament one 20 mm
M-61 Vulcan cannon and
formulating his design 'Kelly' Johnson attempted up to 1,814 kg (4,000 lb) external weapons. Two
to keep it as cheap, small and readily maintain- Sparrow or Sidewinder missiles can be carried in
able as possible. Tendered to the USAF as an an interceptor role
unsolicited proposal, it was necessary for com-
Lockheed L.10A Electra. petitive bids to be received and the USAF notified
a formal requirement for such an aircraft in late
1952.
Submissions were received from North Ameri-
can and Republic; but as both of these companies
were already heavily involved in fighter develop-
ment and production, Lockheed's proposal was
selected cautiously:two XF- 104 prototypes being
ordered development and testing. The first of
lor
these Hew on 28 February 1954, followed by test
and evaluation aircraft. It was not until 26 Janu-

748
 Lockheed

Lockheed L.10 Electra (USA) Lockheed

enjoyed considerable success with its Vega, ( )rion
and Air Express commercial aircraft, but In the
beginning of the 1930s it was clear that .1 new and
modern replacement was needed if the company
was to have continued success. Its answer came in
the form of the L.10 Electra, a high-speed twin-
engined all-metal cantilever low-wing airliner
accommodating ten passengers or freight.
Appearing after the Boeing Model 247 and the
Douglas DC- /DC-2, the Electra first flew in Feb-
1

ruary 1934 and entered service with Northwest

Airlines in August of that year.
Several versions were produced including the
298 k\V (400 hp) Pratt & Whitney R-985 Wasp
Junior-engined L.10A; 313 kW (420 hp) Wright
Whirlwind-powered L.10B; and 335.3 kW
(450 hp) Pratt & Whitney R-1340 Wasp-engined
L.10E. During 1935 41 Electras were delivered
and the company recorded its most profitable
year ever. In 1937 the 100th Electra was delivered
to Poland. Lockheed built a total of 148 Electras,
most of which were used by airlines but a few went
to the USAAC, US Navy and US Coast Guard as
the C-36/C-37, R20 and R30 respectively.
Data (L. 10A): Engines as above Wing span 16.76 m
(55 ft in) Length 1 1.76 m (38 ft
weight 4,763 kg (10,500 1b) Max level speed
325 km/h (202 mph) Range 1,416 km (880 miles)
Lockheed L.12 Electra (USA) In 1936 the new
Lockheed L.12 Electra made its appearance. It
was smaller than the L. 10 but much faster. Power
was provided by two Wasp Junior or Whirlwind
engines and six passengers were carried. Like the
L. 10, the L. 12 had considerable success and sales
included a few to the USAAC and US Navy as
C-40s and JOs respectively.
Lockheed L.14 Super Electra (USA) The L. 14
was a larger and refined version of the Electra
powered by two 559 kW (750 hp) Pratt & Whit-
ney Hornet or 566.4-61 kW (760-820 hp) 1
Lockheed L.14 Super
Britainand 50 from Australia as military recon- Electra.
naissance bombers. These became Hudsons (see
entry).
Interestingly in 1938 Mr Howard Hughes and
a crew of four flew a circuit of the Northern
Hemisphere in an L. 14 in 3 days 19 hours and 8
minutes. This flight of 23,804 km (14,791 miles)
began in New York on 10 July and took in Paris,
Moscow and other major cities before ending
7 in) Max T-0
back in New York on 14 July.
Data (Hornet engines): Engines as above Wing span
19.96 m m
(65 ft 6 in) Length 13.47 (44 ft 2V2 in)
Max T-0 weight 7,938 kg (17,500 1b) Max level Lockheed L.12 Electra.
speed 393 km/h (244 mph) Range 3,315 km (2,060
miles)
Lockheed L.18 Lodestar (USA) First flown on
21 September 1939, the L.18 was a direct
development of the L.14 and accommodated a
crew of three and 14 passengers. It first entered
service in March 1940 with Mid-Continent Air-
lines and eventually more than 600 were built for
commercial and military service. By the end of
World War II more than a dozen airlines in four
continents were still flying the type.
During World War II the Lodestar was widely
adapted for service transport use by the USAAF
and US Navy. Military versions were the C-56, a
USAAF model for executive or general personnel
transport duties, also delivered to Britain as the
Lodestar I; R50- the US Navy equivalent of the
1 ,
C-56; C-57 for the USAAF with differences in
engines and cabin installations; C-59 for the
USAAF with R-1690 Hornet engines and carry-
ing 14 passengers, supplied to Britain (as the
Lodestar IA) and other countries under the
Defence Aid programme; R50-2, the US Navy
equivalent of the C-59; R50-3 US Navy executive
Lockheed L.18 Lodestars.

Wright Cyclone engines. Accommodation was

provided for 12 passengers. Innovations included
the use of Fowler flaps which increased area by
sliding back 1.07 m (42 in) in streamlined guides
between the ailerons and the fuselage, and
fitted
baggage holds below the floor of the cabin and in
the nose.
The first L.14 flew on 29 July 1937, by which
time more than 30 had already been ordered. In
addition to L. 14s ordered for commercial service,
Lockheed received an order for 250 L. 14s from

749
 ,

Lockheed

Braniff International Airways, K.LM, Qantas,

Garuda Indonesian Airways and Northwest
Orient Airlines.
The first airline to inaugurate Electra services
was Eastern Air Lines (on 12 January 1959), fol-
lowed by American Airlines (on 23 January
1959).
Data: Engines four Allison Model 501-D13s (see
above), later 3,018 kW (4,050 eshp) Model
501-D15s Wing span 30.18 m (99 ft in) Length
31.81 m ( 104 ft 6V2 in) Max T-0 weight 52,664 kg
(116,000 1b) Cruising speed 652 km/h (405 mph)
Range 4,458-5,570 km (2,770-3,460 miles)
Accommodation 44, 65, 66 or 88 passengers
Lockheed L-1011 TriStar (USA) Following
extended market research, Lockheed began the
design of a wide-body short/medium-range air-
liner under the identity of Lockheed Model 28S.
Influenced by the expressed requirements of
American Airlines, Lockheed began discussions
with other domestic operators to establish the
greatest common area of requirement. In the pro-
cess the company's initial design changed from a
two- to three-engined layout and the Rolls-Royce
RB.2 1 turbofan was selected because of its prom-
1
Lockheed C-60 Lodestars
transport,accommodating a crew of four and six ised economy. In its final design stage the Model
towing troop-carrying
passengers; C-60 for the USAAF's Defence Aid 28S became designated L-1011 and given the
gliders.
programme (used by Britain as the Lodestar II), name TriStar.
fitted with Wright R- 1820-87 Cyclone engines Construction of the prototype began in March
and accommodating 18 fully armed troops; 1969 and it flew for the first time on 16 November
R50-4, -5 and -6 US Navy equivalents of the 1970. Production examples of the basic L-101 1-1
C-60, accommodating 47 passengers, 14 passen- TriStar were delivered to Eastern Airlines and
gers and 18 troops respectively; and the single TWA in April 1972 and the first scheduled
C-66 for the USAAF Defence Aid programme, revenue flight was made on 26 April 1972. Since
accommodating passengers.
1 1 that time a number of longer-range versions have
Data (C-56, Lodestar I): Engines two 745.2 kW entered service and some new versions had been
(1,000 hp) Wright R-1820 Cyclone radials Wing proposed in mid- 1979. By early December 1978 a
span 19.96 m (65 ft 6 in) Length 15.19 m(49 ft total of 56 aircraft had been delivered to 2 major
1 1

978 in) Max T-0 weight (standard) 7,938 kg
(17,700 lb) Max level speed 417 km/h (259 mph)
Range 3,041 km (1,890 miles)
Lockheed L.188 Electra (USA) The
designed as a short/medium-range airliner pow-
ered by four 2,794.5 kW (3,750 eshp) Allison
Model 50 1 turboprop engines. The first prototype
flew on 6 December 1957. The initial order 'off the
drawing board' for 35 Electras was received in
1955 from American Airlines, who later sold five
to Varig of Brazil. Subsequent orders were placed
by 12 airlines and a handful of other customers,
including Eastern Air Lines, National Airlines,
Lockheed L.188 Electra.
airlines and orders (208) and options (80) totalled
288 by early May 1979.
Of conventional fail-safe light-alloy construc-
Electra was tion, the TriStar has a cantilever monoplane wing
which features powered low-speed (outboard)
and high-speed (inboard) ailerons, hydraulically
actuated double-slotted Fowler trailing-edge
flaps, leading-edge slats, and six spoilers on the
upper surface of each wing. Fuselage and tail unit
are conventional structures (the tail unit having
powered controls) but are designed to accommo-
date the third engine in the rear fuselage at the
base of the fin. The other two engines are pylon-
mounted in pods beneath the wing. Landing gear
(retractable tricycle-type) has twin wheels on the
nose unit and twin-wheel units in tandem on each
main unit. Operated by a crew of 13, standard
accommodation of the L-101 1-1 is for 256 mixed-
class passengers, with a maximum of 400 in a

s high-density seating arrangement.

,

SH(L.t./ A(>HS^ r ***^ Developed versions in current service include

mmmg/M the longer-range L- 101 1- 100, L-101 1-200 and
L-101 1-250; and the shorter-fuselage extended-
range L-101 1-500 which has standard and maxi-
mum passenger accommodation ol 246 and 300
passengers respectively. Proposals include the
r^* short/medium-range L-101 1-400A with the shor-
tened fuselage of the -500 and accommodation for
251 passengers; a multi-purpose version of that

750

aircraft designated L-1011-400A MP; the even
shorter-fuselaged L- 101 1-600 to accommodate
174200 passengers over short/medium ranges;
and an advanced-technology version of that same
aircraft designated L-101 1-600A.
In 1979 Lockheed were flying the original pro-
totype under the name Advanced TriStar. This is
equipped with several advanced-technology fea-
tures which are being flight tested and evaluated
for possible inclusion in current production or
projected versions. Potentially the most impor-
tant of these features are wingtip extensions which
have been found to reduce drag to the extent that
fuel savings in the order of 3% can be expected
from modified aircraft.
Data (L-101 1-500): Engines three 222.42 kN
(50,000 lb st) Rolls-Royce RB.211-524B turbo-
fans Wing span 47.35 m (155 ft 4 in) Length
50.05 m (164 ft 2Vi in) Max T-0 weight
''
224,982 kg (496,000 1b) Max cruising spent
898 km/h (558 mph) Range with max passengers
9,653 km (5,998 miles)
Lockheed 0-3A and Q-Star (USA) Faced with
the military requirement for a quiet observation
aircraft, Lockheed developed the two-seat
Q-Star. Two QT-2s flew in August 967 and were
1
subsequently with night sensors and taken
fitted
to Vietnam for evaluation under operational
conditions.
Potential of the Q-Star was such that Lockheed
produced the refined YO-3A version for the US
Army, still based on the Schweizer SGS 2-32 sail-
plane but with low wings and the wing roots
Lockheed
Lockheed L-1011 TriStar.
ex ended forward to
I accommodate the retractable
Lockheed L-1101-500
TriStar.
landing gear. Power was provided by a heavily
modified 156.5 kW (210 hp) Continental flat-six
engine. The YO-3A was deployed in Vietnam for
more than a vear.
Lockheed P-2 Neptune (USA) The first US
Navy contract for two XP2V-1 Neptune
maritime-reconnaissance bombers was placed in
April 1944. The first prototype flew in 1945. From
then Lockheed received contracts for the P2V- to 1
P2V-7 versions which were subsequently redesig-
nated in the P-2 category.
Lockheed P-2H Neptune.
The current versions in operational service are
the P-2E (formerly P2V-5) which introduced the
glazed nose, MAD tailboom, Julie/Jezebel ASW
systems, etc, and later fitted with auxiliary
underwing turbojets; SP-2E, as for the P-2E but
with modernised equipment; P-2H, the first ver-
sion to introduce auxiliary underwing turbojets
and incorporating equipment and detail changes;
and the SP-2H, as for the P-2H but with moder-
nised equipment. These serve with the Argenti-
nian Navy (P-2H), Australian Air Force (SP-2H),
Brazilian Air Force (P-2E), French Navy (P-2H),
JMSDF (P-2H, and Kawasaki P-2J see entry),
Netherlands Navy (SP-2H), Portuguese Air
Force (SP-2E) and the US Navy (SP-2H).
Data (P-2H): Engines two 2,608 kW (3,500 hp)
Wright R-3350-32W piston engines and two
15.12 kN (3,400 lb st) Westinghouse J 34 turbo- Prototype Lockheed
jets Wing span over tip tanks 31.65 m (103 ft 10 in) Advanced TriStar.
Length 27.94 m (91ft 8 in) Max T-0 weight
36,240 kg (79,895 lb) Max level speed 648 km/h
(403 mph) Max range (with ferry tanks) 5,930 km
(3,685 miles) Armament provision for 16x5 in
rocket projectiles under wings. Weapon load of
3,630 kg (8,000 lb) - carried internally - may
consist of bombs, depth charges or torpedoes.
Provision for optional dorsal turret with two
0.50 in machine-guns
751
 4
3
1 4

Lockheed

Lockheed L-1 01 1-500 59 Starboard inboard fuel 94 Cabin floor panels 126 Detachable engine
tank bay, capacity 95 Seat attachment rails cowlings
TriStar
7,985 US gal 96 Overhead 127 Centre engine
1 Radome installation
2 VOR localiser aerial (30,226 litres) air-conditioning ducting
60 Thrust-reverser 97 Fuselage frame-and- 128 Geared elevator hinge
3 Radar scanner dish
cascade, open stringer construction control
4 ILS glideslope aerial
61 Starboard engine 98 Cabin ceiling panelling 129 Port elevator
5 Front pressure bulkhead
nacelle 99 Overhead stowage bins 130 Elevator balance
6 Curved windscreen
62 Nacelle pylon 100 Rear cabin seating weights
panels
63 Fixed portion of leading 101 Cabin roof lighting 131 Tailplane tip fairing
7 Windscreen wipers
edge panels 132 Tailplane construction
8 Instrument panel shroud
64 Fuel surge box and boost 102 Noise-attenuating intake 133 Moving tailplane-sealing
9 Rudder pedals
10 Cockpit floor level pump reservoir fairing fairing
65 Fuel system piping 103 Centre engine intake 134 Pratt & Whitney 720 shp
1 Ventral access door
66 Outboard fuel tank bay, 104 Intake duct support auxiliary power unit
12 Forward underfloor radio
capacity 3,806 US gal structure 135 Rear cabin door
and electronics bay
1 36 Aft electronics bay
1 Pitot tubes (14,407 litres) 105 Aft galley units
67 Pressure refuelling 106 Rear toilet 137 Underfloor cargo
1 Observer's seat
15 Captain's seat connections compartments (5) compartment
16 First officer's seat 68 Screw jack drive shaft 107 Rear pressure dome
17 Overhead panel 69 Slat screw jacks 108 Tailplane centre-section
18 Flight engineer's station 70 Leading-edge slat 109 Variable-incidence
19 Cockpit roof escape segments, open tailplane hydraulic jacks
hatch 71 Extended wing-tip fairing 110 Intake S-duct
20 Air-conditioning ducting 72 Starboard navigation 111 Intake de-icing air supply
21 Forward galley units light 112 Sloping fin spar
22 Starboard service door 73 Wing-tip strobe light bulkhead
23 Forward toilet 74 Static dischargers 113 Starboard tailplane
compartments 75 Starboard active-control 1 1 Starboard elevator
24 Curtained cabin-divider aileron 115 HF aerial
25 Wardrobe 76 Aileron hydraulic jacks 116 Fin construction
26 Forward passenger door 77 Fuel jettison pipe 117 Fin leading edge
27 Cabin attendant's folding 78 Outboard spoilers 118 VOR aerial
seat 79 Outboard 119 Rudder mass balance
28 Nose undercarriage spoilers/speedbrakes 120 Static dischargers
wheel bay 80 Flap screw jacks 121 Rudder construction
29 Ram-air intake 81 Flap track fairings 122 Rudder hydraulic jacks
30 Heat exchanger 82 Outboard double-slotted 123 Engine bleed-air syster
31 Nose undercarriage leg flap, down 124 Centre engine pylon
strut 83 Inboard aileron mounting
32 Twin nosewheels 84 Inboard double-slotted 125 Tail fairing
33 Steering jacks flap, down
34 Nosewheel doors 85 Flap vane
35 Air-conditioning plant, 86 Inboard
port and starboard spoilers/speedbrakes
36 Cabin window panel 87 Fuselage/rear spar
37 Six-abreast first-class attachment main frame
seating, 24 seats 88 Cabin trim panels
38 Forward underfloor 89 Pressure floor over
freight hold wheel bay
39 Forward freight door 90 Hydraulic reservoirs
40 VHF aerial 91 Centre-section service
41 Curtained cabin-divider bay
42 Overhead stowage bins 92 Main undercarriage
43 Nine-abreast retracted position
tourist-class seating, 222 93 Hydraulic flap-drive
seats motors
44 Baggage/freight
containers, twelve LD3
containers forward
45 Fuselage frame-and-
stringer construction
46 Wing-root fillet

47 Taxiing lamp
48 Bleed-air system ducting
49 Escape chute and liferaft
stowage
50 Mid-section entry door
51 Centre-section galley
units
52 Fuselage centre-section
construction
53 Wing centre-section
carry-through structure
54 Dry bay
55 Centre-section fuel
tanks, capacity 8,060 US
gal (30,510 litres)
56 Floor beam construction
57 Fuselage/front spar
attachment main frame
58 Anti-collision lights

752

138 Wing-root trailing-edge
fillet
139 Aft underfloor freight
compartment, seven
LD3 containers
140 Port inboard
double-slotted flap
141 Flap down position
142 Flap track fairings
143 Inboard
spoilers/speedbrakes
144 Inboard aileron
145 Aileron hydraulic jacks
146 Outboard
spoilers/speedbrakes
147 Outboard double-slotted
flap
148 Flap down position
149 Flap track fairings
150 Outboard spoilers
151 Fuel jettison pipe
152 Port active-control
aileron
153 Static dischargers
154 Port wing-tip strobe
lights
155 Extended wing-tip fairing
156 Port navigation light
157 Rear spar
Lockheed
158 Fuel tank bay access 166 Slat de-icing air duct
panels
167 Stringer construction
159 Front spar 168 Wing skin plating
160 Outboard leading-edge 169 Undercarriage pivot
fixing
slat segments, open
161 Slat guide rails
170 Main undercarriage leg
strut
162 Screw jacks
171 Undercarriage side
163 Wing rib construction
struts
164 Pressure refuelling
connections
172 Inboard integral fuel tank
bay, capacity
165 Wing integral fuel tank
bays, capacity 7,985 US gal
3,806 US gal (30,226 litres)
173 Bleed-air ducting
(14,407 litres)
174 Screw jack drive shaft
175 Slat screw jacks
176 Inboard leading-edge
slat segments, open
177 Four-wheel main
undercarriage bogie
178 Port engine pylon
179 Detachable engine
cowlings
180 Port engine intake
^-^S^\\ 181 Rolls-Royce
RB.211-524B turbofan
C'\ \ -*c engine
V \\ \-\N4 182 Oil cooler
\
183 Engine accessory
\ \ \ gearbox
184 Thrust-reverser
cascades, closed
185 Fan-air exhaust duct
186 Hot-stream exhaust
nozzle
753
Lockheed

RP-3D One P-3C was reconfigured during

manufacture for a five-year mission to map the
Earth's magnetic field (under Project Magnet),
controlled bv the US Naval Oceanographic
Ofhce.
WP-3D Two aircraft equipped as airborne
research centres ordered by the US National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
Equipped to carry out atmospheric research
and weather modification experiments.
EP-3E Ten P-3As and two EP-3Bs were con-
verted to EP-3E configuration to replace Lock-
heed EC- 12 Is. Identified by large canoe radars
on upper and lower surfaces of fuselage and
ventral radome forward of wing.
P-3F Six aircraft - similar to the US Navy's
P-3Cs - for Iran. Delivery was completed in
January 1975.
By the beginning of 1979 Lockheed-California
Lockheed P-3 Orions.
Lockheed Orion (USA) In April 1958 it was had delivered 483 P-3s of all versions.
announced that Lockheed had won a US Navy Data (P-3C): Engines four 3,661 k\V (4,910 ehp)
competition for an 'off-the-shelf ASVV aircraft Allison T56-A-14 turboprops Wing span 30.37 m
with a developed version of the civil Electra four- (99 ft 8 in) Length 35.61 m 16 ft 10 in) Max T-0 ( 1

turboprop airliner. Named the Orion, production weight 64,410 kg (142,000 1b) Max level speed
continued in 1979 and a list of the many variants 761 km/h (473 mph) Mission radius 3,835 km
built can be found below: (2,383 miles) Armament bomb bay can accommo-
P-3A Initial production version for US Navy date a 2,000 1b MK
25/39/55/56 mine, three
wiih 3,356 kW (4,500 ehp, with water-alcohol 1,000 1b MK
36/52 mines, three 57 depth MK
injection) Allison T56-A-10W turboprop bombs, eight MK
54 depth bombs, eight MK
engines. First P-3A flew on 15 April 1961. 43/44/46 torpedoes or a combination of two MK
Deliveries of 157 to US Navy began on 13 101 nuclear depth bombs and four 43/44/46 MK
August 1962 to replace the P-2 Neptune. Three torpedoes. Ten underwing pvlons for torpedoes,
P-3As were also supplied to Spanish Air Force. 500 lb/ 1,000 lb/2,000 lb mines and rockets. Max
WP-3A Weather-reconnaissance version of total weapon load includes six 2,000 lb mines
P-3 A. Four delivered to US Navy during 1970 under wings and a 3,290 kg (7,252 lb) internal
to re-equip squadrons previously flying load made up of two 101 depth bombs and MK
\VC-121Ns. four MK
44 torpedoes
P-3B Follow-on production version with
Lockheed YP-38
3,661 kVV (4,910 ehp) Allison T56-A-14 tur-
Lightnings.
boprop engines which do not need water-
alcohol injection. USN contracts covered 124
P-3Bs. In addition, five P-3Bs were delivered to
the Royal New Zealand Air Force in 1966, ten
to the Royal Australian Air Force during 1968
and Norway USN
^f**^^^^^
-"Si
five to in the spring of 1969.

P-3Bs were modified retrospectively to carry ..^

'
- **> .^yc %'^fes
. i--

Bullpup missiles. Others became EP-3Bs. " .+

**^*<*?
P-3C Advanced version using a Univac digital
computer. First flight of this version was made
on 18 September 1968 and the P-3C entered
service in 1969. A total of 143 of this version had
jlEr^ "- - L

been delivered to the US Navy by early 1978. -

\;f^^t*""
Under a programme designated P-3C Update,
new electronics and software were developed to
enhance the effectiveness of this aircraft. A pro-
^rflflk
totype with this equipment was handed over to * -1

the US Navy on 29 April 1974 and the first

* -
production aircraft was delivered in January
1975. All subsequent production aircraft for the Lockheed P-38 Lightning USA) The P-38 was (

US Navy have this equipment. Ten P-3Cs with the only American lighter built before World War
Update modifications have been delivered to II tobe still in production on VJ Day. Developed
the Royal Australian Air Force. Japan has through many successively improved versions,
ordered 45 I'-3Cs, four of which will be assem- the Lightning was used in all US combat zones as
bled and 38 licence-built in Japan by a high- and low-altitude fighter, lighter escort,
Kawasaki. The US Nav) and Lockheed have bomber, photographic-reconnaissance aircraft,
continued with a further electronics improve- low-level attack and rocket fighter, and smoke-
menl programme for the P-3C. screen layer.

754

:
4SS4IS
The aeroplane developed from the start as
first
a military type by Lockheed, the P-38 was
designed to meet an Air Corps specification issued
in 1936. The XP-38 prototype flew for the first
time on 27 January 1939 and the first YP-38
service-evaluation aircraft of a limited procure-
ment order for 13 was delivered to the USAAF in
March 1941.
The P-38D was the first version of the Light-
ning to go into service in the war - an aircraft of
this mark was the first American fighter to shoot
down an enemy aeroplane, flying over Iceland a
few minutes after the US declared war on Ger-
many. The P-38L was the last fighter version to
see combat service, which took in the final stages
of the Pacific War. Two P-38L Lightnings escort-
ing a Boeing Fortress were actually the first
Allied fighters to land on Japanese soil after the
surrender.
Built in large numbers throughout the war (the
1945-46 Jane's states 9,923 delivered to the
USAAF), the Lightning - as the type was first
named by the RAF- appeared in 18 variants. The
RAF, however, received only three of 143 aircraft
similar to the P-38D which followed the P-38 into
production - their performance being unaccept-
able to the RAF. This resulted from the fact that
Lockheed were not permitted to export aircraft
with turbocharged engines, making it necessary
to install the unsupercharged 775 kVV (1,040 hp)
Lockheed
Allison Y- 17 10-33 engines which had proved to Lockheed P-38L
be underpowered in the XP-38 prototype. Lightning.
P-38Ds in US service differed from the original
P-38 by introducing sell-scaling tanks and tail-
unit revisions to overcome buffeting. P-38Es had
armament changes and were followed by the
P-38F with more powerful engines and underwing
racks (between engines and fuselage nacelle) for
drop-tanks or weapons: late production examples
introduced Fowler-type flaps which had a 'droop'
setting to enhance manoeuvrability. P-38Gs had
more powerful engines, as did the P-38H and -38}
- the latter introduced an improved cooling sys-
tem and powered ailerons. Most extensively built
version was the P-38L (3,923), equipped to carry
rocket projectiles beneath the outer-wing panels.
Some P-38Js were converted to serve as two-seat Lockheed P-38M
'Pathfinders'; some P-38Ls as P-38M night Lightning.
fighters or TP-38L two-seat trainers; and other
versions included F-4 and F-5 photo-
reconnaissance aircraft.
The Lightning is remembered especially as a
long-range escort for Eighth Air Force bombers
making deep-penetration daylight attacks on
targets in Germany, as well as for the long-range
interception and destruction of the Ylitsubishi
G4M1 (Beth') bomber carrying Japan's Admiral
Isoroku Yamamoto (see Chronology 18 April
1943).
Data (P-38L): Engines two 1,099 k\V (1,475 hp)
Allison V-1710-1 11/1 13s Wingspan 15.85 m (52 ft
in) Length 1.53
1 m
(37 ft 10 in) Max TO weight
9,798 kg (21,600 1b) Max level speed 666 km/h
(414 mph) Cruising speed 467 km/h (290 mph)
Range (internal fuel) 724 km (450 miles) Armament
one 20 mm and four 0.50 in guns, plus up to
726 kg (1,600 lb) of underwing weapons
Lockheed PV, B-34, B-37 Ventura (USA) The Lockheed Ventura I.
Ventura - a militarydevelopment of the Lodestar
transport - was originally designed and built to
the order of the British government. First British
contracts were placed with the Vega Aircraft
Corporation in 1940 and the first Ventura I flew
on 31 July 1941. Mk Is entered RAF service as
medium bombers in 1942, defensively armed with
two 0.50 in and two 0.303 in machine-guns in the
nose, two or four 0.303 in guns in a Boulton Paul
dorsal turret and two 0.303 in guns in a rear-firing
ventral position. Power was provided by two
1,378.6 k\V 1,850 hp) Pratt & Whitney
(
R-2800-S1 A4G engines. One hundred and
eighty-eight were built.
755
 Ventura/B-34/PV production amounted to 2,475
aircraft (see Lockheed PV-2 Harpoon).
Data (PV-1): Engines as above Wing span 19.96 m
(65 ft 6 in) Length 15.77 m (51 ft 9 in) Max T-0
weight more than 14,061 kg (31,000 lb) Max level
speed502 km/h (312 mph) Range 1,609-2,672 km
(1,000-1,660 miles) Armament machine-guns as
above, plus up to 1,360 kg (3,000 1b) of bombs,
depth charges or a torpedo
Lockheed PV-2 Harpoon (USA) The Harpoon
was a development of the Ventura PV-1. It had
wings of greater span (22.84 m; 75 ft in), con-
stant taper and with rounded wingtips; a new
rectangular tailplane with new fins and rudders; a
larger bomb bay which completely enclosed the
torpedo; and five 0.50 in machine-guns in the
nose, a Martin dorsal turret and a power-
operated mounting in a rear-firing ventral posi-
tion. Engines were as for the PV-1.

Final assembly of
Lockheed P-38
The Ventura II and IIA followed for the RAF,
Lightnings.
powered by 1,490.4 kW (2,000 hp) R-2800-31
engines. These versions were also built by Vega
but under American contracts and incorporated
detail changes, mainly in armament and equip-
ment. These were supplied to Bomber Command
under Lease-Lend, carrying the US designation
Lockheed PV-2 Harpoons. B-34. Many were flown also by the USAAF, plus
a few by the US Navy as PV-3s.
Lockheed S-3A/US-3A Viking (USA) In early
With R-2600-13 engines, Lockheed began pro- 1954 the US Navy introduced into service the
ducing the Ventura III (US designation 0-56,
Grumman S-2 Tracker: its first ASW aircraft to
later B-37) for the RAF, but only 18 were de-
combine the hunter-killer role which had been
livered. The final version was the PV- produced
1 ,
performed far less efficiently by two machines.
mainly for the US Navy as a patrol bomber with a The undoubted success of this category of aircraft
closed-in nose for two fixed 0.50 in machine-guns.
meant that by the mid-1960s the USAF was for-
The remainder of gun armament was as for the mulating its requirements for a more advanced
B-34. The bomb bay was adapted to accommo-
design to replace the Tracker which - by the time
date bombs, depth charges or a torpedo and fuel its successor had been developed to the in-service
capacity was increased. A total of 1,600 PV-ls
stage - was likely to have been operational for
were built, 388 of which were delivered to Coastal
about 20 years.
Command, RAF, under Lease-Lend as Ventura The Navy's design competition (initiated in
IVsorGR.Vs, which saw widespread service with
1967) attracted submissions from General
several Commonwealth air forces. Total Dynamics, Grumman, McDonnell Douglas,
Lockheed PV-1.
North American Rockwell and Lockheed-
California in conjunction with LTV Aerospace. It

was Lockheed which was awarded a $461 million

contract on 4 August 1969 for construction and
development of their design, allocated the desig-
nation S-3A. Lockheed announced immediately
that this aircraft would be developed in partner-
ship with Vought Aeronautics who would be
responsible for design and production of the
wings, engine pods, landing gear and tail unit;
and with the Univac Federal System Division of
Sperry Rand who would develop an advanced
computer to process the data necessary for its
operational role. Lockheed was to co-ordinate the
entire effort, design and build the fuselage,
assemble the aircraft and integrate its electronics
system.

756
 Lockheed

rhree were later modified into YF- 12A interceptors, Lockheed S-3A Viking.
entering service lor evaluation in '>(> I. They \\ ei e
1

capable of speeds in excess of Mach 3 and of

sustained supersonic flight at heights of up to
24,385 m (80,000 ft). Consequently construction
was largely of titanium to maintain structural
integrity, for as a result of kinetic heating, local-
ised skin temperatures of up to about 427C
(80()F) could be reached. To retard as much as
possible the effects of such heating, these aircraft
were finished in a high-heat-emissive black paint,
leading to the name Blackbird.
f

A conventional shoulder-wing monoplane, the

S-3A's wings have advanced high-lift features to
provide excellent low-speed handling; its fuselage
is built to withstand the stresses of catapult
launching and arrested landing; and for carrier
stowage wings, fin and rudder can be folded hy-
draulically. Power plant comprises two pylon-
mounted, economical turbofan engines. Avionics
for its specialist role include a wide range of
advanced sonobuoys, MAD, forward-looking
infra-red, passive ECM, and the Univac 1832A Lockheed SR-71A.
The fourth A-l 1 (ordered on the original con-
digital computer. Accurate navigation is ensured
tract)was subsequently redesignated YF-12C.
by an INS, Doppler, Tacan and UHF/DF; good
From it was developed the SR-71 A reconnais-
communications by HF and UHF
systems; and to
sance aircraft, the first of which flew on 22
simplify all-weather operation, the S-3A has an
December 1964. The readily recognisable
automatic carrier-landing system. Weapons
configuration of this aircraft results from exten-
which can be deployed from a large weapons bay
sive wind-tunnel testing to evolve a minimum-
include MK-36 destructors, MK-46 torpedoes,
drag fuselage providing maximum speed while
MK-82 bombs, MK-54 or -57 depth bombs, or
keeping kinetic heating to the minimum; and to
MK-55 mines. Underwing hardpoints can
maintain the best possible handling characteris-
accommodate mines, cluster bombs, rocket pods,
tics at supersonic, take-off (about 370 km/h;
flares, practice bombs and auxiliary fuel tanks.
230 mph) and landing (about 278 km/h;
A prototype S-3A flew first on 21 January 1972 173mph) speeds.
and production aircraft (then named Viking)
Power plant comprises two 144.6 kN
began to enter service on 20 February 1974. All
(32,500 lb with afterburning) Pratt & Whitney
st,
187 S-3As on order had been delivered before the
turbojets. The 36,287 kg (80,000 lb) of special
end of 1978. The prototype of a carrier on-board
fuel for these engines - which is contained within
delivery aircraft (designated US-3A) flew for the
upper-fuselage and inner-wing tanks - acts as a
firsttime on 2 July 1976. With all ASW
equip-
heat sink for the entire aircraft, fuel temperature
ment deleted such an aircraft would have an all- Lockheed YF-12A.
cargo capacity of 1,701 kg (3,750 1b) or could
accommodate six passengers and 1,275 kg
(2,810 lb) of cargo.
Data (S-3A): Engines two 41.26 kN (9,275 lb st)
General Electric TF34-GE-2 turbofans Wing span
20.93 m (68 ft 8 in), (folded) 8.99 m (29 ft 6 in)
Length 16.26 m (53 ft 4 in), (folded) 15.06m(49 ft
5 in) Max T-0 weight 23,831 kg (52,539 lb) Max
level speed 834 km/h (518 mph) Cruising speed
686 km/h (426 mph) Range 3,706 km (2,303
miles)
Lockheed SR-71 A (USA) The USAF's SR-71A
two-seat strategic-reconnaissance aircraft origi-
nates from the remarkable Lockheed A-l 1, detail
design of which began in 1959. Almost certainly
intended to follow into service the Lockheed U-2
(see entry), the A- derived from the design team
1 1

led by C. L. ('Kelly') Johnson. Four A-l Is were

ordered, the first being flown on 26 April 1962.

757
Lockheed

Lockheed T2V-1 Seastar. being raised to before being

320C (608F)
injected into the engines. Highly complex air
intakes with computer-controlled fail-safe sys-
tems are essential to ensure that smooth airflow to
the engines is maintained over the enormous for-
ward speed range of 0-3,200 km/h +
(0-2,000 mph + ), at the upper limit of which the
engines are virtually operating as turbo-ramjets.
SR-7 As began to enter USAF service in Janu-
l

ary 966 and it is believed that as many as 3 may-

1 1

have been built. They have the capability to sur-

vey an area of 135,400 km 2 (60,000 sq miles)
within an hour and in 1976 established a closed-
circuit speed record of 3,367.221 km/h Data (T2V-1): Engine one 27.13 kN (6,100 lb st)
(2,092.294 mph); a world absolute speed record Allison J33-A-24 or -24A turbojet Wing span
of 3,529.56 km/h (2, 93. 7 mph); and a 1 1 13.06 m (42 ft 10 in) Length 1 1.75 m (38 ft6V2 in)
sustained-altitude record of 25,929.031 m Max T-0 unght 7,167 kg (15,800 lb) Max level
(85,069 ft). speed 933 km/h (580 mph) Range 1,561 km (970
Data: Engines two 144.6 kN (32,500 lb st, with miles)
afterburning) Pratt & Whitney JT1 1D-20B by- Lockheed T-33A Shooting Star (USA) Lock-
pass turbojets Wing span 16.94 m (55 ft 7 in) heed's P-80 Shooting Star (see entry) has its own
Length 32.74m (107ft Sin) Max T-0 weight special niche in USAAF/USAF history. From it
77,1 kg (170,000 lb) Max level speed more than
1 1 evolved a lengthened-fuselage two-seat trainer
3,219 km/h (2,000 mph) at 24,000 m (78,740 ft) version, designated originally TF-80C. The first

Range (at Mach 3 with internal fuel) 4,800 km of these flew on 22 March 1948. In addition to the
(2,982 miles) fuselage 'stretch', a second cockpit in tandem was
Lockheed TV-2.
provided with dual controls, the transparent
canopy was extended to cover both cockpits and
the armament of the F-80 was deleted.
A total of 128 TF-80Cs were built before the
designation was changed to T-33A in May 1949.
Adopted as the USAF's standard jet trainer, it
remained in production for a further ten years. A
total of 649 were also built for service with the US
Navy and Marine Corps under the designation
TV-2, later T-33B. Total production amounted to
5,691 aircraft (including those for the Navy): 1,058
for supply to friendly nations under the Military
Assistance Program and the balance to the
USAF. T-33As were also licence-built in Canada
(656 as the Silver Star, with Rolls-Royce Nene
engine) and japan (210). Variants included small
numbers modified as DT-33A drone directors and
AT-33A armed close-support aircraft.

Lockheed TO, TV, T2V Seastar (USA) In 1948

the US Navy acquired 50 Lockheed F-80Cs (see
entry) from theUSAF for operation as advanced
subsequently becoming designated
trainers, these
TO-1 and later TV-1. During 1949 an initial con-
tract was placed with Lockheed for 26 TO-2s
(later TV-2s), generally similar to the USAF's
T-33A (see entry). Total procurement of this ver-
sion for the US Navy and Marine Corps
amounted to 699 examples, these later becoming
designated T-33B. Aircraft modified subse-
quently for guidance and control of missiles and
targets were designated TV-2D (later DT-33B),
and .is drones or control aircraft TV-2KD
(DT-33( !). Final version was the improved Lock-
heed 1.-2 IS with a more powerful engine and a
number of changes to improve low-speed handl-
ing characteristics. When these began to enter
servicein 1956 the designation T2V-1 (latei
Lockheed T-33A Shooting r-lA) was allocated and the) were named Sea-
Stars. star.

758
 Lockheed

duction as ,1 tactical-reconnaissance aircraft, Canadian-built T-33A

equipped with a variety of electronic sensors. This Silver Star.
version will be deployed mainly in Europe.
The requirement for high altitude and long
range posed enormous problems: the former
needed an with low wing loading, the
aircraft
latter large quantities of heavy fuel to confer the
necessary range. Therefore the U-2 is of very
lightweight construction, dispensing with con-
ventional landing gear and pressurisation to save
extra weight, and having wings of large area.
Landing gear is of bicycle type with single wheels
fore and aft, and balanced on the ground by wing-
tip 'pogos' - a strut and wheel device which drops
Data (currentaircraft): Engine one 23.13 kN away when the U-2 becomes airborne - was
(5,200 lb Allison J33-A-35 turbojet Wing span
st) selected. The pilot is accommodated on a light-
1 .85 m (38 ft IOV2 in) Length
1 .5 m (37 ft 9 in)
1 1 1 weight seat, dressed in a semi-pressure suit with
Max T-0 weight 6,550 kg (14,440 1b) Max level his head enclosed in an astronaut-type helmet,
speed 965 km/h (600 mph) Range 2,165 km 1,345 (
and forced to breathe pure oxygen for his survival.
miles) Armament (AT-33) two 0.50 in machine- A medium-powered turbojet is adequate to lift
guns this lightweight aircraft, and long range is poss-
ible by shutting it down and gliding for long
periods. Lockheed U-2.
In addition to photo and electronic reconnais-
sance, U-2s were used for weather reconnais-
sance, high-altitude research, measurement of
radiation levels, and for the tracking and recovery
of space capsules. They were used for reconnais-
sance during the Cuban crisis, in Vietnam and
during the Arab-Israeli conflict.
Data (U-2B): Engine one 75.62 k\ (17,000 lb st)
Pratt & Whitney J75-P-13 turbojet Wing ''pan
24.38 m(80 ft in) Length 15.11 m (49 ft 7 in)
Max T-0 weight 7,189 kg (15,850 1b) Max level
speed 850 km/h (528 mph) at 12, 190 m (40,000 ft)
Cruising speed 740 km/h (460 mph) Range about
6,437 km (4,000 miles)
Lockheed XV-4A
Lockheed XV-4A Hummingbird (USA) Two-
Hummingbird in vertical
seat VTOL research aircraft, first flown as a con-
(upper) and horizontal
Lockheed U-2 (USA) Development of the U-2 ventional aircraft on 7 July 1962. flight.
began in the spring of 1954 to meet a joint CIA/
USAF requirement for a high-altitude strategic
reconnaissance and special-purpose research air-
craft. It took place in the Lockheed 'Skunk Works'
at Burbank, California, where - after acceptance
of the design in late 1954 - two prototypes were
hand-built in great secrecy by a small team of
engineers. The aircraft's true purpose was
cloaked under the USAF U-for-Utility designa-
tion U-2, and the first flight took place on or about
1 August 1955.
At about the same time US President Dwight
D. Eisenhower was proposing his 'Open Skies'
policy, one of mutual East/West aerial reconnais-
sance of territories. President Eisenhower hoped
that his policy would reduce tension between East
and West, thus preventing the growth of the
nuclear arms race. Unfortunately the Soviet
Union would have nothing to do with this pro-
posal. Consequently 'Kelly' Johnson's new 'spy
plane' assumed greater importance. The pro-
totypes were followed by production of about 48
single-seat U-2As and U-2Bs with differing power
plant, and five two-seat U-2Ds. Some -2Bs were
converted later to U-2D standard. An additional
batch of 12 U-2Rs was ordered in 1967. A new
version, known as the TR-1, is currently in pro-

759
Lockheed

Lockheed XFV-1. & Western Air - later Trans- World Airlines

(TWA) - requirement for a transcontinental air-
liner with a 5,633 km (3,500 miles) range and
2,722 kg (6,000 lb) payload capability. By then
the company had already gained considerable
experience of the design and construction of civil
airliners, although in a much smaller category.
Consultation with Pan American Airways also
brought orders. Busy with military contracts, the
company was not restrained by cash limitations
and was able to face the design and development
of their Model 49 with confidence.
Construction of a prototype began in 1940- the
first of nine aircraft ordered by TWA. But before

this was completed the US became involved in

World War II. Thus TWA's L-49s - in common
with all other transports in production at the time
of Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor - were com-
mandeered by the USAAF. The prototype flew
for the first time on 9 January 1943 as a military
aircraft. It borrowed features from several earlier
Lockheed XFV-1 (USA) Experimental VTOL aircraft. New included hydraulically
features
'tail-sitting' fighter, first flown in March 1954. powered controls and a thermal de-icing system
Lockheed Air Express (USA) Designed to the
Lockheed C-69 specification of Western Air Express for use on its
Constellation. air mail routes, the Air Express differed from the
Vega in that the monoplane wing was raised
above the fuselage parasol fashion on four
in
struts and the pilot was seated aft of it in an open
cockpit. Four passengers were accommodated in
the cabin and power was provided by a 317 k\V
(425 hp) Pratt & Whitney W'asp radial engine. By
1931 Air Express passenger and mail-carrying
monoplanes were being built only to special
order.
Lockheed Air Express.

for wing- and tail-unit leading edges. Power plant

comprised four 1,639.4 kW (2,200 hp) Wright
R-3350-35 Duplex Cyclone radial engines, driv-
ing three-bladed fully feathering and reversible
propellers. The Constellation (when taken into
civil use) was the first airliner to use reverse pitch
to reduce the length of its landing run.
A total of 22 Model 49s were produced for the
USAAF: TWA's initial nine plus 13 of later civil
orders. Designated C-69 in Air Force service, they
were sold back to the airlines after about 12
months' use in Air Transport Command. Orders
for C-69Cs (43 passengers and 6 crew) and
C-69Ds (63 passengers and 6 crew) were cancel-
led at the war's end and these were completed as
Lockheed Model L-049s for supply to airlines:
TWA receiving its first on October 1945 and
1

flying the first transatlantic proving flight on 3-4

December of that year - from Washington via
Gander and Shannon to Paris. ATC number 763
was granted by CAB on December 1945.
1 1

In airline use the L-049 Constellation was

Lockheed Altair.
Lockheed Altair USA The Altair was basically
( )
similar to the Orion, except that it was arranged
,is two-seat high-performance mail-carrying or
,i
s|)oi mi;;monoplane. With the same engine as the
Orion, the Altair had similar performance.
Lockheed Constellation and Super Constella-
tion (USA) In June 1939 Lockheed began the
design <>l an airliner in satisf) a transcontinental
improved steadily through a series of variants. It
was followed by the L-649 with more powerful
engines and the L-749 with strengthened landing
gear and greater fuel capacity. The next stage in
development led to the L-1049 Super Constella-
tion with lengthened fuselage, strengthening for
higher gross weight, increased fuel capacity and
more powerful engines. The first prototype Super
Constellation (a conversion of the original C-69

760
 Lockheed

speed607 km/h (377 mph) at 5,670 in (18,600 ft) Lockheed Constellation.

