Secondary and anomalous growth of

Bougainvillea
Bio 101 group 1 report
Baludo, Ribuyaco, Salem, Salvador, Santos
Young stem Internal vascular bundles are scattered in the
ground tissue produced by vascular
cambium. Xylem is produced inside and
phloem is produced outside of the vascular
cambium.
the stem is circular with uniseriate epidermis
with thick cuticle, the hypodermis is
collenchymatous, and the cortex is
parenchymatous.
The endodermis is not clearly defined
outside the parenchymatous pericycle.
Old stem A complete cylinder of cambial zone (or
vascular cambium; labeled in the figure as
CZ) arises outside the internal vascular
bundles. The first ring of cambium arises
from the pericycle, therefore is extrastelar in
origin (unusually positioned vascular
cambium).
The extrastelar cambium in Bougainvillea
only contains fusiform initials (ray initials are
absent), and produces patches of
secondary xylem (vessel-less) alternating
with parenchyma internally, and alternating
patches of secondary phloem and
parenchyma externally.
Old stem
The cambium changes in
activity by producing
secondary xylem with vessels.
The parenchyma produced
usually gets lignified forming a
conjunctive tissue.
Old stem - close up
Steps of successive anomalous growth
1. A new cambium arises outside the old vascular cambium arising from the
phloem parenchyma. It is initially seen as isolated with vertical strips. The
new cambium produces vessel-less xylem.
2. Once a new cambia is formed, the inner older vascular cambium becomes
inactive. Some portions of the inner older vascular cambium is still active and
will form secondary xylem with vessels, pushing the older cambia strips
outward.
3. The old fragments of vascular cambium joins the new vascular cambium
forming another whole cylinder of a new vascular cambium.
 The vascular bundles formerly
produced by the inner older
vascular cambium is
embedded in the conjunctive
tissue and vessel-less xylem,
therefore it is an instance of
anomalous growth.
The pockets of phloem
surrounded by regions of
secondary xylem are called
included phloem.
Adaptations of secondary and anomalous growth
It is speculated that the formation included phloem is
strategic for protection against predators, pest, and is
well-supplied with water and nutrients.
The anomalous secondary growth of Bougainvillea is not
caused by an adaptation to the environment.