Michael Vince

acmillan
nglish
rammar
In Context

Advanced
with key
 Michael Vince

acmillan
nglish
rammar
In Context
Advanced
MacmUlan Educarlon
:Setween Towns Road, Oxford OX4 3PP
/\ division o MacmiUan Publtshers L1mited
Companics and rcprcscntativcs U1roughout thc world

JSilN 978-1-4050-7052-2 (with key edition)

ISRN 97R-1-40.'i0-71 47-5 (without key editoo)

Text <e Mld1ael Vlm:e 2008

Desln and lllus1ratlon e, MacmHlan Pubiishers Llmited 2008

firsl publishcd 2UO!l

Ali rights reserved; no parl o this publication may be reproduced, stor1,c1 in a retrieval sy,tem, trammitted in any
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pennission of tlw publishel's.

Deslgned by GIies Davles

Jllustrated by Fred Blunt; Chris l'.dc; Andy Ha mmond; J oanna Kerr; Darren Llngard; Julian Mosedale; Sarah Nayler
Cover des,gn by Kat,c Stcphcns
C.:Ovcr photographs by Alamy/llailcy-Coopcr Photography, lmage Soucce, l'hotodisc, Stcx:kbyte

1 would li ke to than k C'.arl Rohin<on, Aman<la 1-lolmhrook anrl Sarah Cm tis fo r their <upport and heip duri ng this
proje.-1 . Speclal thanks ar<> d11e to rny tiitor Cta ,c Shaw. 1 would ahu lil<e Lo Lhank U1e u1aoy lad,ers wbo,e cla,ses 1
have1 vbill>d, at 1tl whu hav~ C:LILUJUt'Ult!tl uu Vt!~iuu} uf thh l>ufJk.

The authors and publlsh ers are rateul or 1>errn 1ss1on to reprint the following copyright material: Toe 8llC for an
extract from ' Bond llm stage ;'wiU be rebuilt'" publlshed on www.news.bbc.co.uk 31 July 2006, copyright Q www.
bbc.co.uk 2006. Guardian Ncws & Media Ltd for an cxtract from 'l h c appliancc of .Scicncc' by Mikc Muimc publishcd
in The <.iuardian 14 March 2007. copyright Guardian 2007. BritainUSA.com for an extract from 'Wlch cheeses
are produced in llritain?' p uhlished on www.hritainusa.com. Th1,Scot<mans Puh lication l.imilcd for an extract frorn
' lllorke<l rlrnlns shul galleo-y' by Joanna Vall..,Jy p uhlishd ln The ~rnt<man r~b111ary 2006. Tclegiaph M.-dl,1 Oro11,
Limllcd for ao exu-act fru111 'Cu1e for bUmlm:s, wilhiu ive Y"' IJy Ruer Higli.-ld p ulJU>hed iJ1 TI'" Telernph 6
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The authors am.l publishers would llke to thank the fullowing fur pennission tu reproduce their phutugraphk
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r
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213, 214; Jupiti,r/ Mid,.-1 Faimill.Jer/ Pholunomtup p 63, Mary Evaus Pictur" Liura..y/ pp 113, 161;
Photodlsc/ p 59, 67, 1871 191 1 212; Rex Features / pp 85r, 98; Sckn~c Plt"ture Llbrary/ NASA p 165, Ed Young p 186,
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Prlll ted and bound m lha1lJnd

2012 2011 2010 2009 2008

10 9 R 7 r, s 4 121
lntroduction
This book is designed to revise and consolidate grammar points al Lhe Ievel of Council
of Europe Framework (CEf) Cl and C2. lt assumes that the basic points have been
covr.rcd . Thcse can be practtsed in Macmillan English Grammar In Context Essential
and MacmiJ lan English Gram mar In Context lmr.rmeciiate.

The practice material includes a wide raoge of lopics to refkcl butl1 every<lay language
use and the kinds of subjects learners migbt be studying in schools or colleges. Many
Ieamers are likely to use English to learn another subjcct during their education and the
choice of text tries to rcflcct this far.t. Some tcxts contain information which leamers
should find interesting or challenging. The intention in general is that l;inguage should
have a famil iar context and that learners should have something to use Ianguage for.

Within each unit, exercises range in difficully. This allows Jearners Lo build up their
confidence with the simpler, more familiar tasks before moving onto the more
challenging ones later in the unit. The longer, topic-based texts includc h ighligh ted
words whosc definitions can he found on thc arro,upa nying CD-ROM. This is a good
opportl.Ulity for learners to widcn their vocabulary and sce grammar used in realistic
contexts.

The Review section at the back of the book offers more aclivities for sludenls who
have ftnished the other exercises. l.t is also for students who feel that they haven't fuily
grasped the grammar point and need some further practice. In addition, it can be used
as a mcans of testing or revising previous study, r.ither in rlass or at homr.

The CD-ROM
This includes two further exercises tor each unit in tllis book, and a test section.
Plus, where you see highliihted words like this, you will find the definitions in the
glossary sechon. Just foUow the link rom the homepage.

To the student
Macmillan English Grammar In Cuntexl has been written to make 6'Tammar mure
inleresling 1an o1er books on lhe markel. We hope you find il en joyable as well
as useful. lf you are studying at home, the units can be covered in any order but the
exercises within each unit have been graded. lf you find sorne exercises difficult, read
the presentation page again. TI1e ex.tension activities and Review offer the opportunity
of furth er prar.tice.

To the teacher
Unlike many olher grammar books, Mucmillun English Gmmmur In Context puls
grammar into context. The ai.m is to encourage students to see grammar used more
realistically and in more interesting ways. The topics covered in the exercises can
be used as a starting point for a lesson, as a subject for discussion, and as a means of
helping to build students' vocabulary in useful areas. There is opportunity for individual
st1.1dy, group work and homework, plus testing, in the d ifferent sections of the book.
Unit Topic Page
1 present simple, present continuous (1} ......... 6

2 present simple, present continuous (2) .. 10

3 past time .. - - --- - - -------

_ _ _ 16

4 prese nt perfect 20

5 fut ure time 24

6 tense contrasts .. 30

7 passive . ....... ---.... - - -....- .. ,_... -" .... .. _....-.. 34

8 hearsay reporting . ... ............ ... ....... 40

9 have and get something done, other uses of get ... 46

10 conditional and if-sentences (1) so

11 c:onditiona l and if-sentences (2) .. ... ..... .... ........... 56

12 unreal past tense ... ........ ... ___ ............ .. . 60

13 modals (1): obligation, recommendation, ability ..... 64

14 modals (2): possibility, certainty ... 68

15 modals (3): other uses 72

16 would ..... 78

17 indirect speech _ --- .... 82

18 report verbs ...... 88

19 questions .......... 92

20 articles (1) ........ ... 96

21 articles (2) ................ 100

22 number and quantity 104

23 nouns 11 O

24 pronouns, so, it, there .................................................................................. 11 4

Unit Topic Page

25 adjectives ... .... .. .................. 118

26 adjectives with infinitive or -ing 124

27 adverbs 128

28 making comparisons .. 132

29 place and movement, prepositional phrases 136

30 time words . 142

31 verb and preposition ... 146

32 prepositions with adjectives and nouns 150

33 verbs followed by -ing or infin itive 154

34 relative and non-fin ite clauses 158

35 adverbial clauses 162

36 adverbial participle clauses 166

37 phrasal verbs (1) 170

38 phrasal verbs (2) .. _ _ 174

39 phrasal verbs (3) 178

40 organizing text (1) -- -- ... .. 184

41 organizing text (2) ... 188

42 organizing text (3) 192

43 inversion and fronting ... 198

44 emphasis 204

Review 208
Wordlist 220

Grammar index 224

Answer key 225
 present simple, present continuous (1)
basic uses of present simple and present continuous
Use present simple for fact.s, or things that always happen.
Water freezes at 32 degrees Fahrenheit and Odegrees Cefsius.
Sea water contains on avPrage 2. 7% sa/t by weight.

Use present simple for routines and habits.

The birds return to the island every spring.
Fiddler crabs turn red when they become angry.
Use present continuous for acti ons happening at the moment of speaking, and not finished.
Sorry, f'm busy at the moment. l'm doing my hnmework.
Present continuous is al~o used far actions happening generally around the time of speaking,
rather than exactly at the same time.
l'm reading rpaf/y intPrP'>ting hook

state and action verbs

Sorn e vcrbs havc meanings which refer to st at es or cond itions. and others h,ive meanings wh ich refer
to actions. State verbs are either only used in simple form. or have a different meaning when used in
continuous form.

state verbs normally in present simple

belong, consist of, contain, cost, depend on, deserve, matter, own, possess, resemble
Does this belong to you?
Fresh fruir contains a range of vitamins.
believe, Imagine, know, prefer. reallze, understand. mean
Some people sti/1 be/leve that the Earth is flat.
seem
This seems to be what we're looking for.
cost is sometimes used in continuous to describe a process tha t is still going on.
We're having a house built, and it's costing a fortune!
realize, regret, undcrstand
These are norm al ly used with state meanings in present simple, but can be used in continuous to
show a changing situation. usually wlth an adverbial whlch shows that change is happening.
Sorne people don't realize how dangerous cars can be.
People are slow/y realizing the cost of global warming.
Do you understand this point?
We're understanding more and more about the universe.

verbs with state and action meanings

state action
do
What do you do? (= what's your job) What are you doing? (= explain your actions)
be, have
This house is ovcr 100 ycars old. He is belng very s/1/y!
Do you havc a car? l'm having a great time herc.

imagine, suppose, think, expect

I suppose this is Jim. You 're supposing he is guilty. (= make an assumption)
I imagine you feel the same. Ghostsl No, you're imagining things!
What do you think? (= have an opinion) What are you thinking?

o t don't expect him to undersrand

l'm thinking of changing jobs. (= considering)
Are you expecting someone?
 hope, wonder
I hope you haven'l been waitin4 lony. We're hoping to continue the ta/ks next week. (less defi nite)

enjoy, like, /ove

Normally state verbs, bul often used in continuous or actions yoing on al the momenl
/ enjoy / /ove going for fonq walks Are you enjoying the party?
l'm /oving every minute of my new jobl
appear
Your visa appears to be out o{ date. Tom is appearing in Hdmlet di !he Grdr1d Tliedtre.

look
With the state meaning of 'seem', look can be used in present simple only.
Thi~ book looks irrleresling.
In descriptions of appearance, /ook can be used in both simple and continuous.
Jim /ooks i/1. He/en is /ooking we/1.

see, hear
I see / hear you've had your hair cut. Jane is seeing Harry. (= spending time with)
I didn't hear arry noises. You re hearing things! (= imagining)
fee/, see, sme/1, taste
The room sme/1s awfu/! l'm smelling the flowers! (an active choice)
ache, feel, hurt
Verbs that describe how the body feels can use either simple o r continuous forms with little
changc in meaning.
My foor hurts. My foot Is hurtlng.
1feel sick. f'm feel/ng sick

weigh, measure
This bag weighs more rhan 25 kilos. l'm welghlng che parce/ before I po!it it.

t'm smelling the

cheese. lt sme/1s
oHto me.