Cruising speed 520 km/h (323 mph) at 6,100 m
(20,000 ft) Range with max payload 8,690 km
(5,400 miles)
Lockheed Hudson, A-28/29/AT-18 and PBO
(USA) The Hudson was originally built to the
order of the British government as a military con-
version of the L. 14 transport. The first Hudson
flew on 10 December 1938. Production lasted Lockheed EC-121M
from 1939 until June 1943, thousands being built Warning Star, a version of
and delivered to the British, Australian, New Zea- the Super Constellation
land, Canadian, Netherlands, Chinese and US used by the USAF for
forces. early-warning and control
missions.

prototype) flew for the first time on 13 October

1950. First incommercial service (on 15
December 1951) was one owned by Eastern Air
Lines. This version could accommodate 71 first-
class or 95 coach-class passengers (4 delivered to
1

Eastern and ten to TWA during 1951-52). A

number of improved variants followed - the last
and most important being the L-1649A Starliner,
regarded as the ultimate development of the
piston-engined civil airliner.
L-749 Constellations served with the USAF as
C-121A, VC-121Aand VC-121B (all later desig-
nated PC- 121 A) passenger transports; and
L-1049 Super Constellations were in use by both
the USAF and US Navy under a variety of C- 2 1

and R7V designations respectively. (A full list of

variants appears in the \957-58 Jane's.)
Data (L-1649A): Engines four 2,533.6 kW
(3,400 hp) Wright R-3350-988TC 18EA-2 turbo- US Navy equivalent of the
compound radials Wing span 45.72 m 150 ft in)(
Six versions of the Hudson were delivered to the
USAF's RC-121 was the
Length (with weather radar) 35.41 m British government, the majority of which arrived
16 ft 2 in)
( 1 Lockheed WV-2 Warning
Max T-0 weight 70,760 kg (156,000 lb) Max level by air across the Atlantic. The Hudson I was Star AEW aircraft.
powered by two 745.2 kW 1,000 hp) Wright(

GR- 1820-G 102A Cyclone engines driving

Hamilton-Standard two-position propellers. It
first entered service with Coastal Command, RAF
inmid- 1939. The Hudson II was similar to the
Mk I but had Hamilton-Standard Hydromatic
constant-speed propellers fitted.
The Hudson III represented the first major
revision, having 894 kW (1,200 hp)
GR-1820-G205A Cyclone engines with Hydro-
matic propellers and a retractable rear-firing ven-
tral gun position. Large numbers of the Hudson
I II As were delivered to the RAF under Lease-

Lend (resulting in the use of the USAAF designa-

tion A-29) with 894 kW ( 1,200 hp) Wright Lockheed Constellations.

Lockheed Super
Constellation.

761
Lockheed

Browning guns in a Boulton Paul dorsal turret,

two 0.303 in Browning guns on beam mountings
one each side of fuselage, and one 0.303 in Brown-
ing gun in a retractable prone position beneath
fuselage. Up to 635 kg (1,400 1b) of bombs or
depth charges
Lockheed JetStar (USA) First flown on 4 Sep-
tember 1957, the JetStar is a jet-powered utility
transport with normal accommodation for a crew
of two and eight or ten passengers. The standard
power plant is four 14.68 kN (3,300 lb st) Pratt &
Whitney JT12A-8 turbojet engines. By mid- 1973
162 JetStars had been delivered, including five to

Lockheed Hudson.
the USAF Communications Service as C-140As
R- 1820-87 Cyclone engines. Like earlier Hud- for inspecting worldwide military air-navigation
sons, the Mk III was basically a maritime-patrol aids and 1 VC-140B transports for operation by
1

bomber and reconnaissance aircraft, but A-29As the special air missions wing of MAC.
were fitted with benches for troop carrying. Thecurrent version is theJetStar II, first flown
A-29/29As were also used by the USAAF and by in production form on 18 August 1976. This ver-
the US Navy (as PBO-ls). sion uses an airframe generally similar to that of
Powered by two Pratt & Whitney the earlier JetStar but with detail changes in
R-1830-SC3G Twin Wasp engines, the Hudson configuration and equipment. By January 1979 a
IV was produced for the RAAF, but a small batch total of 31 JetStar lis had been built.
was diverted to the RAF. These had the ventral Data (JetStar II): Engines four 16.5 kN
gun removed but received a D/F loop aerial in a (3,700 lb st) Garrett-AiResearch TFE 731-3 tur-
transparent blister. The Hudson V for the RAF bofans Wing span 16.6 m (54 ft 5 in) Length
had R-1830-S3C4G engines driving Hamilton- 18.42m (60ft Sin) Max T-0 weight 20,185kg
Standard two-position propellers and a retract- (44,500 lb) Max level speed 880 km/h (547 mph)
able ventral gun (as fitted to the Mk III). The Range 5,132 km (3,189 miles)
final version was the Hudson VI (designated A-28
Lockheed Orion. by the USAAF) which was convertible to troop
transport or cargo carrier with the turret
removed.
After withdrawal from combatant service with
the RAF, USAAF and US Navy, the Hudson
continued to be used for miscellaneous duties,
including transport, air/sea rescue, training,
target-towing, etc. As a trainer for air gunners, the
USAAF operated a special version with a Martin
dorsal turret as the AT- 18.
The Hudson III was the first aeroplane to be
fitted to carry the British-developed Mk I air-
borne This lifeboat was first used opera-
lifeboat.
tionally in 1943 by an RAF air/sea-rescue
May
squadron to rescue the crew of a downed bomber
in the North Sea.
Lockheed Orion.
Data (Hudson VI): Engines as above Wing span
19.96 m (65 ft 6 in) Length 13.51 m
(44 ft 4 in)
Max T-0 weight 8,391 kg (18,500 1b) Max level
speed 443 km/h (275 mph) Range 3,476 km
(2,160 miles) Armament two forward-firing
0.303 in Browning machine-guns, two 0.303 in
Lockheed JetStar II.

Lockheed Orion (USA) The Orion was one of

the mainstays of the Lockheed company during
the early 1930s and attempts were made to fit the
latest types of engine to keep it up to date. How-
ever, with the arrival of the Plectra, the Orion was
only built to special order.
It was a cantilever low-wing monoplane with a

retractable landing gear. Power was provided

normally by a Wright Cyclone or Pratt & Whit-
ney Wasp radial engine in the 391 .2-4 10 k\\'
(525-550 hp) class. Behind the engine was an

762
 Loening

enclosed cockpit for a pilot which projected above

the top lines of the fuselage but was streamlined
into it; behind it was the passenger cabin for six
persons. Orions were operated by Varney Air
Transport in America and in Europe by Swissair
on its Zurich-Munich- Vienna route
Data (Orion 91)): Engine one 410 k\V (550 hp)
Pratt & Whittles S1D1 Wasp radial Wing span
13.05 m (42 ft 10 in) Length 8.48 m (27 ft 10 in)
Max T-0 weight 2,449 kg (5,400 lb) Max level speed
364 km/h (226 mph) Cruising range 1,207 km
(750 miles)
Lockheed 'Project Stealth' (USA) In the so-
called 'Skunk Works' at Burbank, Lockheed-
California reported to be building a single-seat
is

reconnaissance/strike aircraft. Its primary fea- Lockheed Vega.

the light-transport role for which it had been
ture low radar, infra-red and optical signatures.
is
designed. A total of 141 were built between
The aircraft is said to be powered by two 5.3.4 kN
1925-32; many of these served with American
(12,000 lb st) turbojet engines and is believed to
which have now grown into major com-
airlines
have flown for the first time in 1977.
panies. Three examples also served with the
Lockheed Vega and Speed Vega (USA) Lock-
USAF, each having separate designations -
heed Aircraft Corporation had many ups and
V1C-12, VIC:- 17 and UC-101.
downs in its early years. It was founded in 1916 by
A modified version of the Vega was also pro-
the brothers Allan and Malcolm Loughead who
duced as the Speed-Vega, powered by a super-
called their first venture the Loughead Aircraft
charged Pratt & Whitney Wasp engine and with
Manufacturing Company. This was liquidated in
new wire-braced single-strut landing-gear legs.
1921; but five years later the Lockheed Aircraft
Data (5-B): Engine one 335.3 kW (450 hp) Pratt &
Company of Hollywood was formed, its most Whitney R-1340 Wasp radial Wing span 12.5 m
famous product in the period 1925-32 being the
(41 ft Oin) Length 8.38 m (27 ft 6 in) Max T-0
Vega monoplane.
weight 1,935 kg (4,265 lb) M\ level speed 290 km/h
Designed originally byjohn K. Northrop (later
(180 mph) Cruising speed 249 km/h (155 mph)
the founder of Northrop Aircraft Inc), the Vega
Range (standard aircraft) 1,110 km (690 miles)
was developed progressively by Lockheed until,
Lockspeiser LDA-01 (UK) Prototype single
at the beginning of the 1930s, it represented one of
1 19 kW (160hp) Lycoming-engined general-
the most advanced light transports of its day. Key
utility aircraft with the strut-braced main wings
to its success lay in its clean lines - the cantilever
at the rear.
monoplane wing free from struts and bracing
wires, as was its tail unit. The fuselage - like so
many of that era - was circular in section (dic-
tated by the radial engine) and tapered in neat
streamline form back to the tail unit. The only
major drag-inducing features were the heavy
non-retractable tailwheel-type landing gear and
uncowled engine; but later production aircraft
had streamlined wheel spats and a neat NACA-
design engine cowling. Apart from the landing-
gear structure - which included oleo-pneumatic
shock-absorber struts - the Vega was almost
entirely ofwooden construction.
Most advanced of the various models that were
built was the seven-seat Vega 5-B, used from its
first appearance for many record-breaking flights.
Among the best known of these one should record
Winnie Mae in which (between 23 June and July 1

1931) Wiley Post, with Harold Gatty as

navigator, completed a record-breaking round-
the-world flight in 8 days 15 hours 51 minutes.
Almost two years later - this time flying Winnie
Mae alone- Wiley Post accomplished the first solo
round-the-world flight (between 15-22 July 1933)
in 7 days 18 hours 49 minutes. During the period
20-21 May of the previous year Amelia Earhart
completed a solo west-east crossing of the North
Atlantic (the first by a woman) in the Vega 5-B
Little Red Bus.
When the record-breakers had moved on to
newer aircraft, the Vega was able to carry on with
Lockspeiser LDA-01.
Loening Air Yacht (USA) In 1928 the Loening
Aeronautical Engineering Corporation became a
division of the Keystone Aircraft Corporation.
The Air Yacht - produced during the 1920s by
Loening for commercial and military operation -
had no relation to the later Keystone Air Yacht,
with the exception that both were flying-boat
types. The Loening Air Yacht was powered by a
single Liberty engine, mounted as a pusher. It
accommodated four passengers. Eight or nine

763
Loening

were produced in 1923 for the USA AS as S-ls, so modified, so that the machine is capable of
intended to be used as communications aircraft landing on either land or water, with ability to
between island bases. Three commercial Air start from or alight on either, at a moment's
Yachts were of special interest as they were built notice. No extra floats or other devices are used, as
for the New York-Newport Air Line. the new design obtains its amphibious charac-
Loening Air Yacht.
teristics by the shape of the main fuselage body
itself, the bottom of which is shaped like a flying-

boat hull. To this is attached a folding landing

gear, an ingenious device, which is operated by an
electric motor.'
Powered by Liberty engines, the first nine pro-
duction aircraft went to the USAAC asCOA-lsin
1924-25; followed eventually by 42 OA-lAs,
OA-lBs, OA-lCs and 358 kW (480 hp) Wright
V-1460-powered OA-2s. The US Navy received
from Loening 17 328 kW
(440 hp) Packard-
powered OL-ls, Liberty-powered OL-2s,
Packard-powered OL-3s and Liberty-powered
OL-4s; plus 28 Packard-powered OL-6s, 20
3 7 kW (425 hp) Pratt & Whitney Wasp-engined
1

OL-8s and 20 carrier-borne OL-8As. The OL-8s

had a maximum speed of 200 km/h (124 mph).
This version was ordered after successful catapult
trials of a standard Loening amphibian and
deployed on US Navy battleships. By the end of
production Loening amphibians were being
operated by the USAAC, US Navy and Marine
Corps, and the US Coast Guard.
Navy OL-2s were used successfully on the
MacMillan Expedition of 1925 where 9,700 km
(6,000 miles) of Arctic flying were covered by
Cmdr Byrd and his men in less than 12 days'
Loening M-8. flying. These same planes were subsequently sent
Loening M-8 (USA) In 1918 Loening produced
to Cuba where they completed a hydrographic
a two-seat strut-braced high-wing monoplane survey for the US Navy Department. During the
fighter powered by a Wright-built Hispano-Suiza
summer US Navy used the type to
of 1926 the
engine developing 223.6 kW (300 hp). Perfor- map Alaska by air. At the end of the same year the
mance was excellent and large production con- USAAC began a 32,200 km (20,000 mile) Pan-
tracts were placed by the US Navy and Army, but
American flight round South America with five of
were cancelled with the end of World War I. its Loenings.
However performance was such that the Navy Data (OL-8): Engine as above Wing span 13.72 m
re-ordered about 54 M-8 landplanes and M-8- IS m
(45 ft in) Length 10.74 (35 ft 2% in) Max T-0
twin-float seaplanes as armed observation aircraft
weight 2,383 kg (5,253 lb) Max level speed 200 km/h
for post-war service. Maximum level speed was (124 mph) Range 1,046 km (650 miles)
233 km/h (145 mph). (A full description of the
Early Liberty-powered M-8 - and its performance in the 1920 Pulitzer
Loening amphibian used Trophy Race- can be found in the 1922 Jane's.)
by the US Coast Guard. Loening OA and OL series USA) The Loening
(

Purchased in 1926, it was OA and OL designations cover a series of amphi-

the Coast Guard's first bians produced mainly for the US Navy as obser-
aeroplane. vation aircraft. The last in the series (the OL-9)
was built by Keystone and can be found under
that heading.
Quoting from the 1926 Jane's: 'For the first
time, the ordinary tractor type biplane has been
Loening M-8.

Loening PW-2 (USA) Experimental pursuit

monoplane of 1920 based on the M-8 and tested
by the Air Engineering Division at
Service
McCook Ten built, most with the Wright-
Field.
built Hispano-Suiza engine of the M-8.
Lohner B types (Austria-Hungary) Two-seat
unarmed reconnaissance biplane produced from
before World War I until 1917. Powered by
Austro-Daimler or other engines in the
63.3-1 19 k\V (85-160 hp) range.

Lohner C.I (Austria-Hungary) Armed version of
the B types powered by a ll9kW (I60hp)
Austro-Daimler engine and carrying one rear-
mounted machine-gun. Maximum level speed
137 km/h (85 mph).
Lohner E, L, R and S (Austria-Hungary) Quot-
ing from the 1920 Jane's: 'As Herr Igo Etrich had
already given up the manufacture of his "Taube"
line at the outbreak of war, Lohner remained the
only Austrian manufacturer of international note.
His flying-boats and the Italian copy of them have
been extensively used by both belligerents in the
lower Adriatic Sea, which was a smooth water
After the war, com-
field for the flying-boat type.
mercial Lohner flying-boats have been employed
for mail service in the Ukraine, and have in con-
verted editions been sold for joy-riding purposes
to Switzerland and elsewhere, the low Austrian
exchange rate affording a strong inducement
buyers.'
Such was the overall career of the Lohner
flying-boats; but this write-up failed to give a clear
Loire
indication of the major contribution the series Loening OL-8
made to the air war. Indeed several hundred were
built as maritime patrol and reconnaissance air-
craft, inaddition to the training variant. The first
major version was the Type E, a limited number
of which were built with 63.3 kVV (85 hp) Hiero
engines. Next came the major production version,
the Type L, powered by a 1 (160hp)
19 k\V
Austro-Daimler engine. A
photographic-
reconnaissance version of the L was the Type R;
while the Type K was an unarmed trainer.
Data (Type L): Engine as above Wing span 16.2 m
(53 ft 1% in) Length 10.24 m (33 ft 7 in) Max T-0
Max level speed 105 km/h
weight 1,700 kg (3,748 lb)
mph)
Endurance 4 h Armament one Schwarzlose Loening 0A-1As used on
(65
the Pan-American flight
machine-gun, plus up to 200 kg (44 lb) of bombs
1
round South America.
Loire 46 (France) The all-metal Loire 46 rep-
resented a radical redesign of the earlier Loire 43
and 45 prototypes. It was a gull-wing strut-braced
single-seat fighter monoplane with the typical
open cockpit and fixed, spattedlanding gear of the
era. The NACA-cowled 596 kW
(800 hp)
Gnome-Rhone 14K.cs radial engine drove a
three-bladed propeller. The Loire 46 prototype
flew for the first time in September 1934, followed
by five evaluation machines. These proved to
have an excellent climb rate and diving speed. As
a result, 60 aircraft were ordered for the Armee de
FAir, each armed with four 7.5 mm MAC Cockpit of a Lohner C.I.
machine-guns, plus two racks for light bombs.
They equipped the 6 cmc Escadre at Chartres from
mid- 1936, subsequently being relegated to the
Cazaux gunnery school. Five Loire 46s were sent
to Spain in September 1936, serving briefly with
the Republican forces.
Data: Engine as above Wing span 11.8m (38 ft
8V2 in) Length 7.76 m (25 ft 5V2 in) Max T-0
weight 2, 100 kg (4,630 lb) Max level speed 368 km/h
(228.7 mph) Range 860 km (534 miles)
to
Loire 46.
765
 1

Loire

floats. Designed as a catapult-launched fighter

seaplane, the prototype flew in March 1935.
Development was prolonged and an order placed
in 1937 for 20 aircraft was not fulfilled until
mid-1939. Powered by a 730 kW (980 hp)
Hispano-Suiza 9Vbs radial engine and armed
with four 7.5 mm
machine-guns, the Loire 210s
performed badly, reaching only 315 km/h
(195.7 mph). They served for only three months
with Escadrilles HC
and 1 HC
2 of the French
Navy, being withdrawn in November 1939.
Loire 130. Loire-Gourdou-Leseurre 32. CI (France) Test
Loire 70 (France) A three-engined (two tractor, flown in 1925, the LGL32.01 fighter performed
one pusher) high-wing monoplane flying-boat well and quantity production for the French
designed for long-range maritime reconnaissance. Aeronautique Militaire followed. Delivered from
The prototype time in December
flew for the first 1928, some 380 were eventually in first-line service
1933. Modified series-built aircraft (with a crew of with 14 escadrilles de chasse plus two escadrilles
eight) had a glazed observer's position in the bow (3C1 and 3C2) of the Aeronautique Maritime,
and machine-guns mounted in two lateral bow
six serving for six years.
positions, one in a turret forward of the flight The fuselage, tailplane and wing spars were of
cabin, one in a dorsal turret and two in lateral metal-alloy construction which resulted in a light
midships hatches. Bomb load was 600 kg and manoeuvrable fighter. It had a strut-braced
(1,323 lb). Only seven production machines were parasol wing and was armed with two Vickers
built, each powered by three 551.4 kW (740 hp) 0.303 inmachine-guns in the upper forward
Gnome-Rhone 9 Kfr radials. These were operated fuselage Power was provided by an
decking.
by Escadrille E7 out of Karouba (North Africa) uncowled 313 kW (420 hp) Gnome-Rhone Jupi-
until August 1940. ter radial engine. However defects soon became
Loire 102 (France) Four-engined long-distance apparent; obsolescent narrow-track undercar-
its

commercial flying-boat ordered by Air France. riage which retained a single axle and 'sandows'
Loire 130 (France) The first prototype of this (primitive rubber shock-absorbers) finally giving
robust strut-braced high-wing monoplane way to a divided wider-track undercarriage with
flying-boat flew on 19 November 1934. Produc- Messier shock absorbers on late production air-
tion totalled at least 126 aircraft, including 30 craft. The poor forward and upward visibility for
built in 1941 for the French Vichy regime. the pilot remained a problem.
Intended for a variety of roles, it was stressed for The LGL32.C1 was exported to Romania (50
catapult launching. 536.5 kW (720 hp)
The aircraft), Turkey (12) and Japan (one). Three
Hispano-Suiza 12Xirs liquid-cooled engine was pre-series machines had been used for demonstra-
carried above the centre section on a pair of tions to win these foreign contracts, but interest-
N-type struts and drove a three-bladed Ratier ingly failed to gain orders from Spain. In August
pusher propeller. A crew of three was carried and 1936, however, the Spanish Republican govern-
armament comprised single 7.7 mm Darne ment obtained a batch (perhaps 12) of obsolete
machine-guns in bow and dorsal positions. Offen- LGL32.Cls from France under a secret agree-
sive load was made up of two 75 kg bombs or SM ment. The Basques in northern Spain purchased
depth charges carried under the wings (which via SFTA (a French 'cover' company) 12 more
folded for shipboard stowage). The type remained examples - this time specially manufactured and
operational until 1945. fittedwith the revised undercarriage. They flew
Data: Engine as above Wing span 16.0 m
(52 ft 6 in) from January to October 1937. In that time they
Length 1.3 1 m
(37 ft in) Max T-0 weight 3,396 kg
1 achieved the sinking of the Nationalist battleship
(7,487 lb) Max 222 km/h (138 mph)
level speed Espaha, each aircraft carrying two 100 kg bombs.
Loire 210 (France) Using the fuselage of the Data: Engine as above Wing span 12.2m (40 ft
Loire 46 landplane fighter, the Loire 210 was a 0V4 in) Length 7.55 m (24 ft 9'/4 in) Max T-0
cantilever low-wing monoplane with an open weight 1,376 kg (3,034 lb) Max
km/h level speed237
pilot's cockpit. It featured a generously braced, (147.5mph) Range 500 km (31 1 miles)
large single main float and two wingtip stabilising Loire-Nieuport 401 and 411 (France) The
Loire 210. Loire-Nieuport 40 single-seat dive-bomber pro-
totype was first tested in 1938. It was developed
into the LN-401 French Navy and LN-41
for the
for the Armee de 514 k\V; 690 hp
l'Air (with a
Hispano-Suiza 12Xcrs engine). For dive bomb-
ing, the rearward-retracting main wheels and
tailwheel were locked in the down position, their
large fairings acting as dive-brakes. The low wing
was of cranked type, with considerable dihedral
on outer sections. Stability problems led to fitting
auxiliary end-plate fins to the horizontal tail-
plane.
Not all of 120 LN-401S and Ills ordered were

766

delivered, but those built went to the Navy
all
(four escadrilles)and were operated against the
Germans and Italians during May and June 1940.
Armament comprised one 20 mm HS-404 cannon
and three machine-guns, plus up to 225 kg
(496 lb) of bombs.
Data: Engine as above Wing span 14.0 m (45 ft
1 V* in) Length 9.76 in (32 ft 0V* in) Max T-0
1 cial monoplane.
weight 2,850 kg (6,283 lb) Max level speed
(199mph) Range 1,200 km
(746 miles)
Lombardi F.L.3 (Italy) At the end of 947 AVI A
(Azionaria Vercellese Industrie Aeronautiche)
was taken over by Lombardi. The original com-
pany had produced 400 F.L.3 two-seat light
monoplanes before 1942 and after the war pro-
duction was resumed by AVIA and then Lom-
bardi (a further 100 or so built by 1948). Power
was provided by a 63.3 k\V (85 hp) Continental
engine.
Lombardi L.M.5 Aviastar (Italy)
light cabin monoplane powered by a 44.7 kW
(60 hp) CNA D4 engine.
Loring R-l, R-2 and R-3 (Spain) The R-l was
the company's first design to enter production, 30
having been ordered as reconnaissance biplanes
for the Spanish Army Air Service. Later develop-
ments were the R-2 and R-3, also produced for the
Spanish Army Air Service - the latter powered by
a 447 kW (600 hp) Hispano-Suiza engine and
armed with machine-guns and optionally 40 x
1 1 kg or eight 50 kg bombs.
rffc
* *
" k.^^^1* M
:
Los Angeles (USA) The Las Angeles rigid airship
was built for the US Navy by the Zeppelin com-
pany and delivered to the US on 15 October 1924.
Powered by five 298 kW (400 hp) Maybach
engines, it was approximately 200 m (656 ft) long
and had a cubic capacity of about 70,000 m 3
(2,472,000 cu ft). Maximum level speed was
109 km/h (68 mph). It was finally retired in 1932,
having taken part in the parasite fighter experi-
ments connected with the Curtiss Sparrowhawk.
It was finally broken up in 1940 (see Chronology
27 October 1931).
LTV-Hiller-Ryan XC-142A (USA) Four-
engined experimental tilting-wing transport air-
craft, first flown as a conventional aircraft on 29
September 1964. It made its first hovering flight
on 29 December the same year and on January
1965 made two transitions from hovering to hori-
zontal flight.
Luscombe
Lubeck-Travemiinde F.2 (Germany) Two-seat
reconnaissance seaplane, 17 of which were oper-
ated by the German Navy during World War I.
Lublin R-XI (Poland) E. Plage & T. Laskiewicz,
known under the name Lublin (location of the
factory), produced in 1930 a single example of a
Wright J- 5 Whirlwind-engined six-seat commer-
320 km/h Lublin R-XIII (Poland) Two-seat army co-
operation, light reconnaissance and advanced
1 training monoplane of 1931, powered by a
164 kW (220 hp) Skoda-built Wright J-5 Whirl-
wind, 283 kW (380 hp) Mors or similar engine.
From 1932 about 300 R.XIIIs were built for the
Polish Air Force and Navy, a large number of
which remained operational in September 1939.
Navy aircraft were operated as R-XIII/er hydro
twin-float seaplanes. Armament comprised one
rear-mounted Vickers machine-gun and a
Two-seat message-retrieving hook was fitted below the
fuselage.
Data: Engine one 164 kW (220 hp) Skoda-built
Wright J-5 Whirlwind Wing span 13.25 m (43 ft
6 in) Length 8.2 m (26 ft 11 in) Max T-0 weight
1,290 kg (2,840 1b) Max level speed 177 km/h
(110 mph), (seaplane) 75 km/h (109 mph)
1
Endurance 4 h
Lublin R-XIV (Poland) Two-seat advanced
training, aerobatic training and liaison mono-
plane powered by a 164 kW
(220 hp) Wright J-5
Whirlwind engine.
Los Angeles moored to
Patoka.
*** l
%i^
f ><
fogH
A
Lublin R-XVI and R-XVIB (Poland) The
R-XVI was a four-passenger high-wing commer-
cial transport aircraft of 1932 powered by a
Skoda-built 164 kW (220 hp) Wright J-5 Whirl-
wind engine. It failed to enter production; but an
ambulance version - arranged to accommodate
two stretchers and with a wash stand with run-
ning water and a large cabin door - was produced
in small numbers for the Polish Red Cross. The
type won first prize at the 1933 International
Medical Aviation Congress at Madrid.
Lucas L5 (France) Two-seat light monoplane,
first flown in 1976.
Luscombe Phantom (USA) The first product of
this company was the Phantom two-seat high-
wing cabin monoplane, powered by a 108 kW
1 1 (145 hp) Warner Super Scarab engine. It was
very similar in appearance to the Monocoupe
D- 45, but was entirely of metal construction and
1
767
Luscombe

The Model 8A Silvaire was produced as a two-

monoplane powered by a 48.4 kW
seat light cabin
(65 hp) Continental A-65-8 engine. From it was
developed the Model 8A-2 with more standard
equipment; Model 8B with a 48.4 k\V (65 hp)
Lycoming engine; Model 8C with a 56 kW
(75 hp) Continental A-75; Model 8D with two
45.4 litre 2 US gallon) tip tanks; Model 8E with
( 1

a 63.3 kW (85 hp) Continental C-85-12 engine;

Model 8F with a 67 kW
(90 hp) Continental C-90
engine; four-seat Sedan with a 123 kW
(165 hp)
Continental E-165 engine; and the Model 8A Sky
Pal, a version of the Model 8F with a Continental
C-65 engine. Many thousands of aircraft of the
were built.
series
Data (Model 8F Special): Engine as above Wing
span 10.67 m (35 ft in) Length 6. 1 m (20 ft in)
Max T-0 weight 635 kg ( 1 ,400 lb) Max level sp
206 km/h (128 mph)

Luscombe Fifty.

designed for quantity production. A total of 125

were built. Maximum level speed was 270 km/h
(168 mph).
Luscombe Fifty (USA) Similar to the Phantom
but powered by a 37.25 kW (50 hp) Continental
A-50 engine.
Luscombe Sixty-Five (USA) Similar to the Fifty
but powered by a 48.4 kW (65 hp) Continental
A-65 engine.
Luscombe T8F Observer.
Luscombe Ninety (USA) Two-seat cabin
monoplane powered by a 67 kW (90 hp) Warner Luscombe Model 10 (USA) Single-seat
engine. enclosed-cabin low-wing monoplane powered by
Luscombe Model 8 Silvaire (USA) In 1937 a 48.4 kW (65 hp) Continental engine.
Luscombe introduced the Silvaire series, produc- Luscombe T8F Observer and Silvaire Sprayer
tion ofwhich was suspended from 1942 until the (USA) Tandem two-seat cabin monoplane and
end of World War II. Immediately after VJ Day agricultural aircraft respectively, each powered
production resumed. by a 67 kW (90 hp) Continental C-90 engine.
LVG B.I, B.II and B.III (Germany) In 1912,
Luscombe Model 8A having hitherto chiefly produced Farman-type
Silvaire. box kites, Luft Verkehrs Gesellschaft engaged the
Swiss engineer Franz Scheider. His first design for
the company was a Nieuport-type monoplane but
his second was a robust biplane which subse-
quently became a standard unarmed scouting
aircraft with the German Air Service. It secured
the top three places in the 1914 Prince Henry
Luscombe Model 8E flight and was subsequently put into production
Silvaire. by LVG and built under licence by Otto in
Munich and Schiitte-Lanz. From the outbreak of
World War I until about 1917, the biplane- in B.I
and B.II versions with 74.5 kW (lOOhp) Mer-
cedes D.I or 82 kW (110 hp) Benz engines -
served as a reconnaissance and then training air-
craft. The B.III appeared in 1917 as a trainer
only.
LVG C.I, C.II and CIV (Germany) From the
B.I and B.II were developed in 1915 the C.I and
C.II armed reconnaissance aircraft, powered by
112 kW (150 hp) Benz Bz.III and 19 kW
1

(160 hp) Mercedes D.I II engines respectively. At

the height of their service some 250 were in opera-
tional use, later production C.I Is adding a
forward-firing Spandau machine-gun to the
observer's Parabellum gun. Other duties
 LWD

(42 ft
3
7 /4 in) Length 7.45 m(24 ft 5V.i in) Max LVG C.II.

T-0 weight 1,310 kg (2,890 1b) Max level speed

170 km/h (105.5 mph) Endurance 3h 30 min
Armament one forward-firing Spandau and one
rear-mounted Parabellum machine-guns, plus
LVG C.VI operated
115 kg (253 1b) of bombs
commercially by DLR.

included bombing: on 28 November 1916 a C.II,

piloted by Deck Offizier P. Brandt, dropped six
light bombs near Victoria Station - the first
bombs to be released from an aeroplane on Lon-
don. Following the unsuccessful C.III, LVG pro-
duced the CIV, similar to the C.II but powered
by a 164 k\\' (220 hp) Mercedes D.IV engine.
The \9\S Jane's states that the LVG types were
not as fast as the contemporary Rumpler IV, had
inferior rates of climb and lower service ceilings.
Data (C.II): Engine as above Wing span 12.85 m
(42 ft 2 in) Length 8.1 m (26 ft 7 in) Max T-0
weight 1,400 kg (3,086 1b) Weight empty 845 kg
(1,863 1b), (C.IV) 900 kg (1,984 1b) Max level

speed 130 km/h (80.5 mph) Endurance 4 h

LWD Junak (Poland) Two-seat basic trainer

designed by Dipl Ing T. Soltyk to meet the
requirements of Polish flying schools. The pro-
totype Junak 1 flew for the first time on 22 Febru- Captured LVG C.V.
ary 1948. The Junak 2 initial production version
was powered by a 19 kW (160 hp) Polish-built
LVG C.V and C.VI (Germany) The C.V and 1

C.VI were among the most widely operated air-

Ml 1FR engine. It was followed by the Junak 3
with a tricycle instead of tailwheel landing gear.
craft of 1917 and 1918, and production of the
latteralone (that first appeared in February 1918)
LWD Szpak-4A and -4T (Poland) Two-seat
aerobatic trainer and four-seat touring mono-
is believed to have been nearly 1,100, with a
plane respectively, each powered by a 112kVV
monthly output of 175 aircraft. Both versions
(150 hp) Bramo Sh. 4 radial engine.
were powered by 149 kW (200 hp) Benz Bz.IV
1

engines driving Garuda Type V propellers. The

LWD Zak-1, -2 and -3 (Poland) Two-seat
enclosed-cockpit trainer (56 kW; 75 hp Walter
C.VI had a cleaner appearance and most of its
Mikron II engine), open-cockpit trainer
refinements were aimed at improving the pilot's
(37.25 kW; 50 hp Continental A-50), and two-
and observer's vision. However plain ailerons
seat enclosed-cockpit trainer (48.4 kW; 65 hp
replaced the C.V's horn-balanced ailerons, the
Walter Mikron I) respectively.
radiator was relocated, the engine was uncowled LWD Junak 3.
and the tailplane increased in area. Roles
included reconnaissance and bombing (a full
description appears in the 1918 Jane's).
Post-war C. Vs and C.VIs were used as interim
commercial transports. From the C.VI was
developed the K.I or Kurier-Express (a two-
seater with an endurance of up to 12 hours for
passenger or mail carrying), the P.I limousine
and the W.I seaplane. The single example of the
LVG C.VIII (built during the war) was also
operated post-war by Deutsche Verkehrsflug.
Data (C.VI): Engine as above Wing span 13.0 m

769
 Macchi L.2 and L.3 The
L.2 of 1916 was
(Italy)
basically a developed L.l powered by
a 119 kW
(160 hp) Isotta-Fraschini V.4B engine. The pro-
duction version of the L.2 was the L.3 or M.3
which appeared in April 1916 and remained
operational as a reconnaissance-bomber and later
trainer until 1924. A few were also flown commer-
cially post-war. A total of 200 were built.
Data (L.3/M.3): Engine as above Wing span
15.95 m
(52 ft 4 in) Length 10.25 m
(33 ft iVz in)
Max TO
weight 1,350 kg (2,976 lb) Max level speed
145 km/h (90 mph) Range 450 km (279 miles)

LWS.3 Mewa.
LWS.3 Mewa Poland) Two-seat reconnaissance
(

and army co-operation monoplane. Only a few

had been built by the time of the German invasion
in 1939 and none had been delivered to the Polish
Air Force. A Bulgarian development of the Mewa
was produced during the war for the Bulgarian
Air Force, powered by a 641 kW (860 hp) Fiat
A. 74 RC engine.
LWS.4 Zubr ( Poland) First flown in March 1 936,
Macchi L.3.
the Zubr bomber stemmed from an aborted
commercial transport project and was an ugly,
Macchi M.5.
heavy and ill-conceived aircraft. It was powered
by two 507 kW (680 hp) Polish-built Pegasus
VIII radial engines driving three-bladed
Hamilton-Standard controllable-pitch propel-
lers. A bomb-aiming compartment was
positioned in the lower nose with a twin
machine-gun turret above. Defensive armament
was completed with dorsal and ventral machine-
gun positions. Bombs could be carried in the
internal bay and also externally - up to a maxi-
mum of 1,000 kg(2,205 lb). Only 16 were built for
the Polish Air Force. Maximum level speed was Macchi M.5 (Italy) From the earlier two-seaters
380 km/h (236 mph). Macchi developed the M.5 single-seat flying-boat
fighter: a much smaller aircraft normally powered
by a V.4B engine although some later examples
had a 186.3 kW (250 hp) Isotta-Fraschini V-6
fitted. It entered production for Italian naval
squadrons in 1917 and 240 were built, a few also
serving with the US Navy.
Data (V-6 engine): Engine as above Wing span
9.7 m (31 ft 10 in) Length 8.0 m (26 ft 3 in) Max
T-0 weight 1,081kg (2,383 lb) Max level spent
205 km/h (127.5 mph) Range 600 km (373 miles)
Armament two forward-firing Fiat machine-guns
Macchi M.7 (Italy) With a wing span of 9.95 m
LWS.4 Zubr.
LWS RWD-14 Czapla (Poland) Designed by (32 ft 7% in) and powered by a V-6 engine, the
RWD, theCzapla army co-operation monoplane M-7 appeared in 1918. Only three had been
first appeared in 1935. Sixty-five were produced received into service by the Armistice. Delivery of
by LWS for the Polish Air Force, each powered by a small number continued post-war and these
a 313 kW (420 hp) Mors II engine. Armament remained in service until 1928.
comprised two 7.7 mm Vickers machine-guns,
plus light bombs. Maximum level speed was
247 km/h (153 mph).
Macchi L.l (Italy) In 1915 Macchi produced its
In si flying-boat in the form of the two-seat L.I.

Powei was provided by a 112kW (150 hp)

Isotta-Fraschini V.4A engine mounted between
the biplane wings as a pusher. This was no more
than a copy of the Lohner Type I. of Austro-
I lung.il in origin, a captured example of which
i.

Macchi M.7. had been taken to the Macchi works across land.

770
 Macchi

Macchi M.8 (Italy) The M.8 appearedin 1917

and from then Armistice 57 were built for
until the
Italian service and a few for the US Navy. It was
basically a 'cleaned-up' M.3 for coastal patrol and
anti-shipping duties, powered by a V.4R engine
and defensively aimed with one machine-gun.
Maximum level speed was lb 2 km/h
(100.5 mph).

Military version of the

Macchi M.18 Developed from the Macchi
(Italy)
Macchi M.18.
M.8 and M.9, the M. 18 was a post-World War I
maritime patrol flying-boat powered as a pro-
totype by a 141.6 kW (190hp) Isotta-Fraschini
V.4B engine and as a production aircraft by a
186.3 kW (250 hp) Isotta-Fraschini Asso. The
wings folded for storage. In addition to the milit-
ary type, three civil variants were produced as a
dual-control trainer, an open-cockpit passenger
Macchi M.8.
or mail carrier and a saloon type with accommo-
dation for four persons in an enclosed cabin. Pro- Macchi M.9.
duction of the civil variants totalled 70 aircraft.
Data (Military M.18): Engine as above Wing span
15.8 m (51 ft 10 in) Length 9.75 m (31 ft 1
3
/ in)

Max T-0 weight 1,780 kg (3,924 lb) Max level speed

187 km/h (116 mph) Range 1,000 km (621 miles)
Armament one forward-firing machine-gun, plus
bombs
Macchi M.19 (Italy) See Schneider Trophy
contestants

Macchi M.9.

Civil version of the

Macchi M.18
(foreground) with M.3.

Macchi M.9 (Italy) In 1918 Macchi produced

the M.9 reconnaissance and bombing flying-boat,
a 223.6 kW (300 hp) Fiat A. I2w-engined
development of the M.S. It is believed that about
16 were completed before the Armistice, with a
further 14 built after. These remained operational
until 924. The M.9bis was a four-passenger cabin
1

version of the M.9, a handful of which were flown

commercially in Switzerland.
Macchi M.12 (Italy) This was a twin-boom
reconnaissance and bombing flying-boat of 1918,
powered by a 335.3 kW (450 hp) Ansaldo engine.
It was later used in connection with the Schneider
Trophy.
Macchi M.13 (Italy) See Schneider Trophy
contestants
Macchi M.16 (Italy) Strange single-seat float-
plane powered by a 22.35 kW (30 hp) Anzani
engine. Three purchased by the US Navy as
experimental communications aircraft.