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Note that what is said here about present simple and present continuous is gene rall y true for simple and ...o.
QJ

continuous use in other tenses.

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a.
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 1 Underline the correct form.

a Some kinds of fish co11tain / are co11tni11ing high lcvels of dangcrous mctals.
b Scicntists nowadays slnwly begin ro 11ndersta11d / are slmvly begi11ni11g to 1111derstnnd more about
how the brain works.
e What do you thi11k / nre you thi11ki11g of Kale's new hairslyle? ll's unusual, isn' l il?
d Luud musil.: <.:a11 IJI:! rl:!ally annoying. Sorne p!:!ople don't realize / nren't realizi11g what a
nuisance it can be.
e You can't really havf> Sf>f'n a UFO! Yn11 imagine/ ar, irnagi11ing things!
f lechnicians report that they have / are having dilficulty instaJling the new computer system.
g No wine forme! 1 take / l'm taki11g anlibiotics for anear infection.
h In career tl:!nns, having a good ueg ree nppenrs / is appearing to make little dJfference.
The National Theatre consiclers / is considaring puuing on a 11ew produclion of U11clc Vanyn.
Dnes thi.~ wal/et helmrs / Is this wallet helo11ging to you?

2 Underline the present simple/ continuous verb errors in the text. Wrile a correclion at the end
of the line whe re necessary.

is T ip+rcc ('ti
(,J(lrwic.lc
CV2<l 7/J.t.

frido.'-1 , 15fh Oc.fobel'

I have pv-oblel"lls ~ftinq o. new phone c.oV\V\eC.fion ie.-e , so insfe(ld a .I'.- 1-\aVit\q
1
of se,,.,dinq e-r11ai1s o.s usual, ! 1"11 ac.tuo.llLf sittinq down fo U)Y'ife o. b
te-Her.
!'m imaqininq t.pU'II be suvprised fo qef fhis (l$ ! 've nevev been e
l"IIUC.h ot (l tetter-u.witev-. ! 11"11 puttinq fhe refuv-n (lddress in biq d
lefters o.f fl,e fop, i,ec.ause fo fell ...,ou f he f>rufh I'l"II beqinV1iV1q fo tee1 e
quite lol'lellf h're.
tJell, p&tiapS ! 1'11 V\Of l"l\eM iVlq ft,af ey:aC.fl,, . 11,&-e (lre plen-hf o/:' f
people to.- me to falk fo . !n rac.f I seftle in fo f he sfudenf tire quife 9
1
u>ell, buf r don f v-e(lll'-1 know O.Vll.fOne ..,ef. I 've qof a v-oor11 in (l house h
o. lonq wa'-1 A-ol"II c.011eqe, o.nd I'l"II seel"llinq fo spend o. lonq f il"lle on
fhe bus . .4 lot of studCnfS h&e c...,c.ie, So 1 11"11 +r'-1inq to tind a c.heap j
bike, and ! (liso f/.iinl: ot r11ovinq ne(lrer fo c.o11eqe whe"l ! e.a"' Cinc/ k
somewi.e.-e. Sorr'-1 - an interrupf ion , someone knoc.ks af ft-.e doov- . rl)ore
lafev-. lo.fev- . One o(' fhe qirls dowVlsfo.irs has o. po.Y-tLf, o.nd I'l"II invif ed. m
/1,.,.,d fhe phone tine ho.S beer1 tiy:ed, so r'r11 ey:pec.finq '-100 111 qef an e- n
Mail trol"/\ rl\C vcn.1 soon! In to.c.f, I c.ov-.sidCY fCo.rir1q up f1,s tettCY 1 so o
;usf iqr1o-re even.,-thinq I've S(lid ...

3 Complete the text with the presen'L simple or present continuous forrn of t he ve rb in bracket s.

Eurapean traffic accident rates fail ta meet targets

Altho11gh the number of deaths caused in traffic accidents in the EU a (go down) is qoil\~ f10'!!11... , experts
b (still try) - to find ways of reducing the number throughout the EU to around 25,000 fatalities
per yea r by 2010. Traffic saely e (impruw) ... bul experts d (believe) that
achieving the 2010 goal will prove dlfflcult. Recent statlstlcs e (show) ...... that In 2005 in the EU
41,600 people were killed In road accidcnts. Although progrcss has bccn madc, most experts
f (agree) that this figure will have fallen to only arounrt 3? ,000 by 2010, whlch
g (means) ...... that the EU target will be missed by about 7,000. On the olher hand, as the amount
of traffic h (increase), . .............. il is possible lu a.rgue lhal l ite silualun is nol rea lly as batl as il
i (look) . However one j (lnterpret) ... the statistics. lt
k (rema in) -- ....... true that as time goes on. it 1(becomc) harder and harder to
reduce the figures, espec1ally slnce acc1dent-reduction schemes m (cost) a lot of money. Many
count ries have tried and failed to reduce the number of accidents, and in the EU as a whole, only Sweden
n (pursue) ... ... ... lhe goal ur Lt,1ru accidenls. Accidt,1nl reducliun is more diicull ror newer EU rnembers
who o (currently f.ice) very rapld growth in traffic and p (have) dlfficulty
In building new roads and In lntroduclng safety measures ata fast enough rate. To complicate matters. most new
membcrs q {havc) very little experience In deallng w1th the demands of heavy traffic. Experts
r (suggest) that any safety proeramme must also set about chaneing the way rtrivers
s (behave) . Despite what people often t (say) it u (seem)
. to be lhe younger generation lhal v (cause) mosl accidenl s. In fir1e wil11
chis research. many countries w (Introduce) toughe drlvlng tests, and x (concentrate)
on the main causes of accidents: speed, ceckless overtakmg. alcohol, and ovcr-coofidcocc..

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EXTENSION ACTIVITY
a.
E
A Write tour sentences about yourself using these verbs:
enjoy hope regret think (of +ing) +-'
e
Q)
B Use a dictionary and w rite an example for each of t hese Vl
Q)
verbs, using present simple. ~

belong consist of contain cost depend on a.

deserve matter own possess resemble
o
present simple, present continuous (2)
more uses of present simple
Present simple is also used
in informal spoken instructions, with you.
You open this part of the camera here. Then you take out thP bttPry.
Formal written instructions such as red pes use the imperative form .
Take 3UOg of flnur. Add three E>gg,.
in newspaper headlines to describe events. There are other conventions for writing headlines,
such as leaving out articles, using act ive verbs, and preferring short words.

Toree die in plane crash. MPs say no to green laws.

for performative verbs accept, apologize, dare, deny. understand, see (with a meaning of
'understand') etc These are verbs w hich, when used in present simple, describe an action as the
word is spoken.
1agree w,th you / accept your offer.
I understand / see

Thank you,
I accept your offer.

for vcrbs rcporting news: gather, hear, see, tell, say. undcrstand.
I hear youvc got J ncw job.
Peop/e tell me shc's difficult to work with.
We understand rhat thc housc is now for sale.
{5cc Unit 19, reporting verbs)
in here comes. there goes, here lies.
These expressions include invers ion of verb and subject.
Here comes troublc! There goes a bravc man!
Here /ies John Smith. (written on a tomb)

colloquial narrative and commentary

Although narrative generally uses past tenses, there are uses of present simple and present continuous
in everyday speech.
In jokes, present simple can be used lnstead of past simple fo r narrative events, and prcscnt
contlnuous lnstead of past contlnuous.
/\ man goes to see his psychiatrisr. He says he Is having problems because he imagines he's a pair of
currains. The psychiatrist tells him to pul/ himself togcther.
In sports commentaries, present simple is often used to describe events happening as the
commentator speaks.
And now Rooney crosses the haif way fine and passes to Giggs.
Present continuous is also used in commentaries for continuous and changing events.
And the rwo ltaiians are moving up in the outside Jane.
 Plot su mmaries in films and books are generally in present simple.
Tom and Daisy are an old couplc who /ive iJ du/1 /ife in iJ suburb of Birmingham. But everything changes
whcn thcir granddaughtcr Karcn comes ro stily.

summary of meaning in the continuous

verbs that describe activities which cont inue for sorn e time. eg play, rain, read, work. writc etc
lt's raning. The children are playing upsrairs.

Note that the activity may not be go lng on at the exact momcnt of speaking.
l'm reading Harry Potrer and the Gobler of Fire. (1haven't fin ished it yct, but l'm not reading
at t his moment)
verbs that describe a changing situation, eg change, get + adjective, grow, increase etc
lt's getting dark. Computers are changlng al/ the rime.

repeated actions with continua/ly etc

In everyday speech we can use present continuous w ith an adverb such as cont/nual/y, forever,
constantly, always to criticize actions that we feel are irritating or annoying, or which we wish to
exaggerate. The adverb is usually stressed in speech.
You are continually intenutinql
He's forever gettinq into troublel
Is that my jacket? Give
it back, you're always
wearing my clothes!

simple or continuous?
In sorne cases, the choice between simple and continuou~ b part uf the attitude uf the writl:!r or
--
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::,
speaker, espetiall y i11 ex lanations am.J deKrit io11s uf situatiuns. o
:::,
Professor Thome explains that some patients eat too much because they grow up in families with poor e:
eatinq habits. +-'
Professor Thome exp/ains that some patients are eating too much because they are growing up in families e:
with poor eatinq habits. 8
The first example (presenl simple) destribes sumelhing that is generally true, the second (present +-'
cuntinuous) describes sornething more Lernporary or sornelhing nol always Lhe case. e:
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 Thcsc cxcrciscs include milteria l from llnit One.

1 Underline the correct verb form. Tick the se11tence if both forms are possible.
a I ca n'l walk any more. My k11ee is real/y l,11rtir1g / real/y hurls. ,/

b Thi.s cheese is smelling / s111ells terrible!

e Thanks for your e-mail. 1'111 hoping / TllopC' to gct back to you very soon.
d 'What are ynu dni11g / dn ynu dn?' ' l' m a mu.~ir.ian.'
e Vve're having our house completely redecorated. Jt's costing / Jt costs a lot.
f In this counlry, more than a million people are living / live in poverty.
g Ca11 you slop LIie t:ar? 1'111 {eeli11g / T{eel a uit sick.
h 'What's the answer?' 'Walt a moment, /'111 thinki11g / 1 think.'
1 think wc'rc bcginning / we begi11 to understand this prohlem.
Nice to see you again! You're looking / You look really great!

2 Put the verb in brackets into present simple or present continuous.

a Somebody (knock) ......)sJnocl:'.ir1.'J - at the door. Can you see who it is?
b Fi rst you (cook) 1he o nions in a litlle oil until th ey are golden
brown.
e Carlos (forever lose) --- his temper with pcople! He must learn to
calm down.
d Here (<.:0me) the bus! You'd better hurry!
e 'Where's Jack? ' 'He (read) thc papcr in the kitchen.'
f Whenevn T rut up my hand, Harry (kirk) mP undPr thf' desk.
g l'm sorry, but 1 (not understand) ---- ... .. you.
h Maria (leave) 110w, so could you gel her coal?
Come and eat your dinner. lt (get) ...... ... - .. ... cold.
1 (hcar) you djd reaily weU in your exams. WeU done!

3 Complete each sentence with the present simple or present continuous form of the ve rb in
brackets.

a (you t!o) Are. 11ou ;/oir.,q a11yllli11g al Llie mowe11t? l neetl some he!JJ with tite
computer.
b This product (contain) no addcd chcmicals of any kind.
e Nobody (visit) .... .. ... .... ... Rome without going to see the ruins of the Roman
Forum.
d Sarah (beg in) to regret 11ot taki ng the job in Fra11ce sh e was
offered.
e Martn (see) Tina at thc momcnt. They've hcen going out
together for lhe past month.
f I' m sorry, bul T (nol know) .. _ where George is al Lhe momenl.
g 'ls Helen ready yet?' 'She (take) her time, but she says she'll be
ready soon.'
h ThP larger of thf' h.vo rooms (measure) 8 m hy 4 m.
What (hap pen) - _ ---- in the street now? 1 can't seen anythiog from
here.
There's 110body else to do the job, so l (su.,ose) T'll have to do it.
4 Complete t he t wo texts w ith the present simple or present continuous form of t he verb in
brackcts. lf both forms are possible, write both.

Doctors express concern over heavy school bags

Every year thm1sands of childreo a (go) ... ....... qo _. . lo the doctor because of back
pain. and in ract. lhis k.ind ol' problem b (rapidJy become) .... ..... ... ... one of the
ruost CULLw10u dilldhootl cumplainls. Aod whaL cxacLly e (cau~e) ... th is
outbreak of back straln and muscle fatigue? n d (s eem) .. __ .... thot even quite
young childrcn e (takc) mo re und more to school - not just books. hut
a lso clothcs and ga mes playe.rs - m_1d thelr backpacks f (si mply weigh) too
mucb. 'Some kids g (carry) .... more than 25% of their boclyweight in a bag
!.hal. !J.as ,11tlct: carluuu c.;lmrac.;ler ou Lhe bag. but whic.;h h (aclually give) ............ -
them serlous backache.' reported Dr Blaine Sachs. a GP in North LondoD. 'Most parenrs
i (simply DO! rcalize) what j (happcn ) to
th cir r,hiklre n.'

Investigators to report on train crash

Accident invcstigators k (still examine) the wreckage of the high-speed train
wh ich left the rails and overt11rnerJ in nMthwest Engli!n rl last week. Acco rding to repo1ts1 they
1 ( not believe) .. ........ the accident m (invol ve) driver
error. 'We n (expecl) lo publish a inqL1iry inlo th is accidenl quite soon,' a
spokesman announced yesterday. 'Engineers o (work) .... round the clock to replace
thc trnck, nnd we p Chope> to rcstore n normal service within two weeks. We
q (reali1e) that people r Cdependl
railway, and we s (understand) how much everyone has been shocked by ,.s
accidenl. However we t (check) thousands o sections of t rack all over the
country to make sure that nothing like this can ever happen again.'

-
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::::,
o
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5 Rcwrite the sentence so that it contains a word from t he list and has same meaning.
e:
Be.lettg contain cost loo!< rnattcr scc scem smell thin.k weigh
.;::;
e:
a 1.s this car yours, si.r? .. Ooe.s.+his .c.tar b.e-1011.q .f-o kjOti, sirf ou
b This perfume has a nice smelJ. - .... -- .... - ---
.....
e
QJ
e I thiuk tl1ere~ a mistake. V)
(])
d I don't understand what you mean. .._
-.. - - - o.
e What's your opinion? (1),
f At birth a baby elephant is about 90 kg in weight. ..
o.
g ls lhe plice importanf! E
V)
h WJ1at'l; tht:! pri<.:t:! u( this mu<lt:!17 ... ....,
1 This book could be In terestlng. __ ....... . e
(])
What's in thc hox'? V)
QJ
~
o.

 6 Write a new sentence with the same mcaning containing a form of the word in capitals.
a Apparcntly, l larry is a very goml rnrd player. SAY
_. Jhe.,t.:j St.l':f Ht.11Ttj i.s a .vr..r11 q9od c..,a.r:d pJt.!.qe-.c.
b This maths problem is incomprehensible to me t UNDERSTAND

e I haw the Sallle oinion as you. i\GREE

d 'Wh ere's Anna?' 'At work in th e garclen.' WOl{K

e Stop shouting, the teacher's in the con idor. COME

f Somebody is at tlle door.

... - ---- ------- -- ,,. ____ KNOCK
- - - - ............ -
g According to some people, Ufs have Janded on Earth. BELIEVE

h lt's hotter il] lhe lirlle in here. GET

Skiing is my favourite sport. LOVE

------ - - - -
l'eter keeps losing his homework! ALWAYS

7 Complete the text with the present simple or present continuous form of the verb in brackets .

.....
,_ u. v- Ooolano,l., , ...... - :'--' ~; : - - - - -- - - - - -- - - -- - - --;:;:--;:::===----=========::::;-
<I .... - ~ Co ~ 0 g
_ .L...__ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _-L:.1-r.-,1 t ,.,... ,,
A

Big Brother's watching you!

A burglar a (lry) ..tri~$ .... . to break inlo a big hou~e in the counlry. He b (walk)
.. .... very quietly across l he garden when he e (hear) a vo1ce:
' Big Brother d (watch) you!' He e (turn) around, but he
f (not see) ..................................... anything. So he g (creep) _........ .. ...... nearer to th e house.
Suddenly he h (hear) ..... .... ... t he voice again and he i (see) . a cage
hanging trom a lree. A parrot (sit) ... in the cage. The burglar k (ask)
- - - the parrot, ' Did you say that stuff about Big Brother?' The parrot
1(answer) 'Yes I did.' 'Is that yo ur name then?' Thc parrot m (say)
------- ' No, my name's Montmorency.' The burglar n (laugh)
'What kind of stupid idiot wou ld name his parrot Montmorency?' The parrot
o (reply) . _ ---- 'Th e same stupid idiol who named his Rotlweiler ' Big Brother'
- that's the guard dog that p (stand) ... right behind you!'

"
11111
8 Complete the text w ith the present simple or present continuous form of t he verb in brackets.
Where both are possible, write both.

Students now taking longer to finish studies

ln the USA some univcrsily ~tuclrnt~ nowadays a (spcnd) f\C~ . $.P..~~d.i~<::J--- more and more time in
university before graduating. In American universities, ma11y students b {pay) .. .... .. their
own rees, and this e (mea n) . .... .... .... ... -- more lirne wurkiny and h:::,:, :,tudyiny. Ala n Chester is
a 25-year-ulu juurrmlisrn :,tutlent frorn Ohio who d (take) -- .... ..... .. ....... six years to complete his
undergrad ua te degree. In order lo pay tuition fees and other expenses he e (work)
four days a week in the univcrsi1y kitchcn, whilr in thr univrrsity hnlirlays he f (do) . - a
full-time job. 1 g (rind) ............................ .................... . it difficul t at the moment to sludy and pay my bilis at the
same time: he h (adrnit) ... . ....... ........ .. ... ... ... 'Bul I i (lry) ................ rny be:,l and 1
j (ma11aye) ... ............. lo kecp lhe wolf from the door.' Alans parents
k funderstand) ....................... his dc<:son to take longer to graduate. 'They
1 (know) what I m (go) through, ancl lh ry
n (hr lp) .. ... .... ...... . -- meas much as they can. lt's hard, but I o (leam)
... ...... ... ....... .......... to look arter mysdf, and l p (cxperienc:e) .
:,luff that rn ight be usefu l one day when l'm a journalist.' He q (pQU1t ou t)
. ..... .... that sorne students r (take) more ti me
to graduate bccause they s (not really know) what
1 hcy t (want) _ to study. 'Ne\\ course, of stud:y
u (develop) ... ... ... ali the time. new subjects
v (appea r] ... ........,- on the curriculurn. Some students
w (spend) - ----. lime experimentlng with different
courses before rhoosing their major. So it's not all about money.
l x (think) - ... - - ..-- .............. universitics y (!JO)
through a pe1iod of cha nge like everythin g else, and students have to
adapt to this cha ngin~ situation.'
-
N
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V,
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V,
(l)
EXTENSION ACTIVITV:
....
o..
A Use these verbs in present simple or present continuous to make more interview QJ'
questions like these below: do own be/ieve in have like weigh. o..
Use the questions to interview a partner. E
V,
~a.f- do qoll .f-ni11.k o-f ... ~ (name a film book etc) +-'
e
~r,it r,irl', to(1 rP,r,icli11.q at tlv~ tv.oruMH (l)
V,

,_
QJ
B Look these words up in a dictionary and find example sentences which use t he o..
present simple form: gathe,; hear, see, te//, understand
G)
past time
past simple basic use
Use past simple
for finished events in the past which have a definite time.
In 7969 thp fir;t mPn landed nn thP Mnon
in narrative.
I hP rlnor opened ;md two boys came into the room
for past ha bits and routi nes, usually with a time expression.
I ew people ,n V1etor1an times took a bath every day

Many common verbs have irregular past forms which have to be fearnt . Always check in
a dictionary if you are not sure of the past form.

other uses of past simple

Past simple can also be used for very recent events, without a time expression.
What happened to you? Someone hit me!
Past simple is also used in conditional sentences and w it h it's time {see Units 12, 13, 14).
lt's time we /eft.

past continuous basic use

Use past contlnuous
to describe a continuing unfinished action in the past.
I /ooked ouc of the window and saw chac it was rafnlng.
Whenever I visired him. he was worklng in his garden.
for a continuing unfinished action interrupted by a sudden past .iction.
Whilc wc were gettlng ready to go out, the rain suddcnly stopped.
While I was gett/ng ready for bed, che doorbell rang.
for activlties as background description.
He/en looked down into che busy strect. crowds of people were pushlng along thc pavcments,
and cars were hootlng.
for two continuing events happening at the same time.
While Jim was painting the ourside of che house, Sarah was decorating che bedrooms.

other uses of past continuous

Past cont inuous can also be used
to emphasize t hat an action was still continu ing.
They scarted producing the car in 1946 and were sti/1 producng it thirry years later.
to describe a changlng situation (see Unlt 2).
lt was becomlng more and more difficulc to find work.
Her performances were getting beccer and becter.
with forever, continua/ly. always etc {see Unit 2) to criticizc actions we fccl are annoying, or which
wc wish to exaggerate.
At school, he was always gettlng inco trouble.
Shc was forevcr falllng in /ove with thc wrong kind of mJn.

We do not generaliy use past continuous to describe habitual actions in t he past.

Thar summer we were-going swimming nearly every day.
Thar summer we went swimming nearly every day.
past perfect simple and contin uous
a re used to refer to events in the past which happened before other events in the past, usually when
t here is no time expression to make this clear. Past perfect simple refers to finished events and past
perfect continuous to unfin ished, recently completed or continuing events.
8y !he time we gol 10 the cine111,;, lhe film had started.
He'd been working h,;rd ali muminy, ,;11r.l he /efl real/y lired.
In bot h examples, t he pasl perfect happens before the past simple.
are common after verbs such as realize, remember. know, understand etc.
When I got on the bus, I realized I had left my wallet at home.

are common in repo rted speech (see Unit 17).

are not used to emphasize that an event happened a long time ago.