771
Macchi

Macchi MB.308. Macchi M.24 (Italy) Construction began in 1923

of a new twin-engined flying-boat, defensively
armed with machine-guns in nose and aft posi-
tions and suitable for torpedo carrying. The
engines, 216 kW (290 hp) Fiat A.\2bis, were
mounted tandem on struts between the biplane
in
wings. A civil variant was also designed. In 1924
the design was modified, involving adding exten-
sions to the lower wings to make them equal in
span to the upper and fitting 298 kW (400 hp)
Lorraine engines. In late925 a flying-boat of this
1

type flew from Varase across the Alps to Amster-

dam, Copenhagen, Stockholm, Leningrad and
back to Varase.
As the M.24bis, the extended-wing version
entered production in about 1926. Powered by
two Lorraine or 372.6 kW (500 hp) Isotta-
Fraschini engines, it was produced as a bomber
and torpedo carrier for military service and as a
six-passenger (plus two crew) airliner for com-
mercial use. Among the commercial operators
was the Societa Anonima Aero Expresso which
used a number on its Brindisi-Athens-
Constantinople route.
Data (military version): Engines as above Wing
span 22.0 m (72 ft 2 in) Length 14.63
Macchi M.52 seaplane
(Italy) Twin-float racing
built for the 1927 Schneider Trophy Contest (see
Schneider Trophy contestants).
Macchi M.67 (Italy) Twin-float seaplane built
for the1929 Schneider Trophy Contest (see
Schneider Trophy contestants).
Macchi MB.308 (Italy) Two-seat light cabin
monoplane of the latter 1940s produced for the
Italian Air Force and for civil use. Power was
provided by a 63.3 kW (85 hp) C-85 or 67 kW
(90 hp) C-90 Continental engine.
Macchi MB. 320 (Italy) Six-seat cabin mono-
m (48 ft in) plane of 1949 powered by two 134 kW 180 hp) (

Max T-0 weight 5,500 kg (12,125 1b)Max level Continental E-185 engines. Only six built, three
speed 185km/h (115mph) Range 700 km (435 operated by East African Airwavs.
Macchi M.24 with
propellers removed.
miles) Macchi MB.326 (Italy) See Aermacchi 326MB
Macchi Parasol I taly ) The Parasol of 9 3 was
(
1 1

a single-seat shoulder-wing monoplane powered

by a 59.6 kW (80 hp) Gnome rotary engine.
Before the outbreak of World War I the type set
up new Italian records. The Army Air Service
received about 42 which were flown on artillery-
observation duties until 1916. iVIaximum level
speed was 125 km/h (77.5 mph).
Macchi Santa Maria (Italy) Licence-built Lock-
heed LASA 60 light monoplane.
Macchi MC.72 (Italy) First flown injune 1931,
the MC.72 was a single-seat twin-float seaplane
built originally to compete in the 1931 Schneider
Trophy Contest. It was unable to take part
because of defects in its experimental engine; but
development enabled the aircraft to set a world
speed record on 10 April 1933 of 682.078 km/h
(423.822 mph), followed by others in the same
year and in 1934.
Macchi M.39 (Italy) Twin-float racing seaplane Macchi MC.94 (Italy) Designed as a commercial
and winner of the 926 Schneider Trophy
built for 1
amphibian, the prototype MC.94 flew for the first
Contest (see Schneider Trophy contestants). time in 1935 while powered by two 574 kW
Macchi M.41 (Italy) Single-seat flying-boat (770 hp) Wright SGR-1820-F air-cooled radial
fighter of 1927 powered by a 313 kW (420 hp) engines. Accommodation was provided for two
Fiat A. 20 engine. pilots in the fully enclosed cockpit, 12 passengers
in thecabin with a toilet to the rear, baggage in an
aftcompartment and marine gear in a nose com-
partment. The first five production MC.94s
(without the retractable wheels of the prototype
which swung forward into streamlined casings in
the leading edges of the wings) were similarly
powered. The only other production aircraft were
six similar flying-boats with 596 kW (800 hp)
Alfa Romeo 126 RC.10 engines. All MC.94s
served initially with Ala Littoria.
Meanwhile in 1937 the MC.94 prototype set up
several international records. These are listed as
they appeared in the 1938 Jane's:

772
 Macchi

Height, carrying 1,000 kg (2,200 1b) of com-

mercial load: 6,432 m (21,097 ft), put upon 15
April 1937.
Speed over 1,000 km (621 miles): 256.51 km/h
(159.29 mph), put up on 6 May 1937.
Speed over 2,000 km (1,242 miles):
248.957 km/h (154.60 mph), put up on 6 May
1937.
Speed over 1,000 km (621 miles), carrying 500
kg (1,100 lb) and 1,000 kg (2,200 lb) of com-
mercial load: 257.138 km/h (159.682 mph).
both put up on 9 May 1937.
Macchi MC.100 (Italy) Developed from the
MC.94, the MC.100 was a 26-passenger flying-
boat powered by three Alfa Romeo 126 RC.10
engines. Three were delivered to Ala Littoria. Macchi MC.202 Folgore.
was development of the MC.200. As mentioned
a
above, the availability of a German-designed
engine for the new fighter offered a great
improvement in performance and the prototype
Folgore was no more than a Saetta installed with
an 801 kW (1,075 hp) Daimler-Benz 601A
engine, flying for the first time on August 940.
1 1

Production Folgores entered service with the

Regia Aeronautica in 1941, the first examples
being powered by German-built engines and
armed with two 12.7 mm
machine-guns. There-
after Folgores were fitted with DB 601s built
under licence in Italy as Romeo R. A. 1000
Prototype Macchi
RC.41-Is, rated at 894 kW (1,200 hp). Produc-
MC.200 Saetta.
tion totalled about 1,500 aircraft.
Data (Romeo-built engine): Engine as above Wing
Macchi MC.200 Saetta (Italy) In 1936 Macchi
span 10.58 m (34 ft 8V2 in) Length 8.85 m (29 ft
and Fiat faced the problem of designing new
OV2 in) Max T-0 weight 2,937 kg (6,475 lb) Max
single-seat cantilever low-wing fighters around
level speed 600 km/h (373 mph) Range 765 km (475
the relatively low-powered Fiat A. 74 RC.38
engine, rated at only 626 kW (840 hp). Not sur-
miles) Armament two 12.7 mm
and two 7.7 mm
prisingly the resulting fighters looked somewhat Breda-SAFAT machine-guns
Macchi MC.202 Folgore.
alikeand both flew in prototype form in 1937 (the
MC.200 on 24 December). Superior airframe
design by Macchi's team, led by Mario Castoldi,
resulted in the faster of the two aircraft, although
by European standards the MC.200 was not a
true match for the latest types from Germany,
Britain and France. Interestingly both Macchi
and Fiat subsequently got round the lack of power
by using German engines in their follow-up air-
craft. But for the present the Regia Aeronautica
ordered the MC.200 into production as one of the
replacements for the C.R.32.
When Italy entered World War II more than
150 MC.200s had been delivered, although the
final number produced was nearer 1,000, most
flown with open cockpits. The A and A2 versions
1

were basically similar, except that the A2 had

strengthened wings to allow the carriage of 50 kg,
100 kg or 160 kg bombs.
First used in action against Malta, MC.200s
later turned their attention to Greece, Russia and
North Africa - first meeting real opposition in the
form of Hawker Hurricanes. The type was finally
withdrawn from service in 1947. Macchi MC.205V Veltro.
Data: Engine as above Wing span 10.58 m (34 ft
8V2 in) Length 8.19 m (26 ft IOV2 in) Max T-0 Macchi MC.205V Veltro (Italy) The Veltro was
weight 2,328 kg (5,132 lb) Max level speed 503 km/h basically a Folgore powered by a 931.5 kW
mph) Range 870 km (540 miles) Armament
(312.5 (1,250 hp) Fiat R.A. 1050 RC. 58 Tifone engine-
two mm Breda-SAFAT machine-guns.
12.7 licence-built Daimler-Benz DB.605. First flown
Macchi MC.202 Folgore (Italy) The MC.202 as a prototype on 19 April 1942, production air-

773
MacCready

craft entered service in the following year but saw
little action before the Italian surrender to the
Allies. Armament comprised two 20 mm cannon
and two 12.7 mm machine-guns, plus bombs if
required. Maximum level speed was 642 km/h
(399 mph).
plane of 1925 (about 20 built, most with the
223.6 kW; 300 hp Hispano-Suiza water cooled
engine); M.F. 10 two-seat advanced training sea-
plane; M.F. 11 three-seat reconnaissance biplane
(399 kW; 535 hp Armstrong Siddeley Panther
engine); and M.F. 12 primary training biplane.

MacCready Gossamer
Condor during one of its
practice flights.

Martin 2-0-2 prototype.

MacCready Gossamer Condor (USA) The
Condor was a 29.26 m (96 ft in) wing span
single-seat man-powered aircraft which (on 23
August 1977) won the 50,000 Kremer Prize by
becoming the first aircraft propelled entirely by a
man to complete a figure-of-eight flight around
two pylons half a mile apart. The pilot was Bryan
Allen.
MacCready Gossamer Albatross (USA) The
Albatross was a 28.6 m (93 ft 10 in) wing span
single-seat man-powered aircraft which (on 12
June 1979) won the 100,000 Kremer Prize by
making the first crossing of the English Channel
by an aircraft propelled entirely by a man. The Marsh/Rockwell S2R-T Turbo Thrush USA) (

pilot was Bryan Allen. Turbine-powered version of the piston-engined

MacDonald S-20 (USA) Single-seat light sport- Rockwell Thrush Commander, powered by a
ing monoplane, plans for which are available to derated Garrett-AiResearch TPE 331-1-101 tur-
amateur constructors. boprop engine. The first production conversion
MacDonald S-20.
was handed over in September 1976.
Martin 2-0-2 (USA) First flown on 22 November
1946, the Martin 2-0-2 was a 36-42-passenger
airliner powered by two 1,788.5 kW (2,400 hp)
Pratt & Whitney R-2800-CA18 Double Wasp
radial engines. Thirty-one production aircraft
were built, first entering service in 1947 with
Northwest Airlines (which received 25) and Linea
Aerea Nacional of Chile (4). Cruising speed was
460 km/h (286 mph). The 2-0-2A was a re-
engined version of the 2-0-2, 12 of which were
leased to TWApending delivery of 4-0-4s. These
were fitted with R-2800-CB16 engines.
Manchuria Hayabusa (Manchuria) Six-
passenger commercial monoplane powered by a
343 kW (460 hp) Nakajima Kotobuki radial
engine.
Mann Egerton Type B (UK) Ten examples
built for the RNAS during 1916 of an improved
version of the Short 184 seaplane, powered by a
167.7 kW (225 hp) Sunbeam engine.
Marinens Flyvebatfabrikk M.F.8, M.F.9,
M.F.10, M.F.I 1 and M.F.12 (Norway) From
1915 this establishment licence-built several types
of military aircraft, including the Hansa Bran-
denburg YV.33 reconnaissance seaplane. Aircraft
oi its own design included the M.F.8 two-seat
Martin 4-0-4. training biplane; M.F.9 single-seat fighter sea-

774
Martin PBM Mariners.

775
Martin Marietta X-24A.

Max Holste M.H.1521

Broussard.
Single-seat fighter
(foreground), two-seat
(top) and reconnaissance
versions of the McDonnell
F-101 Voodoo.

777
 McDonnell Douglas A-4M
Skyhawk II.

778
 McDonnell Douglas AV-8B
Advanced Harrier.

-j *
RAF McDonnell Douglas
Phantom FGR.2.

781
Prototype McDonnell
Douglas F-18 Hornet.

782
Martin 4-0-4 (USA) A development of the 2-0-2,
the 4-0-4 was 1m (3 ft 3 in) longer and was pres-
surised. One hundred and three were ordered, 60
for Eastern Air Lines, 4 for TWA and two for the
1

US Coast Guard. Power was provided by two

1,788.5 kW (2,400 hp) Pratt & Whitney
R-2800-CB16 Double Wasp radial engines.
Deliveries began in the autumn of 1951.
Data: Engines as above Wing span 28.42 m (93 ft
3 in) Length 22.73 m (74 ft 7 in) Max T-0 weight
19,800 kg (43,650 1b) Cruising speed 450 km/h
(280 mph) Range 1,738-4,184 km (1,080-2,600
miles)

Martin Maryland lis.

transoceanic passenger (up to 46) and mail carry-
ing. Power was provided by 745 kW (1,000 hp)
Wright GR-1820-G2 Cyclone radial engines.
Martin 167 Maryland (USA) The Model 167
three-seat attack bomber was designed for use by
the USAAC and first flew as the XA-22 prototype
in early 1939. The French government placed the
only pre-war order, but with the fall of France One of the last Martin
these aircraft were diverted to the RAF as Mary- 4-0-4s in commercial
land Is. The RAF eventually received 225 Mary- service.

land Is and lis, most of which were used as recon-

Martin 130 China Clipper (USA) The Martin naissance bombers in the Mediterranean and
130 was a large four-engined monoplane flying- North African theatres. Some were flown by
boat designed for transoceanic services. Three South African Air Force units under RAF com-
were built for Pan American Airways in 1935 and mand.
on 21 October 1936 began operating over the Data: Engines two 782.5 kW (1,050 hp) Pratt &
Pacific from San Francisco to Manilla, Philippine Whitney R-1830 Twin Wasp radials Wing span
Islands. Two were impressed by the US Navy in 18.69 m (61ft 4 in) Length 14.22 m (46 ft 8 in)
1942. Max T-0 weight 7,516 kg (16,5711b) Max level
The hull was of advanced design and the resui* speed443 km/h (275 mph) Range 2,092 km (1,300
of exhaustive testing of models. Lateral buoyancy miles) Armament four forward-firing 0.303 in
was provided by stub wings or 'seawings' instead Browning machine-guns, two Vickers guns in a
of the conventional sponsons or outboard stabilis- dorsal turret and a rear-firing ventral position.
ing floats. Accommodation was provided for a Bomb load of 567 kg 1,250 lb) canied internally.
(

crew of four and 36-48 daytime passengers or 18 For attack duties special racks and chutes for
sleeping bunks for night flying. small fragmentation bombs could be installed in
Data: Engines four 618.5 kW
(830 hp) Pratt & the bomb bay in place of the normal racks
Martin Baltimore MIA.
Whitney R- 1830-S A4G Twin Wasp radials Wing
1

span 39.62 m (130 ft in) Length 27.62 m

(90 ft
7V2 in) Max T-0 weight 23,587 kg (52,000 lb)
Cruising speed 262 km/h (163 mph) Range (with
2,188 kg; 4,824 1b payload) 5,150 km (3,200
miles)
Martin 156 (USA) Large four-engined flying-
boat developed for Pan American Airways for

Martin A-30 Baltimore (USA) The Model 187

was designed in 1940 to meet the tactical
requirements of the British and French govern-
ments as a medium bomber to supersede the
Model 167 Maryland which was then being built
for France. When France fell the British govern-
ment took over the French contracts for both air-
craft.
Six versions of the Baltimore (British name) are
listed in the \945-46 Jane's as having been sup-
plied to the RAF, but it is usually accepted that
the Mk VI general-reconnaissance version did Martin 130 China
not enter service as a separate type. Until Clipper.

783
Martin

Martin AM-1 Mauler (USA) Designed as a

single-seat attack bomber, the first prototype
Mauler flew as the XBTM-1 on 26 August 1944.
Delivery to US Navy squadrons began in early
1948 but production was restricted to 149 aircraft.
These were subsequently replaced by Skyraiders.
Data: Engine one 2,235.6 kW (3,000 hp) Pratt &
Whitney R-4360-4 Wasp Major radial Wing span
15.26 m (50 ft in) Length 12.55 m (41 ft 2 in)
Max T-0 weight 1 ,05 4- 1 3 , 54 kg
1

(22,166-29,000 lb) Max level speed 591 km/h

(367 mph) Range 2,090 km ( ,300 miles) Armament
1

Martin Baltimore V.
four 20 mmcannon, plus three 2,200 lb torpedoes
Lease-Lend was introduced, the Baltimore was and 12 X 5 in rockets, bombs or mines on 15
built to British contracts. Thereafter it was attachment points
ordered by the US government as the A-30 light
Martin AM-1 Mauler on
attack bomber. It was engaged exclusively on
board USS Kearsarge.
operations in the Mediterranean area with the
RAF and Allied Air Forces operating under RAF
command. It was never used operationally by the
USAAF. Production ceased in May 1944, by
which time 1,575 had been delivered to the RAF.
The Baltimore I and II were each powered by
two 1,192 kW (1,600 hp) Wright GR-2600-A5B
radial engines. Both carried up to 907 kg
(2,000 lb) of bombs and had four forward-firing
0.303 in wing guns, four guns in the lower fuselage
aft of the wings firing to the rear and one or two

Martin B-10s
photographed in 1934.
ventral guns; but the Mk I had a single Vickers Martin B-10 and B-12 (USA) The Martin
gun on a flexible mounting in the rear cockpit and Model 139 was a twin-engined mid-wing mono-
the Mk II had twin Vickers guns. The Mk III and plane bomber developed from the experimental
Mk 1 1 1 A were similar to the Mk II except for Model 123 of 1932. During 1934 48 Model 139s
having Boulton Paul power-operated turrets in were delivered to the USAAC. Fifteen were fitted
place of the previous rear-cockpit dorsal arma- with 503 kW (675 hp) Wright R-1820 Cyclone
ment. The Mk IV introduced a Martin electric- engines as YB-lOs and 33 with 577.5 kW (775 hp)
allyoperated turret armed with two 0.50 in guns Pratt & Whitney R-1690 Hornet engines as
and the Mk V had four 0.50 in wing guns, two YB- 2s and B- 2As, a number of which were later
1 1

0.50 in guns in a Martin turret and a single 0.50 in converted into twin-float seaplanes for coastal
gun in a flexible rear-firing ventral position. It patrol duties.
differed also in having two 1,267 kW (1,700 hp)
Martin YB-12 fitted with Wright GR-2600-A5B5 engines.
floats.
Data (Mk V): Engines as above Wing span 18.69 m
(61 ft 4 in) Length 14.78 m (48 ft 6 in) Max T-0
weight 12,633 kg (27,850 lb) Max level speed
515 km/h (320 mph) Range 1,577 km (980 miles)

Development of the Model 139 led to numerous

improvements being made, including the installa-
tion of 551. 4 kW (740 hp) SGR-1820-G3 Cyclone
engines, a Sperry automatic pilot and the addition
of wing flaps, constant-speed propellers, de-icers
and numerous structural and maintenance
Martin AM-1 Mauler. refinements. During 1935 and 1936 103 of the

784
 Martin

Martin Model 166.

improved aircraft (B-lOBs) were delivered to the

USAAC.
On July 1936 the bomber was released for
l

export and was subsequently ordered by six

foreign governments, the Netherlands East Indies
alone receiving 120 Model 139Ws and Model
166s with 670.7 kW
(900 hp) Cyclone engines.
The latter introduced improved
aircraft
aerodynamics and performance characteristics
and featured a continuous cockpit enclosure
instead of the previous separate enclosures.
Data (Model 166 with Cyclone engines): Engines
as above Wing span 21.39 m (70 ft 2V4 in) Length
13.47 m (44 ft 2V4 in) Max T-0 weight 6,983 kg
(15,395 lb) Max level speed 418 km/h (260 mph)
Range 3,347 km (2,080 miles) Armament one
0.303 in Browning machine-gun in nose turret
and two in rear-cockpit dorsal and ventral posi- Preparing to arm a Martin
The flow of production Marauders began on 25
tions. Up to 1,025 kg (2,260 lb) of bombs B-26 Marauder.
February 1941 and by the end of 1944 more than
5,150 had been delivered. The Marauder first
went into action in the Australian theatre in April
1942.
The B-26 initial production version was pow-
ered by two 1,378.6 kW (1,850 hp) Pratt &
Whitney R-2800-5 radial engines and carried a
defensive armament of five 0.50 in machine-guns
in the nose, dorsal turret and tail. Normal bomb
load was 907 kg (2,000 1b) but up to 2,631 kg
(5,800 lb) could be carried in the tandem bomb
bays. The B-26A was similar to the earlier version
except for having R-2800-39 engines and minor
changes. Similar Marauder Is were delivered to
the RAF and SAAF in 1942 under Lend-Lease. Martin B-26G Marauder.
The B-26B corresponded to the Lend-Lease
Marauder I A and II and was produced in more
than one form. Power was provided by R-2800-5
or 1,490.4 kW (2,000 hp) R-2800-41/-43 engines
and armament was increased to two guns.
tail

From B-26B- 10 (Marauder II) the wing span was

Martin B-26 Marauder (USA) The projected
design data for the Model 179 Medium Bomber
were accepted by the USAAC on 5 July 1939 and
increased from 19.81 m (65 ft in) to 21.64 m
(71 ft in); the area of the vertical tail surfaces
was also increased; and armament raised to
include one fixed and one flexible gun in the nose,
four 'package' guns on the sides of the forward
fuselage, two guns in the Martin dorsal turret, two
flexible waist guns, one ventral-tunnel gun and
two tail guns. The front bay could carry two
2,000 lb bombs on special carriers and use of the
rear bomb bay was discontinued. The crew was
increased from five to seven. The B-26B variants
were the most produced of the series.
The B-26C (Marauder II) was the same as the
B-26B-10 types but built at the Martin Omaha Martin B-26s with paint
plant. The single experimental B-26D with removed to increase
exhaust-heated surface de-icing equipment and speed.
the single B-26E special stripped model were fol-
lowed by the B-26F and G (Marauder III). These
were similar to the B-26C except for having the
incidence of the wings increased by 3V2 no pro-
,

the first Marauder flew on 25 November 1940. vision for carrying a torpedo, and 1 guns fitted.
1

785
Martin

Martin BM-2. Certain examples of earlier B-26s were stripped

of armament and adapted for training and general
utility duties, particularly high-speed target-
towing. These were originally known as AT-23s
but were subsequently redesignated TB-26s. A
number of TB-26Gs were also built. The designa-
tions JM-l and J M-2 applied to stripped versions
of the B-26C and B-26G respectively, used by the
US Navy for target-towing and other general util-
ity duties. The JM-l P was equipped for photo-
graphic reconnaissance.
Data (B-26B/C, with R-2800-43 engines): Engines
as above Wing span 21.64 m (71 ft in) Length
Martin BM-1 and BM-2 (USA) Delivered to the
17.75 m (58 ft 3 in) Max T-0 weight 17,327^kg

^
(38,200 lb) Max level speed 462 km/h (287 mph)
US Navy from the latter half of 1931, the BM-1
and BM-2 were all-metal specialised shipboard
Range 1,931 km (1,200 miles)
Martin B-57B. tandem two-seat dive-bombing biplanes. They
were powered by 428.5 kW (575 hp) Pratt &
Whitney R- 690-44 Hornet radial engines. Pro-
1

duction amounted to just 32 aircraft. Maximum

level speed was 230 km/h (143 mph). They were

J& cUPr
the first US Navy aircraft capable of carrying a
1,000 lb bomb in a terminal-velocity vertical dive
and of recovering from the dive without dropping
the bomb.

IP?, S \

Martin B-57 (USA) Tandem two-seat light

tactical-bombing (B-57) and reconnaissance
(RB-57) versions of the English Electric Canberra
built under licence in the USA. The B-57A initial
Martin MB-1. bomber version was modelled on the Canberra
B.2 except for its engines and equipment. The
B-57B two-man intruder version introduced the
tandem 'blister' canopy and a wing span of
19.51m (64 ft Oin). It had eight 0.50 in
machine-guns in the wings, underwing stores
pylons and a rotating bomb-bay door. Subse-
quent versions and conversions (see General
Dynamics) were produced for electronics-
warfare, target-towing and night-interdiction
duties. B-57s remain operational with the USAF
and as the B-57B with the Pakistan Air Force.
Martin BM-1.
Martin MB and NBS-1 (USA) The Glenn L.
Martin Company was organised during World
War I and produced the first successful twin-
engined aeroplane of American design, as the
W.F. Night Bomber or 'Seven Ton' bomber. As it
is generally accepted that the first bomber built
for the USAAS was the MB-1 (first flown on 15
April 1918), the view can be taken that the W.F.
and MB-1 are one and the same. Contemporary
reports state that the W.F. was converted into the
passenger and cargo-carrying Commercial type.
Again it is known that one of the ten MB- Is was so
converted, although a drawing of the Commercial
made in 1921 shows a rounded-nose aircraft with
folding outer-wing sections, single-wheel
landing-gear units and open cockpit for the pilots,
while the MB-1-type Commercial was actually
produced with an enclosed cockpit. Nevertheless
as features of the Commercial were subsequently
to be found on the improved MB-2 bombers,
including the revised single- instead of double-
wheel landing gear units, it can be taken that the
W.F. Commercial and MB- 1-type Commercial or
T-l were the same aircraft. All but one of the
remaining MB- Is were produced as bombers or

786
 Martin

July 1921, other MB

bombers and flying-boats Martin T-1 with an
destroyed a submarine, cruiser and destroyer. enclosed cockpit and
Data (MB-2): Engines as above Wing /'"" 22.6 in fuselage windows.
(74 ft 2 in) Length 13.0 m
(42 ft 8 in) Max T-0
weight about 5,443 kg 12,000 lb) Max level speed
(

159km/h (99 mph) Range 901km (560 miles)

Armament five 0.30 in machine-guns in nose, dor-
sal and ventral positions, plus up to 907 kg
bombs (see text)
(2,000 lb) of
Martin MO-1 (USA) Cantilever shoulder-wing
observation monoplane powered by a Curtiss
D- 12 engine. Thirty-six delivered to the US Navy.
Martin NBS-1.
Martin P3M-1 and P3M-2 (USA) Production
versions of the Consolidated PY- long-range pat-
1

rol flying-boat (Martin Model 120), first flown in

1929. Only nine built, with two 317 kW (425 hp)
Pratt & Whitnev R- 1340-38 Wasp and two
402.4 kW (540 hp) Pratt & Whitney R-1690-32
Hornet engines respectively. Maximum level
speed of the P3M-2 (as guaranteed by Martin)
was 185 km/h (115 mph). Alighting speed was
96.5 km/h (60 mph). The P3M-2 version also fea-
tured an enclosed cockpit.
Martin M0-1.

observation aircraft, followed by four more milit-

ary MB- Is for US Government air mail services.
A further two were produced as torpedo bombers
for the US Navy, which designated them
MTB-ls.
As an interim stage between the MB-1 and the
later MB-2, Martin produced the MT-i
extended-wing torpedo bomber, eight of which
were operated by the US Marine Corps. The
MB-2 itself was powered by 313 kVV (420 hp)
instead of 298 kVV (400 hp) Liberty engines and
had the wing span of the MI- and the landing
1

gear of the Commercial. One hundred and thirty

were produced by four manufacturers, a large
number as short-range NBS-1 night bombers.
Bombs were carried in racks in a compartment in
the fuselage, or, in the case of large bombs, on
special racks or chocks directly under the fuse-
lage. Interestingly one MB-2, fitted with super-
chargers, attained an altitude of about 8,077 m
(26,500 while carrying a pilot and three obser-
ft)

vers. A contemporary report states

that, had it not
been for the extreme cold and lack of fuel, a still
greater altitude could have been reached. MB/
NBS-1 bombers were eventually replaced in ser- Martin P3M-2 with open
vice by Keystone types. cockpits.
The MB-2 is best remembered as the aircraft
with which Brig-Gen William 'Billy' Mitchell Martin PM-1 and PM-2 (USA) Martin-built
demonstrated the effectiveness of the bomber by examples of the Naval Aircraft Factory PN bi-
sinking the stationary ex-German warship Ost- plane patrol flying-boat, powered by two 391 kW
friesland. During the same demonstrations on 21 (525 hp) Wright^ R-1750 and 410 kW (550 hp)
Wright R-1820 Cyclone radial engines respec-
tively. Based on the PN- 12 and carrying the Mar-
tin Model number 122, they were of all-metal
construction and carried wireless-receiving and
-sending apparatus, together with a Bellini-Tosi
wireless direction finder.
Martin P4M-1 Mercator (USA) Designed as a One of six Martin MB-1s
long-range patrol aircraft for the US Navy, the produced for postal
Mercator (Martin Model 219) was powered by services.

787
Martin

Martin PM-1, with single and was delivered to the Navy in December of that
fin and rudder. year. A number of air-sea rescue versions of the
P5M-1 were delivered to the US Coast Guard in
the autumn of 1953 as P5M-lGs.

Jt ^^M_di /
// ATji. .
The P5M-2 (145 built) had two R-3350-32W or
-32WA engines, the main external changes being
the introduction of a 'T' tail and increased wing
span. It also had a lower bow chine line to reduce
'" "

spray damage to the propellers and a rearrange-

2~^ ~~S'_
ment of much of the interior equipment for greater
operational comfort and convenience. The first
Martin PM-2, with twin P5M-2 flew in August 1953 and was delivered to
fins and rudders. the Navy on 23 June 1 954. Ten were also supplied
to the French Navy under MDAP. Modernisation
of the aircraft led to the designations P5M-1S and
P5M-2S, fitted with MAD
gear, Julie active
echo-sounding and Jezebel passive sonobuoy
detection equipment. The type went out of opera-
tional use in 1966.
Data (P5M-2): Engines as above Wing span
36.03 m (118 ft 2 'A in) Length 30.66 m (100 ft
7V4 in) Max T-0 weight (ASW mission) 34,761 kg
(76,635 lb) Max level 404 km/h (251 mph)
speed
Range 3,300 km (2,050 miles) Armament bomb
bays in engine nacelles for various types of offen-
sive stores, including four torpedoes, four 2,000 lb
bombs, smaller bombs or mines

two Pratt & Whitney R-4360-20A Wasp Major

French Navy Martin
radial engines and two 7 kN (3,825 lb st) Allison
1
P5M-2 Marlin.
J33 turbojet engines. A production order for 19
Martin P6M-2 SeaMaster.
was authorised under the 1947 Naval Appropria-
tions Bill and final assembly of the first produc-
tion aircraft began in April 1949. This contract
was completed in September 1950.
Martin P5M Marlin (USA) The P5M (Martin
Model 237) was the first twin-engined flying-boat
to be developed for the US Navy for anti-
submarine warfare after the war. P5M-1 and -2
were the main versions produced. The P5M- was 1

powered by two 2,422 kVV (3,250 hp) Wright

R-3350-36WA or 2,533.7 kW (3,400 hp)
R-3350-32WA Turbo Compound engines and
featured a low-mounted tailplane. The first of 14 1

production P5M-1 Marlins flew on 22 June 1951

Martin P5M-1 Marlins.

Martin P6M-2 SeaMaster (USA) The SeaMas-

ter was a four-jet swept-wing high-performance
flying-boat of advanced design. Its two primary
functions were expected to be mine laying and
photographic reconnaissance, but with combat
capability. first of two XP6M-1 prototypes
The
flew on July 1955 and the first of six pre-
11
production YPbM-ls on 20 January 1958. An

788
 Martin

order for 24 production P6M-2s (with Pratt & Max T-0 weight 27,350 kg (60,3001b) Max level
Whitney J 75 turbojets) was reduced to 18 in 1957 speed over 314km/h (195 mph) Range 3,700 km
and later to 3 - the first of which flew on 7 1 (2,1500 miles) Armament six or eight 0.50 in
February 1959. It was intended to use four machine-guns in nose and amidships turrets, plus
VP6M-ls and P6M-2s to form an operational up to 1,814 kg (4,000 1b) of bombs or depth
evaluation squadron. charges

Martin PBM-3 Mariner.

Martin PBM
Mariner USA) The XPBM- pro-
( 1

totype flying-boat patrol bomber was originally

ordered by the US Navy in 1936. Before it was
built, a quarter-size prototype (Model 162 A) was
constructed and flown. The full-size aircraft was
flown for the first time in February 1939.
The production PBM-1 - fitted with two
1,192 kW( 1,600 hp) Wright R-2600-6 radial
engines, a dihedral tail and retractable wingtip
floats - was ordered in 1938 and 20 of these went
into Navy service in 1941. A single XPBM-2 was
ordered at the same time
as a long-range version
Martin S.
specially strengthened for catapult take-off. Martin S (USA) Two-seat observation floatplane
The PBM-3, with two 1,267 kW 1,700 hp) ( powered by a 93 kW (125 hp) Hall-Scott A-5
Wright R-2600-12 engines, was ordered in quan- engine. Fourteen operated by the US Army and
tity in 1940 and deliveries began in 1942. In this two by the US Navy from 1915.
version the crew was increased from seven to nine, Martin T and TT (USA) Tandem two-seat
the armament was revised and the fuel capacity dual-control training seaplanes, 17 of which were
increased. The retractable wingtip floats of the delivered to the US Army from 1914.
PBM- were1 replaced by fixed floats. In 1942 the
PBM-3 was adopted also as a naval transport
carrying 20 passengers or 3,629-4,082 kg
(8,000-9,000 lb) of cargo (PBM-3R). Twenty-six
PBM-3B patrol bombers were also used by RAF
Coastal Command, delivered under Lend-Lease.
At the end of the war a specialised anti-submarine
version was also developed as the PBM-3S.
The final two production versions of the
Martin T3M-1.
Mariner were the PBM-5 and PBM-5A, powered
by 1,565 kW (2,100 hp) R-2800-22 and Martin T3M, T4M and Great Lakes TG (USA)
R-2800-34 engines respectively. The last During 1924 and 1925 the Martin Works were
PBM-5A was delivered to the US Navy in April engaged in the production of SC torpedo bombers
1949. This version was basically an amphibious for the US Navy (see Curtiss). As an improve-
version of the PBM-5 and ended its career as a ment Martin designed and built the T3M- 24 of 1 ,

general utility aircraft. which were ordered by the US Navy as torpedo-

Data (PBM-5A): Engines as above Wing span carrying, bombing and scouting biplanes.
35.97 m (1 18 ft in) Length 24.33 m (79 ft 10 in) Deliveries were made in 926. These differed from
1

the SCs mainly in the rearrangement of the seat-

ing and equipment, the substitution of an all-
welded fuselage for a partly welded and partly
riveted construction, and the installation of a
428.5 kW (575 hp) Wright T-3B engine.
The T3M-1 was followed into production by
the T3M-2, a contract for 100 being placed in
March 1927. It employed a welded chrome
molybdenum steel-tube fuselage, wooden wing Martin PBM-5 Mariner
structure and duralumin tail surfaces. The bomb- with search radar above
ing compartment was retained in the forward part the fuselage.

789
Martin

Martin Marietta X-24A. of the fuselage but the seating arrangement was in
tandem instead of side-by-side. Power was pro-
vided by a 544 kW (730 hp) Packard 3A-2500
engine.
The new T4M-1 could be rapidly converted,
like the earlier types, from landplane to seaplane
form and vice versa, and was particularly suited
for aircraft carrier use. Power was provided by a
391 kW (525 hp) Pratt & Whitney R-1690-24
Hornet radial engine. Wing span was reduced
from 17.25 m (56 ft 7 in) to 16. 15 m (53 ft in), a
new balanced rudder was fitted and the rear
Martin Marietta X-24B. cockpit was reshaped and supported a small
windscreen. The US Navy received 102 T4M-ls,
most of which served as carrier-borne aircraft
with wheel landing gears.
The final aircraft of the series were 40 TG-ls
and TG-2s built by Great Lakes and powered by
410 kW (550 hp) Pratt & Whitney R-1690-28
Hornet and 428.5 kW (575 hp) geared Wright
R-1820-86 Cyclone engines respectively. The ,

TG-2 reverted to the old-style raised rear-

gunner's cockpit but with a small windscreen. The JRM was the production development of
Data (T3M-2): Engines as above Wing span the XPB2M- 1R. An order for 20 was placed as the
17.25 m m
(56 ft 7 in) Length 12.6 (41 ft 4 in) Max result of the successful performance of the pro-
T-0 weight (landplane) 4,310 kg (9,503 lb), (sea- totype with the US Navy Air Transport Services.
plane) 4,581 kg (10,1011b) Max level speed
'
The first of the new 'boats was completed in the
195 km/h (121 mph) Range 589-1,215 km (366- summer of 1945. The US Navy contract was later
755 miles) Armament one rear-mounted 0.30 in reduced to five aircraft. The fourth JRM-1 was
machine-gun, plus a torpedo or bombs delivered in the summer of 1946; the fifth
(JRM-2), with an improved power-plant installa-
Martin XPB2M-1. tion,in the autumn of 1947. Subsequently
JRM- Is were converted to JRM-2 standard and
redesignated JRM-3s.
Data (JRM-2): Engines four 2,236 kW (3,000 hp)
Pratt & Whitney R-4360 Wasp Major radials,
(JRM-1) four 1,565 kW (2,100 hp) Wright
R-3350-8 Duplex-Cvclone radials Wing span
60.96 m (200 ft in) length 36.65 m ( 120 ft 3 in)
Max T-0 weight 74,842 kg (165,000 lb) Max level
speed 383 km/h (238 mph)
Martin Marietta X-23A and X-24 (USA) The
X-23A was a small unmanned lifting-body
research vehicle built to prove the aerodynamic
characteristics of the basic design. From it was
developed the SV-5P (piloted low-speed test air-
craft), designated X-24A by the USAF. This
made its first rocket-powered flight on 19 March
1970. In 1972 the X-24A was stripped down and
rebuilt as the X-24B, the previous 'bulbous
wedge-shaped' fuselage giving way to a new
triangular cross-section with the flat-side under-
neath. The X-24B flew for the first time on 1

August 1973 and made its final powered flight on

23 September 1975.
Martinsyde F.4 Buzzard (UK) The Buzzard
was a 223.6 kW (300 hp) Hispano-Suiza-engined
biplane fighter of 1918. None of the small number

Martin JRM-1 Mars.

Martin JRM Mars (USA) The Mars was origi-
nally built as an experimental patrol bomber with
the designation XPB2M-1. It flew for the first
lime in July 1942. It was subsequently modified as
a cargo transport living-boat and redesignated
Martinsyde F.4 Buzzard. XPB2M-1R
790
 Maule

became operational before the

of aircraft built
Armistice.Most were passed to other air Forces
post-war. Maximum level speed was 233 km/h
(145 mph).
Martinsyde S.I. Scout (UK) In late 1914 the
firm produced a small but fast biplane scout pow-
ered by a 59.6 k\V (80 hp) Gnome rotary engine.
Although inferior to other types in service, the S.I
was a limited success in its role and played an
important part in the air war in 1915 until the
increased speed of German aircraft rendered it
obsolete. Thereafter it became a trainer. In all
about 60 were produced, superseded on the pro-
duction lines by the Elephant. Maximum level Maule M-4 Rocket.
speed was 140 km/h (87 mph).
Mauboussin M.123, M.124, M.128 and M.129
(France) The M.123 was a two-scat light open-
cockpit monoplane developed from the Corsaire
(44.7 kW; 60 hp Salmson engine), first built in
series by Fouga in 1937. The M.124, M.128 and
M.129 were based on similar airframes but had
different engines - a 63.3
kVV (85 hp) Salmson
5AP, 74.5 kW
(lOOhp) Mathis G.4R and a
52 kVV (70 hp) Minie 4DO engine respectively.
The M.124 also had enclosed cockpits.
Mauboussin M.200 (France) Single-seat high-
performance monoplane powered by an 85.7 k\V S.I Scout.
Martinsyde
(125 hp) Regnier engine. In May 1939 this air-
craft put up speed records for light aeroplanes
with engines of 2-4 litre capacity of 274.223 km/h
(170.394 mph) and 255 km/h (158.45 mph) over
100 km and 1,000 km respectively.
Maule M-4 Jetasen and Rocket (USA) Four-
seat light monoplanes, the prototype of which flew
time on 8 September 1960. Production
for the first
began in 1962 and lasted until 1975. Four versions
were produced as the basic M-4 Jetasen 08 k\V; ( 1

145 hp Continental O-300-A); de luxe M-4

Astro-Rocket (134 kW; 180 hp Franklin
6A-335-B1A), M-4 Rocket (156.5 kW; 210 hp
Z-fi'*3*- Continental IO-360-A); and M-4 Strata-Rocket
Martinsyde G.100.
(164 k\V; 220 hp Franklin 6A-350-C1).
Maule M-5 Lunar Rocket USA) ( Four-seat light
Martinsyde Elephant (UK) The 1922 Jane's lists
monoplane first flown on November1 1971. Cur-
the Elephant as a scouting type and indeed it was
rently available in five versions as the M-5-180C
as a long-range fighter and escort that the aircraft
(134 kW; Lycoming O-360-C1F);
180 hp
was originally conceived. The prototype G. 100 of
M-5-210C kW; 210hp Continental
(156.5
1915 crashed after just over 43 flying hours, but
IO-360-D); M-5-210TC (cargo version with a
production of a small number of G. 100s and 270
156.5 kW; 210 hp Lycoming TO-360-C1 A6D);
Elephants followed. Powered by an 89.4 k\V
M-5-235C (175 kW; 235 hp Lycoming
(120 hp) and then a 19 k\V 160 hp) Beardmore
1 (

O-540-J1A5D); and Maule Patroller (civil patrol

engine, the Elephant proved inadequate as a
Lunar Rocket).
version of
fighter when it entered service in 1916. Its endur- Maule M-5 Lunar Rocket.
ance, however, made it an ideal light high-speed
bomber and reconnaissance aircraft and it was in
these roles that the type served into 1917. In
addition to serving on the Western Front, a
number were despatched to Palestine and
Mesopotamia. In mid-1917 an Elephant was
flight tested with a radiator taken from a German
aircraft.
Data (119 kVV; 160 hp engine): Engine as above
Wing span 1.58 m (38 ft in) Length 8.08 m (26 ft
1

6 in) Max T-0 weight 100 kg (2,424 lb) Max level

1 ,

speed 167 km/h 104 mph) Endurance 4 h 30 min

(

Armament two forward-firing Lewis machine-

guns, plus up to 18 kg (260 lb) of bombs (one
1

Elephant tested with a Lewis gun mounted on the

upper wing)

791
Max Holste

Mayo Composite. Max Holste M.H.52 (France) Two-seat touring

(M.H.52) and training (M.H.52/E) monoplane
powered by a 112 kW 150 hp) Potez 4D or simi-
(

lar engine.
Max Holste M.H.53 (France) Similar to the
M.H.52 but with a tailwheel landing gear
fitted
and powered by a 100.6 kW
(135 hp) de Havil-
land Gipsy Major 10 engine.
Max Holste M.H.53

twin-float seaplane, named Mercury. The compo-

site was completed in late 1937and the first sep-
aration of the aircraft was made on 6 February
1938 after exhaustive tests with the separate com-
ponents. Following satisfactory trials and passing
through the Marine Aircraft Experimental
Max Holste M.H.250 Establishment at Felixstowe, the composite was
Super Broussard. handed over to Imperial Airways (see Chronol-
Max Holste M.H.250 Super Broussard ogy 6 February and 21-22 July 1938).
(France) Prototype twin-engined light high-wing
Data (Mercury): Engines four 283 kW (380 hp)
transport which flew for the first time on 20 May
Napier-Halford Rapier Vis Wing span 22.25 m
(73 ft in) Length 15.52 m (50 ft in) Max T-0
1
1959. Accommodation was for up to 23 persons.
1

weight 9,435 kg (20,800 1b) Max level speed

Max Holste M.H.1521 Broussard (France)
341 km/h (212 mph) Cruising endurance 21 h
Six-seat light utility transport and liaison aircraft,
30 min
the prototype of which flew for the first time on 1

November 1952. Alternative interior layouts pro-

MBB 223 Flamingo (Germany) The MBB (orig-
inally SI AT) Flamingo was the winner of a Ger-
vide for two stretchers and two sitting casualties
or attendants. Powered by the 335 kW (450 hp)
man competition for a standard club and training
Pratt & Whitney R-985-AN-1 radial engine, pro-
aircraft. It flew for the first time on March 1967.
1

duction aircraft went into wide-scale service with

Two versions were produced: the basic two-seat
civil and military operators; military versions still
223A utility version intended primarily for train-
1

ing airline pilots and the 223K.1 single-seat fully

being flown today by the French Air Force and the
aerobatic version. Production of the two versions
air forces of 1 other countries.
1

totalled 50 aircraft by January 1972. Manufacture

Data: Engine as above Wing span 13.75
HA in) Length 8.65m (28ft 4V2 in) Max T-0
wt ight 2,700 kg (5,953 lb) Max level speed 270 km/h
(168 mph) Range 1,200 km (745 miles)
Max Holste M.H.1521
Broussard.
Mayo Composite (UK) The Mayo Composite
(lompany was formed in 1935 to handle the world
rights ol the Composite Aircraft invented and
patented by Maj R. H. Mayo. 1'hc composite
(bettei known .is the Short-Mayo Composite)
comprised an Empire flying-boat, named Maia,
above which was carried the much smaller Mayo
792
m (45 ft
was later transferred to CASA in Spain.
MBB BO 105 (Germany) The prototype of this
five-seat light utility helicopter flew for the first
time in 1967.The original production version was
the BO
105C powered by two 298 kW (400 shp)
Allison 250-C20 turboshaft engines. This is no
longer available. The current models are the
BO-105CB powered by two 313 kW (420 shp)
Allison 250-C20B engines and the standard pro-
duction model since 1975; BO 105CBS with
increased seating or cargo capacity in a 0.25 m
(9% in) longer fuselage, available in five-seat
executive or six-seat high-density configurations;
BO 105D, a variant supplied to the UK
with
modified equipment; BO 105L, deliveries of
which began in 1980; BO 105M (VBH) liaison
and observation helicopter for the German Army,
with uprated engines and transmission (227
ordered to replace Alouette lis); and the BO 105P
(PAH-1) anti-tank version, with outriggers able
to carry six Hot missiles; procurement of 212
PAH- Is by the German Army began in 1979.
 McCarley

Data (BO 105CB): Engines as above Main rutin * MBB B0 209 Monsun.
diameter 9.84 m (32 ft 3% in) Length overall 1 1.86 m
(38 ft 1 1 in) Max T-0 weight 2,300 kg (5,070 lb)
Ma\ cruising speed 245 km/h
(152 mph) /tonge
656 km (408 miles) Accommodation five persons or
pilot and two stretchers or freight

MBB B0 105D.
Data (BO 209-160): Engine as above Wing span
8.4 m (27 ft 6% in) Length 6.6 m (21 ft 7
3
A in)
Max T-0 weight 82(1 kg (1.807 lb) Max level speed
274 km/h (170 mph) Range 1,200 km (745 miles)
MBB HFB 320 Hansa (Germany) The Hansa
was intended primarily as a 7-12-seat executive
transport/feeder-liner, but was available as a
freighter and for a variety of military and civil
duties, including pilot/navigator training, cali-
bration, aerial survey, and target flying and tow-
MBB B0 105 carrying six
ing. The first prototype flew on 2 April 964 and 1 1

Hot missiles.
the first production Hansa in February 1966. The
initial production series of 50 aircraft were each
powered by two General Electric CJ610-1 turbo-
jets (first 15), twoCJ610-5s 16th to 35th) and two
(

13.79 kN (3,100 lb st) CJ610-9 turbojets (36th

onward). The German Air Force operates the
type as a transport, flight calibration and ECM
aircraft.
Data models): Engines as above Wing span
(latest
over tip-tanks14.49 m (47 ft 6 in) Length 16.61 m
(54 ft 6 in) Max T-0 weight 9,200 kg (20,280 lb)
Max cruising speed 825 km/h (513 mph) Range
2,370 km (1,472 miles)
MBB BO 208C Junior (Germany) Two-seat MBB HFB 320 Hansa.
light aerobatic monoplane powered by a 74.5 kW
(100 hp) Rolls-Royce Continental O-200-A
engine. of the Malmo
Licence-built version
MFI-9 Junior, for which acquired produc- MBB
tion rights. The first MBB-built Junior flew in
1962. By April 1968 170 had been completed in
Germany, by which time German and Swedish
production had totalled about 250 aircraft.
Data: Engine as above Wing span 8.02 m (26 ft 4 in)
Length 5.79 m ( 19 ft in) Max T-0 weight 630 kg
(1,390 1b) Max level speed 230 km/h (143 mph)
Range 1,000 km (621 miles)
MBB/Aerospatiale PAH-2 (Germany/France)
Anti-tank helicopter projected for the German MBB B0 208 Junior.
and French Armies.
MBB Kawasaki BK 117 (Germany/Japan)
Multi-purpose eight-ten-seat helicopter powered
by two 447 kVV (600 hp) Avco Lycoming LTS
101-650B- turboshaft engines. First flown in pro-
1

totype form on 13 June 1979. Deliveries of produc-

tion aircraft will begin in late 1981.
McCarley Mini-Mac (USA) Single-seat limited
aerobatic monoplane, plans for which are avail-
able to amateur constructors.
MBB BO 209 Monsun (Germany) Two-seat
McCarley Mini-Mac.
and glider- or
light touring, training, aerobatic
banner-towing monoplane, more than 100 of
which were built up to February 1972. Three
versions were produced as the BO 209- 50 with a 1

112 kVV (150 hp) Lycoming O-320-E1C, -El For

-E2C engine; BO 209-160 with a 19 kW 160 hp) 1 (

Lycoming IO-320-D1A fuel-injected engine; and

the BO 209S trainer with non-retractable nose-
wheel and a 97 kW (130 hp) Rolls-Royce Conti-
nental O-240 engine.