Compare the use of past simple and past continuous w ith past perfect tenses.
While we were watching a film, the tire alarm went off. (past events)
1remembered the events of the day before. l\t 11. 00 while we had been watching a film, the fire alarm had
gone off. (past seen from the past)

Only use past perfect tenses when absolutely necessary to show t hat one event in t he past happened
before another event in the past. Often the meaning is clear without using past perfect. When we
describe a series of short actions, we usual ly use past simple.

usedto do
Use used to to descri be habits and sla te~ in the pasl, especially when we make cont rasts with the
presenl. Any time reference tends lo be general. The pronunciation is ~ju:sL tu:/
I used to play chess quite often, but I haven'l played for aqes.
In those days people used to wash ali their clothes by hand.
I used to like tennis, but I don't play much now.
Used to refers only to the past. There are no other tense forms in modern Eng lish, though they can be
found in older literary texts.
The question is normally Did you use tu 7
Did you use to play hide--and-~eek when yuu were d child?

The negative is norma lly didn' t use to.

In those days, people didn't use to travel abroad so much.

Past simple is also used to describe past habits, w ith other detai ls added to make a contrast between
past and present.
When I was younger I played chess quite often, but I haven't played for ages.

Be used to somethlng has no connection w ith be used to, and means be accustomed to something.
To in this case Is a preposition. so lt Is followed by a noun or -ing .
/ can't eat any more. l'm not used to such big meals.
Shc can't climb ali those steps! She's not used to taklng so much exercise!

w ould
can be used to describe a person's habitua l activity. lt cannot be used w ith stat e verbs.
Every summer we would stay in a small village in lhe muunt,;im.
lt is not possible to say I would h'ke 1e,1,1i5, but I dun'l pkry 1110th, ,cm.
Would is more common in more literary texts, reminiscences etc

Q)
past tenses used as polite forms E
.:
Past simple and past cont inuous are often used when the speaker is being more polite or less direct.
+-'
The t ime reference is to present time. VI

Did you want to see me about ,;nyli1i11y?

ro
o.
/ was wondering wl,at you w,;nted.

 1 Com plete t he sent ence usi ng t he verb in brackets an d would or used to. lf both a re possible. write both.
a Evcry day Lh c young princc (go) wottld qo I t,tSe,d -ro qo hun ti ng in th e forc.sl.
b Wild animals (sometimes come) into the garden at night.
e 1 (enjoy) computer games, but I've grown tired of them.
d Brian (speak) . ltalian quite wdl, but he's fu rgo tte11 Jt al i.
e Every day Anna (wa ke up) at 4.00 am and go to work at the
bakcry.
f My mother (ofte n play) .. the piano and sing after dinner.
g 1 (own ) a racing bike but I sold it and bought a scooter.
h Tony (be lieve) .... . .. that une <lay he wuuld be famuus .
When r was a student 1 (usually gol .. to bed about 1.00 am.
Hclcn (livc) in an old boat on th c canal.

2 Complete the two texts about World War 1 with the correct form of the ve rb in bracket s. Use past
simple, past continuous, past perfect simple or past perfect conti nuous. Only use a past perfect form
if it is necessary to make the meaning clear.

The condition of Britain in 1917

The govemment al.~o a (ne.-d) '11.t-e.de.d to ensure that Britain was fed. Under thc Dcfe.nce of thc
Realm Acl iL was able LO take over land and run.1 it over m food productiou. In Februa.ty L917 it
b (set up) t:hc Women's Lan<l Anny to recn L women as fa rm worke rs. By then,
however. the food sap_ply in Britain e (became) ....... ... desperate. German U-boats
d (slllk) onc in cvcry four British mc:rchaot ships and Britaio had only six weeks' supply
of whca1 k f1 . As food supplies e (run) short. so prices f (rise) . Wagcs
g (hardly rise) during tbe wa.t because people were mostly prepared to sauo.fice bettc r
pay to supporc the war efforc, bue prices were now almost double what tl1ey h (be) in
1914. Poorer people could oot even afford basic supplies such as bread. Shops i (close)
carly each aftcrnoon as thcy j (run out) .. of goods to scll,

 German reactions to the Treaty of Versa-illes 1919

Thc ovcrall rcaction of Gcrmans was horror and omrage They certainty k (not believe) they
1(start). .... thc war. Thcy m (not evcn think) thcy n (lose) ...
che war. In 1919 many Germans o (not re:illy underscand) how bad Germany's milirary
siruation p (be) ar the end o the war in 1918. They bclieved tbat che German governmcm
q (simply agrec) to a cc.as0f1re, and t hat thereforc (;ermany shou ld have. been at rhe Paris
Ptacc Conterencc to ncgotiate peace. They were angry that thci.r government was not represenred at the c:alks
and that the Allics r (on:e) them to accept a ha rsh treat)' wit.hout any choice or even a
commcm. At firsc, che new govemmenc s (refuse) . .. ro sign che crcacy and at onc point ir
t (look) ... as though war might break ou t again. However, Bbert. che new Cerman lcadcr, was
in an 1mpossblc position. Hcluctantly. he agreed to accept che terms of che creaty and ir was sgnrcd on
28 Junc 1919.

3 Underline t he correct form. Only use the past perfect form when othe r forms are not possi ble.

a When Dora we11t / lmd go11e to pay for the petrol she was p11tti11g / lmd put in her car, she realized /was realizi11g
t hat she losl / lwd lu~l her Cit:!tlit c.:ard.
b Whlle I was walting / liad waited fo r my mea! to arrlve. 1 saw I was seei11g that the two men who had followed
me intn th e restaurant were .~tari11g / had /Jee11 ~tari11g at me from a ncarhy table.
e When 1 heard / was heari11g the noise at the window, l k11ew / had k11ow11 that someone tried was tnfog to break
inlo the h ouse.
d Ma ria didn'l remember / wusn'l rememberi11g anythi1Jg auuut the acciueut, 4-!XCepl lua t ~he 1/ic/11'L drint / lwcl //Ot
been drivlng too fast and in fact liad almost stopped / was almost stopping before she reached the crossroads.
e By the time thc fi rc cngincs arrivcd / was arriving at th c cottage, Tom ancl his neigh bours airead)' p11t 011t / liad
already p11t 011t tile firc and ivere carrying / lwd bee11 carryi11g f11rnit11re out of the blackened building.
f 'Whal did you do / were you doing in the High Street at that time of night, and wby did you r,111 away / lwd yo11
mn awa}' when the offic.:er lold / was lelling you tu stup?' asked Lhe lawyt!r.
g W h.ile Sally pailllerl / was painting the ceiling, she fe/1 off/ was falling off tl1e ladder bu t luckily she rlidn't break/
wasn't hreaking any bones.
h Our taxi to the ai.rport didn't tum up / wasn't htrning 11p on time, and so by the time we got / were getting to the
c.:heck-in desk, lhe lighl alreadr closed / lwd 11/ready c/osed.
Marlowe walked slowly into the room. He rlidn 't furget / hadn'l (orgullen his last visit tu the huuse, when Miss
LaPortc liad fircd / wns firing two shots at him, so he harl taken / was takng no chances chis time.
Alice could see that the tall boy had / wm having diffic11lty making himsclf undcrstood, hut shc decided / was
deciding not to help h.im. After ali, nobody lwd he/peri / was l1elping her during her first days in this country!

(JJ
EXTENSION ACTIVITY
E
A Choose a nove l o r story, and select one or t wo pages. Make a list of the past tenses used
on t hese pages. Are t hese the on ly te nses possible, or a re others also acceptable?
B Translate sorne of the sentences in Exercise 2 into your lang uage. Does you r lang uage
have a simila r set of tenses, or is it dierent?

 present perfect
present perfect simple
Use present pe rfect simple
to refer to events connected to the present, without a defin ite past t ime, often w ithjust.
Someone has stofen my bik,e/ /'ve just had an ided.

to refer to indefinite evenls lhal happ1med atan unknown t im e in the past. This time is often
recent, and is often used in news items when the information is 'current'.
Archaeologists have discovered an An_ q lo-Saxon alau1 in London.
Po/ice have recaptured two escaped prisoners.

The time can a lso be all time up to the present.

No-one has (ever) proved ll1al dliem exist

to refer to indefinite events with a result in the p resent.

My car has broken down. (That's why I want a lift from you)
to describe what has been done or how many lhings completed in a period of time.
The building has been comp/eted on time.
United have scored three goals, and there's sti/1 hallan hou, left.

to describe a living person's experiences, what he or she has done in life so far.
She has painted sume uf the besl porlraits of recent years.

Lo describe a state that lasts up to the present, w ith st ate verbs.

/'ve worked i11 this departmenl for the past six months.

to refer to a repeated action in a pe riod of time up to the present.

/'ve cooked dinner every night for ten years!

with sorne time expressions.

/'ve worked here since 2002.
This is the first time /'ve eaten squid!
We've already seen t!,is film.

NotE:? that rno~i ti mE:? E:?xprE:?-ssions can bE:? usE:?d with various tensE:?s.
/'ve lived l1e1e for len yea1s. (presenl per fecl simple: /'m still hE:?re)
/ lived Cl,e1f;! for ct,ref;! yf;!ars. (pasl simple: /'m 11o t thf;!re now}

present perfect simple or past simple

Use p resent pe,iect simple for unfinished time and past simple for finished t ime.
She has painted some of the best portraits of recent years.
She painted some of the best portraits of recent years.
In the first sentence the action has happened in a period up to t he present, and may wel l continue.
In the second sentence the action is finished. The artist may be dead. The events are in a period of
t ime not connected t o t he present.
Use to show speaker attitude.
Speakers may decide whether they see an event as connected to the present (present perfect
sim ple) or not (past simple). This may be a matter of t ime or place. Tense use is here a matter of
choice, rather than of grammatical 'right' or 'wrong'.
/'ve left my books at home. (The speaker feels the event is recent, o r is still near home.)
I left my books at home (The speaker feels t he event is distant in time and place.)
Use wit h different t ime exp ressions.
I haven't been to the cinema for ages / a long time.
Present perfect refers toan action overa period of time and for describes how long the period is.
lt's ages I a long time since I went to the cinema.
lt's ages describes a period of time since an event and pasl simp le describes when that event

happened .
present perfect continuous
Use present perfect continuous
for recent continuing activities, continuing up to the present.
/'ve been waiting here for half an hour!
I haven't been taking a lot of exerc1se late/y

r /'ve been working

\..._ out a /ot late/y.

to explain a present sit uation.