793
McCulloch

McDonnell F2H-2 McCulloch 4E (USA) Tandem-rotor light

Banshee. helicopter built as a four-seat development of the
JOV-3, MC-4 and YH-30 helicopters.
Certificated by the FAA in 1962.
McCulloch J-2 (USA) Two-seat light autogyro,
first flown in 1962. Deliveries of production air-
craft began in 1970 and by early 1972 a total of 83
had been built. Power was provided by a 134 kVV
(180hp) Lycoming O-360-A2D engine.

McCulloch MC-4.

The F2H-3 long-range all-weather fighter had

McCulloch J-2.
McDonnell F2H Banshee (USA) The original
contract for the design and construction of the
XF2H-1 single-seat naval fighter was placed by
the US Navy in March 1945. The first prototype
flew on 1 January 1947 and the first production
1 ground trainers and 29 were modified to take the
order for the F2H- was placed in May 1947. As
1
the Banshee, it finally went out of production in
1953 after a total of 892 production aircraft of all
versions had been delivered to the US Navy and
Marine Corps. During 1955 the Royal Canadian
Navy received 39 F2H-3 Banshee all-weather
McDonnell F3H-2N fighters, the delivery being fulfilled by the US
Demons.
Navy.
The firsi production model was the F2H-1
powered by two 13.34 kN (3,000 lb st) Westing-
house J34-WE-22 engines. The first flew on 10
August 1949 and 56 were built. The F2H-1 was
-Unwed by the F2H-2 with two 14.01 kN
I'
an extra section inserted in mid-fuselage to
accommodate two additional fuel tanks. Search
radar was positioned in the nose and the cannon
armament was placed further aft in the fuselage
sides. A new tailplane with slight dihedral was
fittedand the aircraft had 'probe-drogue' flight-
refuellingequipment (later fitted to all F2H-2s).
The final model was the F2H-4, production of
150 being completed on 30 October 1953. Power
was provided by two 16.01 kN (3,600 lb st)
J34-WE-38 engines.
Data (F2H-2): Engines as above Wingspan 13.67 m
(44 ft 10 in) Length 12.24 m (40 ft 2 in) Max T-0
weight 10,120 kg (22,312 lb) Max level speed over
917km/h (5 70 mph) Range 2,374km
(1,475 miles) Armament four forward-firing 20 mm
cannon
McDonnell F3H Demon (USA) The Demon
was a single-seat carrier-based fighter which
equipped 12 US Navy squadrons on board seven
carriers in 1959. The prototype XF3H-1 flew for
the first time on 7 August 1951. In August 1952
the US Navy placed an order for 150 F3H-ls to be
powered by the WestinghouseJ40-W-22 turbojet.
During development the weight of the F3H-1 was
increased from 9,980 kg (22,000 lb) to 13,150 kg
(29,000 lb) to meet the all-purpose fighter
requirement and a higher thrust engine
(J40-W-24) was specified in place of the original
power unit. This engine, however, did not come
up to expectations, resulting in the F2H-1 being
underpowered. Consequently the last 90 of the
original order were re-ordered as F3H-2s with
63.39 kN (14,250 lb st, with afterburning) Allison
J71-A-2 engines. Of the 56 F3H-ls built, 21 early
production aircraft were retained for use as
J71 engine and converted to the later standard.
Three versions of the F3H-2 Demon were built.
The F3H-2N with a J7 l-A-2 engine was the stan-
dard night and all-weather fighter and the first
production version. Armament comprised four

(3,150 lb st) J34-WE-34 engines and a leng-

thened fuselage to accommodate extra fuel. This
was the majoi production version and included 14
F2N-2N night fighters and 58 F2H-2P
photographic-reconnaissance aircraft.

794
 McDonnell

20 mm cannon and various types of external

stores, including the Sidewinder infra-red homing
missile and nuclear weapons. The F3H-2M was
the day-fighter missile-carrier version, armed
with four cannon and four Sparrow III missiles.
The F 3 H - 2 P was the p h o t og r a p h i c-
reconnaissance version. The 519th and last pro-
duction F3H was completed in November 1959.
Data (F3H-2N): Engine as above Wing 'pan
10.77 m (35 ft 4 in) Length 17.96 m
(58 ft 1 1 in)
Max T-0 weight 15,377 kg (33,9001b) Max level
speed 1,170 km/h (727 mph) Normal range
2,414 km (1,500 miles)
McDonnell F-101 Voodoo (USA) The Voodoo
was built as a supersonic twin-jet fighter for the
USAF. It was developed from the XF-88 and
XF-88A experimental twin-jet long-range pen-
etration fighters which underwent successful
evaluation during 1949-50.
The first production version of the Voodoo was McDonnell RF-101A
the F- 10 1A powered by two 64.5 kN (14,500 lb st, Voodoo.
with afterburning) Pratt & Whitney J57-P-13
turbojet engines. The first F-101 A flew on 29 Sep-
Max T-0 weight 21,090 kg (46,500 lb) Max level

speed 1,963 km/h (1,220 mph) Range 2,495 km

tember 1954, exceeding Mach 1. Deliveries began
(1,550 miles)
in May 1957. Intended originally as a long-range
McDonnell FH-1 Phantom (USA) The
escort fighter for Strategic Air Command, it was
McDonnell Aircraft Corporation was incorpo-
no longer needed in this role when the B-36
rated on 6 July 1939 and in September 1941
bomber was superseded by the B-52 Strato-
received its first contract for an aircraft of its own
fortress. Accordingly the F-101 A was adapted for
design, covering the experimental XP-67 for the
multi-purpose interceptor/fighter-bomber duties
USAAF. In January 1943 the company received
and supplied to Tactical Air Command. Arma-
its Navy contract to design and build the
first
ment comprised four 20 mm M-39E cannon, plus
XFD-1 Phantom carrier-based fighter.
three Hughes GAR-1 Falcon missiles and 12
rockets.
Two XFD-1 prototypes were built, the first of
which flew on 26 January 1945. In March 1945
The RF-101A was the long-range photo-
McDonnell received an order for the redesignated
graphic-reconnaissance version of the F-101 A,
FH-1 Phantom, the company's first production
while the F- 101 B was powered by two 66.2 kN
contract for an aircraft of its own design. Sixty
(14,880 lb st, with afterburning) J57-P-55
FH-ls were eventually produced (see Chronol-
engines as a two-seat long-range interceptor for
ogy 21 July 1946).
USAF Air Defense Command and the RCAF -
Data: Engines two 7.1 kN (1,600 lb st) Westing-
the latter receiving the first of 66 on 24 July 1961.
Armament comprised two Genie unguided air-
house J30-WE-20 turbojets Wing span 12.42 m
to-air nuclear missiles and three Falcon missiles
(40 ft 9 in) Length 1.82 1 m
(38 ft 9 in) Max T-0
weight 5,164 kg (12,035 1b) Max level speed
or bombs.
810 km/h (505 mph) Combat range 1,105 km (690
The F-101C was similar to the F-101 A but was
miles) Armament four forward-firing 0.50 in
strengthened for low-level fighter-bomber opera-
machine-guns. Eight zero-length rocket laun-
tions. A pylon and crutch for atomic weapons was McDonnell FH-1
chers could be fitted under the wings
under the fuselage between two 1,705 litre
fitted Phantoms.
(450 US gallon) external fuel tanks. The 20 mm
cannon armament was retained. Deliveries were
made to USAF Tactical Air Command.
The final version built as such was the
RF-101C, a long-range photographic version of
the F- 101C. A few were subsequently acquired by
the Chinese Nationalist Air Force. Production of
the Voodoo ended in March 1961 with the deliv-
ery of the last F- B. Of the total of 807 Voodoos
1 1

built, 327 were of the F/RF-101A/C single-seat

series. The designation RF-101G and RF-101H
refer to uprated RF- A and RF- 10 1C versions.
1 1

The Canadian Armed Forces still operate the

CF-101B and CF-101F, the latter a dual-control
trainer similar to the USAF's TF- 101 B; while the
RF-101C, F-101B/TF-101B continue to serve in
the USA.
Data (F-101B): Engines as above Wing span
12.09 m (39 ft 8 in) Length 20.55 m (67 ft 5 in)

795
McDonnell

McDonnell Douglas A-4E McDonnell XF-85 Goblin (USA) Small single-

Skyhawk carrying a seat jet-propelled parasite interceptor fighter

tanker pack. designed to be carried in the forward bomb bay of
a B-36 bomber and to be launched and picked up
by a release and hook-on 'trapeze' technique. It
was first flown on 23 August 1948, but remained
an experimental type only.

McDonnell XF-85 Goblin.

McDonnell Douglas A-4M

Skyhawk lis.

War. Since the initial requirement called for

operation by the US Navy, special design consid-
eration was given to flight characteristics and size
for aircraft carrier operations.
Construction of the XA4D- prototype began
1

in September 1953 and the first flight took place

on 22 June 1954. Power was provided by a 32 kN
(7,200 lb Wright J65-W-2 turbojet engine. A
st)

total of 1,845 examples of the early A-4A to E

McDonnell XF-88B. McDonnell XF-88B (USA) Designed
research into supersonic propeller design, the
XF-88B flew for the first time on 14 April 1953.
Power was provided by two Westinghouse J34
turbojets and a nose-mounted Allison XT38
versions was built. By the end of production in
1979, 2,405 Skyhawk attack aircraft and 555
trainers had been built. The type currently serves
also with the air forces of Argentina, Australia,
Israel, Kuwait, New Zealand and Singapore.
Current versions of the Skyhawk are the A-4F
for
single-seat attack bomber powered by a 41.37 kN
(9,300 lb st) Pratt & Whitney J52-P-8A engine
and with improved take-off performance and
improved electronics in a dorsal hump; A-4G, a
version of the A-4F for Australia; A-4H, an Israeli

McDonnell XV-1.
turboprop engine. version with Rafael MAHAT lightweight
analogue weapons-delivery system; A-4K, a
slightly modified version of the A-4F for New
Zealand; A-4KU, similar to the A-4M for
Kuwait; TA-4F/G/H/K/KU, tandem two-seat
trainer versions for the US Navy, Royal
Australian Navy, Israel, New Zealand and
Kuwait respectively; TA-4J, a simplified version
of the TA-4F for the US Navy
with aJ52-P-6 or
P-8A engine and equipment deletions; A-4L, a
modified A-4C with an uprated engine, bombing
computing system and electronics relocated in a
hump aft
fairing of the cockpit as on the A-4F;
A-4M Skyhawk II, an improved A-4F with a

McDonnell XV-1 (USA) Experimental conver-

tiplanepowered by a Continental R-975- 19 piston
engine and McDonnell rotor-tip pressure jets.
The first transition from vertical to horizontal
flightwas made on 29 April 1955.
McDonnell Douglas A-4 Skyhawk (USA)
Designed to provide the US Navy and Marine
Corps with a simple low-cost lightweight attack
McDonnell Douglas A-4S .mil ground supporl aircraft, the Skyhawk was
Skyhawk. based on experience gained during the Korean

796

50 kN 1,200 lb st) J52-P-408 engine and many
( 1
other improvements; A-4N Skyhawk II, tin-
export version of the A-4M; A-4P/A-4Q, revised
A-4Bs for the Argentinian Air Force and Navy;
A-4S, revised A-4B for Singapore; TA-4S two-
seat trainer version of the A-4S with stepped
cockpits; A-4Y, an uprated A-4M for the USMC
with a new head-up display, redesigned cockpit
and Hughes Angle Rate Bombing System; and
the OA-4M, a new forward air control version for
the USMC, converted from the TA-4F.
Data (A-4M Skyhawk II): Engine as above Wing
span 8.38 m
(27 ft 6 in) Length (excl flight-
refuelling probe) 12.27 m
(40 ft VU
in) Max
weight 1,1 13 kg (24,500 lb) Max level speed (with
1
1,814 kg; 4,000 1b of bombs) 1,038 km/h
(645 mph) Max jerry range 3,225 km (2,000 miles)
Armament provision for several hundred variations
of military load, carried externally on one under-
fuselage rack, capacity 1,588 kg (3,500 1b); two
inboard underwing racks, capacity of each
1,020 kg (2,250 lb); and two outboard underwing
racks, capacity of each 450 kg (1,000 1b).
Weapons that can be deployed include nuclear or
HE bombs, air-to-surface and air-to-air rockets,
Sidewinder infra-red missiles, Bullpup air-to-
surface missiles, ground-attack gun pods, tor-
pedoes, countermeasures equipment, etc. Two
20 mm Mk 12 cannon in wing roots standard.
DEFA 30 mm
cannon available as optional on
international versions
McDonnell Douglas AV-8B Advanced Har-
rier (USA) had been found that there was
After it
insufficient common ground on an Advanced
Harrier to suit both the British and US govern-
ments, McDonnell Douglas took over develop-
ment to meet the requirements of the US Navy
and Marine Corps. Essentially the objective of the
Advanced Harrier programme is to evolve a ver-
sion which would virtually double the aircraft's
weapon payload/combat radius without too
much of a departure from the existing Harrier
airframe.
The USMC has stated a requirement for 336
McDonnell Douglas
Advanced Harriers. Initially McDonnell Douglas
and the USMC modified two AV-8As as pro-
totype VAV-8Bs. The first flew on 9 November
1978. The first full-scale development aircraft is
scheduled to fly in mid- 1981.
TO
McDonnell Douglas DC-8 (USA) The second McDonnell Douglas
type of American jet transport to be built, the DC-8-63.
prototype DC-8 flew for the first time on 30 May
1958. Its configuration was the same as the Boe-
ing 707's, but the wing was swept back only 30 at
quarter chord.
The first version was the Series 10 basic domes-
tic aircraft with four pod-mounted 57.83 kN
(13,000 lb st) Pratt & Whitney JT3C-6 turbojets
and maximum seating for 176 passengers. The
DC-8- 1entered service with Delta Air Lines and
United Air Lines on 18 September 1959.
The DC-8- 10 was followed by the Series 20 for
use from hot/high-altitude airports, with
70.28 kN (15,800 lb st) JT4A engines; the Series
30 intercontinental version with JT4A-9s; the
similar Series 40 with 77.85 kN 17,500 lb st)
(
Rolls-Royce Conway R.Co. 12 bypass engines; McDonnell Douglas TA-4S
and the Series 50 with Pratt & Whitney JT3D Skyhawk.
turbofans.
There were numerous versions of each series,
including the -50CF convertible passenger/cargo
aircraft with reinforced floor and large cargo door,
and the -50AF windowless freighter which could
carry a 42,161 kg (71,900 1b) payload 4,440 km
(2,760 miles). The DC-8 saw worldwide airline
service and 294 of the standard versions were
built.
The basic aeroplane had been designed with
McDonnell Douglas AV-8B
growth potential and its tall undercarriage and
Advanced Harrier.
upswept rear fuselage allowed for considerable
stretch. Taking advantage of this, Douglas built
three main versions of stretched aircraft. First was
the Model 6 for the longer and busier US domes-
1
tic routes. This retained the standard wing but
1 1.23 m (36 ft 10 in) was added to the fuselage,
giving a maximum of 259 seats. The -61 flew on 14
McDonnell Douglas
March 1966 and entered service with United Air
DC-8-30.
797
McDonnell Douglas

McDonnell Douglas Lines in February 1967. The -62 for longer range
DC-9-80 prototype. had 1 .83 m (6 ft) added to the span but the fusel-
age was only 2.03 m (6 ft 8 in) longer than the
standard DC-8. This version went into service
with SAS on 22 May 1967. The -63 combined the
long fuselage of the -6 with the bigger wing of the
1

-62 and was designed for transatlantic operation.

It first Hew on 10 April 1967 and entered service

with KLM. Convertible passenger/cargo and

all-cargo versions of the Series 60 were produced
the -40 with an extra 1.82 m (6 ft) added to the
and 262 DC-8-60s were built, to give a DC-8 total fuselage and seats for up to 125 passengers; and
ol 556 when production ceased in 1972.
the short-field -20 which combined the -10 fusel-
A series of DC-8 four-turbofan transports were age and -30 wings and had 90 seats. The -40
announced in the spring of 1979. The Series 7 72 1 ,
entered service in March 1968 and the -20 in
and 73 are, respectively, re-engined Series 61, 62
January 1969. These were followed by the -50
and 63 aircraft with CFM56 or Pratt & Whitney which was 8.89 m (29 ft 2 in) longer than the
JT8D-209 engines. The first customer was United basic DC-9 and could carry up to 39 passengers. 1

Air Lines which is having 30 DC-8-61s converted

The -50 first flew on 17 December 1974 and
to Scries 7 standard, with 98. k.\ (22,050 lb st) 1

entered service with Swissair on 24 August 1975.

1

CFM56 engines. Deliveries will begin in 1981. The first DC-9 had been powered by 53.38 kN
Data (Super 63): Engines four 84.51 kN
(12,000 lb st) engines and had a maximum take-
(18,000 lb st) Pratt & Whitney JT3D-7 turbofans
off weight of 35,244 kg (77,700 lb), but the -50
Wing span 45.23 m
(148 ft 5 in) Length 57.1m had 71.17 kN (16,000 lb st) engines and a maxi-
(187 ft 5 in) Max T-0 weight 158,760 kg mum weight of 54,885 kg (121,000 lb).
(350,0001b) Cruising speed 965 km/h (600 mph)
McDonnell Douglas Cargo and mixed-configuration models were
Range 8,820 km (5,480 miles)
DC-9-20 prototype. produced. Some military versions were built as
the C-9A Nightingale aeromedical evacuation
type, the C-9B Skytrain II logistic transport and
the VC-9C VIP transport. By the spring of 1979
more than 1,000 DC-9s had been ordered, by
which time the 900th had been delivered. Before
the end of 1978 DC-9s had flown more than 17
million hours, with 18 aircraft each having
1

exceeded 30,000 hours.

Due to enter service in 980 is the DC-9-80 with
1

82.3 kN (18,500 lb st) JT8D-209 turbofans, a

further increase in length, up to 172 seats and a
maximum weight of 63,503 kg (140,000 1b). A
Super 80SF short-field version is also under con-
sideration, based on the DC-9- 10.
Data (DC-9-30): Engines initially two 62.3 kN
(14,000 lb st) Pratt & Whitney JT8D-7 turbo-
fans; JT8D-9, JT8D-1 1, JT8D-15 and JT8D-17
are options Wing span 28.47 m (93 ft 5 in) Length
36.37 m (1 19 ft V/i in) Max T-0 weight 54, 885' kg
(121,000 1b) Max cruising speed 907 km/h
(564 mph) Range 2,148 km (1,335 miles)
McDonnell Douglas DC-10 (USA) The DC- 10
was the second of the wide-bodied transports and
the with three engines. Its final configuration
first
McDonnell Douglas
McDonnell Douglas DC-9 (USA) By far the was governed by American Airlines'
largely
DC-9-50.
most successful of all the twin-jet transports, the requirement for a 250-passenger aeroplane cap-
DC-9 was announced by Douglas in April 1963 as able of operating non-stop between Chicago and
its second commercial jet airliner. The first order the IS West Coast and which could use LaGuar-
was placed by Delta Air Lines in May of that year. dia's runways and have New York-Chicago
The basic DC-9- 10 first flew on 25 February capability with full payload.
1965. Powered by Pratt & Whitney JT81) turbo- Powered by three 178 kN 10.000 11) st) Gen-
(

fans, it could accommodate a maximum of 90

eral Electric CF6-6 turbofans (one mounted at the
passengers. It entered service on 8 December I), ise of the fin), the DC-10 made its first flight on
1965. In ensure good low-speed handling, wing went into service Ameri-
29 August 1970. It \\ ith
sweep was kept to 24 at quarter chord. The -10
sci us was followed by (he -3(1 with 1.2 m (4 ft)

increase in span, 4.57 m ( 15 ft)increase in length

.ind scaling tor up to I 15. It entered service with
Eastern Air Lines on February 1967 and soonI

McDonnell Douglas C-9B proved tin- most popular version.

Skytrain II. Two special versions were designed lor SAS:

798

can Airlines on the Los Angeles Chicago route on
5 August 197 Basic layout is for 270 passengers.
1 .
The Series 15 is basically similar, but with
206.8 kN (46,500 lb st) General Electric
CF6-45B2 engines. Four were ordered by
Aeromexico and Mexicana in the
1979.
Developed from the DC- 10- 10 was the -30
long-range intercontinental model with 218 kN
(49,000 lb st) CF6-50A, 227 kN (51,000 lb st)
-50C or -50H engines or 233.5 kN (52,500 lb st)
-50C1 engines. The span of this model was
increased by 3.05 m 10 ft) and an additional
(
twin-wheel undercarriage unit was added
because of the increased weight. This version
went into service with Swissair on the North
Atlantic on 15 December 1972.
Similar to the -30 is the -40 (originally desig-
nated -20) which was built for Northwest Airlines.
This is powered by 220 kN (49,400 lb st) Pratt &
Whitney JT9D-20s or 236 kN (53,000 11) st)
JT9D-59A turbofans. The -40 entered service on
16 December 1972.
CF (convertible cargo/passenger) and F
(freighter) models have been produced with rein-
forced floors and large cargo doors. The KC-10A
tanker-cargo development has been ordered bv
the USAF.
There have been a number of studies for
development of the DC:- 10, including a twin-
engined version, but the most likely addition to
the family is a stretched aeroplane. By September
1979 McDonnell Douglas had received firm
orders for 346 DC- 10s, by which time the total
DC- 10 fleet had carried 233 million passengers.
Data (DC-10-30): Engines as above Wing span
50.41 m (165 ft A h
l
in) Length 55.5 m (
Max T-0 weight 259,450 kg (572,000 lb) Max cruis-
ing speed 908 km/h (564 mph) Range 7,413 km
(4,606 miles)
McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom
Generally judged the leading all-round combat
aircraft of the entire 1960s, this large and
extremely capable aircraft was developed as a
private venture by McDonnell Aircraft in
195457 - at first despite official disinterest by the
US Navy. It passed through two major phases.
McDonnell Douglas
DC-10-30CF.
summer of
including the AH- 1multi-role attack aircraft, McDonnell Douglas F-4B
before finally being ordered as the F4H-1 all- Phantom II.
weather fighter. The prototype flew on 27 Alay
1958. It soon demonstrated unprecedented per-
formance on the power of its two General Flectric
|7 afterburning turbojets which were installed in
(
)
fully variable ducts with both inlet and nozzle
areas and profiles infinitely adjustable for Mach
2-plus speeds.
The first production version was the F-4A
(under the 1962 designation system) with tandem
and radar-intercept officer and a
seats for pilot
broad fuselage carrying four Sparrow air-to-air
missiles recessed into the underside. The type was
carrier-equipped and the thin but large wing had
blown flaps and blown drooped leading edges.
Volume production began with the F-4B with
raised cockpits and canopy and a much larger
McDonnell Douglas
nose to house the Westinghouse APQ-72 radar.
DC- 10-40.
Eventually this variant - which with the A set
more world records for speed, climb and height
than any other aircraft in history - gave way to the
F-4 J with AN/A WG- 10 pulse-Dopplcr fire-
control system, more powerful engines
(J79-GE-10 rated at 79.6 kN; 17,900 lb st), slat-
ted tail and drooping ailerons. The Navy/Marine
models include the S which is a modified F-4J
with structural strengthening to increase opera-
tional life and other changes.
In March 1962 the USAF decided that the F-
had such unparalleled qualities that it should be
adopted for 16 of the 23 wings then in Tactical Air
Command. The first USAF model was the
182 ft 1 in) 'minimum change' F-4C with inflight-
refuelling-boom receptacle instead of the \av\
probe, rear cockpit configured for a second rated
pilot, larger wheels and high-capacity brakes, and
II (USA) different inertial-navigation and weapon-deliver)
avionics. Next came the completely redesigned
RF-4C multi-sensor reconnaissance aircraft
packed with radars, cameras and other sensors,
ECM (electronic countermeasures) and special
communications, but without armament. The
Marines bought the RF-4B.
799
Guided under radar
control by a B-66
Destroyer (bottom), four
McDonnell Douglas F-4B
Phantom lis attack
targets in Vietnam.
McDonnell Douglas F-4K
Phantom II prototype.
In 1964, when the USAF had received over
1,000 F-4s, permission was granted for a version
tailored to the USAF's needs, and this quickly
McDonnell Douglas F-4G matured as the F-4D. It had numerous improve-
Advanced Wild Weasel. ments - especially to mission avionics - and the
radar was the APQ-109. In most D models the
prominent secondary fairing under the nose for
the AAA-4 infra-red detector is absent. Large
numbers of Cs and Ds flew in SE Asia in 966-73,
1 new
suffering many stall/spin losses caused by harsh
manoeuvres with heavy ordnance load (never
considered when the 'fighter' was designed). The
answer was a completely new wing, but before
this could be introduced production had switched
to the F-4E. This had extra power (J79-GE-17 of
-10 rating), extra rear-fuselage lank, slotted tail-
plane, zero-zero seats and many other changes -
well as a completely new solid-state AN/APQ- 20 1
radar with smaller flat dish in a more pointed
nose. A last-minute modification was in fii the
long-awaited internal gun, a 20 mm
M61 being
added under the nose, fed by a 640-round drum
immediately to the rear.
800
From June 1972, when several hundred E
models had been delivered, the new wing came
into production. It has since been fitted as a
rebuild to large numbers of USAF, Navy and
Marines aircraft. The main change is to delete the
droops and blowing system, add thicker skins and
fatigue straps on the main spar, and fit a new
leading edge with large hydraulic slats which
extend automatically in violent manoeuvres or at
low airspeeds. The folding outer wings are also
new. Not only is safety improved but combat
manoeuvrability is considerably enhanced. No
new USAF version emerged, but all variants have
been greatly updated with defensive avionics,
target-acquisition and weapon-aiming systems
and additional sensors and advanced weapons.
Among many export versions are the Luft-
waffe's RF-4E multi-sensor reconnaissance ver-
sion of the E and F-4F simplified fighter; the
Royal Navy's Phantom FG.l with Rolls-Royce
Spey turbofans of 91.25 kN (20,515 lb st, with
afterburning) and many other changes; the
derived RAF Phantom FGR.2 (both British ver-
sions carry Sky Flash instead ofSparrow); and the
Japanese-assembled F-4EJ. The F-4G Advanced
Wild Weasel is an ECM platform carrying the
APR-38 sensing and jamming system with a large
fin-top aerial array and provision for Shrike,
Standard ARM
or HARM
anti-radar missiles.
Production of the Phantom ended with the
5,057th US-built aircraft in mid- 1979. McDonnell
Douglas attempted to prolong production with
the proposed F-4T air-superiority version without
ground-attack capability.
Data (F-4E): Engines two 79.6 kN 17,900 lb st)(
General Electric J79-GE- 17 turbojets Wing span
1 1.77 m (38 ft 7V2 in) Length 19.2 m
(63 ft in)
Max T-0 weight 28,030 kg (61,795 1b) Max level
speed (clean, high altitude) 2,414 km/h (1,500
mph) Combat radius 795-1,266 km (494-786
miles)
McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle (USA) In 1969
itwas announced that McDonnell Douglas had
been selected as prime airframe contractor of a
air-superiority fighter for the USAF. The
contract called for the design and manufacture of
20 aircraft for development testing, these to com-
prise 18 single-seat F- 15 As and two TF- 15A two-
seat trainers, with production scheduled at a rate
of one aircraft every other month.
First flight of the F-15A was made on 27 July
1972 and the first flight of a two-seat TF-15A
as trainer (designated subsequently F-15B) on 7
July 1973. Eagles delivered from mid- 1979 are to
F- 5C and F- 5D standard which provides for an
1 1
additional 907 kg (2,000 lb) of internal fuel and
the ability to carry FAST Packs (Fuel And Sensor
Tactical Packs) which contain extra fuel and can
accommodate avionics. Thefirst F-15C flew on 26
 McDonnell Douglas

minated and instead versions of the General McDonnell Douglas F-15A

Dynamics YF-16 and Northrop VF-17 light- Eagle.
weight fighter prototypes were investigated. As .1

result of this review McDonnell Douglas teamed

with Northrop to propose a derivative of the
YF-17 to meet the Navy's requirement, with
McDonnell Douglas as the prime contractor.
Identified as the Navy Air Combat Fighter
(NACF), this received the designation F- 18 Hor-
net when selected for further development.
In 1976
it was announced that full-scale
development had been initiated by the US Navy.

McDonnell Douglas F-15B

Eagle fitted with FAST
Packs and missiles.

February 1979. By July 1979 a total of 444

l

Eagles had been delivered. It is planned to pro-

cure 749 for the USAF by 1983, including the 20 R
& D models. Thirty-five were ordered under an
initial contract from the Israeli Air Force and 60
by Saudi Arabia. The JASDF plans to purchase
100 F-15Js, all except eight of which will be
licence-built in Japan with Mitsubishi as the
prime contractor.
Designed specifically as an air-superiority
fighter, the F-15A Eagle has proved equally suit-
The first Hornet made its maiden flight on 18 McDonnell Douglas
able for air-to-ground missions without degrada-
November 1978; the second flew on 12 March Hornet prototype.
tion of its primary role. It is able to carry a variety
of air-to-air and air-to-ground weapons. 1979 and five aircraft had flown by mid-year. The
Data {F-15A): Engines two 111.2 kN (25,000 lb st) first batch of nine production Hornets was author-
Pratt & Whitney F100-PW-100 turbofans Wing ised in Fiscal Year 1979. The F- 18 is due to

span 13.05 m
(42 ft 9% in) Length 19.43 (63 ft m become operational in 1982.

9 in) Max T-0 weight 25,401 kg (56,000 lb) Max

A total of 1,377 Hornets (including the 11
level speed more than Mach 2.5 Ferry range more development aircraft) are planned for construc-
tion by the end of the 1980s, as the Hornet is
than 4,631 km (2,878 miles) Armament provision
and launch of a variety of air-to-air
for carriage
required to replace both USN and US Marine
weapons over short and medium ranges, includ- Corps F-4 Phantoms for primary missions of
AIM-7F fighter escort and interdiction. About 7% of those
ing four AIM-9L Sidewinders, four
built will be two-seat trainers, and the attack
Sparrows and a 20 mm M61A-1 six-barrel gun.
version of the Hornet will replace the Navy's A-
Five weapon stations allow for the carriage of up
lb) of bombs, rockets or addi-
Corsair II aircraft in the mid-1980s, under the
to 7,257 kg (16,000
tional ECM equipment designation A- 18. This is identical to the F-18
except that FLIR and a laser tracker - which are
McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet (USA) In
being developed as part of the Hornet programme
1974 the US Department of Defense accepted a
- will replace fuselage-mounted Sparrows for
proposal from the US Navy to study a low-cost
lightweight multi-mission single-seat carrier- attack missions.

based fighter, then identified as the VFAX. In

Data: Engines two 71.2 kN (16,000 lb st) General
August of that year the VFAX concept was ter- Electric F404-GE-400 low-bypass turbofans Wing
span 11.43jn (37 ft 6 in) Length 17.07 m (56 ft

in) Max T-0 weight 21,319 kg (47,000 lb) Max

level more than Mach 1.8 Combat radius
speed
1,019 km
(633 miles) Armament nine external
weapon stations with a combined capacity of
8,165 kg (18,000 1b) of mixed ordnance. These
comprise two wingtip stations for AIM-9
Sidewinder air-to-air missiles; two outboard wing First McDonnell Douglas
stations for an assortment of air-to-ground or air- F 15C Eagle.

801
McDonnell Douglas

Launch of a Mercury to-airweapons, including AIM-7 Sparrows; two

capsule. inboard wing stations for external fuel tanks or
air-to-ground weapons; two nacelle fuselage sta-
tions for Sparrows or Martin Marietta sensor
pods; and a centreline fuselage station for external
fuel orweapons. An M61 20 mm
six-barrel gun is
mounted in the nose
McDonnell Douglas YC-15 (USA) Two pro-
totypes of the YC-15 advanced military STOL
transport were built as contenders for the USAF's
AMST prototype fly-off programme- to compete
for orders against the Boeing YC-14. The pro-
gramme was terminated for economic reasons in
1978.
Mc kin non Goose and Turbo-Goose (USA) see
Grumman Goose
McKinnon Turbo-Goose.

- t my/yam*

n mJ
Mckinnon Super Widgeon (USA) see Grum-
man Widgeon
MDG Midgy-Club (France) Two-seat light bi- ured 1.89 m (6 ft 2V2 in) in diameter. The main
plane of the late 1940s powered by a 48.4 kVV cabin section was constructed of inner and outer
(65 hp) Continental A65 engine. nickel-alloy shells, seam-welded together. The
blunt curved end was the leading face during
orbital flight and consisted of a single piece of
beryllium which acted as a heat sink to protect the
capsule from extreme thermal conditions during
re-entry. It was coated in layers of heat-resistant
plastics substance which were burned away to
reduce structural heating by the ablative techni-
que. The pilot sat reclined on a replaceable couch,
contoured to his individual shape, with his back
against the curved face.
Meridionali/Agusta EM
A 124 (Italy) Three-
seat light helicopter of 1970 derived from the Bell
Model 47.

Mercury capsules under

Mercury capsule (USA) Following a design
construction.
competition for which 12 companies submitted * x^^
proposals, McDonnell was awarded a NASA con-
tract on 13 February 1959 to design and develop
the capsule which was to be used in the Project
Mercury manned spacecraft programme.
The original order covered the manufacture of
Meridionali/Agusta 12 capsules, delivery beginning in the summer of
EM A 124. Subsequent contracts increased the order to
I'll)!).

20. Some were used in the test of the vehicle and

its booster system. )thers were used for the sub-
( Messerschmitt Bf 108 Taifun (Germany)
orbital piloted flights down the Atlantic missile Four-seat cabin monoplane designed originally as
range which preceded the full orbital flights the M 37 by the Bayerische Flugzeugwerke com-
achieved in 1962 (see Chronology 20 February pany (which became .Messerschmitt in 1935) for
1962 onwards). the 1934 Challenge de Tourisme Internationale.
The capsule was 2.74 m ft) long and meas-
(
(
) Production as the Bf 108 Taifun began in 1934.

802
 Messerschmitt

Operated by the Luftwaffe during World War II Messerschmitt Bf 108

as a communications and personnel transport. Taifun.
Power was provided bv a 79 kW (240 hp) Argus
1

As. IOC (Bf 108B version).

Messerschmitt Bf 109 (Germany) It would take
rather more than a Solomon to judge which was
the best of the fighter aircraft used by the combat-
ant nations during World War II. But as it is
virtually impossible to arrive at a fair basis of
comparison - having regard to a number of vari-
ables-it is safe to say that the Bf 109 (designed by
Willy Messerschmitt) was not only one of the
great fighter aircraft of the war, but almost cer-
tainly the most famous of all German aircraft ever
built. If numbers constructed was the criterion, it
would have been in first or second place, for it has
been estimated that about 35,000 were built,
which is not far short of the total production figure
estimated for Russia's Ilyushin 11-2 Shturmovik.
Design of the Bf 09 was initiated by Bayerische
1

Flugzeugwerke in late 1933, following issue by the

Reichsluftfahrtministerium (RLM) of a speci-
fication for amonoplane fighter to replace the
Arado Ar 68 and Heinkel He 51 in Luftwaffe
service. The need was not then urgent, but the
RLM believed that by competitive evaluation and
with reasonable time available for development,
they would have a worthwhile fighter when the
moment came for it to enter operational service.
Submissions were made by Arado, Bayerische
Flugzeugwerke, Focke-Wulfand Heinkel: those of
the second and last companies were selected for
construction and evaluation, with each initially to
build ten examples. Heinkel's He 2 was the first
1 1

to fly (in the summer of 1935) but it was the Bf 109

(first flown in mid-September 1935) that was to be

built in very large numbers. Strangely both of

these prototypes made their first flight under the
power of a Rolls-Royce Kestrel in-line engine, as
the Junkers Jumo 210 in-line engine - around
which both had been designed - was not available
in time.
First production version to enter service with
the Luftwaffe was the Bf 109B-1 powered by a
473.2 kW (635 hp) Jumo 210D engine, followed
by the 109B-2 with a 477 kW (640 hp) Jumo 210E
and later with a 499 kW (670 hp) Jumo 210G. A
single-seat fighter of all-metal construction, the
109 was a cantilever low- wing monoplane, the
wing having automatic leading-edge slots, large
slotted trailing-edge flaps, and ailerons which
drooped when the flaps were right down. The
main landing-gear units were retractable but
most versions had a non-retractable tailwheel.
The tail unit was conventional, but the tailplane
was braced by struts until a tailplane of cantilever
structure was introduced with the Bf 109F.
Bf 109B-2s and variants of the Bf 109C were
flown by the Condor Legion in the Spanish Civil
War. The Daimler-Benz DB 600 engine was
introduced in the Bf 109D version: more than 200
of these being in service with the Luftwaffe at the
outbreak of war. It was followed into service by
the Bf 109E with 820 kW
(1,100 hp) DB 601
engine. In addition to production for the Luft-
waffe, some 300 examples of this type were
exported. The Bf 109E was the principal version
Messerschmitt
Bf 109E-4/N Trop.
used in the Battle of Britain and was followed by
the Bf 109F with an 894.2 kW (1,200 hp) DB
Bf 60 IN or 969 kW ( 1,300 hp) DB 60 IE engine.
Considered to represent the peak of development
of this superb aeroplane, the Bf 109F had much
cleaner aerodynamic lines, introducing the
unbraced tailplane and retractable tailwheel.
Most extensively built version was the Bf 109G
which was inferior in performance to the version
which had preceded it, although introducing a
more powerful Daimler-Benz engine. Despite the
effects of strategic bombing by the Allies, Bf
109Gs were still being produced in very large
numbers right up to the end of hostilities in
Europe. Last versions to see limited use were the
increased-span Bf 109H and a refined version of
the Bf 109G, designated Bf 109K. Production of
the Bf 109 continued in Czechoslovakia and Spain
during early post-war years, and some Czech-
built S-99s were used in a training role until 1957
(a full description of the Bf 109 appears in the
1945-46 Jane's).

803
Messerschmitt

Wrecked Messerschmitt Data (Bf 109G-6): Engine one 1,099-1,490.4 k\V

Bf 110 found by (1,475-2,000 hp) Daimler-Benz DB 605 Wing span
advancing Allied forces. 9.92 m (32 ft 6V2 in) Length 8.84 m (29 ft OV2 in)
Max T-0 weight 3,150-3,678 kg (6,945-8,109 lb)
Max level speed 621 km/h (386 mph) Normal range
563 km (350 miles) Armament one 30 mm MK 108
or 20 mm MG 151 cannon, two 13 131mm MG
machine-guns, and two 20 mm MG
151 cannon
(optional). One 250 kg, four 75 kg or 50 kg, or 96 Early production Bf lOBs had similar engines of
1
Messerschmitt
2 kg bombs could be carried increased power. Only a small number of this
Bf 110C-5.
version were built before 820 kW (1,100 hp)
DB 601 A engines became available and these
powered a much-improved Bf 110C. Unfortu-
nately for the Luftwaffe, it had not been possible
to evaluate the Bf 10 in the Spanish Civil War,
1

with the result that when Bf lOCs escorted the

1

bomber units that devastated Poland at the

beginning of World War II, it was believed that
they had acquired a valuable new weapon.
Perhaps this belief was strengthened when, just
before Christmas 1939, Bf 109s and 10s des- 1

troyed 12 of a force of 22 Wellingtons which were

making a reconnaissance of Heligoland Bight.
Bf llOCs and longer-range Bf llODs were,
therefore, launched confidently against Britain in
the summer of 940. But even before the Battle of
1

Britain had reached a peak, it was clear that the Bf

11(1 was no match for the RAF's highly man-

oeuvrable single-seat fighters. Indeed it was so

vulnerable that this 'escort' fighter was unable to
operate in British airspace by daylight unless it
was itself escorted.

Messerschmitt Despite its failure in this role, the Bf 10 was to 1

Messerschmitt Bf 1 10 (Germany) Second of the prove a most valuable and successful night fighter
Bf 110E-2/N.
important fighters designed by Willy Messer- until more advanced aircraft entered the scene in
schmitt, the Bf 110 originated from a Reichs- the latter stages of the war. Bf lOEs with DB 1

luftfahrtministerium requirement of 1934 for a 601 N engines and Bf 1 lOFs with DB 601 E engines
long-range escort fighter or heavily armed Zer- formed the nucleus of such operations. Consider-
storer (destroyer). Of cantilever low-wing mono- able success was gained by these aircraft in con-
plane configuration, this two-seat fighter had an junction with Wiirzburg radar, the pilots being
oval-section fuselage, long glazed canopy, high- directed by ground controllers into an intercep-
mounted tailplane with endplate fins and rud- tion position.
ders, retractable landing gear, and power plant The three-seat night-fighter Bf OF was fol-
1 I

comprising two Daimler-Benz DB 600 in-line lowed into production by a series ofBf lOGs with
1

engines. When the prototype flew for the first time DB 605B engines, the early versions serving as
on 12 May 1936, it was able to demonstrate a most fighter bombers. However the four-seat Bf
satisfactory turn of speed. However further test- 1 l()G-4a, -4b, -4c, and -4d variants were provided
ing showed that the Bf 1 10 might face problems in with differing airborne radar installations for
combat, for despite its high speed, its manoeuvr- operation as night fighters. Final production ver-
abilityleft much to be desired.
sion was the Bf IOH, generally similar to the Bf
1

Pre-production Bf llOA-Os were powered by
two 454.5 kW (610 hp) Junkers Jumo 210B
Messerschmitt
engines, bringing a deterioration in performance.
Bf 110G-4.
1 10G but equipped with heavier armament. It is
worth recording a significant factor in favour of
the Bf 10, so often dismissed as a complete fail-
1

ure. During early 1944 almost 60% of the entire

German night-fighter force was composed of var-
iants of the Bf 10. A total of about 6,000 of these
1

aircraft was built before production ended.

Data (Bf 110G-4c): Engines two 1,099 kW
(1,475 hp) Daimler-Benz DB 605B-Is Wing span
16.26 m (53 ft 4 in) Length 13.0 m (42 ft 10 in)
Max T-0 -aright 10,024 kg (22.100 11)) Max level

speed 550 km/h (342 mph) Normal range 900 km

(559 miles) Armament two :50 108 can- mm MK
non, two 20 mm MG
5 cannon and two 7.9
1 1 mm
MG 81 machine-guns (Bf 110G-4/R3), or two
20mm MG 151 cannon, lour 7.9 17 and mm MG
twoMG 81 machine-guns

804
 Messerschmitt

Messerschmitt M.18, M.20, M.24 and M.28 speed of over ,()()() km/h (620 mph was attained
1 )

(Germany) Five- or seven-passenger, ten-
passenger, eight- or ten-passenger, and high-
speed mail-carrying commercial aircraft respec-
tively, produced between 1926 and 1931 (see
BFW).
before the engine had to be throttled back because
the aircraft was becoming uncontrollable.
Operational Me 163Bs were powered by the
16.67 k.\ (3,748 lb st) Walter 109-509A-2 rocket
motor. Each had mid-set monoplane wings of
wooden construction and the fuselage was a
semi-monocoque all-metal structure. Landing Messerschmitt
gear comprised a tailwheel, jettisonable main- Me 163B-1 Komet.

wheel trolley and a central underfuselage skid

which was extended for landing.
Produced too late and in only small numbers
(about 360 examples), they were in service in the
defence of the Reich early in 1945 but had no
significant impact upon the constant streams of
Allied bombers attacking Germany. In theory
their high speed and initial rate of climb of about
3,600 m (1 1,800 ft)/minute should have made
them a potent interceptor, despite the enormous
hazards of training pilots and using these rocket-
planes operationally. Had they enjoyed a longer
period of development before introduction into
service in the closing stages of the war, the story
might have been very different. The instrument panel of a
The slightly larger Me 163C development - Messerschmitt Me 163
with aerodynamic refinements, pressurised cock- Komet.
pit and blister-type canopy, and more powerful
Walter 109-509C rocket motor - was built only in
prototype and pre-production form. It did not
enter service, although it was almost ready for
delivery to Luftwaffe squadrons at the time of the
German surrender. With this version, endurance
was increased from eight-ten minutes to twelve
minutes; this could be extended by periods of
gliding.

Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet (Comet) (Ger-

many) Few aircraft (if any) can have been as
hair-raising to fly as the Messerschmitt Me 163
Komet. The production examples were deli-
first
vered to a new fighter wing, JG 400, in May 1944,
but it was not until 16 August of that year that
these revolutionary aircraft had their first (unsuc-
cessful) brush with an Allied bomber stream.
Their development can be said to have originated
from work begun in 1933 by Dr Alexander Lip-
pisch at the German Gliding Research Institute
(DFS) at Darmstadt, being based on the
Lippisch-designed DFS 194. Dr Lippisch and his
staff were transferred to Messerschmitt's works at
Messerschmitt
Augsburg in January 1939. Data (Me 163B-1): Engine one 16.67 kN
Me 209V1, powered by a
In early 1940 the DFS 194 was equipped with a (3,748 lb st) Walter 109-509A-2 rocket motor
Daimler-Benz DB 601 ARJ
rocket motor at Peenemunde. After test flights by Wing span 9.32 m (30 ft 7 in) Length 5.69 m ( 18 ft
engine. It set an absolute
Heini Dittmar had confirmed speeds of up to 8 in) Max T-0 weight 4,309 kg (9,500 lb) Max level
world speed record of
550 km/h (342 mph) on the power of a single speed 960 km/h (596.5 mph) Range 80 km (50 755.138 km/h (469.220
2.94 kN (661 lb st) Walter motor, there was miles) Armament two 30 mm MK 108 cannon with mph) on 26 April 1939.
sufficient interest to initiate development. In 1941 ammunition carried in two boxes under a detach-
the first Me 163 prototype was being tested in able fairing in the fuselage. Up to 24 rockets
gliding flight and shortly after was fitted with a underwing, or four vertically discharged rockets
7.35 kN (1,653 lb st) Walter RII-203 rocket within the wings
motor. Speeds of up to 915 km/h (569 mph) were Messerschmitt Me 210 and Me 410 Hornisse
achieved (limited by the volume of liquid propel- (Germany) Almost from the earliest moments of
lants carried) and to gain some idea of the speed its service trials the Bf 10 had been found to lack
1

potential, this aircraft was towed to a high altitude one essential characteristic of a fighter - good
before being released. Flown under power, a manoeuvrability. The Me 210 (which originated

805
 Data (Me 410A-1/U-2): Engines two 1,304 kW
(1,750 hp) Daimler-Benz DB 603A in-lines Wing
span 16.4m (53 ft 9Vi in) Length 12.4m (40 ft
8V4 in) Max T-0 weight 10,670 kg (23,523 lb) Ma\
level 624 km/h
speed (387.5 mph) Range 2,330 km
(1,448 Armament two 7.9
miles) mm MG
17
machine-guns, two MG
131 machine-guns and
four 20 mm MG
151 cannon

Messerschmitt
Me210V13. in 1937) was designed as a superior twin-engined
multi-purpose aircraft to replace the Bf 10. The 1

outcome was similar to that of several other pro-

jects in aviation history: the Bf 10 long outlived
I

the aircraft intended to replace it.

Somewhat similar in appearance to the Bf 1 10
in original prototype form, when first flown on 2
September 1939 it was found to be so unstable
that the twin fin/rudder tail unit (borrowed from
Messerschmitt its predecessor) was replaced by a more conven-
Me 262V6.
tional large single fin and rudder. Despite this and
other modifications, stability was still very mar-
ginal. Although introduced into operational ser-
vice in Me 210A, B and C versions from early
1941, most were being replaced within two years.
The Me Hornisse was developed in 942 to
4 1 1

replace the Me 210 and was essentially similar to

the late-production examples of this latter air-
craft. Inaddition to embodying in its design all
the modifications incorporated into the Me 210-
including the new cockpit canopy, lengthened
Messerschmitt fuselage and wing leading-edge slots - it intro-
Me 262A-2a. duced Daimler-Benz DB 603A engines. Initial
tests were carried out with aircraft converted from
Messerschmitt Me 262 (Germany) What would
Me 210As and these were followed by a true Me have been the outcome of the war in Europe if in
410 prototype which flew for the first time at the
1940 the potential of Messerschmitt's Project
end of 1942.
1065 had been appreciated by high authority? If a
crash programme had been originated to put this
turbojet-powered aircraft into service at a much
earlier date, would the Luftwaffe have regained
the initiative of the first two years of World War
II?
Unfortunately the answers are not clear cut and
there is no space here to discuss the pros and cons.

It must suffice that the Me 262 (as the P. 1065

became designated) was the world's first

turbojet-powered aircraft to enter operational
service- at Juvincourt, France on 10 July 1944.
Messerschmitt Me 410 By then, however, the end of hostilities in Europe
Demonstrating far more attractive characteris-
Hornisse. was only ten months away: the lack of a real plan
tics than those of its forerunner, the Me 410 was
for the deployment of these aircraft and the
ordered into production and some 1,100 were
built before construction came to an end in Sep-
tember 1944. Versions included the Me 410A-1
high-performance light bomber; A-l/U-2 fighter
conversion of the A-l; A-2 destroyer; and A-3
photo-reconnaissance aircraft; similar B-l, B-2
and B-3 versions; B-5 torpedo bomber; and B-6
anti-shipping strike aircraft. A number of variants
of the foregoing were built, but several projected
versions failed (o enter production.
Data (Me 210A-1): Engine* two 820 kW
(1,100 hp) Daimler-Benz DB 601A in-lines Wing
span 16.4 m
(53 ft 9Vi in) Length 11.2m (36ft
Mm) Max T-0 weight 8, 1(10 kg 17,857 lb) Max
(

level 620 km/h (385 mph) Range 2,400 km

speed
(1,491 miles) Arm/mini/ two 20 mm MG
151 can-
Messerschmitt Me 262. nun and two 7.9 mm MG
17 machine-guns

806

inadequacy of tactics to gain full benefit of their
speed ad\ antage could not be rectified in so short
a time - especially under the chaotic conditions
existing in Germany and with dwindling supplies
offuel (see Chronology 24 August 1944).
Messerschmitt's P.1065 design had originated
as early as 1938 when the Reichsluftfahrtminis-
terium had requested the company to design a
twin-engined fighter able to utilise the new turbo-
jet engines being developed in Germany. After
inspection of the mock-up, three prototypes were
ordered on June 1940. But because the engines
1
to power the Me 262 had not been developed
sufficiently, the first prototype flew initially with
piston engines. It was not until 18 July 1942 that
the first flight with all-turbojet power was
recorded. (The Heinkel 280. which did not enter
production, had flown before the Me 262, on 2
April 1941, so becoming the world's first twin-
engined jet.)
Of conventional all-metal stressed-skin con-
struction, the wing had moderate sweepback,
long-span ailerons, trailing-edge flaps, and full-
span automatic leading-edge slots. The engines
were mounted beneath the wing to preclude a
complex wing-spar structure and the landing gear
was of retractable tailwheel type. The fifth pro-
totype introduced a non-retractable nosewheel
unit and the sixth was the first to have a
retractable tricycle-type landing gear.
First major version was the Me 262A-la
Schwalbe (Swallow) interceptor, armed with four
30 mm MK. 108 cannon mounted in the nose. It
was powered by two 8.825 k.\ 1,984 lb st) Junk-
( Messerschmitt's Me 321 was a most successful
ers Jumo 109-004B-1 eight-stage axial-flow turbo-
jets. A number of variants were built with differ-
ing armament. The other major version was the
Me 262A-2a Sturmvogel (Stormbird) bomber.
This was produced at the insistence of Adolf
Hitler - a decision which caused considerable
overall production delays. It carried, in addition
tothestandard MK
108 armament, one 1,000 kg,
two 500 kg or two 250 kg bombs. As with the
Messerschmitt
Messerschmitt Me 323
Schwalbe, there were a number of variants, Gigant.
mainly for armed or unarmed reconnaissance.
Data (Me 262A-la): Engines two 8.825 kN
(1.984 lb st) Junkers Jumo 109-004B-1 or004B-4
turbojets Wing span 12.5 m (41 ft O'/s in) Length
10.61 m (34 ft 9% in) Max T-0 weight 7,045 kg
(15,531 lb) T-0 run with two auxiliary rockets 600 m
(1,969 ft) Max level speed 868 km/h (539 mph) at
7,000 m (22,975 ft) Range 1,050 km (652 miles)
Messerschmitt Me 321/Me 323 Gigant (Ger-
many) Before going to war in 1939 Germany had
explored and developed the use of parachute and
airborne troops, thus ensuring that man-made
barricades (such as the Maginot Line or Albert
Canal) or natural barriers (such as the Kithirai
Channel) would provide no hindrance to gaining Messerschmitt Me 262s
a strong foothold in desirable territory. Early lined up near the
deployment of airborne forces had shown the need Obertraubling assembly
for gliders of greater capability than, for example, plant, which had been
the DFS 230s used to capture the Belgian fort of bombed by the USAAF.
Eben-Emael. There were many advantages in
using gliders as opposed to free-fall paratroops:
the unit was not dispersed and troops did not need
often precious moments to disentangle themselves
from shroud lines or a billowing parachute.
Consequently Junkers and Messerschmitt
competed in 1940 to design and develop a very
large transport glider suitable for the delivery of
men or materials. Junkers' Ju 322 Mammut
fully (Mammoth) spanned 62.0 m (203 ft 5 in) and
would have accommodated more than 100 fully
equipped troops, but when tested proved to be
unstable and was cancelled by the
Reichsluftfahrtministerium. On the other hand
design of braced high-wing configuration and
with construction of welded steel tube, wood and
fabric. The pilot was perched high on the fuselage
in a single-seat cockpit, adjacent to the wing's
leading edge. Access to the main cabin was via
large clamshell doors in the nose or by doors on
each side of the rear fuselage. A payload of
22,000 kg (48,502 lb) could be carried.
The Me 321 VI prototype flew first in Match
Messerschmitt Me 264,
designed as a long-range
bomber capable of
attacking America.
Remained a prototype
only.
807
Meteor
Messerschmitt P. 11 01,
an experimental jet
fighter capable of having
its wings set at different
angles of sweepback. It
was never completed but
influenced the post-war
development of the Bell
X-5.
MFI MFI-10 Vipan.
Meteor FL.55.
Mignet Pou du Ciel.
808
Meteor Bis (Italy) Three-seat light cabin mono-
plane powered by an 82 kW (110 hp) Meteor Alfa
2 engine.
Meteor Super (Italy) Similar to Bis but fitted
with a 164 kW (220 hp) Meteor Alfa 4 engine.
Meyers OTW-160 (USA) Two-seat light train-
ing biplane powered by a 119 kW (160 hp) Kin-
ner R-56 engine. Delivered to flying schools
operating under the CAA War Training scheme
during World War II.
1941 and Me 321A-1 production aircraft entered Meyers MAC 125 and MAC 145 (USA) Two-
service in Mayof that year. The later Me 321B-1 seat light cabin monoplanes of the latter 1940s
had a crew of three and defensive armament of powered by 93 kW (125 hp) or 108 kW (145 hp)
four 7.9 mm MG 15 machine-guns. Me 321s Continental engines respectively.
(some 200 built) were towed usually by a trio of Bf Meyers 200 (USA) The Meyers 200 four-seat
1 lOCs or by the unusual five-engined Heinkel He cabin monoplane flew for the firsttime on 8 Sep-
1 1 1Z. Rocket units could be used to assist take-off tember 1953. An advanced turbine-powered
from rough fields. development of the 200C version is currently pro-
The Me 323 was, in effect, a powered version of duced as the Prop-Jets Interceptor 400.
the Me
321, basically similar except for streng- Meyers 200D (USA) Four-seat cabin monoplane
thening and the installation of engines in nacelles currently produced with a 212.5 kW (285 hp)
of the same type as those designed for the Bloch Continental IO-520 flat-six engine. Maximum
175: four in the original prototype and six in sub- level speed is 346 km/h (215 mph).
sequent prototype and production aircraft (about MFI MFI-9 Junior (Sweden) First flown on 10
200 built). Versions included the Me 323D, E and October 1958, the Junior was a two-seat light
F (plus variants), with a variety of engines, defen- acrobatic monoplane produced by MFI (Malmo)
sive armament and fuel capacity. They were no and MBB (see entry).
easy machines to fly, often needing rocket or tow- MFI MFI-10 Vipan (Sweden) Four-seat cabin
ing assistance to get them airborne. Slow and monoplane of 1961 powered by a 119kW
vulnerable - despite heavy defensive armament ( 160 hp) Lycoming O-320 engine.
they suffered severe losses when ferrying supplies
to the Afrika Korps in the closing stages of the
North African campaign.
Data (Me323E): Engines six 849.5 k\V (1,140 hp)
Gnome-Rhone 14N 48/49 radials Wing span
55.0 m (180 ft 5V4 in) Length 28.46 m (93 ft
4 'A in) Max T-0 weight 45,000 kg (99,208 1b)
Cruising speed 218km/h 135.5 mph) Range
(
1,100 km (684 miles) Armament normal armament
provided for five 13 mm MG
131 machine-guns, f
but this could be increased to seven MG
131s and
two 20 mm MG 151 cannon
Mignet H.M.3 10 Estafette Brazil) Designed by
(
Henri Mignet, designer of the 'Pou du Ciel' or
'Flying Flea' of the 1930s, the Estafette was a
two-seat light aircraft powered by a 67 kW
(90 hp) Continental A90-12F engine. It retained
the tandem heavily staggered 'slot' or 'gap' effect
wings of his earlier type.
Mignet Pou du Ciel (France) The famous 'Sky
Louse' or 'Flying Flea' single-seat light mono-
plane powered by a 12.7 kW (17 hp) Aubier &
Meteor FL.53 (Italy) trainer and
Two-seat Dunne 540 cc engine. Widely built in the 1930s.
tourer powered by a 44.7 kW
(60 hp) CNA
D4 or The wing was hinged to a steel-tube pylon over
48.4 kW (65 hp) Continental A65 engine. the nose of the fuselage and was tilted fore-and-aft
Meteor FL.54 (Italy) Three-seat version of the by cables to give longitudinal control.
II. 33 powered by a 63.3-67 kW (85-90 hp) Con-
tinental engine.
Meteor FL.55 and FL.55B (Italy) Four-seat ver-
sions of the FL.54, each powered by a 97-1 12 kW
(130-150 hp) Lycoming engine. Could be
adapted lor agricultural work. The F.55B was
ba ii( all) similar to the FL.55 but had a combina-
tion wheel-ski landing gear for operation in moun-
tainous regions. This version was chosen in 1956
iu equip a Swiss mountain rescue organisation,
accommodating a stretcher optionally.

Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-1, MiG-3 and MiG-5
(USSR) The MiG designation was formed from
the initials of the designers Artem I. Mikoyan and
Mikhail I. Gurevich. The MiG-1 was designed as
a single-seat high-altitude fighter and flew
time on 5 April 1940 as the 1-61 prototype.
first
Power was provided by an 894 kW ( 1,200 hp)
AM-35A engine. Armament comprised one
12.7 mm and two 7.7 mm machine-guns mounted
in the nose. This fighter and
longer-range a tion was initiated and the type was among the first
derivative (known as the MiG-3 and incorporat-
ing many improvements, including an enclosed
cockpit) were operational with the Soviet Air
Force at the time of the German invasion (the
MiG-1 shown above has a non-standard enclosed
cockpit).
In combat the MiGs proved excellent at high
altitude, butwere far from satisfactory at lower
levels and were quickly dropped as production
types - some 2, 100 being built in total. Captured
German documents indicated that armament of
the MiG-3 was similar to the MiG-l's, although
many carried six special guide-rail-type racks
under the wings for 25 kg rocket-propelled frag-
mentation bombs; but it is known that a large
number of aircraft were retrofitted with two more
12.7 mm machine-guns under the wings.
The MiG-5, which did not enter quantity pro-
duction, was a twin-engined escort fighter.
Data (MiG-3): Engine as above Wing span 10.3 m
(33 ft 9 in) Length 8.16 m (26 ft 8 3/4 in) Max T-0
weight 3,350 kg (7,385 lb) Max level speed 640 km/h
(398 mph) Range 1,250 km (777 miles)
Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-9 (USSR) Nothing
much was heard of the designers Mikoyan and
Gurevich following the MiG-3 until after the end
of World War II. However at the 1946 Soviet
MiG
Aviation Day Display Tushino Airport, a novel
at Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-1.
three-seat monoplane was demon-
tail-first light
strated as the Utka (Duck). But the designers had
been hard at work on one of their most important
aircraft to date, the MiG-9. This was a single-seat
straight-wing fighter originally known as the
1-300. It was powered by two 7.83 kN
(1,760 lb st) RD-20 turbojet engines mounted in
the fuselage and fed with air from a divided intake
in the nose.Armament comprised one 37 mm
N-37 cannon projecting from the intake and two
for the undernose 23 mm cannon. The first flight was
made on 24 April 1946.
The 1-300 or MiG-9 represented a completely
new aircraft and the designers received a Stalin
Prize. Having ironed out the problems, produc-
jet-propelled fighters to go into squadron service
with the Soviet Air Force. A number were also
based in East Germany, although by the early
1950s the type was considered obsolete. The
fighter was given the NATO reporting name
Fargo
Data: Engines as above Wing span 10.0 (32 ft m
m
9% in) Length 9.75 (32 ft in) Max T-0 weight
5,070 kg (U, 178 lb) Max level speed 910 km/h
Mikoyan-Gurevich
(565 mph)
MiG-15s.
Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15 (USSR) After the
war the Soviet Union suffered from lack of gas-
turbine experience and designed its first genera-
tion of jet aircraft to use engines of basically Ger-
man origin. The picture was transformed by the
supply from Britain of the latest Rolls-Royce
Nene, which immediately went into production at
No 45 production factory in Moscow, designated
RD-45 after the factory. The design bureau of
Mikoyan and Gurevich immediately used the new
engine in the T310 fighter prototype, flown with a
Rolls-built Nene 2 on 30 December 1947. It was
Mikoyan-Gurevich
by far the best of several designs built to a 1946
MiG-3s.
specification.
After intensive testing the type went into pro-
duction in early 1948 as the MiG-15 (NATO
Fagot), well ahead of any other Mach 0.9-plus
all-swept aircraft other than the F-86 which was
roughly similar in timing. After the first batches
the engine switched to the RD-45F rated at
22.26 kN (5,005 lb st). Armament comprised a
37 mm N-37 with 40 rounds and two 23 mm
NS-23KM each with 80 rounds, all mounted
under the nose. The aircraft was of advanced Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-9.
conception extremely simple and well-
but
adapted to primitive environments. Internal fuel
totalled 1,460 litres (321 Imp gal), augmented by
two underwing drop-tanks. There were no avion-
ics other than an HF radio and a homing receiver
809
MiG

Mikoyan-Gurevich
MiG-156/s
1 Bifurcated engine air
intake
2 Landing light (moved to
port wing root on later
production aircraft)
3 Combat camera fairing
4 Accumulator
5 Radio transmitter
6 Radio receiver
7 Armoured-glass
windscreen
8 Gyro gunsight
9 Starboard electrics
control panel
10 Ejection seat
1 Aft-sliding canopy (open
position)
12 VHF blade antenna
13 Wing fence
14 Slipper-type drop-tank
(247.5 litres/54.4 Imp gal
capacity)
1 Pitot pressure head
16 Compass unit
17 Starboard navigation
light
18 Starboard aileron
19 Main fuel tank
20 Rear fuselage
attachment joint
21 Engine bearers
22 Klimov VK-1 turbojet
23 Control rods
24 Rear fuselage frames
25 Fin mainspar
26 Rudder balance weight
27 Rudder (upper section)
28 Tail navigation light
29 Elevator trim tab
30 Port elevator
31 Single-spar tailplane
32 Jetpipe fairing
33 Airbrake (partly
extended)
34 Walkway
(rubber-coated)
35 Split landing flap
36 Trim-operating
mechanism
37 Aileron-operating rods
38 Trim tab
39 Port aileron
40 Port rear spar
41 Port navigation light
42 Mainspar
43 Rib
44 Attachment for slipper
tank
45 Inward-retracting main
undercarriage member
46 Mainspar branch
47 Twin air channel
48 Wing centre-section
49 Fuel tank
50 Canopy jettison knob
51 Control column
52 Radio altimeter
53 Port air duct
54 Gun pack (shown
cable-lowered for
servicing)
55 Ammunition tank
56 Twin 23 mm NS-23
cannon
57 Single 37 mm N-37
cannon
58 Forward-retracting
nosewheel
59 Nosewheel doors
60 Blast protection panel

810
MiG

811
MiG

(5,952 lb st) VK-1 turbojet and with rear-

mounted dive brakes. The Fresco-B was similar
but had the dive brakes forward near the wing
trailing edge. The MiG-17F or Fresco-C was the
most widely used day-fighter version, powered by
an afterburning VK-1A turbojet (33.14 kN;
7,450 lb st) and with underwing fuel tanks. The
MiG-17PF or Fresco-D was produced as the all-
weather version and entered large-scale service;
its limited all-weather interceptor capability
came from a radar positioned in a central bullet in
Polish Air Force the air intake. A non-afterburning version of the D
LIM-1/MiG-15s. was given the reporting name Fresco-E.
Data (MiG- 7F): Engine as above Wing span
1 9.6 m
(31 ft 6 in) Length 1 1.36 m (37 ft 3V4 in) Max T-0
weight 6,069 kg (13,379 1b) Max level speed
1,145 km/h (711 mph) Max range (external tanks
and bombs) 1,400 km (870 miles) Armament one
37 mm N-37 and two 23 mm NR-23 cannon
Mikoyan-Gurevich
MJG-15UTI.

and the gunsight was copied from the British GGS

Mk 2. Production under licence was begun in
Poland as the LIM-l and in Czechoslovakia as
the S-102.
In 1950 the MiG-\5bis replaced the earlier
model, with a 26.48 kN (5,952 lb st) VK- engine 1

(a Soviet development of the Nene), reduced

structure weight and much augmented avionics.
Polish and Czech versions were designated
LIM-2 and S- 103. Later variants included the
MiG-15UTI tandem trainer
dual-control
(NATO Midget); MiG-15P
all-weather intercep-
tor with Izumrud radar; MiG-15S^w high-
Mikoyan-Gurevich altitude model with reduced armament and other
MiG-17s (MiG-15UTIs in changes; and MiG-156wR with a vertical camera
background). as well as full armament.
Early versions entered service in 1 948 and large
numbers (over 1 ,000) were supplied to China and
North Korea, entering combat in 1951. No Allied
fighter could stay with it and even the technically
superior F-86 had inferior climb, ceiling and
high-altitude turn radius. Many thousands of all
versions were built, though basic deficiencies in
stability and handling in violent manoeuvres
caused production in the Soviet Union to switch
Mikoyan MiG-19 carrying
Alkali missiles.
by 1953 to the completely redesigned MiG- 17.
Nevertheless the MiG- 15 remained an invaluable
aircraft for air forces with little jet experience, Mikoyan MiG-19/F-6/A-5 (USSR/China) The
being supplied to at least 18. Nearly all these 1-350 prototype of the MiG-19 first flew in Sep-
countries still use the UTI trainer. tember 1953. The initial production day fighter
Data: Engine as above Wing span 10.08 (33 ft m began to enter service with the Soviet air defence
3
/4 in) Length 11.05 m (36 ft 3 'A in) Max T-0 force in early 1955, but before long an all-moving
weight 5,700 kg (12,566 1b) Max level speed tailplane replaced the elevators of early produc-
1,075 km/h (668 mph) Range 1,860 km (1,155 At the same time three 30
tion aircraft. guns mm
miles) replaced the original armament of a 37 and mm
Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17 (USSR) Known to two 23 mm
cannon, which had been standard on
NATO as Fresco, the MiG-17 was a development all MiG
jets from the earliest MiG-9; and an
of the MiG- 15 which it began to supersede in attachment was added under each wing for a
production in 1953. In addition to Soviet produc- bomb or an air-to-surface rocket. This new ver-
tion, was built in Poland, Czechoslovakia and
it sion was designated MiG-19S (for Stabilisator).
China, and was supplied to the air forces of many With the adoption in 1957 of the Tumansky R-9
countries. Indeed, today 25 countries other than axial-flow turbojet as the standard engine, the
the Soviet Union still operate the type as a fighter MiG-19SF was produced. At the same time
and ground-attack aircraft. another version appeared with limited all-
The production model was the Fresco-A
initial weather capability as the MiG-19PF, supporting
single-seat interceptor powered by a 26.48 kN a small Izumrud radar scanner inside its engine

812
 Mikoyan

Max level speed 1,452 km/h (902 mph) Combat Chinese-built F-6 in
radius (585 km (425 miles) Armament three 30 mm Pakistan Air Force
NR-30 cannon. Underwing attachments lor two markings.
two rockets of up to 212 mm
air-to-air missiles,
calibre,two packs of eight air-to-air rockets, two
250 kg bombs, drop-tanks or oilier stores

Mikoyan MJG-21F
Fish bed C of the Indian
Air Force.

air intake and a ranging unit in the intake lip. The

later MiG-19PM from the PF in having
differed
four first-generation Alkali radar-homing missiles
instead of guns.
In the Soviet Union the MiG-19 was phased
out of production by the end of the 1950s, making
way for expanded MiG-21 production. However
in 1958 a licence to build the MiG-19 had been
agreed with China but, following delivery of
knocked-down MiGs for Chinese construction,
relations between the two countries deteriorated.
Nevertheless the MiG-19 construction went
ahead under the Chinese designation F-6
(MiG-19S), the first of which flew in December
1961 F-6s became the standard equipment of the
.

Chinese Air Force of the People's Liberation

Army from mid- 1962.
Production of the F-6 was stepped up from
about 1966 and it is thought that several thousand
have been built, including counterparts of the
MiG-19PF and SF. China has developed a
number of variants of its own design. One is a
tactical reconnaissance aircraft, while the TF-6 is
a trainer version and the A- 5 (formerly referred
to as the F-9 and F-6 bis) a strike fighter with
different appearance because of its pointed nose
radome between the semi-circular side air
intakes. The span of the A-5 has also been
increased to about 10.2 m (33 ft 5 in). Maximum
level speed of this version is estimated to be close
Mikoyan MiG-21 PFM
Mikoyan MiG-21 (USSR) The MiG-21 air-
Fishbed-F.
superiority fighter was developed on the basis of
experience of air combat in the Korean War and
eventually became the most widely used fighter in
the world. The E-5 prototype flew for the first time
in 1955 and the initial production version (NATO
Fishbed-A) was built in only limited numbers.
Power was provided by a Tumansky R-l turbo- 1

to Mach 2. jet engine rated at 50 kN ( ,240 lb st, with after-

1
1

Versions of the MiG-19 and F-6 are currently burning). Armament comprised two 30 mm
operational with the air forces of about 12 coun- NR-30 cannon. Meanwhile the Soviet Union had
tries. NATO
reporting names for the MiG-19 and developed the K-13 (NATO Atoll) infra-red hom-
A-5 are Farmer and Fantan-A. and two pylons for two K- 3s
ing air-to-air missile 1

Data (MiG-19SF, built as the F-6): Engines two were more powerful MiG-2 F. The F
fitted to the 1

31.9 kN (7,165 lb st) Klimov RD-9B turbojets became known to NATO as Fishbed-C and was a
Wing span 9.0 (29 ft 6 /* in) Length 12.54 m
m 1
short-range clear-weather fighter (one 30 mm
(41 ft
3
/4 in) Max T-0 weight 8,700 kg ( 19, 180 lb)
1 cannon only) powered by a 56.4 kN 12,676 lb st,
(

with afterburning) Tumansky R-ll. The large

Chinese-built A-5 strike
number of variants that followed are listed below
fighters.
for convenience:
MiG-2 1PF (Fishbed-D) Basic model of the sec-
ond series, produced as a limited all-weather
version powered by a 58.4 kN (13,120 lb st,
with afterburning) R-ll engine.
Fishbed-E Basically similar to the C but with a
broader fin and provision for a GP-9 underbelly
pack housing a GSh-23 twin-barrel 23 mm
gun.
Identified in 1964.
MiG-2 1FL Export version of the late-model
MiG-2 1PF series with the broader fin and pro-
gun pod. About 200 were initially
vision for the
assembled and later built under licence in India
by HAL, with the Indian Air Force designation

813
 but powered by a Tumansky R- 3-300 turbojet
1

of lighter weight and higher performance.

Entered service with the Soviet Air Force in
1970.
MiG-2 1RF (Fishbed-H) Tactical reconnais-
sance version of the MF.
MiG-2 1SMT (Fishbed-K) Similar to the MF
except for having a deep dorsal spine to provide
maximum fuel. Able to carry ECM equipment
in small removable wingtip pods. Deliveries to
Warsaw Pact countries began in 1971.
MiG-2 Ibis (Fishbed-L) Third-generation
multi-role air-combat/ground-attack version
with updated avionics and generally improved
Mikoyan MJG-21MF
Type 77. Powered by an R-ll-300 turbojet construction standards.
Fishbed-Js.
rated at 60.8 kN (13,668 lb st, with afterburn- MiG-2 Ibis (Fishbed-N) Advanced version of
ing). Identified in 1966. the L with a Tumansky R-25 engine, further
MiG-21PFS or MiG-21PF(SPS) Similar to D improved avionics and increased radar detec-
but with SPS as standard production installa- tion range. Standard equipment of the Soviet
tion. Air Force for several years.
MiG-21PFM (Fishbed-F) Successor to the
interim PFS embodying all the improvements
introduced progressively on the PF and PFS.
Leading edge of the fin extended forward, small
dorsal-fin fillet eliminated, sideways-hinged
canopy and other refinements. R2L radar of the
FL. Built in Czechoslovakia.
Analogue Standard PF fitted with scaled-
down Tu-144 'ogee' delta wings for aero-
dynamic Might testing and development prior
to theprototype airliner being completed.
Fishbed-G Experimental STOL version of the
PFM with a pair of vertically mounted lift-jet
engines in a lengthened centre-section.
MiG-21PFMA {Fishbed-J) Multi-role version
basically similar to the PFM but with a deeper
Mikoyan MiG-21 dorsal fairing containing fuel tankage above the
FishbedG. fuselage. Provision for the GP-9 underbelly gun
pack as an alternative to the centreline fuel
tank. Four underwing pylons (instead of the MiG-21U {Mongol) Two-seat training version.
former two) for a variety of ground-attack MiG-21US {Mongol-B) Similar to the U but
weapons and stores, as an alternative or sup- with provision for SPS flap-blowing. Retract-
plementary to two or four air-to-air missiles. able periscope for instructor in the rear seat.
Missiles can include Advanced Atoll and Atoll. MiG-2 1UM {Mongol-B) Two-seat trainer
Later production aircraft can have the GSh-23 counterpart of the MF with the R-13 engine
gun installed inside the fuselage. and four underwing stores pylons.
MiG-2 1M Generally similar to the PFM A with E-33, E-66, E-66A, E-66B and E-76 Prepared
the internal gun pack. Built in India as the record-breaking versions of the MiG-21 series.
Type 88. Data (MiG-21MF): Engine one 64.73 kN
MiG-2 1R {Fishbi'd-H) Tactical reconnaissance (14,550 lbst, with afterburning) Tumansky
version basically similar to the PFMA. Exter- R-13-300 turbojet Wing span 7. 15 m (23 ft 5*/2 in)
nal pod for forward-facing or oblique cameras, Length 15.76 m (51ft 8V2 in) Max T-0 weight
infra-red sensors or ECM
devices, and fuel. 9,400 kg (20,725 lb) Max level speed Mach 2. Ma\
1

Suppressed antenna at mid-fuselage and low-level spied Mach 1.06 Range (internal fuel)
optional ECM equipment in wingtip 1,100 km (683 miles) Armament one twin-barrel
fairings. 23 mm GSh-23 gun in belly pack. Four under-
MiG-2 IMF {Fishbed-J) Similar to the PFMA wing pylons for weapons or drop-tanks

Mikoyan MiG-21U
Mongol.

814
Messerschmitt Bf 108
Taifun.
Messerschmitt Me 262.

816
Mikoyan-Gurevich
MiG-17 in Nigerian Air
Force markings.

Mikoyan MJG-23S.
Mil Mi-8.

818
Mitsubishi A6M5
Zero-Sen.

819
 Morane-Saulnier MS.230.

820
H^H
Nieuport 246/s.

821
Nieuport 28.

822

Mikoyan MiG-23 (USSR) The prototype of this
variable-geometry air-combat fighter was first
shown to the public in 1967. Initial deliveries of
pre-series aircraft to the Soviet Air Force were
made in 1970 and deployment in large numbers
began in 1973. It has been estimated that more
than 1,500 MiG-23s of all versions (including the
related MiG-27) had been delivered by the spring
of 1979. Others have been supplied to the air
forces of Bulgaria and Czechoslovakia, and
exported (with lower equipment standard) to
Algeria, Cuba, Egypt, Ethiopia, Iraq, Libya and
Syria.
Several production versions of the MiG-23
have been built (NATO reporting name Floggei
as the MiG-23S (Flogger-B) single-seat
combat which is rapidly displacing the
fighter
MiG-21 primary air-to-air tactical aircraft
as the
of the Soviet Air Force- deployed in both forward
areas and the interior of the USSR and capable of
tracking and engaging targets flying below its own
altitude; MiG-23U (Flogger-C) tandem two-seat
operational trainer and combat aircraft; MiG-23S
(Flogger-E) export version of the Flogger-B with- ,
out an undernose laser rangefinder or Doppler
navigation equipment and armed with Atoll mis-
siles and a GSh-23 gun; Flogger-F export counter-
part of the Soviet Air Force's MiG-27 (Flogger-D)
ground-attack/interdictor version; and MiG-23S
(Flogger-G), similar to Flogger-B but with a much
smaller dorsal fin and absence of operational
equipment, perhaps produced in small numbers
as an aerobatic display aircraft.
Early production aircraft were powered by a
Tumansky R-27 turbofan rated at 100 kN
(22,485 lb st, with afterburning). This power
plant continues in use in the MiG-23U, but the
current MiG-23S and MiG-27 have a Tumansky
R-29B turbojet.
Data (MiG-23S): Engine one 112.8kN
(25,350 lb st, with max afterburning) Tumansky
R-29B turbojet Wing span (spread) 14.25 m
(46
9in), (swept) 8.17 m (26 ft 9V2in) Length 16.8
(55 ft lViin) Max T-0 weight (estimated)
12,700-15,000 kg (28,000-33,050 lb) Max level
speed Mach 2.3 Combat radius 960 km (600 miles)
Armament one 23 mm
GSh-23 twin-barrel gun in
fuselage belly pack, with large flash eliminator
around muzzles. One pylon under centre-
fuselage, one under each engine air-intake duct
and one under each fixed inboard wing panel for
rocket packs, air-to-air missiles of the Apex and
Aphid types or other external stores
Mikoyan MiG-25 (USSR) Development of the
MiG-25 (NATO reporting name Foxbat) was
initiated to counter the threat of the USAF's
Mach 3 North American XB-70 Valkyrie
Mikoyan
strategicbomber. When the bomber programme Mikoyan MiG-23S
was cut back to a research project in 1961, work F logger B.
on the MiG-25 continued with increased
emphasis on the reconnaissance potential of the
design.
First indication that the prototypehad flown
came in April 1965 with a Soviet claim thai a
twin-engined aircraft designated E-266 had set a
1,000 km closed-circuit speed record of
2,320 km/h (1,441.5 mph), carrying a 2,000 kg
payload. On 5 October 1967 the E-266 set a speed
record in level flight of 2,981.5 km/h
(1,852.61 mph) over a 500 km closed circuit.
Other records followed: on 17 May 1975 the
E-266M (uprated power plant) climbed to
25,000 m
in 2 minutes 34.2 seconds; 30,000 m in 3
minutes 9.7 seconds; and 35,000 m in 4 minutes
11.3 seconds. The current absolute height record
was set by the E-266M on 31 August 1977 when it
Mikoyan MJG-25R
climbed to 37,650 m (123,524 ft).
FoxbatB.
),
air-
Nose of the Mikoyan
MiG-251) Foxbat- C.
Four MiG-25 reconnaissance aircraft were
deployed with Soviet Air Force units in Egypt in
the spring of 1971: between the autumn of that
year and the spring of 1972 they were despatched
in pairs from Cairo West airfield on at least four
occasions to carry out high-speed reconnaissance
ft missions off the Israeli coastline or down the full
m length of the Israeli-occupied Sinai Peninsula.
Phantom 1 1 interceptors sent up by the Israeli Air
Force failed to make contact with the MiGs,
which remained in Egypt until September 1975.
In 1977 MiG-25 reconnaissance aircraft were
based in the Soviet Union and in Syria. Operators
in 1979 were reported to include the Algerian and
Libyan Air Forces.
On 6 September 976 a MiG-25 was flown from
1
the Soviet air base of Sikharovka to Japan by a
defecting pilot. Examination showed that it was
constructed mainly of steel, with titanium only in
places subjected to extreme heating. ECM stan-
dards were high. Of particular interest was the
aircraft's high-quality airborne computer which,
823
Mikoyan

Mikoyan MiG-27 New Mikoyan fighter (USSR) Reports have

Flogger-D. suggested that a new air-superiority fighter- look-
ing somewhat like and in the same class as the
projected Northrop F-18L - is in the advanced
flight-testing stage.

in conjunction with a ground-based flight-control

system, enabled the interceptor to be vectored
automatically on to its target over long ranges.
Five variants of the MiG-25 are known: the
MiG-25 (Foxbat-A) basic interceptor with a large
radar in the nose and armed with four air-to-
air missiles; MiG-25R (Foxbat-B) basic-
WSK-SwidnikSM-1. reconnaissance version with five camera windows
and various flush dielectric panels aft of a very
Mil Mi-1 and WSK-PZL Swidnik SM-1
small dielectric nosecap for radar; MiG-25U
(USSR/Poland) Known to NATO as Hare, the
(Foxbat-C) trainer version with a new nose con-
Mi-1 was the first helicopter to go into series
taining a separate cockpit with an individual
production in the Soviet Union. The first pro-
canopy forward of the standard cockpit;
totype flew in September 1948. Many production
MiG-25R (Foxbat-D), generally similar to
aircraft were built for civil and military use, the
Foxbat-B but with a larger SLAR (side-looking
principal versions being the Mi- IT three-seater;
airborne radar) dielectric panel and no cameras;
Mi-1 Moskvich improved transport for Aeroflot;
and the E-266M experimental aircraft which
holds the records mentioned earlier.
Mi-lNKh general-purpose helicopter capable of
accommodating two stretcher panniers or mail
Data (Foxbat-A, estimated): Engines two 107.9 kN
containers, agricultural equipment, etc; and the
(24,250 lb st, with afterburning) Tumansky R-31
Mi-lU dual-control trainer. Mi- Is remain opera-
(R-266) single-shaft turbojets Wing span 13.95 m
tional in several Eastern bloc, African, Asian and
(45 ft 9 in) Length 22.3 m
(73 ft 2 in) Max T-0
Middle Eastern countries.
weight 36,200 kg (79,800 lb) Max level speed (with
The WSK-PZL Swidnik SM- was produced in
missiles) Mach 2.8, (Foxbat-B) Mach 3.2 Max
1

Poland when that country took over production of

combat radius 1,300 km (805 miles) Armament four
the Mi-1 in 1955. Several versions were built,
air-to-air missiles. May include two infra-red and
including the SM-1WS ambulance and
two radar-homing Acrids. More usually two Apex
and two Aphid missiles
SM-1WSZ dual-control trainer.
Data (SM-1W): Engine one 429 kVV (575 hp)
Mikoyan MiG-27 (USSR) Ground-attack ver-
LiT-3 (Polish-built AI-26V) Main rotor diameter
sion of the MiG-23, known to NATO as Flogger-D
It differs from the MiG-23 in important respects,
14.35 m (47 ft 1 in) Length offuselage 12.1 m (39 ft

8V2 in) Max T-0 weight 2,460 kg (5,425 lb) Max

including fixed air intakes and a fixed nozzle. The
level speed 170 km/h 106 mph) Max range 600 km
(
forward part of the fuselage is completely rede-
(370 miles) Accommodation pilot and three passen-
signed with a sharply tapered nose incorporating
gers or freight
a small sloping window covering a laser range-
Mil Mi-2 (USSR) See PZL-Swidnik Mi-2
finder and marked-target seeker. Additional
Mil Mi-4. armour has been fitted on the flat sides of the
cockpit. A six-barrel 23 mm
Gatling-type under-
belly gun replaces the GSh-23 and there are five
pylons for external stores, including tactical nu-
clear weapons and, probably, the air-to-surface
missile known to NATO as Kerry. Maximum level
speed at height is Mach 1.75 and at S/L Mach
0.95. Maximum weapon load is 3,000 kg
(6,610 1b).
Mil Mi-1s.