/'ve been washing the dog - rhac's why my clothes are wet.
to emphasize the length of a continuing activity.
/'ve been working on my projcct ali morning.
for a repeatcd act ivity, to emphasize the repetition of the activity.
He's been phoning me every day since the party.
with how long questions.
How long have you been havlng rhesc disrurbing drcams? (this is a continu ing process, and isn't finished)
wlth mean, thlnk, consider.
/'ve been thlnklng of changing my job.
/'ve been meanlng to ger in rouch with He/en.
w ith t ime words late/y, recent/y, al/ (day). every (morning). for; since.
Wlwr have you been do/ng late/y I recent/y?
/'ve bccn working on these accounts al/ day I since 9.00 I for hours.

present perfect continuous or present perfect simple

With state verbs such as live, work. there Is llttle contrast.
How long have you lived here? How long have you been living hcrc?
Verbs such as sit. stay, wait prefer the cont inuous form.
Wit h event verbs. present perfect slmple emphasizes comp letion.
/'ve written my lerters. (finished)
/'ve been writing lerters. (describes my actlvlty durl ng a recent period)

-...
tQJ
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a.
+-'
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a.,
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...
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o.

1 Complete t he sentence w ith the present perfect simple or past simple form of t he verb in brackets.
"
a Tan M c,,wan . a "nrtt1s11 wnt er w h o, accor d_.mg to many en11cs, (w rtl'e
1s ht<S_ wri.f-.te.n
) ....... ............................- ....._.. ..
some of the best novels of recent years.
b Born in 1948, he (spend) ... .... ... ..... .... ..... much of his childhood abroad as his fat her was
an anny officer.
e He (study) ................. English literature ami creative writlng at the universities of
Sussex and East /\nglia.
d He (write) a number of successful collections of shor t stories and novels.
e llls novel The Child i11 Time (win) the Whitbread 1'4ovel Award in 1987.
f His later novels, ind uding A111sterdm11, At-011ement a nd Suture.lay, (be) . ..... very
successful.
g 1\msterdam (receive) . the Bool<er Prize for Fictio n in 1998.
h Atonement anrt Saturday (also win) .. _ ... - - -- - ... literary prizes.
llowever, McEwan (always be) .... .... a controversia! writer.
Some writers (accuse) .... him of stealing details in Ato11ement from th e work
of another auLhor, Lucilla Andrews.
k However, he (point out) the acknowledgement made to Lucllla Andrews
in an author's note in thc book.
During this controversy, the American author Thomas Pynchon (write) .... _ ....._......... .....- ...... .... ........-. a
defence of McEwan in a British newspaper.

2 Underline thc correct form.

The nature of intelligence

ror many years scientists a tried / have been trying to
define the nature of human intelligence. However, they
b were / have been unable to ayree un whether lhere is
one ki nd of intelligence, or severa! kinds. In the early
20th century, psychologist Charles Spearman
e come up / has come up with the concept of 'g' or
'general intelligence'. He d gave / had given subjects
a variety of different tests and e found / has .found
that the people wlru f perfvrmed / have performed well
in the tests g used / hove used one part of t he brain,
which he h called / has cal/ed 'g', for all the tests.
More recently, research i found / has found that this
idea may well be true, as one part of t he lb rain (the
lateral prefrontal cortex) shows increased blood flow
during testing. However, some scientists believe that
intelligence is a inatter of how much people j leamed
/ have learned rather than sorne ability they are born
with. They believe that environment also matters.
3 Rewrite the sentence so that it means t he same as the first sentence. Use present pcrfcct simple or continuous.

a I carne here at 3.00 and now it's 5.00. 1 haw. be.e.n he.re. +or lwo h ours.
b I havcn 't sccn this fi lm hcfore. '!nis is ... fil m.
e Mark is aslcr.p. Ma rk .. ........ t o bed.
d I began work h ere in 1999. I ....._ .. since 1999.
e Anna isn' t bere yel. Anua .. yet.
f We <lon' t knuw each other. We .............. bcfo rc.
g There isn ' t an y foocl lcft. Someone . ....... ali th e food.
h Wc startcd waiting in this q11e11e half an hou r ago! We .................................... l'or half an h oUI.
1 t's a long time since I was last h ere. L .. ........................ a long lirm:.
This is ouI sevenlh wedding a nnivecsary. We ......... seven years.

4 Complet e t he text using the present perfect simple, present perfect

conti nuous or past simple form of the verb in brackets.

The ageing population

The number of men An<i women in the US aaed 60 or over still m work
a (rise) . has be.r.,"-..CiSit,.q .. for more than a decade. Economists b (give)
... .... . .... .... ... . a numJ..,er of reasons for lhis lrentl. First,
sin<,;e 1985 the US e<,;onomy e (expand) ..... .... ... ..... .........
so there d (be) .......... .. an incrcascd
cierna nrl for la hm 1r A t the same time, the cost of sorne
services, such as health care, e {increase) ... ... . ... ......
so worke rs neecl lo ean 1 111ure muney in laler li e. In
,.
acldi lio11, cha11yes i11 1,uc;jJ securily l.Je11eri1-s aru.l rules
f (havel ... a considerable effect on
Jabour pattcrns. First, in t!)77 and 1!)83 changcs to thc Social
Security Act g (raise) ................ -------- .. t he full-benefit
a!=Je from GS to G7 and h (introduce)
uther d ianges that mo1ke clefaying retirernentl more
attractive. Then, in 1986 the J\ge Dis<,;rlmination /\et i (end) GOmpulsory
rctircmcnt for ali workr. rs, l'lllowin!J them to work la ter in life. C:hirnges to rensinn laws
j (also encourage) ... ... .. ... .... .... ... workers to stay in employment longer, as this gives them
more chance of a larf,ler pension when they retire.

EXTENSION ACTIVITY
+-'
A Choose one of t hese top ics and say what has happened, what has been happening or u
what has happened. These can be fictional if you prefer.
~
(1J
news of fami ly and friends climate change the political situation in your country
Q_
+-'
B Use your knowledge of the news to make lists of: e
(1J
V'I
things that have happened recently thi ngs that have been happening (1J
things that ha ppened !,....

o.
Need mure prattice? Go to the Review on page 208.
G
future time
wi/1 and won't
Use wi/1 and won't
for factua l predictions.
lnflation wi/1 increase by 1% over the next twe/ve month5.
lnflation wi/1 almost certainly increase by 1% over the next twelve months.
Other qualifying adverbials include definitely, probably, no doubt
for habits of which the speaker dsapproves.
He will keep opening the wi ndow.
Jack is so lazy. He'/1 spend the who/e day lying in hed rer1ding the papers

for an assumption taken from the facts.

'The phone's ringing. ' That'/1 be Sue l'm expectmg her to phone.'

for an immediate decision .

'Anythmg to drmk, sr?' '/'11 just have a glass of water, pleate.'

Wi/1 is used to express many other meanings connected with the future (see Unit 15).
Offer /'/1 carry that for you.
Refusa l They won't give me my hall bark!
In speech, contractions are frequently used, so/'//, you'/1, he'// etc are the usual spoken forms.

sha/1 and shan't

Sha/1 and shan't are forms of wi/1 used in first person singular and plural in form al and deliberate
speech, and in many modal uses (see Unit 16).
We sha/1 inform you, upon admission, of the rules of the Library.
'l'/1 give you my work on Friday.' '/ shall look forward to receiving it! '

be going to
Use be going to
for personal plans and ntentions.
l'm going to stay in this ev,ening and watth an old film.
What are you going to do now? I don'/ know!

when the cause of a possible event is present.

Look at the colour of the sky! /t's going to snow.

for decisions about the future.

/'ve decided whar l'm going to do. l'm going to phone the police.

will or going to?

In man y cases, wi/1 as pred iction can be replaced by going l'o, Ea!~fJ!a!Cally in
everyday speech. Th is is nol true for other meanings o wi/1.
lnflation wi/1 in crease by 1% over the next twelve months.
As I see it, inflation is going to increase by 1% over the next twelve months.

Normally going to cannol be replaced by wi/1 w i thoul changiny thla! meaning.

Was going to describes events which were supposed to happen, but did not.
I was going to come over a nd see you, but l left it too late.

be to, be about to, be on the point of, be due to

Be to is used to describe arrangernents wilh future reference.
The conference is to take place in Jvly.

The past arrangemenl form is was / were to have done.

There was to have been a second match bvt it was cancelled.
 Be (just) about to describes w hat is going to happen very soon.
I can't talk now. l'm just about to go out.
The past form describes an event in the past which was going to happen soon.
J was about to go to bed when the phone rang.
Be on the point of has a more formal meaning than about to.
David is on the point of leaving the company.

Be due to do, be due describe what is expected to happen.

The llain is due to arrive al any moment. The train is due.

present simple and continuous

Present continuous can be used for a fixed arrangement (one already definite ly made).
We're having a party on Saturday. Do you want to come?

Using going to in this example gives Lhe sarne inormation.

We're going to have a party on Satu,day. Do yuu wanl tu come?

Present simple can be used for a fixed future event. There is no personal choice here.
Next year Chiistma) is un a Tuesday.

future time clauses

Ater time expressions as soon as, after, be/ore, by the time, immediately, the momenl; until, when
etc we use present simple although there is a future reference.
As soon as we make a decision, we'/1 !et you know.
Present perfect is also used instead of present simple to show completion.
As soon as /'ve finished this letter, l'/1 help you.

Going to is also possible instead of wi/1 to show a future plan.

As soon as /'ve saved up enough money, l'm going to buy a car.

future continuous
J se future continuous tor
an event ora state ata future point.
This time next week, they'/1 be lying on the beach in the Seychelles/

events that have already been arranged for a future date.

The Ro/ling Stones wi/1 be performing in Moscow in June.

very formal requests.

Will you be wanting anything e/se, sir?

fut ure perfect simple and continuous

Use for time looked back on from a future point.
By the tim@ the exam begim, l'/1 have forgotten Pverything!
By thP pn<f nf thP mnnth, l'/1 have been working at this cnmpany for ten year.s!
These examples look into the future to 'when the exam begins' and 'the end of the month', and then
back from there. At that future point, the speaker can say 'I have forgotten' or 'I have been working'.
Use to express an assumrtion.
You'/1 have heard the npw; aho11t Anna, 1rnppme)

hope, expect, think, believe, doubt whether

These verhs introduce and show our attitude to future actions.
With think, expect, believe we show negative meaning by using don't think I expeet I believe.
I don't think yn11'/I like th1s I don 't believe /'/1 h@ lat@.

Hope can be followed by wi/1 ora present tense. The other verbs are followed by will.
I hope you have I wi/1 have a good time. 1expect you'/1 want sorne tea.
I doubt whether they'/1 be here befare six.

 1 Underline t he best verb form.
a '! lave you dccided yet?' 'Yes, l 'll /1q ve / l lw ve th e roast beet, please.'
b Q: J-low wi// J hnve knowrr / wi/11 know thal I have won a p.-ize?
A: You ure receiving / wi/1 receive an email giving ful[ deta ih.
e Quick get out of the car! It's going to burst / Jt's burstlng into flames at any minute!
d Don't come round hefore midctay, hecau.~e T'/1 be c/eani11g / I clean th e house 11ntil th en.
e Sorry I can'l come on Thmsday evening. J'm goi11g to work / J'm working late on an important
project.
f The cust uf cunstructiun is almost certninly rising / wi/1 almost certainly rise before the end of
the year as wage lncreases begin to take effect.
g The conference L~ gai11g ta begin / /Jegim ncxl Friday morning at 9.00.
h 11.ere's the money you asked for - 1000. What wi// yo11 / are yo11 goi11g to do with it"t
Why don'l you give Helen U1is cheap perfume instead of Lhe e,wensive onel She wun'l hm1e
known / wun'l knuw the dlfference!
1 Just want to remlnd everyone that we'/1 be holding / wc hold a Latin-American cvening at
the town hall thi~ Frictay.

2 Choose a ll possible forms, A, B or C, to complete t he sentence.

a 'The fish is very fresh . And the beef is very good too.' 'I thlnk A, 13 the fish.'
b 'There's somconc knocking at the door! Who can it be at tllis time of night?'
Helen. She said she might come round t o watch th e midnight movie on TV.'
e 'l've just received sorne new sales figures. them vcry much, l'rn afraid.'
d Owr the uext six months, the com.,auy tl.!n uew su.,er111arkcts i11 Fram:e.
e wlth thls kind of problem before, I expect, so l' ll leave you to get 011 wlLh lt.
f According to sources close to thc prime minister's office, the foreign ministcr
g Well, that's all for today. -- you next week ait the sa me time, if that's all right. I'ltejust received some new
h Next year - .. sorne time tuvelling, and then look for a teaching job. sales figures ...
The proble.m we have wilh Jack is that he insist on openi.ng aU the windows in the
cokl weather.
There's n ot much bread, l'm afraid. I hope eat it all before the others arrive!
k At this ratc, hy t he time we get to the pa rly, most peoplc
The riot police are running into the square. There trou ble!

a A J'm goi11g to /rave B l 'll lwve e 1'111 about to have

b A That's going to be B That'/1 be
e A Yuu're 11ot going to like B Yo11 won'l like
d A is going co open B wi/1 be opening
e A l'ou are going to dea/ B Yau are dea/i11g
f A is on the point of resigning B is rl11e to resign
g A l'm going to see B ! '111 seei11g
h A l'm spending B l 'm going to spenrl
A is going to Bis abolll to
Ayou won 'I B yo11 aren' / about to
k A wi/1 leave B wi/1 /rave le~
1 A i~ goir,g 1.0 be B wi/1 be
e It's d11e to be
C Ycm're 110l liki11g
e Is ope11ing
e Yau' /1 have dea/t
e is nbo11t to resig11
e T'/1 see
e J'/1 spenrl
e wi//
e you're 11ot going to
C are 011 the poi,,t of lenvi11x
e is c/11e lo be

3 Complete t he sentence w ith the present simple o r wi//-futu re forrn of the verb in brackets.
a Wc will usuaJJ y n:spuml tu emuiril:!s i111111ediately we (ret:eive) re,c.,~/'-!..?. them.
b When we (reach) an agreement, we'll ask our legal depart ment to draft
a contract.
e Work on the second stage of the project (begin) --- as soon as the first
stage (prove) successful.
d Unti l the economic situation (improve) .. , lhe company (not risk)
.... .... ... .. . ... a11y fu rther investm ent i.n this fie!d.
e A detall ed break-down of the figures (appear) . ...- ....... -. ..._ ,__ on o ur web site as soon
as both com panies (sign) the agreemem .
f Our office (contact) _ you the moment we (have)
any news.
g Our human resources team (then asse5s) _ your application before we
(decide) whelher you can go forward to the next stage.
h By th e time the hanks (reach) an agreem ent on this issue, th e amount
of debt (be) ... . out of con trol.

4 Wrile a new sentence w ith the same meani ng containing th e word in capitals.
a The 12th Engllsh Teachlng Conference takes place on S- 12June. TO
Tue. IZ+n E:11'3li~h Te.achi11'3 Co11.+e.re.11.ce. is +o +al:'.e. plac? Q I\ 6-IZ cb.!1-t,
b The president is expected to arrive here at 9.30. DUF.

e Everyone was 0 11 the point of leaving whe11 the fire alarrn Wl:!lll oIT. ABOUT

d He's got the had habit of playing very loud music late at night. WlLL

e The car has broken down, we're miles from anywhere, and we haven't got
a phone. So, what's our plan? TO

f Goon nPws! Jane is expecting a hahy! HAVE

g I intended to phone you last night, but it slipped my mind. GOING

h I'm drlvlng to Leecls anyway on Tuesday, so why clon't I give you a lift? l'LL

'There's a lettec for you.' Tm sure that's my new crectit carel.' WlT.J.

I ~xpecl the pollee have caughl the lhief by now. WTLL

Q)

E
.::;
QJ
l...
::,

-
~
::,
 5 Complete the text with wi// be, wi/1 have or wi/1 have been + the correct form of the verb in brackets.

What are your hopes for the future?

~u lt's ha rd to rnake predictionS' too lar into the future, bul I lhink I can
)'?.f/ say quite a lot aboul my lile in aboul len years' tir11e. 1 Lhi11k 1
a (still live) .A ill s.f:ill ...be.:. liY.\.'J . --.. in the same city. By that time
1b (finish) my studics, anrl, who know\
perhaps I e (fi nd) ..-...... . _,___ .............. ....... . ..... a good job. And 1
d (probably go out) .... with the same
friends too!

l'm optm,stic about the future, so I think that by the time l'm 35, say,
e (make) ....-... ... . ....... . ..... .. rny lurlune. By Lh en 1
f (run) .. ... .. .... ... .....- ...._ ....... my own company for about ten
ycars. and I g (almost ccrtainly bccomc)
a milli onaire! So I h (drivc) an expeMivP
sports car, 1hope!

Bernard

1think we should ali be worried about what the world

i (be) _. . ... __ . .... like in titty years' time.
By then, 1hope thal the world's governments j (ind)
an answer to the problem of
global wanung, but perhaps scientists k (still search)
for technological solutions. lt's quite
possible that we 1(still talk) .
aboul the problem, as we are now!

By the time l'm fifty, 1expect thal nearly everything m (change)

and everyone n (try) ........._ ...
their best to adapt to new circumstances. For example, 1can 't imagine
that we o (use) cars, because by then
most of the oil in the world p (run out) _ _ ............
People q (travel) ... ... .. ... . ....... ... . ... ..... .... ... in electric cars, or
perhap~ we r (walk} - - - - - __...._ ..... _... . everywhere. 1hupe
that scientists s (solve} ... ....... --- . _ ...........-- the pollution
problcm, but who knows! Pcrhaps sorne othcr worsc problcm
t (com-c) along by then!

G
6 Chuu~e th e wrrell u rr ri, A, B or C, lu wrn lete the sentence.
a 'Can l talk to you tora momenf!' ' Sorry, - ~
b Actually, .. Sue's l10use tomorrow, so if you like I could leave the books fur her.
e Davitl autl Su~a1.1 in May, l,ut they've hall to change their plans.
d Wc a party for rrofessor Allan on Frlday evcnJng, and we'd llke you to come.
e ('ve done a lot of revision, but l'm sure thal when I sit down to do the exam
f Chru doesn'I do much work. U1e whole day drinking coltee and lookin~ oul ol
the wi ndow.
g rnmr back abo11r 4 30 the report by then, and you can take a copy.
h , but T'II Jet you know if r get delayed.
'Wha t time is lhe plane supposed to get here?' 'lt 311)' minute now.'
Quic.k, run! Toe bomb

a A l'm just going to leave. jrtst /eavi,rg.

B / '111 e /'// jusL leave.
b A 1'/1 pass 8 l'm goi11g to /JIISS e l'll ln p11s~i11g
e A wi/1be ;.;etli11g married B were goins lo Je/ marrierl C expect th,,y wi/1 }iet marrierl
d A are givinx B are abouc to xive e wi/1 give
e A f'm {orgetti11g everythi11g B / '// forget everyt/li11g e /'// be forgetting everytlli11g
f A He's going to spe11d B He'// spe11d e He ivi/1 lwve spe11t
g A /'vi' fi11islwd 8 /'// have fini~lwd e l'm fi11h/1ing
h A 0111 11or rfue 10 /Je /are B 0111 nor going ro be /are e do11'1 rh/11k 1'11 be late
l A will come B wns going to arrive e is d11e
/\ is e.vplorfing B wi/1 explode e is going lo expiode

EXTENSION ACTIVITY
A Malee sorne pe rsona l predictions about ten years' t ime (or choose
another length of time}.
what you will / w on't be doing where you will / won't be
w hat you will / won't have done by t hen

B 'According t o t he 2006 Revision, t he w orld po pulation will probably

increase by 2.5 billion over the next 43 years, passmg from the
1.ur n::n l 6.7 1.Jilliu n t o 9.2 billion in 2050.' U~t: resea rch in a libra ry o r
on the Internet to fi nd more predictions about the next fifty yea rs.

<l)
E
..:;
Q)
l..
::,
+-'
::,
4--

 tense contrasts
1 Complete the sentence using a su ita ble form of t he verb in brackets.

a 'What cxactly did ~'-' do ... whe.11 you saw lhe smoke?' 'l pressed the
fire alarm.' (do)
b l.ly the time we get to the stactium, thc matcb (starl)
e '1-low long .. here for?' 'I don't know. l haven't decided yet.' (stay)
d Jac..:ksou ........ the Nobel l'rize, but says sh e is still hoping for
recogn i tion. (win)
e lf you happen to see any one in the garden, don't worry. lt
Lhe ga r<leucr. (be)
f 'l'm sorry to be late. Thope you long. (wait)
g Arma didn' t undcrstand why Lhc mystcrious strangcr her
such a letter. (send)
h Tom sends hi s apologies but he .. . . a few minutes late. (be)
1 don'L like lhis bed. Il . uncomorlable. (feel)
j Tbere .... . ... .... a strlke thJs moming, but lt has been cancelled. (be)
k Tt's really unfalr! You (always) ... me! (cr'llldze)
l' m glad T'vc run into you. T to gct in touch with you
for ages. (mean)

2 Underljne the best verb fo rm.

The arguments about climate change

According to ali the measurements, climate change a happens / &.
happening, but science b appears / is appearing to be split on what to do
about it. Unforlunately, scientists e do not ali agree / are not ali agreeing
about the causes of global warmlng. In a recent book, two scientists
- Fred Singer, a climate physicist. and Dennis Avery, a biologist - d orgue
/ are arguing that the warming currcntly observed around the world Is part
of a 1 ,500-year cycle in solar energy. Singer, an outspoken critic of the
idea that huma ns e warm / are warming the pianet, and Avery, f be/ieve
/ are believing that a well-established, 1,500-year cycle in the Earth's
climate can explain most of the global warming lhal g takes place / tras
taken place in the last 100 years. We are currently on an upswing, getting
warmer after th.e Little Ice Age, but in a few hundred years h wil/ be / are
back on the downswing, and getting colder again. They i say / are saying
that efforts to slow down the current warming by reducing em1ssions
of greenhouse gases are at best pointless, or at worst economically
damaging. This, o course. is nol whal lhe fourlh assessment reporl or
the UN lntcrgovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) j has sa/d /
said a few weeks ago. That report from the UN climate science working
group k has concluded / concluded that rt I is/ has been likely that rising
greenhouse gas conoentrations m have caused / caused most recent
warming and that, depending on our actions now to slow the growth of
emissions, warming by 2100 n will probably be / is probably between

about 1.5C and 6C. So, which scientists o tell / are tel/ing us the trulh?
 3 Choose the correct phrase 1 to 15 for each gap.