Mil Mi-4 (USSR) The Mi-4 is basically the

Soviet equivalent of the American Sikorsky S-55.
About 3,500 were built for civil and military use
up to 1969, fust entering service in 1953. The
military version (still flown in 26 countries) can
accommodate up to 14 troops, freight or a vehicle
of the GAZ-69 command truck size in the trans-
port role (N.\T( Hound-A) - the large rear clam-
)

shell doors allowing easy loading ofbulky items of

824
 Mil

equipment. In addition new versions have

recently appeared carrying the NATO reporting
names Hound-B and -('., intended as specialised
ASW and ECM aircraft respectively, the latter
fitted with communications jamming equipment.
Civil versions of the Mi-4 were built in three
main versions: the basic Mi-4 cargo-carrying ver-
sion; the \li-4P passenger-carrying or ambulance
(eight stretchers) version; and the Mi-4S agricul-
tural version. The helicopter is also produced in

China.
Data: Engine one 1,268 kW (1,700 hp) Shvetsov
ASh-82V Main rotor diameter 21.0 m (68 ft in) 1 1

Length of fuselage 16.8 m (55 ft 1 in) Max T-0

weight 7,800 kg (17,200 1b) Max level speed
210km/h (130 mph) Range (with eight passen-
gers) 400 km (250 miles)
Mil Mi-6 (USSR) First announced in 1957, the
Mi-6 (NATO Hook) was then the largest helicop-
ter flying anywhere in the world. From it were
evolved the Mi- 10 and Mi-IOK. Five Mi-6s are
reported to have been built for development test-
ing, followed by an initial pre-series of 30 and Military version of the Mil

subsequent manufacture of some 800 for military Mi-6.

and civil use. Six were supplied to the Indonesian

Air Force; many others have since been delivered
(69 10V4 in) Length of fuselage 18.31
ft m
(60 ft
0% Normal T-0 weight 1,100 kg (24,470 lb)
in) 1

to the Bulgarian, Egyptian, Iraqi, Syrian and

Max T-0 weight 12,000 kg (26,455 1b) Max level
Vietnamese air forces and to the government of
speed 260 km/h (161 mph) Range 480 km (298
Peru.
miles) Accommodation crew of two and 28-32 pas-
Data: Engines two 4,101 kW (5,500 shp) Soloviev
sengers, 12 stretchers and a medical attendant, or
D-25V (TV-25M) turboshafts Main rotor diameter freight Armament military versions can be
35.0 m
(114 ft 10 in) Length of fuselage 33.18 m equipped with a great variety of weapons, includ-
(108 ft IOV2 in) Max T-0 weight 42,500 kg
ing a flexibly mounted 12.7 mm
machine-gun in
(93,700 lb) Max level speed 300 km/h (186 mph)
the nose and a triple rack for anti-tank missiles,
Range (with external tanks and 4,300 kg; 9,480 lb
bombs and rocket pods on each side of the
payload) 1,050 km (652 miles) Accommodation
fuselage
crew of five and 65 passengers, 41 stretchers and
two medical attendants or freight Armament a few Mil Mi-8.
Mi-6s are fitted with a gun in the nose
Mil Mi-8 (V-8) (USSR) This turbine-powered
helicopter was shown in public for the first time in
1961. Since then nearly 6,000 Mi-8s (NATO Hip)
have been delivered for military and civil use.
With Mi-24s, they form the standard equipment
of Soviet tactical helicopter regiments, in a variety
of forms - some carrying extremely heavy weapon
loads. Military Mi-8s have also been supplied to
the Afghan, Algerian, Anguilla, Bangladesh, Bul-
garian, Czechoslovak, Egyptian, Ethiopian, Finn-
Mil Mi-10 (USSR) Known to NATO as Harke,
ish, East German, Hungarian, Indian, Iraqi,
the Mi-10 is a flying-crane development of the
North Laotian, Libyan, Malagasy,
Korean, Mi-6 and was first demonstrated in public in
Pakistani, Peruvian, Polish, Romanian, Sudan-
196 having had its maiden flight in the previous
1
,

ese, Syrian, Vietnamese, North Yemen, South

year. The tall long-stroke quadricycle landing
Yemen and Yugoslav armed forces. gear enables the helicopter to taxi over a load it is
The commercial Mi-8 is in service with Aeroflot
to carry and to accommodate loads as bulky as a
for transport and air ambulance duties. It is oper- Mil Mi-10.
ated by this airline in support of Soviet activities
in the Antarctic, standard Mi-8s being used there
for ice patrol and reconnaissance, for rescue oper-
ations, and for carrying supplies and equipment
to Vostok Station, near the South Pole. The three
civil versions are the Mi-8, carrying 28 passen-
gers; Mi-8T utility transport for internal or exter-
nal freight or 24 passengers; and the Mi-8 Salon, a
de luxe version for passengers. 1 1

Data: Engines two 1,1 18.5 kW

(1,500 shp) Isotov
TV2- 1 1 7 A turboshafts Main rotor diameter 2 1 .29 m
Mil

Mil Mi-10K. been delivered by 1977, with production continu-

ing as a rate of 25 per year.
Mil Mi-24 USSR) Known to NATO as Hind, the
(

Mi-24 is a high-performance assault helicopter.

Deliveries of all models are believed to exceed
1,000, with production continuing at a rate of 30 a
month. Full regiments of Mi-24s are based in the
USSR and East Germany and numbers have been
supplied to the forces of Afghanistan, Libya and
East Germany.

prefabricated building. Use can be made of inter-

changeable wheeled cargo platforms which are
held in place by hydraulic grips. A closed-circuit
IA system (with cameras scanning forward and
downward) is used to observe the payload and
main landing gear, touchdown being by this
reference. The TV system replaced the retract-
Mil Mi-24 Hind- A.
able undernose 'dustbin' fitted originally.
.About 55 Mi- 10s are believed to have been
delivered by 1977. Some have been exported to
Iraq.
Data: Engines two 4,101 k\V (5,500 shp) Soloviev
D-25V turboshafts Main rotor diameter 35.0 m
(114 ft Oin) Length of fuselage 32.86 m (107 ft
9% in) Max TO weight 43,700 kg (96,340 lb) Max
level speed 200 km/h (124 mph) Range (with plat-

form payload of 12,000 kg; 26,455 1b) 250 km

(155 miles) Accommodation main cabin can be used
Mil V-12. to carry 28 passengers or freight. External sling
gear as standard equipment for up to an 8,000 kg
Five versions of the Mi-24 are known: the
(17,635 lb) load Max payload on a platform (incl
Hind-A heavy assault helicopter with a large
platform) 15,000 kg (33,070 lb)
enclosed flight deck for the crew of four and aux-
Mil Mi-IOK (USSR) First displayed publicly in
iliary wings with three weapon stations each for
March 1966, the Mi-IOK is a development of the
heavy armament, supplemented by a large-
Mi- 10 with a number of important design
calibremachine-gun in the nose; Hind-B , which is
changes. Most apparent of these are a reduction in
believed to have preceded the A but was not built
the height of the landing gear and a more slender
in large numbers, with four weapon stations;
tail-rotor support structure. Maximum slung
Hind-C, generally similar to the A but without
payload is 11,000 kg (24,250 1b). Provision is
nose gun and undernose blister lairing, and no
made for an additional rearward-facing cockpit
missile rails at wingtips; Hind-D, basically similar
gondola under the nose of the fuselage to allow a
to the late model A, but with the front fuselage
pilot to control the helicopter in hovering flight,
completely redesigned for a primary gunship role,
while having an unrestricted view of cargo load-
with tandem stations for the weapons operator
ing, unloading and hoisting.
and pilot (with individual canopies) and under-
Mil Mi-14 (V-14) (USSR) Known to NATO as
nose four-barrel Gatling-type
large-calibre
Haze, this is a shore-based anti-submarine
machine-gun plus wing armament; and
in a turret
helicopter derived from the Mi-8, and is in stan-
Hind-F, a variant reported to be based in East
dard service with the Soviet Navy as a replace-
Germany in 1979, with armament of six anti-tank
ment for the Mi-4. About 50 are believed to have
missiles. Other developments reported in 1979

Mil Mi-14 (V-14). were the introduction on sorntHinds of a 30 turn

Gatling-type nose gun and a laser seeker.
Data (estimated): Engines two 1,118.5 kW
(1,500 shp) Isotov turboshafts Main rotoi diameter
17.0 m (55 ft 9 in) Length overall 17.0 m (55 ft 9 in)
Normal T-0 weight 10,000 kg (22.000 lb) Max level
speed more than 322 km/h (200 mph) Armament
(II nd-.ione 2.71 ) 1 mm
machine-gun in nose. Rails
lor Swatter anti-tank missiles undei endplate
pylons at wingtips. Four underwing pylons for
rocket pods (each 32 x 57 rockets), special mm
826
 Miles

bombs, or other stores. Entering service is a tube- Miles M.2 Hawk.

launched 'fire-and-forget' anti-tank missile which
homes on targets illuminated by a laser desig-
nator (NATO Spiral)
Mil V-12 and Halo (USSR) The V-12 was a
heavy general-purpose helicopter (known to
NATO as Homer) capable of accommodating mis-
siles and other payloads compatible with those of
the Antonov An-22 fixed-wing transport. Power
was provided by four 4,847 kVV (6,500 shp) Sol-
oviev D-25VF turboshaft engines. The first
confirmation of its existence was given in 1969
when it was stated that it had set a number of
payload-to-height records which exceeded by
some 20% the records established by the Mi-6
and Mi- 10k. It is believed that Homer remained a
prototype only.
In 1979 reports were made of a new heavy-lift
helicopter that was being tested in prototype
form. This carries the NATO reporting name
Halo. It is believed to have a single main rotor and
clamshell rear loading doors. Total power output
of the engines may be in the 18,650 kVV
(25,000 shp) range.
Mil naval helicopter (USSR) A new ASVV and
reconnaissance helicopter is being developed for
the Soviet Navy for deployment in the mid- 980s. 1

Miles M.2 Hawk (UK) Two-seat light touring

and training monoplane of 1929 powered in its
original form by a 67 kVV (90 hp) Cirrus III
engine. Fifty-five were built.
Miles M.2 Hawk Major (UK) The Hawk Major Miles M.7A Nighthawk.
made its appearance in July 1934 and the first of use. The standard engine was a 149 kVV (200 hp)
the type (flown by Fit Lieut T. Rose) took second de Havilland Gipsy Six. Six were built.

place in the race for the King's Cup. A standard Miles M.9A Master I (UK)
In January 1939
Hawk Major two-seat light monoplane was large extensions to the Miles factory were com-
entered for the Handicap Section of the Mac- pleted and opened by the Secretary of State for
Robertson Race from England to Australia, Air. These were necessary to cope with a large

becoming the fifth aircraft to complete the course. contract for the Master I high-speed advanced
Power was provided by a 97 kW (130 hp) de training monoplane: a two-seater powered by a
Havilland Gipsy Major engine. Sixty-four were 536.5 kVV (720 hp) Rolls-Royce Kestrel 30
built. engine. Nine hundred were built.
Miles M.2 Hawk Trainer (UK) This aircraft of Miles M.ll Whitney Straight (UK) First flown
1934 had the wider cockpits of the de luxe Hawk in mid- 936, the Whitney Straight was a side-by-
1

Major but without the special interior finish. It side two-seat light cabin monoplane powered by a

was approved for use at the RAF Reserve Train-
ing School, operated by Phillips & Powis Aircraft.
Twenty-five were built.
Miles M.3 Falcon Major and Falcon Six (UK)
Three-seat light cabin monoplanes powered by a
97 kW (130 hp) de Havilland Gipsy Major
engine. Fifty were built.
Miles M.14 Magister (UK) The Magister was a
two-seat primary-training monoplane based on
the Hawk Trainer. While in production it was the

97 kW (130 hp) de Havilland Gipsy Major and only monoplane in Great Britain to be approved
149 kW (200 hp) de Havilland Gipsy Six engine
Miles M.9A Master I.
respectively. A total of 36 was built.
Miles M.5 Sparrowhawk (UK) The Sparrow-
hawk was intended as a high-performance aircraft
for the private owner and was placed on the mar-
ket with a 97 k\V 130 hp) de Havilland Gipsy
(

Major engine and Miles split trailing-edge flaps at

970. It differed from the standard Hawk in hav-
ing wings with an area of 12.82 m 2 38 sq ft)
( 1

instead of 15.7 m 2 (169 sq ft) and a new faired

single-strut landing gear. Five were built in 1935.
Miles M.7 Nighthawk (UK) The Nighthawk
was intended primarily to provide complete
instruction in flying, navigation, cloud flying, etc,
but could also be supplied as a four-seat cabin
monoplane for the private owner or for feeder-line

827
Miles

Miles M.11A Whitney were sent to South Africa. Master lis were also
Straight. acquired by the air forces of Egypt, Portugal and
Turkey. One Master II was used in connection
with rocket experiments.
Data: Engine as above Wing span 1.89 m (39 ft
1

Oin) Length 9.0 m (29 ft 6 in) Max T-0 weight

2,410 kg (5,312 1b) Max level speed 391 km/h
(243 mph) Range 632 km (393 miles)
Miles M.25 Martinet (UK) Two-seat target-
towing monoplane based on the Master and pow-
ered by a Bristol Mercury XX or XXX
radial

* ^^^*^^^^p^^ ^fc *^.

P638
-
6382

-
^L engine. The prototype flew for the first time on 24
April 1942 and more than 1,700 were built for the
RAF.

/-

Miles M.14A Magister.

---*& fV^ i
by the Air Ministry for ah initio instruction of
RAF pilots and was used by RAF training establ-
ishments in England and overseas. Power was
provided normally by a 97 kVV ( 30 hp) de Havil- 1

land Gipsy Major engine, although a 100.6 kW

Miles M.25 Martinet. (135 hp) Blackburn Cirrus Major was also fitted.
A total of ,293 was built between 937 and 94
1 1 1
1

some being exported.

Data: Engine as above Wing span 10.31 m (33 ft
10 in) Length 7.5 m (24 ft 7V2 in) Max T-0 weight
845 kg (1,863 1b) Max level speed 233 km/h
(145 mph) at 305 m (1,000 ft)
Miles M.16 Mentor (UK) Three-seat Gipsy
Six-powered cabin monoplane, 45 of which were
operated by the RAF as trainers and communica-
Miles M.27 Master III.
tions aircraft.
Miles M.17 Monarch (UK.) Two-three-seat
Miles M.27 Master III (UK) The Master III
lightcabin monoplane derived from the Mentor
was a further development of the Master series,
but powered by a 97 kVV (130 hp) de Havilland
powered by a 615 kW (825 hp) Pratt & Whitney
Gipsy Major engine. Eleven built in 1938.
R-1535-SB4G Wasp Junior radial engine. A total
Miles M.17 Monarch. of 602 was built. Maximum level speed was
372 km/h (231 mph).
Miles M.33 Monitor (UK) The Monitor was a
twin 1,304 kW (1,750 hp) Wright R-2600-31
Cyclone-powered target-towing monoplane, first
flown on 5 April 1944. Twenty were built for the
Royal Navy as TT.IIs, intended to simulate
Miles M.19 Master II with
experimental rocket
dive-bombing attacks on ships. A 7.4 k W
(10 hp)
hydraulic winch was installed in the fuselage (driven
installation.
by the starboard engine) allowing operation of
targets at more than 483 km/h (300 mph). Maxi-
mum level speed was 579 km/h (360 mph).
Miles M.38 Messenger (UK) The Messenger
four-seat cabin monoplane was a development of
the prototype M.28 and was converted during the

Miles M.19 Master II (UK) Soon after the out-

break of World War II. Master II
the prototype
Hew was based on the Master
for the fust time. It I

but powered by a 648.3 kW (870 hp) Bristol Mer-

Miles M.38 cury XX radial engine. Production amounted to
Messenger 2A. approximately 1,800 aircraft, .1 number of which
828
 Miller

war to meet the requirements of Specification

17/43 for use as an Air Observation Post by the
Army. The prototype Hew for the first time on 12
September 1942. Power for production aircraft
was provided by a 104.3 kW (140 hp) de Havil-
land Gipsy Major or 115.5 kVV (155 hp) Black-
burn Cirrus Major III engine. About 80 Messen-
gers were produced, 21 going to the RAF and
most of the remainder to private owners.
Miles M.50 Queen Martinet (UK) In 1942 Miles M.60 Marathon.
Miles Aircraft was asked to consider the
requirements of the Brabazon Type V class for a
medium-range feeder-line aircraft. The first flight
development of a radio-controlled aircraft to
replace the de Havilland Queen Bee biplane
of the prototype was made at VVoodley Aero-

target. Two projects (M.47 and M.49) were ten-

drome on 19 May 1946. This aircraft was fitted
with a third central fin and rudder but the second
dered, but subsequently it was decided to use a
prototype had them removed. However produc-
standard Martinet converted as a target. Sixty-
tion aircraft again featured a triple vertical tail.
five were produced, 43 by the end of 1945.
Power was provided by four 246 kW (330 hp) de
Havilland Gipsy Queen 71 engines. Miles M.50 Queen
Twenty-five Marathons were ordered for BEA, Martinet.
but this order was later reduced and then can-
celled altogether. Although a number of aircraft
did go into commercial airline service as 18-22-
passenger transports, most of the 42 Marathons
built were passed to the RAF for use as navigation
trainers.
Miles M.65 Gemini (UK) The Gemini was a
four-seat cabin monoplane developed from the Miles M.52.
M.38 Messenger. It used a similar fuselage, wings
and tail unit, except that only twin fins and rud-
ders were fitted. The prototype flew for the first
time on 26 October 1945 with a fixed landing
gear. Production aircraft (about 170 built) had
retractable landing gears.
Data: Engines two 74.5 kW (lOOhp) Blackburn
Cirrus Minor lis Wing span 1.02 m (36 ft 2 in)
1

Length 6.78 m (22 ft 3 in) Max T-0 weigh! 1,361 kg

(3,000 1b) Max level speed 241 km/h (150 mph)
Range 1,320 km (820 miles)
Miller WM-2 (USA) Single-seat sport mono- Miles M.57 Aerovan 4.
plane, plans for which are available to amateur
constructors.

Miles M.52 (UK) The Miles M.52 was a super-

sonic flight research aircraft which would have
Miller WM-2.
been the first manned aircraft to fly faster than the
speed of sound had the project not been aban-
doned in 1946.
Miles M. 57 Aerovan (UK) The Aerovan flew for
the first time in January 1945 and was a freight,
passenger (six or nine) or ambulance monoplane.
Power was provided by two 15.5 kVV (155 hp)
1

Blackburn Cirrus Major engines. The main cabin

was 3.73 m (12 ft 3 in) long, the hinged rear sec-
tion of the fuselage allowing a vehicle to be driven
into the cabin. Maximum level speed was
204 km/h (127 mph). Forty-eight Aerovans were
built.
Miles M.60 Marathon (UK) The Marathon was
designed to Specification 18/44 to meet the Mini-Hawk TH.E.01.

829
Mini-Hawk

Mini-Hawk TH.E.01 Tiger-Hawk
Single-seat lightweight monoplane, plans and kits
foi which are available to amateur constructors.
Mitsubishi Army Type 92 (Japan) Bearing the
company designation 2MR8, this two-seat
parasol-wing reconnaissance monoplane was
used against the Chinese in Manchuria during the
later stages of the fighting which terminated in
1933 with the establishment of the Japanese state
of Manchukuo. A total of 230 was built. Arma-
ment could comprise up to four 7.7
machine-guns. Power was provided by a single
354 kW (475 hp) Mitsubishi Type 92 radial
engine, giving a maximum speed of 220 km/h
(136.5 mph).
Mitsubishi Army Type 92.
(USA) as the Type 87 Light Bomber in 1927. Another
development of the B1M may have been the
MC-1 four-passenger commercial transport.
Mitsubishi Navy 2MR (Japan) Designed by
Herbert Smith, the prototype 2MR was com-
pleted in January 1921. The following year the
2MR1 version went into Navy service as the Type
10 Carrier Reconnaissance Aircraft. Power was
provided by a 223.6 kW (300 hp) Hispano-Suiza
engine. The 159 aircraft manufactured up to 1930
mm appeared in many versions. Armament could
comprise up to four 7.7 mm machine-guns and
90 kg (198 1b) of bombs. Civilianised Type 10s
were in use right through the 1930s.
Mitsubishi Navy 2MT (Japan) Sec Mitsubishi
Navy B1M.
Mitsubishi A5M (Japan) Because of the com-
plexity of the specification that eventually pro-
duced the Zero-Sen, the little A5M fighter, with
its two forward-firing 7.7 mm machine-guns,
fixed landing gear and usually open cockpit,
remained a standard carrier-borne fighter with
the Japanese Navy for nearly a year after Pearl
Harbor.
The A5M prototype flew for the first time on 4
February 1935 while powered by a 410 k \
(550 hp) Nakajima Kotobuki 5 radial engine.
Although maximum speed was considered excel-
lent, the inverted-gull wings were not well
received and were replaced on the second pro-
totype by straighter wings. The second aircraft
also had a more powerful engine fitted. The air-
craft entered production with a 436 kVV (585 hp)
Kotobuki 2 engine as the Navy A5M or Type 96 1

Model Carrier Fighter.

1 1

During the production run, when nearly 1,000

Mitsubishi Army 2MB1.
Mitsubishi Navy IMF
(Japan) A compact A5Ms were built, several changes took place. The
single-seat biplane design by Herbert Smith, the A5M2s introduced a 454.5 kW (610 hp)
1MF1 was accepted for Japanese Navy service in Kotobuki 2 engine, while the A5M4 had a 529 k\V
1921 under the designation Navy Type 10 Carrier (710 hp) Kotobuki 41. The only version with an
Fighter. A total of 138 of several versions was enclosed cockpit was the A5M2b.
completed by the time production terminated in Flown in action during the late 1930s against
1928. The Type 10-2 or 1MF3 had the 223.6 kVV Chinese and Russian opposition, the A5M acquit-
(300 hp) Hispano-Suiza engine as the first pro- ted itself well but was obsolete by 94 Under the
1 1 .

duction version, but utilised twin Lamblin Allied code system the ASM was named Claude.
radiators instead of the original frontal type. It Data (A5M4): Engine as above Wing span 1 1.0 m
was a Type 10-2 which made the first successful (36 ft in) Length 7.56
1 (24m ft 9V2 in) Max T-0
take-off by a Japanese-built aircraft from the air- weight 1,670 kg (3,682 lb) Max level speed 440 km/h
February 1923. Armament
craft carrier Hosho, in (273.5 mph) Range 1,200 km (746 miles) Arma-
comprised two 7.7 machine-guns. mm ment two 7.7 mm machine-guns, plus two 30 kg
Data MF3B): Engine as above Wing span 8.84 m
( 1
bombs
Mitsubishi A5M2a. (29 ft in) Length 6.88 m (22 ft 7 in) Max TO
weight 1 , 1 35 kg (2,502 lb) Max level speed 225 km/h
( I Id mph)
Mitsubishi Navy 1MT1 (Japan) Another Her-
bert Smith design, the IMI'1 was a single-seat
triplane torpedo bomber intended for carrier
operations. Twenty were built, going into service
brief!) in 1923 as the Navy Type 10 Carrier
Attacker.
Mitsubishi Army 2MB1 (Japan) The 2MBI
was basically a longer-range Army version of the
\.i\\ HIM torpedo bomber, powered by a Mitsubishi A6M Zero-Sen (Japan) By far the
335.3 kW (450 hp) Hispano-Suiza engine. most famous and widely used Japanese aircraft in
Armament comprised forward-firing, dorsal and history, the /cm-Sen gained its name from the
ventral 7.7 mm machine-guns and 500 kg fact ihat it was put into production in 1940 -
i
1,102 Hi) ol bombs. Il entered limited production Japanese year 5700 - and thus was also desig-

830
nated Navy Fighter Type 00.The Allies ealled it
the Zero, a name which stuck after the official
reporting code name had been promulgated as
Zeke.
A design team led by the legendary Jiro
Horikoshi met a most difficult Navy specification
in 1938: this demanded not only speed of
Captured Mitsubishi A6M
500 km/h and armament of two cannon and two January 1923. went into Japanese Navy service
It
Zero-Sen.
machine-guns, but also carrier compatibility, as the Type 12 carrier-borne attack aircraft and
tankage for extremely long range and manoeuv- was followed by the 2MT2 and 2MT3 variants.
rability not inferior to that of the amazingly nim- The redesigned Type 13-2 was designated B1M2.
ble A5M, which the new fighter was to The final version, the Type 13-3 or B1M3, had the
replace. The prototype flew on April 1939, and
1 firm's designation 3MT2 and was a three-seater.
15 swept away all opposition during service trials Total production was 354 and the type served into
in China from July 1940. Full reports by the the 1930s, 32 flying from the aircraft carriers Kaga
American Volunteer Group (which fought these and Hnshn during the Shanghai Incident in 1932.
aircraft) were ignored and when the type was met An aircraft from Kaga was lost during the famous
in force at Pearl Harbor it was a terrible shock. air encounter when American volunteer pilot
Over 400 A6M 2s and clipped-wing A6M3s were Robert Short lost his life while flying for the Chin-
by that time in use; with drop-tanks and refined ese. The B1M was powered by a 335.3 kW
long-range cruise procedures they covered such (450 hp) Napier Lion or Hispano-Suiza engine
immense distances that the Allies estimated the according to version.
number to be at least twice as many. Matched by Data (B1M1): Engine as above Wing span 14.7.5 m
scattered and generally inferior Allied machines, (48 ft 5 in) Length 9.8 m (32 ft 1 in) Max T-0
the Zero-Sen gained total ascendancy, the Japan- weight 2,700 kg (5,952 lb) Max level speed 210 km/h
ese regarding it as invincible. (130 mph) Endurance 2 h 30 min Armament three Abandoned Mitsubishi
After the Battle of Midway in 1942, Allied 7.7 mm machine-guns, plus one or two 240 kg A6M3, known to the Allies
opposition steadily gained the upper hand. The torpedoes as Hamp before being
A6M's light construction often collapsed renamed Zeke.
under
the fire of an F6F or F4U and little could be done.
The A6M5 had individual exhaust stacks giving
higher speed from the same 842 kVV (1,130 hp)
Nakajima Sakae 21 engine, and the wing racks
could carry two heavier bombs of 60 kg. The 5b
had one of the machine-guns replaced by a heavy
12.7 mm weapon; and the 5c and all later versions
had the 20 mm wing guns augmented by two
13.2 mm guns, often with a third in the fuselage.
Nakajima built 6,217 Zeros of several versions out
of the total production of 10,937. It also designed
and built 327 of a float-seaplane version
(A6M2-N, called Rufe by the Allies). The only
other notably different variant was the A6M2-K.,
the most numerous of several tandem dual trainer
developments.
From 1942 the A6M had been intended for
replacement by the A7M Reppu. but the con-
tinued non-appearance of the new fighter resulted
in prolonged A6M updating. In late 1944 a
boosted Sakae engine was fitted to the A6M6c and
at the end of the war a few A6M8cs were delivered
with 1,162.5 kW 1,560 hp) Kinsei engines. By
(

this time most of the surviving A6Ms had been

converted as Kamikaze suicide attackers.
Data (A6M5): Engine as above Wing span 1.0 m 1
The aftermath of a
(36 ft 1in) Length 9.06 m (29 ft 8V2 in) Max T-0 Mitsubishi Navy B2M (Japan) Bidding to
Japanese suicide attack
weight 2,744 kg (6,050 lb) Max levelspeed 570 km/h secure an order to replace their B1M, Mitsubishi
on USS Bunker Hill by
(354 mph) Range 1,570 km (976 miles) again turned to a British designer, and Black- Mitsubishi Zero-Sens.
Mitsubishi A7M Reppu (Japan) First flown in burn's G. E. Petty produced the prototype 3MR4
May 1944, the Reppu (Hurricane) was designed in Britain. Development in Japan followed and
as a higher-powered development of, and a proved rather prolonged. As a result the series
replacement for, the Zero-Sen. However none had aircraft (known as the B1M or Navy Type 89-1
1

become operational before VJ Day.
Mitsubishi Navy B1M (Japan) Following on his
association with the Mitsubishi company, Her-
bert Smith designed the 2MT1 two-seat biplane
torpedo bomber which flew for the first time in
did not go into service until 1932. It was an
equal-span two-bay biplane introducing a largely
metal structure and a strongly made wide-track
landing gear. The B2M2 or Type 89-2 appeared
in 1934. It retained the original 484.3 kVV

831
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi Navy B2M1.
(650 hp) Hispano-Suiza liquid-cooled engine, but
had a redesigned angular fin and rudder assem-
bly. Production spanned five years from 1931 and
both versions flew in action against the Chinese.
Total production was 200 aircraft.
Mitsubishi Navy B5M1 (Japan) Mitsubishi's
Ka-16 was a three-seat cantilever low- wing
monoplane with a fixed and spatted landing gear,
intended for carrier operations as a bomber or
torpedo bomber. The crew were housed under a
long glazed canopy. Production was undertaken
as the Mitsubishi Navy Type 97-2 Carrier
Attacker, intended largely as a back-up design for
the Nakajima B5N1. With the success of the
B5N1, production of the B5M1 ended with the
125th aircraft. The B5M saw operational service
1 pilot operated two fixed forward-firing 7.7
during World War II, but only from land bases.
The 745.2 kW ( 1,000 hp) Mitsubishi Kinsei 43
radial gave a maximum 382 km/h (237.5 mph).
Mitsubishi F-1.
Mitsubishi C5M (Japan) Sec Mitsubishi Ki-15
Mitsubishi F-1 (Japan) Design of the FS-T2-Kai
(later redesignated F-1) began in 1972 following
the JASDF's decision to develop a single-seat
close-support fighter from the T-2 supersonic
trainer. First flown in prototype form on 3 June
1975, the F-1 was subsequently chosen for pro-
duction. Orders for 59 aircraft had been placed by
July 1978 of an anticipated total order for about
70. The first production aircraft flew on 16 June
1977 and was delivered to theJASDF on 26 Sep-
tember 1977. Twenty-six had been delivered by
Mitsubishi G3M.
March 1979.
Data: Engines, wing span and length as for T-2 (see
entry) Max T-0 weight 13,674 kg (30,146 lb) Ma\
level speed similar to T-2 Combat radius 278-556 km
(173-346 miles) Armament single JM-61 multi-
Mitsubishi Navy F1M2.
832
barrel 20 mm cannon. One underfuselage and
four underwing hardpoints for 250, 500 or 750 lb
bombs, up to a maximum of 2,721 kg 12 X 500 lb (
bombs). The underwing stations can each carry
rocket pods. For air-to-air combat, four AIM-9
Sidewinder missiles can be carried
Mitsubishi Navy F1M2 (Japan) The Ka-17 was
evolved by designer Joji Hattori. The four pro-
totypes built to a 10-Shi ( 1935) specification were
designated F1M1. After a protracted develop-
ment programme, the F1M2 production version
was evolved, powered by a 652 kW (875 hp) Mit-
subishi Zuisei radial engine. This entered service
during 1940 under the designation Type O
Observation Seaplane (Allied code name Pete) A .
total of 1,1 14 aircraft was built, flying from sea-
plane tenders and cruisers as well as from shore
bases. In addition to performing reconnaissance
and patrol work, FlM2s flew numerous support
operations over Pacific island beaches.
The F1M2 was an impressive biplane with
gracefully tapering wings braced by single
I-struts. Great care was given to streamlining the
fuselage. The radio-operator/gunner (armed with
a 7.7 mm Type 92 machine-gun) was protected
by a distinctive extended glazed windscreen. The
mm
guns, and two 60 kg bombs could be carried
underwing.
Data: Engine as above Wing span 1 1.0 m (36 ft 1 in)
Length 9.5 m (31 ft 2 in) Max T-0 weight 2,550 kg
(5,622 lb) Max level speed 370 km/h (230 mph)
Mitsubishi G3M (Japan) On 7 December 1941
aircraft from a Japanese carrier force attacked the
American naval base at Pearl Harbor, announc-
ing in spectacular fashion that Japan had entered
World War 1 1. On December 94 1 a force of 60
1 1
Mitsubishi G3M2 and 26 G4M1 medium bom-
bers of the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Force flew
from bases in French Indo-China to attack several
ships of the Royal Navy that had been spotted by
a C5M2 (Mitsubishi Ki-15) patrol aircraft and
submarine. HMS Repulse and Prince of Wales were
sunk with great loss of life after a major battle.
Although best-remembered
this action is the
exploit of the G3M (Navy Type 96 Torpedo
Bomber) or Nell as it was code-named by the
Allies, the aircraft remained operational through-
out the war as a bomber and later also as the L3Y
ten-passenger transport aircraft. The first pro-
totype (powered by two 447 kW; 600 hp Hiro
Type 91 radial engines) flew in July 1935.
Production eventually began with the G3M1
powered by two 615 kW (825 hp) Kinsei 2 or
678 kW (910 hp) Kinsei 3 engines. The G3M1
was quickly superseded by the improved G3M2
 Mitsubishi

variants powered by 745.2 kVV (1,000 hp) Kinsei prime targets for Allied fighters, some of the
42 or 45 engines, and later still by the G3M3 with heaviest occurring during the so-called
losses
969 kW (1,300 hp) Kinsei 5 'engines. About 1 'Marianas Turkey Shoot' of mid- 1944. As men-
1,050 aircraft of versions were built.
all tioned under the Yokosuka Ohka entry, the
Data (G3M2): Enginei as above Wing span 25.0 m G4M2e variant was the main carrier for the
(82 ft 0'A in) Length 16.45 (53 ft
3
m
/4 in) Max 1 rocket-powered suicide aircraft, although again
T-0 weight 8,000 kg (17,636 1b) Max level speed the bomber found it difficult to approach US
368 km/h (230 mph) Normal range 2,600 km naval vessels close enough to launch the limited-
(1,615 miles) Armament up to one 20 mm cannon range Ohkas without being intercepted and des-
and four 7.7 mm
machine-guns, plus 1,000 kg troyed by US Navy fighters.
(2,205 lb) of bombs or an 800 kg torpedo Data (G4M2a): Engines two 1,378.5 kW
(1,850 hp) Mitsubishi Kasei 25 radials Wing span
25.0 m
(82 ft OVi in) Length 19.6 (64 ft 4 3A in) m Mitsubishi G4M carrying

Max T-0 an Ohka suicide aircraft.

12,500 kg (27,558 1b) Max level
weight
speed 440 km/h (273 mph) Range 1,920-6,000 km
(1,193-3,728 miles) Armament one 7.7 mm
machine-gun and four 20 mm
cannon, plus up to
,000 kg (2,205 lb) of bombs or an 800 kg torpedo
1

Mitsubishi G4M (Japan) Developed from the

G3M, the G4M (Navy Type 97 Torpedo
Bomber), or Betty as it was known to the Allies,

flew for the first time in October 1939. Following

production of a small number of specially pre-
pared but unsuccessful G6M1 escort-fighter var-
iants, the G4M entered production as a medium
1

Captured Mitsubishi J2M

bomber. This was the major production version,
Raiden.
amounting to half of the 2,400 or so G4Ms built.
Power was provided by two 40 kW ,530 hp)
1 , 1 ( 1
Mitsubishi J2M Raiden (Japan) Known to the
Mitsubishi Kasei engines. It was while flying in a Allies as Jack, the Raiden (Thunderbolt) was a
G4M1 that the Japanese naval Commander in single-seat land-based fighter. The first prototype
Chief, Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, was killed flew on 20 March 1942 while powered by a Kasei
(see Chronology 18 April 1943). 13 radial engine. The initial production version
The two major faults with the G4M were its was the J2M2 powered by a 1,378.5 kW
lack of defensive armament and armour protec- ( 1
,850 hp) Kasei 23a engine and armed with two
tionaround vital areas such as fuel tanks. In 7.7 mm machine-guns in the fuselage and two
combat it appeared all too easy to turn the 20 mm
cannon in the wings. Production of this
bomber into a fireball, which led to. the nickname version amounted to 155 aircraft, approximately
'flying lighter'. In response Mitsubishi developed one-third of all Raidens built before the end of the
the G4M2, a higher-powered version with war. The only other version built in significant
increased armour and a cannon-armed dorsal numbers was theJ2M3. The four-cannon J2M5
turret in place of the previous half-blister position was the fastest version, the Kasei 26a engine giv-
with one light machine-gun. Power was provided ing a maximum speed of 615 km/h (382 mph).
by two 1,341 kW1,800 hp) Kasei 21 radial
( Data (J2M2): Engine as above Wing span 10.8 m
engines. Later variants of the series (and G4M2 (35 ft 5 in) Length 9.7 m (31 ft 10 in) Max T-0
the G4M3) had Kasei 25 or 27 engines. weight over 3,200 kg (7,055 lb) Max level speed 600
Right up to the end of the war G4Ms remained km/h (372 mph) Range 1,050 km (652 miles)

Captured Mitsubishi
G4M2a.

833
Mitsubishi

Mitsubishi J8M Shusui. Nakajima Kotobuki radial engines. Single

7.7 mmmachine-guns were mounted in nose and
dorsal positions, and it carried a bomb load of
500 kg (1,102 1b). The original production ver-
sion went into service from 1934, designated
Mitsubishi J8M Shusui (Japan) Rocket- Army Type 93 Twin-engined Light Bomber. ( )ne
powered single-seat interceptor based on tin- hundred and thirteen were built.
German Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet. Pro-
Mitsubishi Ki-2-l. totypes only.
Mitsubishi Navy K3M (Japan) The K3M was
designed byjoji Hattori as a single-engined crew
trainer for thejapanese Navy. It was a high-wing
strut-braced monoplane with a fixed landing
gear. Pilot and gunner were accommodated in
open cockpits and there was a cabin under the
wing for the remaining three crew members,
including the instructor. The Navy was impressed
with the performance of the four K3M1 pro-
In 1937 the radically redesigned Model 2 or
totypes and production was initiated as the Type
Ki-2-II appeared with an enclosed pilot's cabin
90- Crew Trainer. Three hundred and seventeen
1

and manually operated gun turret in the nose.

a
K3M2s, with 253.4 k\V (340 hp) Hitachi radial
An bomb bay accommodated a 300 kg
internal
engines, were followed by 301 K3M3s with
(662 lb) offensive load and power was provided
432.2 kW
(580 hp) Nakajima Kotobukis. Produc-
by two 559 kW (750 hp) Ha-8 radials. A retract-
tion did not end until 1941. Code-named Pine by
able undercarriage was also introduced. Sixty-
Mitsubishi Navy K3M2s the Allies, the K3M
was very successful as a
one Model 2s were completed during 1937-8. A
carrying surrender trainer and proved useful in a liaison role.
markings. record-breaking variant of the Model 2 was
named Ohtori, which made a long-distance flight
to Bangkok in December 1936, built to the order
of the Asahi newspaper.
Data (Model 1): Engines as above Wing 'pan
19.96 m (65 ft 5% in) Length 12.6 m (41 ft 4 in)
Max 1-0 weight 4,645 kg (10,2401b) Max level

speed 225 km/h (140 mph)

Mitsubishi Army
Ki-1 (Japan) Based on a Jun-
kers design, the Ki-1 was a cantilever low-wing
monoplane with a fixed landing gear and twin fins
and rudders. As the Army Type 93 Heavy
Bomber it was flown against the Chinese during
Mitsubishi Karigane I, the the mid- 1930s. Power was provided by two
civil version of the KM 5. 700.5 kW (940 hp) Mitsubishi Ha-2-2 in-line
engines. Armament comprised 7.7 mm Mitsubishi Army Ki-15 (Japan) The prototype
machine-guns in nose and dorsal positions and in
of this two-seat cantilever low-wing cabin mono-
a retractable ventral turret. Bomb load was up to
plane flew in May 1936. Eleven months later the
1,000 kg (2,205 1b). The Ki-1 Model 2 had
civil-registered Kamikaze (Divine Wind) made a
improved fuselage contours and a trousered
record flight from Tokyo to London in just over 5
streamlined landing gear. Total production of
hours flying time. The same year the Ki-15 type
both versions was 18. Maximum speed of the
1

went into production as the Army Type 97. The

Ki-1 was 220km/h (136.5 mph).
rakish Ki-15 had a fixed, spatted cantilever land-
Mitsubishi Army
Ki-2 (Japan) In contrast t<>
ing gear and a single 410 k\V (550 hp) Nakajima
the Ki-1, Ki-2 was a successful design.
the
Ha-8 radial in a long-chord cowling. It proved a
Developed from the Junkers K-37, it was a three-
gre.it success during the fighting in China.
seat low-wing light bomber, with a fixed landing
Performance was increased with the Model 2
gear and powered by two 424.8 kW (570 hp)
Mitsubishi KM (Ki-1 5-1 1), which went into service in 1939 pow-
ered by a 670.7 kW (900 hp) Ha-26-I radial. Hie
I long range (2,400 km; 1,191 miles for (he original
version) enabled reconnaissance missions dee])
into Chinese territory. Army Ki-1 5s rem. lined
supreme until the arrival of the twin-engined
K.i-46. Thejapanese Navy was also attracted by
(he design and ordered 20 C5Mls with 652 kW
(875 hp) Mitsubishi /.nisei radials; followed in
1940 by 30C5M2s with 708 kW (950 hp) Naka-

834
 Mitsubishi

early aircraft were converted as transports I

Mitsubishi Navy C5M2.
redesignated MC-21.
Data (Ki-21-IIb): Engines .is above Wing span
22.5 m (73 ft 9% in) Length 16.0 m (52 ft 6 in)
Max T-0 weight 9,710kg (21,1(17 lb) Max level
jima Sakei power plants. A C5M2 operating from speed 485 km/h (302 mph) Range 2,175 km
Indo-China on 10 December 1941 located the (1,351 miles)
ill-fated British capital ships HMS Prince of Wales Mitsubishi Army Ki-30 (Japan) Code-named
and Repulse. Ann by the Allies, this all-metal cantilever mid-
The Ki-15/C5M was code-named Babs by the wing monoplane went into service as the Army
Allies. Production for the Army totalled 439. Type 97 Light Bomber in 1938, subsequently
Data (Ki- 15-11): Engine as above Wingspan 12.(1 m seeing widespread action in ( Ihina and then in the
l
(39 ft 4 /2 in) Length 8.7 m (28 ft 6V2 in) Max T-0 early months of the Pacific War. It achieved a
weight 2,480 kg (5,467 11)) Max level speed 510 km/h formidable reputation with effective attacks on
(317 mph) enemy troops and strong points. The two-man
Mitsubishi Army Ki-20 (Japan) Long-range crew were housed under a long raised canopy and
heavy bomber developed from the Junkers G 38 it had a fixed, spatted cantilever landing gear.

commercial transport as the Army Type 92. Six
were built but proved totally unsuccessful.
-.
The 633.4 k\V (850 hp) Mitsubishi Ha-6 radial
engine gave a maximum speed of 432 km/h
(268.5 mph). When production ceased in 1941
Mitsubishi Ki-20.
704 Ki-30s had been completed. Armament com-
prised two 7.7 mm machine-guns and 300 kg
(661 lb) of bombs carried internally.
Mitsubishi Ki-46 (Japan) Code-named Dinah by
the Allies, the Ki-46 is one of the less memorable
Japanese aircraft of the Pacific War because of its
HQ-reconnaissance role. However it was among
the most successful aircraft to serve with the Mitsubishi Army
Japanese forces and for a time its very high per- Ki-21 -lis.

formance gave it immunity from attack.