New tunnel planned beneath the Alps

For centuries, the Alps a 10 as a natural l rade barrier between northern and soulhern Europe. Sending
Italian wine to the Nethedands, or German washing machines to Greece, b . -- a long, slow journey along
narrow alpine valleys, through tunnels and over passcs.
The amount of freight crossing the Alps in heavy good's vehicles e sharply over the last two decades. 1n
1990 an estimated 40 million tonnes d by ruad; in 2001 that e to 90 million tonnes, with further
big increases expecled by 2010. Bul concerns for the Alpine environmenl and ears over safely f ......... lo big
prt!SSure to rnove freiyht off the roads and onto the railways. Both Switzerland's Gotthard ruad tunnel and
France's Mont Blanc road tunnel g major fircs in thc last ten ycars in which many h
As long ago as 1<J94, the Swiss i in a nationwide refPrPnd1Jm to put all freight crossing their country
onto the railways. Naturally, such an ambitious plan
j ....- .... overnight, bul now lhe projecl cfulfed lhe
engineering feat of the 21st Century k ........ . Deep
beneath the Alps, the Swiss 1 a high spced rail
link between Zul'ich and Milan. It m . ... , at
57 kilomet res (35 miles), the world's longest tunnel.
A key fealure of Lhe projecl, which is new lo alpine
transport, is the fact that the entire railway line
n at thc same altitude of soo metres (1,650
ftl above sea leve! Th is o __ trains using the line
to reach speeds of 240 km/h (149 111phl, reducing the
travel lime between Zurich and M ilan from Loday's
tour hours to just two and a half.

1 will allow 8 has risen

2 are build ing 9 had risen
3 died 10 aave sened
4 was not golng 11 nave suffered
t o happe11 12 is slowly Lak.ing sh ape
5 will include 13 will stay
6 have led 14 voted
7 mcans 15 wcnt

4 Complet e the text w ith the appropriate form of the ve rb in brackets.

POLICE SEEK MISSING SHED

A 32-year old man a (gct) ........ qQf..... .. home from work on Friday to fl nd that someone
VI
b (st eal) the shed trom his back garden. Martm Graham, who e {live) ~
m
in Francis Road, Darnely, d (tell) ... us he couldn't believe his eyes. 'There was simply l,..
+-'
nothing there . l lhought I e (go) ... inlo lhe wrong g,m.Jen.' A neighuour who e:
ou
f (notlce) ... ... the men whlle they g (dlsassemble) ........ the shed,
Q)
h (assume) that Mr Graham i (asK) ... thcm t o do it. Thc two mcn VI

j (drive off) .. in a white van. Police k (investigllte) and

e:
Q)

+-'
1(issue) a description of the two men.
 5 Complete th e t ext wit h t he appropriate form of t he verb in brackets.

Lite expectancy
011r country a (go) i$ qoi~f:1 _ through a period of aEcrleratng change Today, there b (be)
around 3.7 mi Ilion people aged over 60 in this country but th e large numbers of people who e {belong)
. lo lhe baby.boom generation d (produce) <111 explo~io11i11 lll t:! 11u111ber ol eluerl y
people from around 2011 . By 2030, there e (be) _ .. some 8.8 million and because the birthrate in
the perlad afler the postWilr baby boom f (decline} sharply, th csc cldcrly pcoplc g (reprr.sent)
a much larger share ol the country's populaton than ever befare in our hstory. In 1%6, when
we h (introduce} our national pens1on scheme, there i (be) aboul eght working
age people for every relired person, whereas today, Lh e,e j (be) . .. .. .iboul live. cinu in 2030. tliere
k (be) ... - ..... _____ only three. There 1(be )
ano1hcr dramaric change
which also m (affect) ... this
s1tuat1on, as thanks to medica! advances and
higher living ~lanuards. life exectc111cy
n (increase) ............. ando (continue)
ro incrca~c in fururc years.
loday people can expecl to live three years
longer than in 1966. By 2030, lhey
p (live) ... .. an average ol
4.5 years longer.

6 Write a new sentence with the same meaning containing the word in capitals.
a There's a party at our house on Friday. WE
We., ~r:-e., k,qv i11.-3 a, pt,!_r-tt_J. 011. Fr{dat;,
b This is my first trlp to Siberia. BEFORE

e What's your job, exactly? DO

d KarE:! ll 'S bair was short OllCE:!. HAVE

e J'm leav ng in a minute, so r can' t talk now. JUST

f IL's a long lime since l lasl wenl lo l he th ea tre. FOR

g When was Lile invasion of Britain by the Romans? LNV/\DE

h l'm sure it won't ratn tomorrow. DON'T

Is this your sui tcase? DOES

When l have enough money, T'm going to buy a new com puter. SAVED
7 Complete the text w ith the appropriate form ot the verb in brackets.

Child employment in Victorian Britain

In Victo,ian l ,o ndon, n,ud larks we:re childrcn who a (sea,'Ch for) Se.~c~e.d ~O valuahk h1ts and niccc.s on
the shores of the River T hames. They b (not do) . . ....... rhis from boats, bur e (wait)
unril rhe cide d (go} ou L, and then e (crawl)
abour in the tiver mud looking for anyt:lng valuable. Henry Mayhew, :i Vicroti.an wrirer, f (inrervjew)
.. .... a 'mud lark' in his book about poor working people in London in t he 185U's. 'My family is
ltish though I was bom in London. My father g (work)
at Loudou Docks. H e is a strong-bodied
man of 34. l h (go) . to school with my
brothcrs for about three ycars and i (lcarn}
rcading and writing and arithmetic. Onc of my brothers
j (be) at sea for the past fivc ycars. 1
k (work) .... .. .... _, ................... in the neighbourhood of
Millwall picking up picces of coa! and iron , copper an<l bits of
canvas ou che sU1face. When bargemc1 1(carry)
coa! to thc shore sorne of it m (fall)
in t he mud aod we n (pick it up)
. T he most I o (ever see) ......--
my com pauions find is one shilling's wor th a day. There are
usually chirreen or fou rteen mud Jarks, boys and girls, around
Limchousc in thc summcr and six boys sreactily in the winter.
When a hargeman p (ge.t.~ hold) of onc,
he generally q (th.row) . ......... . .......... thcm into thc
tiver. The police boac r (chase) .. roe two or
chree times. One 1ghr I s (sce) .....- ....
a large piece o copper drop down where rhey t (repair)
a sh,p. That cvcrung as a ship u (come)
out of tht <iocks, 1 v (srrip off)
iny doth~s au d w (dive)
. down severa! fecr, x (seizc)
- ......... . ...... the piece o copper and la ter
- y (sell) it to a mannc dcalcr.'

Vl
+-'
Vl
ro
EXTENSION ACTIVITY l...
+-'
A Write a short news report, like the one in Exercise 4. lf you preter,
e
ou
f ind a report in your own language and translate it.
<I)
Vl
B Write a report about yourself for an online d.:iting servicc. lnclude e
<I)
information about what you do, what you are doing, and t hings you

+-'
have done recently. Make yourself sound as interesting as possible!

pass1ve
passive forms
The basic tormation is be+ past participle. AII tenses and simple or continuous forms are possible, but
sorn e are much more common than others.

be + past participle
present simple passivc
present cont inuous passive
w ill passive
past simple passive
past continuous passive
present perfect passive
The machines are contro/led by compurer.
The crime is being investigated.
The building wi/1 be completed next year.
The new school was opened by thc Mayor.
The man died while he was being taken to hospital.
A thousand new books have been published this month.

Only transitive verbs (verbs with an object) can be made passive. Sorne transitive verbs c;1nnot he made
passive: become, fit, get, have, /ack, /et, like, resemble, suit

why use passive?

to move important informatlon to the bcginning of the sentence
The new swimming pool has just been opened.
to be impersonal in a scientific or technical process
The plastic casings are produced in China.
when 1the performer of the action Is general (eg people) or obvious from the context. or
unimportant, or is intentionally not named
1\/1 pupi/s are taught compurer ski/Is.
The match has been cancelled.
The workers have been told that the facrory wi/1 e/ose next week.
We carn also use it + passlve decide to show an impersonal decision.
lt has been declded to e/ose the facrory.
Use of the passive Is p.irtly a matter of choice, though sorne verbs may be used more often in
pas.sive than active.

agent and instrument

We can mention who or what perforrned t he action using by and a word or phrase.
The new ~wi111111ing pool has just been opened by Llie Mdyo,.
The pdtked tar was hit by d /or,y.
The agent is not mentioned if it is unknown. general, obvious or unimportant etc, but is rnentioned
if the speaker wants to draw attenton to it.
I was told J wouldn't need a visa.
1 was told by the Embassy that I wouldn't need a visa.
We use with when something is used deliberately for a purpose.
During the robbery, the manager was hit with a baseba/1 bat.
Compare: Two passengers were hit by flying glass.
By show s t hat the action was accidental. not deliberate.

verbs w ith two objects

Verbs such as bring, give, lend, pass, pay, promise, se/1, send, show, tell can be made passive in
two ways::
They gave Sarah a prize. They sent me a letter

Sarah w as given a prize. 1 was sent a /etter.

A prize was given to Sarah A /etter was sent to me.
verbs with object and complement
Sorne verbs have an adjective or noun phrase as a complement. When they are made passive, the
complement still follows the verb.
f'eopfP rnns1der her attractive. They elected Jim class representative.
She is considered attractive. Jim was elected class representative.

verbs and prepositions

When a prepositional verb is made passive, the prcposition goes at thc cnd of t hc scntence and has no
obj ect.
Someone is looking after the childrcn. The children are being looked after.
Someone shor ar them. They were shot at.

make
The passive forms of make are fol lowed by to-infinitive.
They made He/en wrire rhe test again. He/en was made to write rhe tese again.

Helen was made to write tire te..rt aga/11.

see, hear, fee/

Verbs see, hea,; fee/, watch, notice ele have different meanings wh en followed by bare infinitive, or ing.
I saw him /eave. (compleled) 1x1w him leaving. (incomplete)
When see and hear + bare infinitive are changed to a passive. the verb is followed by to-infinitive.
He was seen to leave. (cornplele) He wd; ~een /eaving. (incomplete)

G
 1 Rewrite the sentence uslng a passivc form so t hat it does not contain t he words underlined.
a Ihey are collecting thc rubbish on Tucsday this wcck.
_Toe, rlibois.h is tie-i1:1.q colle.c..-re-d 011. T.wz.sda_J -rhis we-e.k.
b The police have already arrested both o f the suspects.

e ~ have declded that your contraer will not be renewcd.

d Someone stole my bil<e JasL wcc.k.

e The chef cool<cd thc fish pcrfcctly.

f ~ ')] reach a dccision next wee k.

g The huilders complelerl lhe hui lding at th e e nd of last month.

h EeQ.p.l_e deliver ali our products to your door.