The prototype Ki-46 flew for the first time in
November 1939, powered by two 633.4 kW
(850 hp) Mitsubishi Ha-26-I engines. The first of
more than 1,700 production aircraft were simi-
larly powered; but the Ki-46-II major production
version had two 784.5 kW 1,050 hp) Mitsubishi
(

Ha- 102 engines fitted, increasing speed by about

65 km/h (40 mph).

Mitsubishi Army
Ki-21 (Japan) Known to the
Allies as.S'ff//)', was the most important
the Ki-21
Japanese Army bomber built between 1938 and
1944. The first of eight prototype and test aircraft
flew on 8 December 936. A total of 2,064 Ki-2 s
1 1 1

was eventually built, the first entering service dur-

ing 1938 as the Army Type
97 Heavy Bomber.
The Model was defensively armed with just
1

three 7.7 mm machine-guns and power was pro-

vided by 633.4 kW (850 hp) Nakajima Ha-5Kai
radial engines. Despite its good performance, it
Mitsubishi Ki-46-lll KAI.
suffered some losses against indifferent Chinese The production version was the Ki-46-III
final
opposition during the Sino-Japanese conflict that powered by 1,118 kW (1,500 hp) Ha- 12-11 1

began again in 1937. Armament was subse- engines, giving a maximum level speed of
quently increased by the addition ofa tail 'stinger' 640 km/h (397.5 mph). Reconnaissance Ki-46-
gun and beam guns. II Is had a reshaped and more heavily glazed

By the time of Pearl Harbor in December 1941, pilot's cockpit which merged into the nose of the
the new Model 2 equipped most bomber units, fuselage. I he 607 production Ki-46-IIIs included
powered by 1,080.5 k\V (1,450 hp) Mitsubishi a number of -KAI interceptors, specially pre-
Ha 101 radials. The larger nacelles of these pared with one 37 mm
cannon and two 20 mm
engines enabled the main undercarriage wheels to cannon or 12.7 mm machine-guns. The Ki-46- IV
be fully retracted. In its Ki-21-IIb version the was a turbo super-charged version of the III.
bomber featured a large dorsal turret housing a Data (Ki-46-II): Engines as above Wing span
12.7 mm Type 1 machine-gun. The maximum 14.7 m (48 ft 3 in) Length 1 1.0 m
(36 ft 1 in) Max
bomb load for all versions of the Ki-21 was an T-0 weight 5,050 kg (1 1,133.5 lb) Max level speed

unimpressive 1,000 kg (2,205 lb). 595 km/h (370 mph) Range 2,880 km
The Ki-2 served in every theatre of war where
1 (1,790 miles) Armament one 7.7 mm machine-gun
the Japanese Army was engaged. A number oi or none

835
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi Ki-51.
Mitsubishi Army Ki-51 (Japan) Drawing on
the experience gained with the Ki-30, the Mit-
subishi design team developed two Ki-51 pro-
totypes which flew in the summer of 1939.
Intended specifically for ground-attack work,
they dispensed with an internal bomb bay and
were thus able to adopt a low-wing layout. The
two crew members were seated closer together
under a shorter canopy, thus ensuring better co-
ordination. Power was provided by a 708 k\V
(950 hp) Mitsubishi Ha-26-II radial engine in a
long-chord cowling. Production lasted until July
1945, a total of 2,385 machines being built.
Armament comprised two wing-mounted 7.7
Mitsubishi Ki-67-lb Hiryu. machine-guns (replaced by 12.7 mm
weapons in
late production aircraft) and a flexibly mounted
7.7 mm gun. The bomb load carried externally
was up to 200 kg (441 lb).
Going into service as the Type 99, the Ki-51
proved adaptable and saw widespread service in
the Far East theatres of war. Incorporated in the
design was provision for tactical-reconnaissance
equipment and the type was often used for such
duties. With the desperate situation that faced
Japan by 1945, a number were expended on
Kamikaze missions, carrying a 250 kg bomb.
Interestingly several K - 5 s captured by
i 1
Indonesian Nationalist forces were used against
the Dutch during the second half of 1945. The
Ki-51 was code-named Sonia by the Allies.
Data: Engines as above Wing span 12.1 m (39 ft
8V2 in) Length 9.21m (30 ft 2V2 in) Max T-0
weight 2,920 kg (6,437 lb) Max level speed 424 km/h
(263.5 mph) Range 1,060 km (658.5 miles)
Mitsubishi Army Ki-57 and MC-20
(Japan)
The MC-20 was an 1 1-passenger commercial air-
liner powered by two 633.4 kW (850 hp) Kinsei
engines. From the MC-20 was evolved the milit-
ary 12-20-troop Ki-57 or Type 100 Transport
Plane Model 1, known to the Allies as Topsy.
About 500 Ki-57s were built in two versions: the
Ki-57-I with 633.4 kW (850 hp) Ha-5 engines
and the Ki-57-II with 782.5 kW (1,050 hp)
Mitsubishi Army Ki-57.
Ha- 102 engines.
Mitsubishi Army Ki-67 Hiryu and Ki-109
(Japan) There were two major versions of the
Ki-67 or Peggy, to give it its Allied code name: the
standard bomber carrying a crew of seven, a
bomb load of 800-1,600 kg (1,764-3,528 lb) or a
torpedo and defensive armament of one 20 mm
cannon and four 12.7 mm machine-guns; and
a special three-seat model which was used for
suicide attacks on Allied shipping. For suicide
missions defensive armament was removed, the
nose and tail were faired in, side blisters removed
and a long rod projecting from the nose of the
aircraft fitted to trip a switch to explode two
800 kg bombs on impact with the target. About
700 Ki-67s were built.
Developments of the basic Ki-67 included the
Ki-109 interceptor, carrying a 75 mm cannon, a
small number of which were operated fairly
unsuccessfully against Boeing B-29 bombers of
the USAAF.
Data (Ki-67): Engines two 1,431 kW (1,920 hp)
Mitsubishi Ha-104 radials Wing span 22.5 m (73 ft
9% in) Length 18.7 m (61 ft A in) Max T-0 '
-i
l
weigh! 13,765-13,850 kg (30,346-30,534 lb) Max
level speed 540 km/h (335 mph) Range 3,800 km
(2,361 miles)
mm
Mitsubishi MU-2 (Japan) The MU-2 is a twin-
turboprop STOL utility transport, the basic
design of which was begun in 1960. Prototype
construction began in 1962 and the first aircraft
was flown on 14 September 1963. By March 1979
total orders for the MU-2 (all versions) had
reached 570, including 524 for export and 46 for
Japanese customers.
The two current versions are the Marquise,
basically similar to the MU-2N but with
AiResearch TPE 331-10-501 turboprop M
engines, four-bladed propellers and increased fuel
capacity (7 built by 1979); and the Solitaire, basi-
cally similar to the MU-2P but with AiResearch
TPE 33 1-10-501 M
turboprop engines, rated in
this installation at 495.5 k\V (665 slip) each (3
built by 1979).
Data (Marquise): Engines two 533 kW (715 shp)
Garrett-AiResearch 'TPE 331- 10-50 1M turbo-
props Wing span over tip-tanks 1.94 m (39 ft 2 in)
1
Length 12.02 m (39 ft 5 in) Max T-0 weight
5,250 kg (1 1,575 lb) Max cruising speed 571 km/h
(355 mph) Range 2,584 km (1,606 miles) Accom-
modation pilot and co-pilot/passenger and seven-
nine passengers
Mitsubishi MU-300 Diamond I (Japan) First
flown on 29 August 1978, the Diamond I is a
prototype twin-turbofan business aircraft pow-
ered by 11.1 k\ (2,500 lb si) Pratt & Whitney
Aircraft of Canada JT15D-4 engines.
 Mooney

primary examples of which were deli-

trainer, Mitsubishi MU-2L
vered Turkish Air Force and presented to
to the (foreground) and MU-2M.
the Royal Jordanian Air Force.
Monnett Sonerai and Sonerai II (USA)
Single-seat Formula V racing aircraft and two-
seat high-performance sporting aircraft respec-
tively, plans and component parts for which are
available to amateur constructors.
Mooney 201 (M20J) and Executive (USA)
Mitsubishi MU-300
Four-seat cabin monoplane powered by a 149 k\V
Diamond I.
(200 hp) Lycoming IO-360-A3B6D engine.
Faster development of the now discontinued
Executive (M-20F). A total of 763 had been built
by 1December 1978. Maximum level speed
325 km/h (202 mph).
Mooney M-10 Cadet (USA) See Alon
Mooney M-18 Mite (USA) Single-seat light
monoplane, the first product of the company and
Mitsubishi T-2 (Japan) The T-2 was the first originally powered by an 18.6 kVV (25 hp) Cros-
supersonic aircraft developed by the Japanese ley engine. Two new production versions were
aircraft industry. It is a twin-engined two-seat jet
developed as the M-18LA (48.4 kW; 65 hp
trainer designed to meet the requirements of the Lycoming 0-145 engine) and the M-18C
JASDF. The first XT-2 prototype took to the air (48.4 kVV; 65 hp Continental A-65 engine).
on 20 July 1971 and flew supersonically for the
first time in level flight (Mach 1.03) during its Mooney 201 (M20J).
30th flight on 19 November 1971.
Production orders have been placed for 73
T-2s: 31 T-2 advanced trainers, 40 T-2A combat
trainers, and two as prototypes for the F-l close-
support fighter version, described separately.
Fifty-two of the T-2/2As had been delivered by
March 1979.
Data: Engines two 32.5 kiN (7,305 lb st, with after-
burning) Rolls-Royce Turbomeca Adour turbo-
fans Wing span 7.88 m (25 ft 10 1/* in) Length
17.84 m (58 ft 6Va in) Max T-0 weight 9,805 kg
(21,616 lb) Max level speed Mach 1.6 Ferry range
2,593 km (1,610 miles) Armament (combat trainer
version) one Vulcan JM-61A-1 multi-barrel
20 mmcannon in lower fuselage. Attachment
point on underfuselage centreline and two under
each wing for drop-tanks or other stores. Wingtip
attachments for air-to-air missiles

Mooney Chaparral (USA) Updated version of

the Super-2l which flew for the first time in July
1963. Four-seat cabin monoplane powered by a
149 kW (200 hp) Lycoming IO-360-A1A engine.
Mooney Mark 2 1 Master and Super-2 1 (USA)
,

In 1954 Mooney began production of the Model

M-20 four-seat light monoplane. Soon the M-20A
(Lycoming O-360-A) had superseded the M-20
(Lycoming O-320) and by 1964 the current ver- Mitsubishi T-2.
sions comprised the Mark 21 (M-20C), Master
Mitsubishi Hinazuru (Japan) Japanese (M-20D) and Super-2 (M-20E, see Mooney
1

licence-built version of the Airspeed Envoy. Ranger)

MKEK Models 1 to 7 (Turkey) In 1952 MKEK Mooney Mark 22 (USA) Five-seat light mono-
took over the Turk Hava Kurumu (THK) fac- plane powered by a 231 kW (310 hp) Lycoming
tory. The THK- 15 two-seat trainer became the TIO-541-A1A engine.
MKEK Model the projected
1; THK-16 small Mooney Ranger (USA) The Ranger (first flown
twin-jet trainer became the MKEK Model 2; the in 1961) is the current name of the Super-2 (see 1

THK-5 twin-engined light ambulance became above). Power provided by a 134 k\V (180 hp)
is

the MKEK Model 5; the THK-5A twin-engined Lycoming O-360- A D engine. By the end of 978
1 1

six-seat transport became the MKEK

Model 5A; 2,191 Rangers had been built.
the THK- 14 sailplane became the
two-seat Data: Engine as above Wing span 10.67 m (35 ft
MKEK Model and the THK-2 single-seat
6; in) Length 7.06 m
(23 ft 2 in) Max T-0 weight
aerobatic trainer became the MKEK Model 7. In 1,168 kg" (2,575 lb) Max level speed 272 km/h
addition MKEK produced the Model 4 two-seat (169 mph) Range 1,410 km (876 miles)

837
Mooney

Mooney Statesman (USA) This model (M-20G) escadrilles MS 156, 158 and 161 in early 1918,
was introduced in 1968 and was basically similar being withdrawn in mid-May after allegations of
to the Mark 21 (M-20C), except for having the structural weakness. The MoS 30E1 was used by
longer fuselage of the Executive and two addi- the AEF in France for training. Small numbers
tional passenger windows, plus other refinements. were also exported. The type continued to serve
By mid-January 1970 183 had been delivered. after the war as a military trainer, although others
Mooney Ranger.
were disposed of on the civilian market.
Data (MoS 27C1): Engine as above Wing span
8.5 m (27 ft 11 in) Length 5.65 m (18 ft 6V2 in)
Max T-0 weigh! 421 kg (926 1b) Max level speed
225 km/h (140.5 mph)
Morane-Saulnier AR (France) First flown in
1915, the AR was a two-seat parasol-wing mono-
plane constructed largely of wood with fabric cov-
ering. About 400 were built after World War I
(when it was known as the MS. 35), mainly as
intermediate trainers in three principal versions:
MS.35R with a 59.6 kW (80 hp) Le Rhone 9c
rotary engine; MS.35A with an Anzani engine;
and MS.35C with a Clerget 9B engine. The
MS.35EP2 served with French Aeronautique
Militaire 'Ecoles de Pilotage' up to 1929. Other
military users were Poland (60), Argentina, Bel-
gium, Brazil, Guatemala, Romania, Soviet Union
(30) and Turkey. A number also went to civil

Mooney Statesman users.

Morane-Saulnier Types BB and BH (France)
Mooney Turbo Mooney 231 (USA) The Turbc The BB of 1915 was a two-seat short-span biplane
Mooney (M-20K) first flew in 1976 and is gener-
powered by a 59.6 kW (80 hp) or 82 kW ( 10 hp) 1

ally similar to the Ranger except for having a

Le Rhone rotary engine with a circular cowling
156.5 kW (210 hp) Continental TSIO-360-GE
and large spinner. A Lewis gun was spigot-
turbocharged engine and increased wing span. mounted over the rear cockpit and a fixed
Maximum level speed is 338 km/h (210 mph). machine-gun fired forward from the top of the
Morane-Saulnier Type AC (France) Appearing upper wing. Most served with the French Army
autumn of 19i6, the Type AC was a single-
in the
although three
for artillery observation duties,
seat shoulder-wing scout with a circular cross- RFC squadrons were briefly equipped with the
section and a long headrest fairing.
fuselage
type. The BH was an experimental variant with a
Triangular and rudders were positioned
fins
Hispano-Suiza water-cooled engine.
above and below the fuselage. Armament com-
prised a single synchronised Vickers 0.303 in
machine-gun. Power was normally provided by a
closely cowled 82 kW (110 hp) Le Rh6ne 9J
rotary. Some 30 Type AGs were built, two going
to the RFC and the rest to French units.
Morane-Saulnier Type AI (France) Tested in
August 1917, the Type AI was produced in three
main versions: the MoS 27C and Mos 29C were
1 1

Morane-Saulnier fighting scouts usually powered by single 12 k\V 1

Type BB. (150 hp) Gnome Monosoupape 9N engines - the

former having a single Vickers synchronised Morane-Saulnier Types G and H (France) The
0.303 in machine-gun and the latter twin guns;
Type G was a two-seat mid-wing monoplane for
the MoS 30E1 was an unarmed lower-powered
civil and military use. Built in 1912, the GA var-
single-seat trainer.
iant had a 44.7 k\V (60 hp) Le Rhone rotary
The basic design was a parasol-wing mono- engine and the GB a 59.6 kW (80 hp) Gnome.
plane with complex strut-bracing providing con- Ninety-four were delivered to the French Army
siderable strength. The forward fuselage was of
during 1913-14. The Type H was a single-seat
metal construction and the rear of spruce, the equivalent, 76 going into French military service
whole tapering to a point at the rear behind the in 1913.
tailplane.
Morane-Saulnier Types L and LA (Fiance)
It is believed some 1,300 were built. The The two-seat Type L (popularly known as the
single-seat scouts served briefly with French
Morane Parasol) appeared in 1913 powered by a
59.6 kW (80 hp) rotary engine. The original L
had lateral control by wing warping, but the LA
was fitted with ailerons. Fifty aircraft built for
Turkey were requisitioned in August 1914 and
Morane-Saulnier Type AC equipped French escadrilles MS 23 and MS 26.
(military XXIII). Eventually some 600 went to the French Army.

838

Others were supplied to the RFC. RNAS and to
Russia. Sub-Lieut Warneford - flying from the
RNAS Station at Dunkerque in a Type L - des-
troyed German Army Zeppelin LZ37 over Bel-
gium on 6/7 June 1915 by flying overhead and
dropping small bombs onto the airship's
envelope, setting it on fire (see Chronology).
The original armament - earning the Type L
the optimistic French title 'Morane de Chasse'
was a rifle, carbine or Lewis gun carried by a crew
member. Even so several German aircraft fell to
Type Ls during the next few months. It was while
flying a Type L fitted with an experimental
machine-gun mounting that Roland Garros was
forced to land behind enemy lines on April 1915
(see Chronology).
Data: Engine as above Wing span 10.3 m (33 ft
9V2 in) Length 6.32 m (20 ft 9 in) Max 1-0 weight
680 kg ,499 lb) Max level speed
( 1 5 km/h (71.5 mph)
1 1
Morane-Saulnier Types N, I and V (France) A
single-seat shoulder-wing scout, the Type N was
designed in 9 4 and was known to the French as
1 1
the 'Monocoque' (a misnomer) and to the British
as 'Bullet'. Power was provided by a 59.6 kW
(80 hp) Le Rhone rotary engine. Twenty-four
were used by the RFC and a smaller number by
the French. Armament was a single light-calibre
fixed machine-gun. Four examples of the 82 kVV
(110 hp) Le Rhone-powered Type I variant were
also acquired by Britain, together with 12 Type V
scouts. A considerable number of Type Is and
Type Vs were also supplied to Russia.
Morane-Saulnier Type P France) A total of 565
(
Morane-Saulnier Type P two-seat parasol-wing
monoplanes was built from 1916. It had a care-
fully fairedround-section fuselage of entirely new
design and a large spinner for its 82 kVV (110 hp)
Le Rhone 9J rotary engine. Alternatively desig-
nated MoS 21, it was intended largely for recon-
naissance duties. Armament comprised a 7.7
forward-firing machine-gun fixed above the wing
and another on a ring mounting over the rear
cockpit. Most were used by the French from 1917,
although some were supplied to the RFC.
Morane-Saulnier Type T (France) The Type T
was a large unequal-span biplane powered by two
59.6 kVV (80 hp) Le Rhone rotary engines in
streamlined nacelles between the biplane wings.
Ailerons were fitted to the top wing only. One
hundred Type Ts were ordered by the French
Army in 1916 as three-seat reconnaissance air-
craft.
Morane-Saulnier MS. 35 (France)
War I designation of the Morane-Saulnier
(see entry).
Morane-Saulnier MS. 43 (France) Following
single MS. 42, 79 MS. 43 robust
unequal-span biplanes
intermediate training
were built for the French Aeronautique Militaire
flown between 1924 and 1929. Power was pro-
vided by the 134 kW (180 hp) Hispano 8Ab
liquid-cooled engine. One machine used by the
US Military Attache in Paris during 1929.
Morane-Saulnier MS. 129 and MS. 130
(France) The prototype MS. 130 trainer flew for
the first time in 1926 and represented a consider-
able advance over previous Morane parasol-wing
Morane-Saulnier
Morane-Saulnier Type N.
trainers. The swept-back wing was strut-braced
(instead of wire-braced) and was an 'autostable'
1
design with a thick section, both surfaces being
convex. Wing spars were of dural tube but the rest
of the basic structure was of wood. Wings, tail-
plane and circular-section fuselage were all
covered with fabric.
A total of 145 MS. 130s was built, most going to
the French Navy, although 26 were delivered to
civil operators and 15 were exported to Brazil.
The 171.4 kW (230 hp) Salmson Ab radial
replaced the 134 kW (180 hp) Hispano-Suiza of
the earlier MS. 29, 5 of which went to civil users.
1 1
Data (MS. 130): Engine as above Wing span 10.7 m
'9
(35 ft lViin) Length 6.94 m (22 ft 'A in) Max
T-0 weight 1,165 kg (2,568 1b) Max level speed
210 km/h (130.5 mph)
Morane-Saulnier MS. 138 (France) Developed
from the MS. 35 and first flown in 1927, the
MS. 138 was a basic trainer ( 178 built). Most flew
with the French Aeronautique Militaire, remain-
ing in use until 1935; others were exported to
Denmark and Greece. Thirty-three more were
civil It was a two-seat wire-braced
registered.
parasol-wing monoplane, largely of wooden con-
struction but with metal wing spars. All surfaces
were fabric covered. Power was provided by a
mm 59.6 kW (80 hp) Le Rhone 9c rotary engine.
Morane-Saulnier MS. 147 (France) Developed
from the MS. 138 with a redesigned wing and an
89.4 kW (120 hp) Salmson 9Ac radial engine.
One hundred and nine were built, mainly for
export - 30 alone going to Brazil.
Morane-Saulnier MS. 149 (France) The MS. 149
represented an interim stage between the MS. 38 1
and MS. 130. It had the wing of the MS. 130 but
retained the wire wing bracing of the earlier air-
craft. Power was provided by a 74.5 kW 100 hp)
(
Lorraine 5Pa radial engine. Fifty-six were sup-
plied to the French Navy, serving until 1935.
Post- World Morane-Saulnier MS. 225 (France) Developed
AR from the MS. 121 'Jockey' fighter and the
MS.221/MS. 224 prototypes, the MS. 225 was an
the all-metal parasol-wing monoplane. It was
two-seat
Morane-Saulnier MS.130.
839
Morane-Saulnier
Morane-Saulnier MS.317. powered by a 372.6 kW (500 hp) Gnome- Rhone
9Kbrs radial engine. Seventy-four were built dur-
ing 1932-34: three were exported to Ghina, 15
went to the French Aeronavale (Escadrille 3C1),
and the balance went to the Armee de l'Air, serv-
ing with GC 1/7 and GC 1/42 until 1937. Arma-
ment comprised twin 7.5 mm machine-guns.
Nine MS. 225s flew with the Dijon-based 'Pa-
trouille Aerobatique' and five more (with modi-
fied tailplanes) with the national display team
'Patrouille de l'Ecole de l'Air'. One-off variants
Morane-Saulnier included the MS. 226 modified for carrier experi-
MS.405C1. ments.
Data: Engine as above Wing span 10.56 m (34 ft
7% in) Length 7.24 m (23 ft 9 in) Max 7-0
1,581kg (3,485 1b) Max level speed
(204 mph) Range 950 km (590 miles)
Morane-Saulnier MS.225.
Morane-Saulnier MS. 229 (France) This was a
variant of the MS. 230 parasol-wing basic trainer.
It differed largely in having a 141.6 kW
Hispano-Suiza 8Ac liquid-cooled engine. Two
examples were bought by Switzerland in 1931,
one being converted the following year to take a
Wright 9Qa radial.
Morane-Saulnier MS. 230 (France) Designed to
meet a 1928 French Air Ministry Programme, the
prototype MS. 230 flew for the first time in Febru-
ary 1929. Because of its excellent flying and
aerobatic qualities, more than 1,000 were eventu-
ally built: used by the Armee de l'Air as an obser-
vation, gunnery and advanced pilot-training air-
target-towing. A number also
craft, as well as for
served with French naval aviation. All but 77
were built by the parent company, 59 of the
remainder constructed pre-war by SFAN and 18
post-war by Levasseur. Several MS. 230s were
also privately owned, while others were used by
commercial flying schools. In addition 20 were
exported to Romania, 25 to Greece, nine to Brazil
and nine to Belgium.
Variants of the MS. 230 included the MS. 233
with a Gnome-Rhone Titan engine (22 built in
France and 16 by OGMA
in Portugal); the
MS. 234 special aerobatic single-seater flown by
Michel Detroyat; and the MS. 236 (built under
licence by SABCA in Belgium with a Lynx
engine).
Data (MS. 230): Engine one 171.4 kW (230 hp)
Salmson 9Ab Wing span 10.7m (35 ft A in)
Length 6.7 m (22 ft 10 3/4 in) Max T-0 weight
1,150 kg (2,535 1b) Max level speed
(127.5 mph)
Morane-Saulnier MS. 3 15 (France) Lighter
than the MS. 230, the MS. 3 15 was a primary
trainer with a 100.6 kW (135 hp) Salmson 9Nc
840
weight
328 km/h
radial engine and a redesigned fin and rudder.
Four 1933 prototypes were followed by 346 pro-
duction aircraft for French military use, 33 being
completed after World War II. Production
included five civil MS.315/2s. A number of pre-
war aircraft were operated after the war for
target-towing, fitted with 164 kW (220 hp) Con-
tinental engines and redesignated MS.317.
Morane-Saulnier MS. 405 and MS. 406
(190 hp) (France) Entered for the Armee de l'Air single-
seat fighter Programme of 1934, the MS. 405 pro-
totype flew for the first time on 8 August 1935.
Good performance and excellent flying qualities
made it a natural successor to the D.500 series,
but complexity of construction led to its redesign
to suit it for mass production. By the time produc-
tion had started, all technical advantage had been
lost.
Fifteen MS. 405 Cls were built, largely for
design development. The first production MS. 406
CI flew on 29 January 1939 but was outmoded
compared with fighters already in service in Bri-
tain and Germany. Nevertheless 572 MS. 406 C s 1
had been delivered by the outbreak of World War
II. Deliveries had risen to 1,080 when France
collapsed in June 1940. The most important
French fighter during the Battle of France, it gave
a reasonable account of itself. Thirty were also
exported to Finland, 30 to Turkey and two to
Switzerland. Thirty-six aircraft captured by the
Germans were supplied to Croatia in 1942 and 20
others to Finland. Interestingly the latter were
powered by captured Soviet M-105 engines.
The MS. 406 CI was a cantilever low-wing
monoplane with a bulky fuselage. Construction
was of metal with 'Plymax' (plywood and
aluminium) covering, except for the rear fuselage,
tailplane and moving control surfaces which were
1
l
fabric covered. The landing-gear wheels retracted
inwards and an archaic tailskid was standard.
205 km/h Armament comprised one 20 mm HS-9 or
HS-404 cannon which fired through the hollow
propeller shaft of the 641 kW (860 hp) Hispano-
Suiza 12Y31 engine, augmente by two wing-
mounted 7.5 mm MAC 1934 machine-guns.
 Myasishchev

Data (MS. 406 CI): Engine as above Wing 'pun flew for the first time in 1951 and had an
10.61 m
(34 ft 9%
in) Length 8.17 m (26 ft 9%
in) outward-retracting undercarriage. Two hundred
Max T-0 weight 2,540 kg (5,600 lb) Max level ipeed production aircraft went to the Armee de l'Air
488 km/h (303 mph) Range 800 km (497 miles) (130), Aeronavale (40) and for export (including
Morane-Saulnier MS. 470 'Vanneau' (Fiance) 15 to Cambodia). Some French machines (carry-
The MS. 470. 01 intermediate trainer prototype ing a light machine-gun) were used as gunnery
flew for the first time in December 1944. An all- trainers. In 1956 some were redesignated
metal cantilever low-wing monoplane, the MS.733A and were operated on counter-
MS. 470 housed the crew in tandem under a insurgency duties in Algeria, armed with
glazed canopy. It had an inward-retracting land- machine-guns and anti-personnel bombs.
ing gear, the wheels of which turned through 90 Data: Engine one 171.4 kW (230 hp) Potez 6D
to lie partially exposed under the fuselage in case Wing span 1.28 m (37 ft in) Length 9.32 m (30 ft
1

of a wheels-up landing. Five hundred production 7 in) Max T-0 weight ,670 kg (3,682 lb) Max level
1

aircraft were built: 230 MS. 472s (477 kW; 640 hp speed 260 km/h (161.5 mph)
Gnome-Rhone 14M radial); 70 MS. 474s (naval-
ised version of MS. 472); and 200 MS.475s
Morane-Saulnier MS.760
Paris.
(641 kW; 860 hp liquid-cooled Hispano-Suiza
12Y45). The MS. 477 and MS. 479 were experi-
mental variants with 432.2 kW (580 hp)
Renault 12S02 and 61 kW (820 hp) SNECMA
1

14X-04 engines respectively.

Morane-Saulnier MS. 500 Criquet (France)
During World War II the Morane-Saulnier fac-
tory was a major producer of the Fieseler Fi. 56 1

liaison aircraft. Post-war production continued as

the MS. 560 Criquet with the original Argus As
4 10C engine fitted. Two other versions of the
Criquet were the MS. 501 (Renault 6Q engine) Morane-Saulnier MS. 760 Paris (France)
and the MS. 502 (Salmson 9Abc), the latter being Developed from the experimental MS. 755 Fleuret
produced in quantity. The Criquet saw consider- two-seat jet fighter trainer of 1953, the prototype
able service with the Armee de l'Air and MS. 760 flew for the first time on 29 July 1954.
Aeronavale. Designed primarily as a four-seat high-speed
communications aircraft, it was also easily adapt-
Morane-Saulnier MS. 500
able for training and other duties. A total of 219
Criquet.
production aircraft was built: the Armee de l'Air
receiving 31, Aeronavale 19, Argentina 88 (76
built under licence) and Brazil 48.
Data: Engines two 3.91 kN (880 lb st) Turbomeca
Marbore II turbojets Wing span 10.15 m (33 ft

3 in) Length 10.05 m (33 ft in) Max T-0 weight

3,375 kg (7,440 1b) Max level speed 650 km/h
(404 mph) Range 1,500 km (932 miles) Armament
in weapon-training role could comprise two
7.5 mm machine-guns and two 50 kg bombs or
four 3.5 in rockets
Myasishchev M-4 (USSR) Known to NATO as Morane-Saulnier

Bison, the M-4 is a long-range reconnaissance

MS.733A Alcyon.
bomber operated by the Soviet Air Force and
Navy. The prototype first flew in about 1954 and
three versions are currently operational. The
Bison-A is a long-range reconnaissance bomber
with internal bomb bays for free-fall nuclear or
conventional weapons. Up to 50 have been modi-
fied into flight-refuelling tankers. Bison-B is the
maritime-reconnaissance version, with a solid
Morane-Saulnier MS. 570 and MS. 571 nose replacing the glazed nose of the A and fitted
Myasishchev M-4
(France) The MS. 571 was a three-four-seat ver- with a large superimposed flight-refuelling probe.
Bison- C.
sion of the MS. 570 two-seat touring and training
monoplane, powered by the same 104.3 kW
(140 hp) Renault 4Pei engine.
Morane-Saulnier MS.733 Alcyon (France) The
MS. 730 and MS. 732 prototypes flew in 1949 and
1951 respectively. Three-seat all-metal low-wing
monoplanes with long glazed crew canopies, they
were intended for basic training. The landing gear
of the MS. 730 was fixed, while that of the MS. 732
retracted rearwards. The MS. 733.01 prototype
841
Myasishchev

Siemens Sh. 14A-powered single-seat advanced-

training and acrobatic biplane, while the M-24
was another two-seat cabin monoplane powered
by a 74.5 kW (100 hp) Hirth HM.504 engine and
with a retractable landing gear.
Mudry CAP 10B, CAP 20L and CAP 21
(France) The CAP 10 was originally developed by
CAARP and the prototype first flew in August
1968. The current CAP 10B is a two-seat light
monoplane intended for training, touring and
aerobatics. Power is provided by a 134 k\V
Myasishchev M-52 (180 hp) Lycoming IO-360-B2F engine. Ninety
It also has underfuselage blister fairings over elec-
Bounder.
tronic equipment and armament is reduced by the
CAP 10s had been built by May 1979, including
30 for the French Air Force (more have since been
removal of the aft gun turrets above and below the
ordered, plus 6 for the French Navy).
fuselage. Bison-C is similar to B except for having a
The CAP 20L first flew in 1976 and is a light-
large search radar faired into a longer nose, aft of
weight development of the CAP 20. It is a single-
the centrally mounted flight-refuelling probe.
seat aerobatic light monoplane powered by a
Data (Bison-A): Engines four 85.3 kN
(19,180 lb st) Mikulin AM-3D turbojets Wing
149 kW (200 hp) Lycoming AIO-360-B1B
engine.
span 50.48 m (165 ft 7Vi in) Length 47.2
(154 m ft
The CAP 21 is a new single-seat aerobatic
10 in) Max 1-0 158,750 kg (350,000 1b)
weight
competition aircraft, first displayed at the 1979
Max level speed 901 km/h (560 mph) Unrefuelled
Paris Air Show. Power is provided by an
rang,: (with 4,535 kg; 10,000 lb of bombs)
AIO-360-B1B engine.
11,265 km (7,000 miles) Armament ten 23 mm Muniz M-7 and M-9 (Brazil) Two-seat light
guns intwin-gun turrets above fuselage, fore and
primary training biplane (M-7) and two-seat
aft of wings, under fuselage, fore and aft of weapon
advanced training biplane (M-9) of the 1930s,
bays, and in tail. Three weapon bays in centre
powered by a 97 kW 30 hp) de Havilland Gipsy
( 1
fuselage for free-fall nuclear or conventional
Major and a 149 kW (200 hp) Gipsy Six engine
weapons
respectively.
Myasishchev M-52 (USSR) Prototype super-
sonic strategic bomber
of about 1958, known to
Muniz M-'ll (Brazil) see CNNA
Muniz Casmuniz 52 (Brazil) The Casmuniz 52
NATO as Bounder. Powered by four 127.5 kN
was a twin-engined 138 kW; 185 hp Continental
(
(28,660 lb st) D-15 turbojets, the inner two hav-
E- 185) five-seat cabin monoplane, the first all-
ing afterburning. Estimated maximum level
metal twin-engined aircraft to be built in Brazil.
speed 2,000 km/h (1,243 mph). Proved to have a
limited range and so was adapted for experimen-
The prototype underwent flight tests to obtain
certification in 1955.
tal work.
Nakajima Navy A1N (Japan) Licence-built
Muegyetemi Sportrepulo Egyesulet Gerle 12
Gloster Gambet single-seat fighter powered by a
and 13, and M-19, M-21 and M-24 (Hungary)
Bristol Jupiter VI radial engine. It entered service
The Gerle 12 was a two-seat training or sporting
with the Japanese Navy as the Type 3 Carrier
biplane powered by a 97 kW (130 hp) Weiss
Fighter.
Manfred Sp.III engine. The Gerle 13 was another
Nakajima A2N1. sporting aircraft, this time powered by an Arm-
strong Siddeley Genet Major engine. One Gerle
13 made two important flights in 1933: the first
from Budapest through Italy, France, Spain,
North Africa, Egypt, Palestine, Turkey, Greece,
Italy and back to Budapest; and the other from
Budapest through Northern Europe to England
and back to Budapest.
The M-19, also of the 1930s, was a light cabin
monoplane powered by a 97 kW (130 hp) Gipsy
Major engine. The M-21 was a 19 kW (160 hp) 1

Mudry CAP 20L. Nakajima Navy A2N (Japan) The stylish and
robust NY prototype single-seat carrier-borne
fighter biplane was flight tested in early 1930. It
featured elliptical wingtips and a divided wide-
track and spatted landing gear. Ailerons were
fitted to both upper and lower wings and power
was provided by a 372.6 k\V (500 hp) Nakajima
Kotobuki radial engine enclosed by a Townend
ring cowl.
The NY went into production as the Navy Type
90 Carrier Fighter or A2N. The first two produc-
tion versions, the A2N and A2N2, had no upper
1

wins; dihedral, but the A2N3 introduced dihedral

to both wings. Armament comprised two

842
 forward-firing
7.7 mmVickers machine-guns.
A2Ns were operated over Shanghai with the
resumption of hostilities between Japan and
China in July 1937, flying from the carrier Kaga.
Production of the A2N types totalled 106
single-seaters and 66 similar A3N1 two-seat
trainers. Maximum level speed of the A2N1 was
325 km/h (202 mph).
Nakajima Navy A4N1 (Japan) Developed as a
stop-gap type prior to the introduction of low- Nakajima B6N1 Tenzan.
submarine aircraft. The Allied code name for the
wing monoplane single-seat fighters, thejapanese B5N was Kate.
Navy's A4N1 owed a great deal to its 1930 pre- Data (B5N2): Engine as above Wing span 15.5 m
decessor, the A2N. Power was provided by a (50 ft IOV2 in) Length 10.3 m (33 ft 9'/2 in) Max
574 k\V (770 hp) Nakajima Hikari radial engine T-0 weight t, 1 00 kg (9,03') lb) Max level speed
in a long-chord cowling and the aircraft could 380 km/h (236 mph) Range 980 km (609 miles)
carry a jettisonable underwing auxiliary fuel tank Armament two forward-firing 7.7 and one or mm
for extended range. A tailwheel replaced the two rear-mounted 7.7 mm
machine-guns, plus
A2N's tailskid. In general, however, it rep- 500 kg of bombs or an 800 kg torpedo
resented only a minimal advance over the earlier Nakajima Navy B6N Tenzan (Japan) Designed
type. Entering service in 1935 as the Type 95 as a replacement for the B5N, the B6N Tenzan
Carrier Fighter, the A4N1 (company designation (Heavenly Mountain) entered service in 1944 as
YM) was popular with the Navy's traditionalists the Carrier Attack Plane. The original production
who preferred the biplane for its manoeuvrability. version was the B6N powered by a 1,393.5 kW
1

Two hundred and twenty-one were built, remain- (1,870 hp) Nakajima Mamoru II (Protector)
ing in first-line service until 1939. Maximum 14-cylinder radial engine. Problems with this
speed was 352 km/h (218.5 mph) engine led to the introduction of the major
Nakajima AT (Japan) The AT was an all-metal version, the B6N2 with a Mitsubishi Kasei 25
ten-seat commercial monoplane, specially 14-cylinder engine developing 1,147.6 kW
designed for operation on Japanese air routes. By (1,540 hp) at 5,500 m 18,050 ft). Production of
(

mid- 1941 three were in regular use in Manchukuo both versions totalled nearly 1,270 aircraft.
and five others were under construction for the Code-named Jill by the Allies, the B6N also
TokyoHsinking and Tokyo-Tienstin services. performed reconnaissance duties and, like so
Power was provided by two 343 k\V (460 hp) many other types, ended its career in Kamikaze
Nakajima Kotobuki 1 1 B radial engines. attacks.
When Japan became involved in World War II Data (B6N2 torpedo bomber): Engine as above
the aircraft was taken over as a military type, Wing span 14.9m (48 ft 10 in) Lenlh 10.85 m
designated Ki-34 or Type 97 Transport. It was (35 ft 7V2 in) Max T-0 weight 5,210-5,650 kg
code-named Thora by the Allies. Later production (11,486-12,455 16) Max level speed 480 km/h
aircraft had 484.4 kW (650 hp) Ha- IB engines. (298 mph) Range more than 1,450 km (900 miles)
Approximately 350 of all versions were built. or 3,680 km (2,287 miles) in a reconnaissance role
Armament one forward-firing 7.7 machine- mm Nakajima B5N1.
gun in the wing and one 7.7 mm
gun in the rear
cockpit. A ventral floor hatch position was also
provided. One 800 kg torpedo or six 100 kg
bombs
Nakajima Navy C6N Saiun (Japan) The Saiun
(Painted Cloud) entered service in 1944 as the
C6N1 or Carrier Reconnaissance Plane Model 12,
powered by a 1,490.4 kW (2,000 hp) Nakajima
Homare 21 18-cylinder radial engine. It was
Nakajima Navy B5N
(Japan) The prototype of code-named Myrl by the Allies. Performance was
this cantilever low-wing monoplane torpedo excellent and so defensive armament was
bomber flew for the first time in early 1937, pow- restricted to one rear-mounted 7.9 mm machine-
ered by a 574 kW (770 hp) Nakajima Hikari 3 gun. The cameras were mounted in the middle
nine-cylinder radial engine. With a maximum cockpit. It was also used as a torpedo-carrier, the
speed of 360 km/h (224 mph), it was a first-class
aircraft and was ordered into production as the Nakajima C6N1 Saiun.
B5N1, entering service as the Type 97 Torpedo
Bomber.
With the introduction of the improved 760 kW
(1,020 hp) Nakajima Sakae -powered B5N2 or
1
1

Type 97 Model 3 in 1940, some B5Nls were rele-

gated to training duties, although a sufficient
number remained operational in December 1941
to take a major part in the Pearl Harbor attack.
Production of the B5N totalled about 1,200 air-
,

craft. A number were later employed as anti-

843
Nakajima

Nakajima Navy J1N1-C torpedo being attached beneath the fuselage and
Gekko. offset to starboard. For this role a crew of two
instead of three was accommodated. A third and
unexpected performed by the Saiun was that
role
of night fighter (C6N1-S), armed with two
Nakajima Army G5N1 Shinzan (Japan) This
forward-firing 20 mm
cannon and used to inter-
Japan's first operational four-engined
aircraft,
cept USAAF B-29 Superfortress bombers. About
bomber, was originally designed by Mitsubishi as
460 C6NIs were built.
theG5Ml but was not successful. It was modified
Data: Engine as above Wing span 2.5 m (4 ft in) 1 1
by Nakajima and put into production as the
Length 1. m (36 ft 6 in) Max T-0 weight 5,260 kg
1 1
G5N1 or Type 2 Land Attack Plane Model l.but 1

( 1,597 lb) Max level speed 624 km/h (387 mph)

1

only a handful were built and these became trans-

Range 4,640 km (2,883 miles)
Nakajima Navy E2N1 (Japan) A
V-strut sesquiplane, this two-seater went into
Japanese Navy service in 1927 as the Type 15
Reconnaissance Seaplane. Power was provided
by a 223.6 kVV (300 hp) Hispano-Suiza engine.
Production totalled 77 aircraft.
Nakajima Navy E4N2 (Japan) The E4N2 (or
NJ as it was designated by the Nakajima com-
pany) closely resembled the US Navy's Vought
Corsair biplane. It was a two-seat biplane with a
single main float and twin wingtip floats. A total
of 52 was built, and the type went into service in
1
1930 as the Type 90-2 Reconnaissance Seaplane.
A landplane version was known as the E4N2-C.
Power was provided by a single 335.3 k\V
(450 hp) Nakajima Kotobuki radial engine.
Nakajima Navy E8N1
Nakajima Army G8N1
Renzan.
Nakajima Navy E8N1 (Japan) An outstanding
design by Kishiro Matsuo, the Nakajima MS bi-
plane won a Navy design competition in 1933 for a
two-seat reconnaissance catapult seaplane. It had
sweptback wings with rounded tips, a delicately
tapered tailplane and a large single main float and
two wingtip floats. Power was provided by a
432.2 kVV (580 hp) Kotobuki engine.
As the Navy Type 95 Reconnaissance Sea-
plane the ESN entered service in 1935, 755 even-
1
ports. The Shinzan (Mountain Recess) was
twin-float
known to the Allies as Liz.
Nakajima Army G8N1 Renzan (Japan) Pro-
totype four-engined bomber code-named Rita by
the Allies.
Nakajima Navy JIN Gekko (Japan) This
twin-engined two-seat monoplane was originally
developed as a reconnaissance aircraft and
became operational in this role in 1943 as the
Type 2 Land Reconnaissance Plane or J1N1-C.
In mid- 1943 it was modified as a night fighter
and, after a number of converted aircraft were
deployed, deliveries began of a purpose-built
night fighter as the J1N1-S Gekko, armed with
four 20 mm
Type 99 cannon. Four hundred and
seventy J IN production aircraft were built. The
1
Allied code name for the type was Irving.
Data: Engines two 760 kW (1,020 hp) Nakajima
Sakae 21 radials Wing span 17 m (55 ft 8V2 in)
Length 12.2 m (39 ft 1 IV2 in) Max T-0 weight more
than 7,250 kg (15,983 lb) Max level speed 533 km/h
(331 mph) Range more than 2,175 km (1,351
miles) Armament (reconnaissance type) one
20 mm cannon and two 7.7 mm
machine-guns in
nose fired by the pilot, and two tandem dorsal
turret mountings, each fitted with two 7.7 mm
guns and remotely controlled by the radio
operator. Provision for one 7.7 tunnel gun mm
beneath the radio operator's compartment
Nakajima Army Ki-4 (Japan) Tested in 1934,
the Ki-4 unequal-span biplane went into Army
service in 1935 as the Type 94 Direct Co-
operation Aircraft. A wide-track landing gear
guaranteed operational efficiency from unpre-
pared strips. Power was provided by a 447 k\V
(600 hp) Nakajima Ha-8 Hikari radial engine,
giving a maximum speed of 300 km/h
(186.5 mph). Armament comprised four 7.7 mm
machine-guns and up to 50 kg (1 10 lb) of light
bombs. As an army co-operation type it was used
widely in China between 1935 and 1940, but was
thereafter relegated to supply and liaison duties.
Production totalled 51(3 aircraft.

tually being built. It was widely operated from

uisers and battleships, .is well as from seaplane
( i

tenders and shore bases. It was still operational in

December l'(4 I when ii was code-named
Dave by the Allies. Maximum level speed was
Nakajima Army Ki-4. 300 km/h (186.5 mph).

844
 Nakajima

Nakajima Army Ki-27 (Japan) Known to the Nakajima Army Ki-44

Allies as Nate, the Ki-27 was the first fighter to Shoki.
enter service with the Japanese Army Air Force
with a cantilever low wing, and the first with a fully
enclosed cockpit. First flown in prototype form on
15 October 1936, the Ki-27 was rushed immedi-
ately into production and entered service the fol-
lowing year as the Army Type 97 Fighter. It took
part in the fighting in Manchuria in 1938 and
remained one of the main single-seat fighters of
the early Pacific War years. Nearly 3,400 were
built, each powered by the 529 kW (710 hp)
Nakajima Ha- lb radial engine.
Data: Engine as above Wing '.pan 11.3m (37 ft in) 1

Length 7.53 m (24ft 8V2 in) Max T-0 weight

1,790 kg (3,946.3 1b) Max level speed 460 km/h
(286 mph) Normal range 545 km (339 miles)
Armament two forward-firing 7.7 machine- mm
guns, plus two 100 kg bombs
Nakajima Ki-34 (Japan) See Nakajima AT Nakajima Army Ki-49-ll
the Army Type 2 Fighter it entered service in
Donryu.
[Thora). 1942, initially getting a cool reaction from pilots,
who disliked its heavy handling qualities. How-
ever this was compensated by excellent speed and
rate of climb, attributes which enabled it to make
a major contribution as a home-defence fighter
during the late stages of the war.
Data (Ki-44-IIb): Engine one 1,080.5 kW
(1,450 hp) Nakajima Ha- 109 Type 2 radial Wing
span 9.45 m (31 ft in) Length 8.8 m (28 ft 10 in)
Max T-0 weight 2,770 kg (6,106.5 Max level
1b)
Nakajima Army Ki-43-ll
speed 605-615 km/h (376-383 mph) Range
Hayabusa.
1,300 km (808 miles) Armament four 12.7 mm
Nakajima Army Ki-43 Hayabusa (Japan) machine-guns
Designed as a replacement for the Ki-27, the Nakajima Army Ki-49 Donryu (Japan) Don-
Ki-43 appeared in prototype form in 1939. As the ryu (Dragon Swallower) was a twin-engined
Army Type 1 Fighter, it entered service in 1941 heavy bomber which entered service in early 1942
with a 708 kVV (950 hp) Nakajima Ha-25 radial as the Army Type 100. Power for most of the 800
engine fitted, giving a maximum speed just production aircraft built was provided by two
35 km/h (22 mph) faster than the earlier fighter. 1,080.5 kW (1,450 hp) Nakajima Ha- 109 Type 2
In 1942 production was supplemented by the radial engines. Armament comprised one 20 mm
Ki-43-II series, powered by the 857 kVV cannon in a dorsal turret, two 7.9 mm or 12.7 mm
(1,150 hp) Nakajima Ha-115 radial engine, the machine-guns in the nose and tail turrets, and
Ki-43-IIb variant featuring a reduced wing span. three 7.9 mm machine-guns in two waist posi-
The final production model was the further tions and one aft-firing ventral position, plus
improved Ki-43-IIIa, only a small number of 1,000 kg (2,205 lb) of bombs. The Allied code
which had been built by the end of the war. Pro- name for the bomber was Helen. A number were
duction totalled about 5,900 aircraft, nearly half later employed on suicide missions.
builtby Tachikawa. The Allied code name for the Data (Ki-43-II): Engines as above Wing span
Ki-43 was Oscar. 20.3 m (66 ft 7 in) Length 16.2 m (53 ft i Vi in)
Data (Ki-43-IIb): Engine as above Wing span Max T-0 weight 10,680 kg (23,545 1b) Max level
10.86 m (35 ft 7 in) Length 8.9 m
(29 ft 3 in) Max speed 490 km/h (304.5 mph) Range 2,400 km
T-0 weight 2,640 kg (5,820 lb) Max level speed (1,491 miles)
533 km/h (331 mph) Range 1,600-1,760 km Nakajima Army Ki-84 Hayate (Japan) The
(9941,094 miles), which could be increased by first prototype Ki-84 single-seat fighter flew in
March 1943 and was Captured Nakajima
use of jettisonable underwing fuel tanks Armament eventuallv followed by a
Ki-84-1a Hayate.
two 12.7 mm machine-guns, plus two 250 kg
bombs
Nakajima Army Ki-44 Shoki (Japan) Known
as Tqjoby the Allies and as Shoki (Formidable) by
the Japanese, the Ki-44 was very like a small
version of the P-47 Thunderbolt, although the
prototypes appeared well before the Ameri-
first

can type in the summer of 1940. Similarity of

design was due entirely to the use of a large radial
engine, chosen mainly because it was less vulner-
able in combat than the cleaner-looking liquid-
cooled in-line engine that required a radiator. As

845
Nakajima

Nakajima Army Ki.43-1 18 Spinner 35 Fireproof (No 1 54 Oxygen cylinders

Hayabusa 19 Starter dog bulkhead 55 Rudder cable pulleys
1 Starboard navigation 20 Supercharger air intake 36 Ammunition magazine 56 Transceiver
light 21 Intake fairing (500 rpg) 57 Type 96 Hi-3 radio
2 Wing tip 22 Nakajima Ha-25 (Type 37 Cartridge ejection chute 58 Receiver unit
3 Starboard 99) 14-cylinder two-row 38 Gun breech fairing 59 Transmitter unit
fabric-covered aileron radial engine 39 Telescopic gunsight 60 Anti-vibration mounting
4 Aileron actuating linkage 23 Cowling gills 40 One-piece curved slings
5 Aileron control rod 24 Exhaust collector ring windscreen 61 Fuselage construction
6 Control rod connecting 25 Exhaust outlet 41 Radio aerial break
fittings 26 Engine lower bearers 42 Aft-sliding cockpit 62 Inspection/access panel
7 Aileron tab 27 Oil regulator valve canopy 63 Fuselage stringers
8 Flap outer cable drum 28 Oil pressure tank 43 Turnover structure 64 Fuselage structure
9 Flap travel 29 Engine accessories 44 Seat back 65 Frame
10 Flap control cables 30 Engine upper bearers 45 Seat adjustment rails 66 Fuselage upper
11 Radio mast 31 Cowling gill controls 46 Seat pan longeron
12 Light-alloy wing skinning 32 Two 0.303 in (7.7 mm) 47 Throttle quadrant 67 Elevator control cables
13 Starboard undercarriage Type 89 machine-guns 48 Instrument panel 68 Fuselage skinning
fairing 33 Gun gas outlet 49 Control column 69 Tailwheel shock strut
14 Gun-port fairings 34 Cartridge link ejection 50 Rudder pedals 70 Tail unit attachment
15 Nose ring chute 51 Underfloor control 71 Fin root fairing
16 Annular radiator/cooler linkage 72 Starboard tailplane
17 Two-blade two-pitch 52 Seat support frame 73 Elevator balance
metal propeller 53 Control cable and rod
bearings

846
 Nakajima

108 Flap pulley fairing

74 Starboard elevator 109 Fowler-type butterfly'
75 Fin leading edge combat flap
76 Fin structure 110 Flap outboard travel
77 Rear navigation light 1 1 Aileron trim tab
78 Aerial attachment 112 Aileron inner hinge
79 Rudder upper hinge 113 Aileron centre
80 Rudder post hinge/control rod
81 Rudder frame attachment
82 Rudder trim tab 114 Port aileron
83 Rudder middle hinge 115 Aileron outer hinge
84 Elevator control lever 116 Port wing tip
85 Elevator trim tab 117 Port navigation light
86 Elevator frame 118 Wing skinning
87 Elevator balance 119 Pitot head
88 Tailplane structure 120 Leading-edge ribs
89 Rudder control lever 121 Front spar
90 Non-retractable 122 Landing light
tailwheel 123 Mainwheel leg fairing
91 Cantilever tailwheel leg 124 Torque links
92 Tailwheel leg/bulkhead 125 Port mainwheel
attachment 126 Axle fork
93 Rudder cables 127 Mainwheel oleo
94 Fuselage skinning 128 Mainwheel leg pivot
95 Wing-root fairing 129 Gear support bearer
96 Flap inboard profiles 130 Gear actuating cylinder
97 Flap actuating cylinder 131 Emergency actuation
98 Rear spar/fuselage cables
attachment 132 Leading-edge rib
99 Main spar/fuselage cut-outs
attachment 133 Mainwheel well
100 Front spar/fuselage 134 Underwing drop-tank
attachment pylon (mounted aft and
101 Port main fuel tank just inboard of the main
(29.5 Imp gal/132 litres undercarriage
capacity) attachment point)
102 Port overload fuel tank 135 Tank suspension lugs
(33 Imp gal/150 litres 136 Air vent
capacity) 137 Fuel pipe connection
103 Fuel filler caps 138 Tank fin
104 Main spar 139 Sway brace attachment
105 Rear spar points
106 Aileron control rod 140 Jettisonable 44 Imp gal
107 Flap inboard travel (200 litres) tank

847
Nakajima
Nakajima Army KM 15 huge number of pre-production aircraft to speed
Tsurugi. up development, testing and evaluation. Produc-
tion proper began in the spring of 944. By the end
1
of the war no less than 3,380 full-production
Ki-84s or Type 4 Fighters had been built. The
Hayate (known to the Allies as Frank) was a most
formidable fighter, able also to carry two 250 kg
bombs or a larger number of small bombs for
ground-attack missions. Early armament of two
NAMC YS-11 geological
12.7mm machine-guns in the fuselage and two
survey aircraft.
20 mm cannon in the wings was increased to four
20 mm cannon, and later to two 30 mm and
still
two 20 mm cannon.
Data (Ki-84-I): Engine one 1,416 kW (1,900 hp)
Nakajima Ha-45 radial Wing span 11.3 m (36 ft
10V4 in) Length 9.92 m (32 ft 6V2 in) Max T-0
weight more than 3,600 kg (7,937 1b) Max level
speed 625 km/h (388 mph) Range 1,700 km
(1,056 miles)
Nakajima Army Ki-115 Tsurugi (Japan)
Purpose-built suicide aircraft looking like a
short-span fighter. None were used operationally.
Nakajima-built
Nakajima Akatsuki (Japan) Twin-engined six-
Breguet 36.
seat commercial monoplane of the latter 1930s,
used by the Manchuria Aviation Company.
Nakajima commercial types (Japan) In addi-
tion to the commercial types already covered,
Nakajima produced a number of original and
licence-built aircraft between the two world wars,
including the P- 1 single-seat high-performance
mail-carrying biplane, the Douglas DC-2, the
Breguet Br 36 and the Fokker Universal.
Nakajima Army Type 91 (Japan) Developed
from the 1927 NC single-seat fighter prototype,
the Type 9 was a parasol-wing monoplane which
1 (JMSDF); YS-11A-218 passenger transport
was evolved through six consecutive development
Nakajima Army Type 91.
848
aircraft. Much modified and greatly streng-
thened, the Type 91 had rounded wingtips, an
elliptical horizontal tailplane of advanced design
and a wide-track divided landing gear. Its
335.3 k\V (450 hp) Nakajima-Bristol Jupiter
engine was enclosed in a Townend ring cowl.
Intended primarily as an air-superiority fighter,
the Type 91 had an outstanding rate of climb and
reached a maximum speed of 300 km/h
(186.5 mph). Production terminated in 1934 with
the 450th machine. Type 91s fought in Man-
churia until the province was conquered in 1933,
by which time it was the principal Army fighter.
Armament comprised two Vickers 7.7 mm
machine-guns.
Data: Engine as above Wing span 11.0m (36 ft
lVsin) Length 7.0 m (22 ft V2 1 1 in) Max T-0
Max level speed 300 km/h
weight 1,500' kg (3,307 lb)
(186.5 mph) Range 600 km (373 miles)
NAMC YS-1 1 (Japan) The first prototype of this
twin-turboprop short/medium-range transport
aircraft flew for the first time on 30 August 1962,
and the first production aircraft flew on 23
October 1964. Deliveries to airline operators
began in March 1965. By May 1967 35 had been
delivered against orders for 76 aircraft placed by
seven airlines and three other operators, which
included seven for the Japan Self-Defence Force.
Four major versions were produced: the
YS-1 1-100 basic transport, accommodating 60
passengers; YS-1 A-200 passenger version of the
1
YS-11 A, with increased payload (1,350 kg;
2,970 1b); YS-11A-300 mixed traffic version,
accommodating 46 passengers and with 15.3 m 3
(540 cu ft) of cargo space; and the YS-1 1A-400
all-cargo version, with 81 3
m(2,860 cu ft) of
space, reinforced floor and a large cargo door.
The JASDF and JMSDF currently operate sev-
eral versions of the aircraft as the YS-1 1-103/105
VIP transports (JASDF); YS-1 1-1 12 cargo
transport (JMSDF); YS-11A-206 radar-
equipped anti-submarine training aircraft
(JASDF); YS-11A-305 mixed passenger/cargo
transport (JASDF); YS-1 1A-400 all-cargo trans-
port (JMSDF); YS-11A-402 all-cargo transport
(JASDF); and YS-1 IE electronic-warfare train-
(JASDF).
ing version
Data (YS-l'l A-200): Engines two 2,280 kVV
( 3,060 ehp) Rolls-Royce Dart RDa.10/1 Mk
542-10K turboprops Wing span 32.0 m (104 ft
11% in) Length 26.3 m
(86 ft SV2 in) Max T-0
weight 24,500 kg (54,010 1b) Max cruising speed
469 km/h (291 mph) Range (with bag tanks)
3,215 km (2.000 miles)
 Navion

lant tank lor lift-off. Nardi F.N.315.

Orbiter's main tasks arc to place satellites into
orbit, retrieve satellites from orbit, and repair and
service satellites in orbit. It could also be used for
short-duration scientific and applications mis-
sions; forspace rescue; as a tanker for space
refuelling; as an orbiting research laboratory or
reconnaissance vehicle; and tor support of orbit-
Nardi F.N. 305 (Italy) Fast two-seat light mono- ing space stations. The first orbital mission is
plane 1935 with a retractable landing gear,
of scheduled to be flown by the second Orbiter (Col-
powered by a 134 k\V 180 hp) Fiat A. 70 radial
(
umbia) in the first half of 1981. The first Orbiter is
engine. Produced for flying training, pursuit named Enterprise (see Chronology).
training and aerobatics. A number were delivered Naval Aircraft Factory
to the Italian Air Force.
N3N-3.
Nardi F.N. 3 10 (Italy) Four-seat cabin version of
the F.N. 305, able to be equipped also as an air
ambulance for one stretcher and an attendant.
Nardi F.N.315 (Italy) A 1938 development of the
F.N. 305 powered by a 194 kW
(260 hp) Hirth
HM.508C engine. Could be equipped as a two-
seat touring or advanced training aircraft or as a
single-seat aerobatic or fighter trainer. Flown by
the Italian Air Force and exported to several Naval Aircraft Factory N3N (USA) Tandem
countries. two-seat primary training biplane powered by a
Nardi F.N.333 (Italy) First post-war product, 175 kW (235 hp) Wright R-760-2 engine. Oper-
originally built as a three-seat twin-boom light ated by the US Navy on wheeled and float landing
amphibian. First flown on 4 December 1952 pow- gears from 1936 until 1960.
ered by a 108 kW (145 hp) Continental engine
Naval Aircraft Factory PN
series (USA)
mounted as a pusher in the wing trailing edge. A Developments of the F-5L (or PN-5 as it became)
four-seat production-standard aircraft was pro- biplane flying-boat, powered by two 391 kW
duced in 1956, powered by a 179 kW (240 hp) (525 hp) Wright R-1750D radial engines in the
Continental O-470-H engine. Production aircraft PN-12 variant of 1928.
proper were produced by SIAI-Marchetti from Naval Aircraft Factory PT-1 and PT-2 (USA)
1962 as the Riviera (as the North Star for the US Twin-float patrol and torpedo-carrying biplanes
market) powered by an IO-470-P engine. of 1922. Thirty-three PT-ls and PT-2s were
completed for the US Navy from components of
earlier Curtiss aircraft. NASA Space Shuttle
Enterprise.
Naval Aircraft Factory TG
series (USA)
Armament training biplane of 1922 produced for
the US Navy. The landing gear comprised one
large central float and two stabilising floats under
the lower wings.
Naval Aircraft Factory TS-1 (USA) Biplane
fighter of 1922 which was delivered to the US
Navy as initial equipment of the new aircraft car-
rier USS Langley and for operation as a twin-float
fighter from other types of warship. Power was
provided by a 149 kW (200 hp) Wright J-4 radial
engine and armament comprised one forward-
firing 0.30 in Browning machine-gun. Maximum
level speed was 198km/h (123 mph). A few
examples of several refined versions were subse-
quently produced.
Navion Rangemaster G and H (USA) Five-seat
light monoplanes of 1974 and 1976 respectively,
the latter powered by a 212.5 kW (285 hp) Conti-
nental IO-520 engine. Navion Rangemaster.
NASA Space Shuttle (USA) The Space Shuttle
is the re-usable space vehicle, consisting basi-
first
and an Orbiter. The
cally of two stages: a booster Vfe^SbjL
Orbiter has a delta wing and looks very like a
conventional aeroplane, but powered by rocket
engines. The liquid propellants for these engines Hflkta !^^^^ ~* rm i^A ~

are carried in a large external jettisonable tank

which will be attached to the Orbiter at lift-off.
Two large solid-propellant jettisonable boosters
will be mounted on opposite sides of the propel-

849
 NDN

NDN 1 Firecracker. Neukom S-4A Elfe 15 (Switzerland) Single-seat

Standard Class sailplane.
Nieuport Type VIM monoplane (France) One
NDN Firecracker (UK) Two-seat civil and
1
of the first true military aircraft, the Type VIM
monoplane was a 37.25 k\V (50 hp) or 59.6 k\V
and sporting aircraft, first flown
military training
(81) hp) Gnome rotary-cngined scout. It was
on 26 May 1976. Power is provided by a 194 k\Y
developed from the Nieuport Type I IN of 1911
(260 hp) Lycoming AEIO-540-B4D5 engine.
which had set a world speed record of
Neiva N621 Universal and N622 Universal II
1 19.76 km/h (74.415 mph) at Chalons on May 1 1

(Brazil) Two-three-seat basic trainers powered of that year. Other early Nieuports included the
by a 224 kW (300 hp) Lycoming IO-540-K1D5 IV and HG. The two-seat Type VIG was fol-
and a 298 kW (400 hp) Lycoming IO-720 engine
lowed by the Type VIM, which entered military
respectively. Operated by the Brazilian Air Force
service in France, Italy (licence-built by Macchi),
as a basic trainer and light reconnaissance/attack
Russia (licence-built) and Great Britain (RNAS).
aircraft (two 7.62 mm machine-guns in pods
Monoplanes were flown on the Western Front
attached to underwing hardpoints) under the
until 1915.
designations T-25 (N621) and T-25A (N622).
Data: Engine as above Wing span 10.97 m (36 ft
Ten .\621s also delivered to the Chilean Army but in) Length 7.8 m (25 ft 7 in) Max T-0 weight
transferred to the Air Force.
Neiva T-25 Universal. about 660 kg 1,455 lb) Max level speed
( 14 km/h 1

(71 mph)
Nieuport 10 (France) Originally designed as a
racing aircraft to compete in the Gordon Bennett
Trophy race, the Nieuport 10 was a neat biplane
of advanced design. With the outbreak of war it
was modified into a two-seat military aircraft,
primarily for reconnaissance. However some
examples were fitted with a gun above the upper
wing for fighting duties, withthe observer forward
to stand and fire the gun. From 1915 it was flown
by the air services of France, Great Britain, Bel-
gium and Italy - being licence-built in the latter
country as the Macchi-Nieuport Ni 10. Power was
provided by a 59.6 kW (80 hp) Le Rhone or
Anzani engine. Maximum level speed was
Neiva Campeiro (Brazil) Two-seat light mono- 142 km/h (88 mph).
plane developed from the Paulistinha 56 but with Nieuport 11 and 16 (France) The Type was 1 1

a 12 k\V (150 hp) Lycoming O-320-A engine.

1 the first true Nieuport fighter, derived also from
Small number operated by the Brazilian Ait- the Gordon Bennett racer design but featuring
Force for liaison, training, observation and rescue accommodation for a pilot only and armed as
duties under the designation L-7. standard with a forward-firing Lewis machine-
Neiva Lanceiro (Brazil) Civil development of gun above the upper wing. Nieuport Is were 1

the Neiva Regente. First production aircraft flew delivered to the air services of France, Great Bri-
in September 1973. Production ended in 1975. tain (RNAS and RFC:), Holland, Belgium, Russia
Neiva Paulistinha 56-C.
and Italy- many hundreds being licence-built in
the latter country alone as the Macchi-Nieuport
Ni Bebe. With the D.H.2 and F.E.2b, Nieuport
1 1

1 Is put an end to the so-called Tokker Scourge'

and helped establish the reputations of several of
the better-remembered aces of World War I.
From the Nieuport was derived the Type 16,
1 1

a higher-powered derivative with an 82 kW

(110 hp) Le Rhone rotary engine. Only limited
numbers were produced, these serving with the
French, Belgian and British air services. Some
were employed as anti-airship/balloon types,
armed with Le Prieur rockets.
Data (Nieuport 1): Engine one 59.6 kW (80 hp)
1

Neiva Paulistinha 56 Two-seat light

(Brazil) Le Rhone rotary Wing span 7.55 m (24 ft 9 in)
monoplane, the final two production versions Length 5.8 m 19 ft OVi in) Max T-0 weight 480 kg
(

being the 56-C and 56-1) with a 67 kW (9(1 hp) (1,058 1b) Max level speed 155 km/h (9t)mph)
Continental C-90-8F/12F and 2 k\V (150 hp)
1 1
Endurance 2 h 30 min
I. Morning O-320-A1A engine respectively.

Neiva Regente (Brazil) Four-seat light mono-

plane of 1961 powered by a 134 kW (18(1 hp)
Lycoming O-360 engine. Ordered for the
Brazilian Air Force as the C-42 utility and 1,-12
Nieuport HG. liaison and observation aircraft.

850
 Nieuport

Many outdated Nieuport 7s wen eventually 1 Nieuport 10.

delivered to the American Expeditionary Force as
single-seal trainers, and it was as a trainei that the
Nieuport 21 was evolved. Most were built with
39.6 kW (80 hp) Le Rhone engines.
The Nieuport 23 was basically similai to the 17
but had the machine-gun mounted on the cowling
over the engine.
D.ua (Nieuport 17): Engine as above Wing span
8.2 m (26 ft 11 in) Length 3.95 m ( 19 ft 7 in) Max Nieuport 12.
T-0 weight (1,235 1b) Max level speed
560 kg
175 km/h | 109 mph) Endurance 2 b
Nieuport 24 and 27 (France) Although the
Nieuport 24 prototype was a converted Ype 23 I

(previously updated from a Type \7bis), it rep-

resented a significant change in design. The most
obvious new feature was the round sides to the
fuselage which now merged neatly with the cowl-
Nieuport 12 (Fiance) The Nieuport 12 was ing over the 89.4 kW
120 hp) Le Rhone rotary
(

closely related to the Type 10, although larger, engine. Two production versions were built: the
heavier and powered by an 82 k\V (1 10 hp) or Type 24 and the Type 24bis, differing in having a
97 k\V (130 hp) Clerget rotary engine. Produc- finand rudder and a fin only respectively. These
tion was undertaken in France and Britain, some were flown by France, Great Britain, Belgium,
lateexamples featuring the first use of a synchron- Italy and America: the 261 acquired by the AEF
ised forward-tiring Yickers machine-gun on a being used as trainers. Armament comprised a
Nieuport biplane. Most Type 12s served on the Vickers and a Lewis machine-gun (or one or the
Western Front and elsewhere only until 1916, other) mounted on the engine cowling and/or
then many were converted into Nieuport 83 above the wing.
Nieuport 27.
trainers.
Data: Engine as above Wing span 9.0 m (29 ft
IVi in) Length 7.3 m (23 It Vi in) Max T-0
1 1

weight 920 kg (2,028 lb) Max 155 km/h

level speed

(96mph) Endurance 3 h
Nieuport 14 France) Slow two-seat day bomber
(

of 1916 powered by a 112 k\V ( 150 hp) Hispano-

Suiza engine. Not successful.

The Nieuport 27 was similar to the 24, differing

only in having more rounded wingtips and verti-
cal tail, and a revised landing gear. Armament
comprised one synchronised Vickers machine-
gun. Type 27s were used by France, Great Bri-
tain. Italy and America: again the AFF using its
1 20 aircraft as trainers.
Nieuport 21.
Data (Nieuport 24): Engine as above Wing span
Nieuport 17, 21 and 23 (France) The Type 17 8.2 m (26 ft l l in) Length 5.8 m ( 19 ft O'A in) Max
was undoubtedly the finest single-seat fighter to T-0 weight (1,2121b) Max level speed
550 kg
come from the Nieuport stable during World War 177 km/h 10 mph) Range 250 km (155 miles)
( 1

I and was the mount of many aces. It was while
flying a Nieuport 17 with No 60 Squadron that
William Avery Bishop won his VC on 2 .June
1917, subsequently accumulating 72 kills to
become the second highest-scoring British and
Empire pilot of World War I.
Powered by an 82 k\V 10 hp) Le Rhone
( 1
rotary engine, the Nieuport 7 was a fast-climbing
1 rotary engine was fully cowled. New wings
and highly manoeuvrable fighter armed with a
single forward-firingLewis machine-gun over the
upper wing or by a synchronised Vickers gun, or
both. It was flown into action by pilots of France,
Belgium. Great Britain, Russia and Italy; and in
its more powerful \lbis form (97 k\\'; 130 hp
Nieuport 28 (France) First flown in prototype
form in June 1917, the Nieuport 28 was a com-
pletely new design, benefiting greatly from
experience with the Nieuport 27. Like the earlier
aircraft, its fuselage was of rounded section,
although more heavily tapered towards the tail.
The 119kW (160 hp) Gnome Monosoupape
replaced the previous sesquiplane type, braced by
parallel instead of Vee struts. Armament com-
prised twin synchronised Vickers guns. Most of
the production aircraft built went to American
Expeditionary Force squadrons, becoming the
first Nieuport to be flown by the AEF as a combat

Clerget) by those of France and Romania. type. The AFF received 298. On 14 April 1918,

851
Nieuport

Nieuport-Delage Nieuport 28s of the 94th Pursuit Squadron

NiD 62 C1s (foreground), became the first AEF aircraft to see combat: two
NiD 29s (background). of pilots shooting down two German aircraft
its

(see Chronology). However before the end of the

war SPAD XIIIs had generally replaced the
Nieuports, but work had already begun on the
still slimmer Type 29 (see entry). Post-war a
number of Nieuport 28s passed into civil use.
Data: Engine as above Wing span 8.0 m (26 ft 3 in)
Length 6.5
(1,378 1b)
m (21
Max
ft

level
3 A
3
in)
speed
Max T-0 weight 625 kg
196 km/h (122 mph)
^ '^\V:^^''
f l
-'
:
-

'
'
"2

Range 400 km (248.5 miles) and remained there until 1933. With little air
opposition, they were employed mostly as
Nieuport 28.
ground-attack aircraft and on troop-support
duties.
Licence production in Italy as the Macchi-
Nieuport Ni 29 began in 1924. Ultimately 175
were built for the Regia Aeronautica. Belgium
followed up the purchase of 20 French-built NiD
29s with licence-production of 88 by SABCA.
Other countries to use the fighter were Spain (30),
Sweden and Argentina.
Back in 1919 the modified NiD 29V racer had
won the Coupe Deutsch at an average speed of
266.4 km/h (165.5 mph) and also the Grand Prix
de Monaco, followed later by the 1920 Gordon
Bennett Trophy. On 10 and 20 October the racer
raised the world speed record to 296.694 km/h
(184.357 mph) and 302.529 km/h (187.982 mph)
respectively, and on 30 October 1923 also gained
the height record bv attaining an altitude of
11,145 m (36,565 ft).

Throughout its career the NiD 29 captured

Nieuport-Delage
Nieuport Nighthawk (UK)
NiD 29 C1s.
originally produced by Nieuport & General Air-
craft. Taken over by Gloster in 1920 (see Gloster
Mars).
Nieuport-Delage NiD 29
seat fighter flew in prototype
on 21 August 1918. By the mid-1920s
principal fighter of the French, Italian, Japanese
and Belgian air arms.
Still under development at the end of World
War I, the NiD 29 emerged as a two-bay equal-
span biplane fitted with ailerons on the lower
wings only. Armament comprised the standard
twin Vickers machine-guns. A second prototype
reached an altitude of 9,123 m (29,931 ft) on 14
June 1919. In 1920 it was ordered into quantity
production, forming the sole equipment of the 1"
and 3eme Regiments de Chasse by the end of 923.
headlines, as on 27 May 1927 when a mock
dogfight was staged over Le Bourget between
fighters piloted by the celebrated NiD 29V pilot
Single-seat fighter Sadi Lecointe and Charles Lindbergh of trans-
atlantic fame.
Data: Engine one 223.6 kW (300 hp) Hispano-
Suiza 8Fb Wing span 9.7 m (31 ft 10 in) Length
(France) This single- 6.5 m (21ft 4 in) Max T-0 weight 1,192 kg
form for the first time (2,628 lb) Max level speed 226 km/h (140.5 mph)
it was the Range 580 km (360 miles)
Nieuport-Delage NiD 30T (France) Six-
eight-passenger commercial biplane powered by
a 335.3 kW (450 hp) Renault engine. Several
were operated between Paris and London during
1919-29 by Compagnie Generate Transaerien-
nes, replacing Breguet types. This company oper-
ated in association with AT & T.
Nieuport-Delage NiD 39 (France) In the early
1920s Nieuport-Delage designed and built a new
two-passenger cabin biplane as the NiD 38, pow-
1 ered as standard by a 134 kW 180 hp) Hispano-
(

Eventually several hundred NiD 29s went to the
French Aeronautique Militaire. In 1926 a unit of
modified NiD 29s operated as bombers against
the Rills in Morocco, carrying individual loads of
'
60 kg (132 lb) of bombs.
However Japan was the country which used the
greatest number of NiD 29s.
pany no fewer than 608 between 1923 and
built
1932. They equipped fighter units of the Imperial
Japanese Army Air Service under the designation
Ko-4. In September 1931 the first Nieuport-
equipped unit arrived in Shenyang, Manchuria to
support the Japanese campaign; others followed
Suiza 8Ad engine. From it was developed the
generally similar NiD 39, built in two versions
with the Hispano-Suiza engine (Nil) 390) or a
164 kW (220 hp) Armstrong Siddeley Lynx (Nil)
391). A total of 26 aircraft of both versions was
built for commercial service from 1927.
The Nakajima com- Nieuport-Delage NiD 42 CI (France) The orig-
was a single-seal parasol-wing fighter
inal aircraft
with Y-form wing struts. A racing variant desig-
nated NiD 42S, powered by a 447 k\V (600 hp)
Hispano-Suiza engine, set up new speed-over-
distance records during 192425. After a two-seat
version with a lower 'stub' wing was displayed al

852
 Nippon

the 1924 Paris 'Salon', two single-seat prototypes

were tested in 1926. Twenty-five evaluation air-
same sesquiplane formula, were
craft, built to the
bought by the French Aeronautique Militaire.
Armament comprised two 7.7 mm machine-guns.
Nieuport-DelageNiD52Cl (France) The 1927
prototype was developed from the NiD 42 and
was of all-metal construction except for fabric
covering on its upper wing. It won the 1928 Span-
ish government fighter competition, resulting in
91 aircraft being licence-built by Hispano Avia- Nipper Mk III.

cion (Guadalajara) between 1929 and 1936. (39 ft 4V2 in) Length 7.5 m (24 ft 7 'A in) Max T-0
Thirty-four additional machines were delivered weight 1,795 kg(3,957 lb) Max level speed 270 km/h
by Nieuport. Armament comprised two 0.303 in (168 mph) Range 500 km (311 miles)

Yickers machine-guns and power was provided Nieuport-Delage NiD 641 (France) Six-seat
by a 372.6 kVV (500 hp) Hispano-Suiza 12Hb in- and mail-carrving commercial high-wing mono-
line engine. At the outbreak of the Spanish Civil
plane of 1930 powered by a 179 k\V (240 hp)
War in July 1936, six squadrons were still Lorraine 7Ma Mizar radial engine. A small
equipped with NiD 52 Cls. These were flown by number entered service with Societe de Trans-
ports Aeriens Rapides.
Republican and Nationalist pilots.
Nieuport-Delage NiD 62 CI (France) Appear- Nipper Mk
III and IIIA (UK) Single-seat

ing at the same time as the NiD 52 prototype, the ultralight monoplanes powered by a 1.5 litre Rol-
lason Ardem and 1.6 litre Ardem engine respec-
NiD 62 retained the earlier aircraft's 372.6 kW
tively (41 kW; 55 hp as the Ardem XI). Plans are
(500 hp) Hispano-Suiza 12Hb engine but had a
available to amateur constructors.
wooden monocoque fuselage (on the lines of the
NiD 42) and an enlarged tailplane. Armament Nippon Ki-59 (Japan) Twin-engined transport
aircraft of 1939, 59 of which were built for the
comprised the usual twin machine-guns. A total
of 265 examples was ordered for the French Japanese Army. Received the Allied code name
Theresa
Aeronautique Militaire between 1928 and 1929, Nippon Ki-76.
followed by 50 for the Aeronautique Navale. In
1929 three aircraft were fitted with floats to train
proposed Schneider Trophy contestants.
The lighter Hispano-Suiza 12Md engine, driv-
ing a metal instead of a wooden propeller, was
fitted to the NiD 622, ordered into production in
1930. Other modifications included full-span
ailerons. Two hundred and sixty NiD 622s went
to the air force and 62 to the navy. The first
cmc
reached the 34 Regiment Le Bourget aero-
at
drome in the summer of 1931. By the following
year French fighter defence relied almost entirely
on Nieuports. Nippon Ki-76 (Japan) Fieseler Storch-type
liaison aircraftof 1941 powered by a 209 kW
(280 hp) Hitachi engine. Received the Allied code
name Stella.
Nippon Ki-86 (Japan) Licence-built Biicker
Jungmann biplane trainer. Received the Allied
code name Cypress.
Nippon Ku-7 Manazuru (Japan) Military
transport glider known to the Allies as Buzzard.
Later tested as a powered aircraft with two
708 kW (950 hp) Mitsubishi Ha-26 engines as the
Ki-105 Ohtori. Nieuport-Delage NiD 622.

Nippon Ku-8 (Japan) A 14 20-troop or cargo-

In 1933 Peru received 12 NiD 626s. With an
transport glider developed from the Ki-59.
Hispano-Suiza 12Mdsh engine, fitted with a
Received the Allied code name Gander. First-
Szydlowski-Planiol supercharger and Lamblin
known example was discovered on Luzon after
radiators, the NiD 629 was the next production
the invasion of the Philippines.
version. The antiquated landing gear of the
earlier versions gave way to a modern Messier
type with oleo-pneumatic shock-absorbers. Fifty
were ordered, going into service in 935, by which
1

time they were already obsolete.

NiD 62-series aircraft still equipped reserve
fighter units when World War II broke out. On 10
May 1940 143 of all versions were still on charge
with the Armee de I' Air.
Data (NiD 62): Engine as above Wing span 12.0 m
Nord 500.

853
Noorduyn
Nord 1500 Griffon II. Noorduyn C-64 Norseman (Canada)
Norseman.
Nord 262 (Prance) See Aerospatiale N.262.
Nord 500 (France) VTOL research aircraft
intended primarily to evaluate the principles of
the tilt-duct concept. First flown (tethered) in
July 1968.
Nord N.C.853 (France) Two-seat light training
monoplane designed by the Societe Nationale de
Constructions Aeronautiques de Centre and first
flown in April 948. Production taken over bv
1
SNCAN (Nord) in 1949. Powered by a 56 kW
(75 hp) Minie 4.DC.32 engine.
Nord N.C.856 (France) Development of the
N.C.853 pi. iced in production by Nord for the
French Army as a two-three-seat artillery obser-
vation and liaison monoplane. Powered by a
100.6 k\V (135 hp) Regnier 4 L04 engine. The
N.C.856-H and N.C.856-N were three-seat sea-
plane and four-seat civil derivatives of the
N.C.856-A military version.
Nord 1101 Noralpha (France) Four-seat cabin
monoplane produced alter World War II, pow-
ered by a 179 kW (240 hp) Renault 6Q10 engine.
Nord 1203/11 Norecrin II.
Nord 1201, Norecrin and 1203/11
1203
Norecrin Development of the Nor-
II (France)
ecrin light cabin monoplane began in 1943 and
the prototype first flew in December 1943 as the
two-seat Nord 1200. The first production model
was the three-seat Nord 1201 powered by the
104.3 kW (140 hp) Renault 4POI engine, later
replaced by a 100.6 kW (135 hp) Regnier 4 L04
and designated Nord 1203. In 1948 the Norecrin
was made into a four-seater, the Norecrin II.
Nord 1221 Norelan (France) Two-three-seat
training monoplane, first flown in June 1948.
Powered by a 134 kW (180 hp) Mathis 8G-20.
Nord 1402 Noroit (France) Maritime recon-
naissance and rescue amphibious flying-boat,
first flown as the Nord 1400 prototype in January
1949. Powered by two 1,192 kW l',600 hp)(
Gnome- Rhone 14R25 engines. Four pre-
production aircraft followed by 20 production
Nord 402 Noroits, each of the production aircraft
1 sance and anti-submarine flying-boat of World
powered by two 1,565 kW (2,100 hp) SFECMAS
12 H engines (Jumo 213As).
Nord 1402 Gerfaut 1A and 1405 Gerfaut
i Frame) The Gerfaut II was a development of the
Nord 2501 Noratlas.
854
See CCF
Gerfaut 1A, which was the first high-powered jet
delta-wing aircraft to fly in France (15 January
1954), powered by a 43.15 kN (9,700 lb st)
SNECMA Atar 101G turbojet with afterburner.
The Gerfaut II first flew on 17 April 1956 and on
16 February 1957 established a number of time-
to-height records from a standing start, including
a climb to a height of 6,000 m in 1minute 17
seconds and to 9,000 m in minute 34 seconds.
1
The Gerfauts were used to collect data for a high-
speed fighter design.
Nord 1500 Griffon (France) Experimental air-
daft built to test a new airframe design embody-
ing a combination turbojet-ramjet propulsion
unit. First flown on 20 September 1955. Re-
engined, it became the Griffon II.
Nord 1601 (France) Experimental aircraft built
to investigate the stability of swept wings, the
effects of sweepback on high-lift devices and other
aerodynamic problems at high subsonic speeds.
Flown for the first time on 24 January 1950.
Nord 2501 Noratlas (France) Short/medium-
range troop/paratroop (45) and freight (up to
6,800 kg; 14,990 1b) transport powered bv two
1,520 kW (2,040 hp) SNECMA-built Bristol
Hercules 738 or 758 radial engines. First flown in
1950, Noratlas twin-boom transports are cur-
rently flown by the air forces of France, Chad,
Greece and Niger.
Data: Engines as above Wing span 32.5 m (106 ft
7'/2 in) Length 21.96m (72ft 0V2 in) Max T-0
weight 22,000 kg(48,500 1b) Max level tpeed
405km/h (251 mph) Range (with 5,000 kg;
1 1,025 lb pavload) 2,500 km (1,550 miles)
Nord 3202/3212 (France) Two-seat basic train-
ers, each powered by a 179 kW (240 hp) Potez
4-D32 engine. Prototype first flew in April 1957
and production aircraft were delivered from Julv
1959 (see also Aerospatiale 3202-B1B)
Nord 3400 (France) Two-seat observation and
casualty-evacuation monoplane, first flown in
January 1958. Powered by a 194 kW (260 hp)
Potez 4-D34 engine. Production aircraft delivered
French Army from July 1959.
to the
Norman Thompson N.T.4 (UK) Reconnais-
War powered by two 104.3 k\V or 149 kW
I 10
( 1
or 200 hp) Hispano-Suiza engines. Fifty were
II ordered, but it is not known whether any from the
final batch of 20 were delivered to the RNAS.