Yk, have askcd Pauline to take ovcr thc joh until th e end of J11n e.

While Lhey were mak ing the fi lm, the money ran out.

2 Complete the text with a passivc or act ive form of the verb in brackets, in a suitable t ense
according t o t he context.

Local cheeses
Trachrional r.heesr_s a (produr.e) are. proc.luc.e.d in many reg1ons of the I JK 1111d b (name)
........................................... afte r the area in which they e (first develop) ... ..... .... . ....................... Cheddar, a hard cheese
wi1.h a strong, uutly Laste, is J\:: cuosl popular ami d (now rnake) .. _.......... ____ ........... ................. all over Lhe wocltl. A 'true'
Cheddar must come from 1.he counlies of Somerset. Dorset or Devon in southwest England or specifically from the
Somcrsct villagc from which it e (takc) . . its narnc.
Wensle.ydale f (c:ome) fmm the Yorkshire. >;ile_~ (valley;;)
in northem England. Originally made from sheep's milk, i1 g (base)
_...........- .....-......... _____ ..... un a recipe introduced by the CisLercian
monks in che lhh cenmry and has a mild refreshing flavour.
Traditional L.ancashire. from northwest Eng)and, has a llght, salty
lavour. During thc: lndusrnal Rr.volunon (arnund 1760-1830),
Lancashire cheese h (become) ..._.... ___________ ______........... - ... - the staple
food of the mili workers. Caerphilly, a crumbly cheese,
i (fi rsc produce) . .. iJ1 che Welsh cown of
that name in about 183 l. Thc chccsc j (soak)
overnigh Lin sah wa1r.r to seal 111 1hr. mn1s1urr.. l1 w;i~ popular wth
the local coalminers who k (lose) .. ...... .... ...... ........... ... ......... a loLof
sah du1 ing 1he1r wurk undergroum.l. 131ut! SLilw11, 111aue unly in Lht:
counctes of Leicestershire, Nocctnghamshire and Derbyshire,
1(prlze) .. ... as Lhe 'king' of Brilish cheeses.
G
3 Complete the text with a suitable passive form of the verb in brackets.

Blocked drains shut gallery link

A multi-million pound underground tunnel connecting two of Edinburgh's art galleries
a (close) ht<S be.e,~ close-d for two weeks so that blocked drains which have dogged
the building from the outset can be fixed. he repair work b (estimate)
to cost aro und f:100,000 but it is unclear who will fool the bill. Major losses
e (expecl) ... at the museum and at the gallery restaurant, which
d (house) . in the link and e (fo rce)
to shut whilst the work f (carry out) . The head of b11ildings said it
was likely that the fault had occurred while t he tunnel g ( construct)
'It probably happened while it h (build) because we have had
blockage problems since it opened. We i (tell) it will cost around
l00,000 - who will pay for it will be the issue: A spokeswoman for the National Galleries said:
'Everything j (do) to ensure mi nimal disruption to visi tors. Many of
the educational workshops and events k (accommodate) . .. elsewhere
in t he galleries. The National Gallery of Scotland and the Royal Scottish Academy Building
1(not affect) .. by Lhe work, and will open as normal Lhroughoul;
The work to the faulty drainage system at the Weston Link, which m (only complete)
in August 2004, will take eight weeks from mid-February until the
start of Marc:h.

4 Rewrite each sentence so that it conta ins a passive verb and by+ an a gent or with + an instrument.
a A n umbf'T of t rain ee doct ors examined n o ra.
Dora wa_s_e,){t,1.r.i.i~e.d b?.j_<i! ~l.lr.i.be,r o-L-rraiMe. c:/<25:,.f.9rs.
b The exteut of tbe 0ood-da1mtge l1as sm prised everyo11e.

e Sorn con c uscd a cou ntcrfcit kcy to open thc sccu rity door.

d The freezing conditio ns put off man y would-be shoppers.

e Someone used a brick to srnash the window.

f T he h igh cost of gas a ncl eleclTici ty is hi tHng som P fa m ilies h ard.

g The force o lhe explosion blew in lhe wi ndows 0 11 nearby buildings.

h The h igh winds damagcd scveral build ings.

Somebody used a blunt instrument to h it the security guard 011 the h ead. (1)
-~ .
V\
V\
The u11usually high lide complelely wasbed away the sea wa11. (O
o.

 5 Com plete the text w ith a suitablc passivc form of t he
verb in brackets.

Wangari Maathai
Wanga ri Mdathai a (award) wa'... Cl.v,JCl.,~u,l, .... . the
Nobel Peace Prize in 2004. She b (praise)
by the Nobel com mittee as 'a so urce of inspiration
for everyone in Africa fighti ng for sustainable' development,
democracy and peace'. When she slarted her Gree11 Belt
rnovernent in 1977, Kenya was sufferi ng from defo restation
and desertification. Thousands of trees e (cut down)
and many families d (leave)
in poverty as a result. Since then,
her successful campaign to mobi[ize women to plant some
30 million trees e (copy) ................. by olher
countries. During that ti me the move ment f (transform)
into a campaign on education,
m)trition and other issues. Her campaign has not always
been popular. Mrs Maathai g (arrest) ......... .......... .
several ti mes for cam paigning againsl deforeslation in Africa,
and once she h (beat) ... . . ....... ...... ..... .... .. ...... . . . . unconscious by heavy handed police. But in etections
in 2002, she i (clect) asan MP as part of an opposition coalition which swept
to power, and she j (appoint) .... - ........ ................................................... as a deputy environment minister in 2003.

6 Complete the sentence us ing a passive, so t hat it rnea ns the same as t he first sentence.
a The managi11g t!irnctur prumisetl me a pay-rise.
1 was .. pro,v.ise-Ja. pat.1-rise- - ....... _..._. _ .......... - ...- . ...... .... by the managing director.
b Thcy scnt me the r.ontract hy comiPr thP rnixt cfay.
The contract
e A multi-national company is Laking over our Cirm.
Our firrn ...... .... . ....
d Several people noticed the man trytng to climb in the window.
. ........ . ............. by several people.
e They awarded David a meda! for bravery.
Oavid .................... _ ......... . . . ......................... . . .
f They made Sylvia lake lhe exam aga111.
Sylvia
g An cldcrly aunt gavc Paul thc paintings.
Paul ....... - .... ............ .... - . . - .........
h The police are going to look inlo lhe case.
. .. - ...- ....- .. -----.. - .......... by the police.
They considered any further rescue attempts pointless.
Any further
Thcy clcctcd Gcorge p resident for a second t<"rm.
G George ...............................................
7 Rewrile each sentence about the James Bond film stage, using a passive fo rm where posslble.
a Pl newood Studlos will rebuild th eJnmcs Bond stagc which firc dc.~troycd at th e weekenrt,
according to a sta tcmcnt from th e studios.
Accon:i~q ..f-o a s..f-a..f-e.,~e.~..f- +rom Pi~e.woqc::/_'Q{-JiQS,{he....d~~e,s ~Ql\d.....sf;_qe-,.. ....
. l:l'hi~h k9.C,!S de.s:trotJe. .9.kJ .qre, ~-r ..f-h<:,_t!IC&ke,_~d., w.i!I .17.e. re.17.uiH:. ...............................
b Nobody has yet confirmed Lhe cause of Lbe blaze a l Jver HeatJ1, Bucki.11gha111sh ire, wh ich left
Lite celebrated stage cornpletely !,'lltted.

e They had completed shoo ting ot U1e Jatest p roducti on and were removing Lhe mm sels, a
spokesperson explained.

d 'Wc 11avc not yet assessed t h e full effects of this incident, but it won't affec t the hnancial
performance of the co mpan y.'

e Someone called Buckinghamshire Fire Brigade at 1118 BST on Sunday.

f Eight Hre eng'ines tack led the blaze, and Lhe smokc was visible from ten miles away.

- - - - - - ---------------- -------------------------
g Th c roof covcring thc stagc cavcd in through firc damagr. and thcy rr.qui red special
cquipmcnt to rcach it.
-- --- - -

h It is tite secoud time fire has destruyetl the stage, origi11aJly bu.ilt for the 1977 Bond film The
Spy Who Loverl Me.

They previously rebuilt th e building followi.ng a [Lre in 1984 afler which Lhey Lrea led six
peo.le for lJUms, s1Hoke i11halatio11, anti shoLk.

Since its r.eopening, when they christened it The A lbert R Broccoli 007 Stage after the long-time
producer of the series, they have used it in fiveJames Bond films.

EXTENSION ACTIVITV
(])
A Choose a page from a buok or magazine, and count the number of passive tenses. Do >
V'\
this with severa! different kinds of texts. Do sorne have more passives than others? V'\
ro
B Tra nslate the answers to Exerclses 2 and 4 into your language. How Is the passive used c.
differently in your language?
 hearsay reporting
Hearsay reports describe what people say, report, believe, think, consider, know, etc, and are often
used in news reporting. They are introduced by a passive form of the report verb, either in present
simple or past simple form with a to-infinitive. The report can refer to the present, or past, ora time
before the time of reporting.

present verb, present reference

We use a present reporting verb and refer to a state or action in the present.

passive present infinitive

r-1---lr-1-i
The patient is said to be M well as can be expPCted.

(That's what people say now about the present situation.)

present verb, past reference

We use a present reporting verb and refer to a state or action in the past.

passive past infinitive

( 1 1
lrl--'---- ~
The robbers are thought to have sto/en more than E3 mil/ion.

(That's what people say now about the past situation.)

past verb, reference to time of reporting

We use a past reporting verb and refer to a state or action at the time the report was made.

past simple passive present infintive

1 __L
1 11 1
\....::qweek. the Pome Miniqer was said to be 11nrlPCidPd.
(That's what people said then about the situation then.)

past verb, reference befare time of reporting

We use a past reporting verb and refer to a state or action at the time bcforc the rcport
was made.

past simple passive past infinitivc

r ' - ~ 1 1 1
Mr Smith was be/leved to have taken the car by mistake.

(That's what people sald then about something that had happened earlier.)

continuous f orms
Cont inuous infi nitive forms are also possihle.
The escaped men are bel/eved to be wear/ng prison dorhes.
The mjured man is thought to have b9en trying to dimb the cliff.

present continuous infinilive w eat to be wedt iny

past continuous infinitive wear to h ave been wea ring

13REAKING NEWS PRISONERS ESCAPE O 9 :30

passive inf initives

Hea rsay report expressions tan dbo be olfowe by pa~~ive iri initives.
There are a number of diseases which are known to be caused by poor hygiene.
The men are said to have been recaptured.
At the time of the wreck, the d1amonds were thought to have been /ost.

present passive infinitive eat to be eaten

post passive infinitive eat to have been eaten

passive participles
These can be used with repo rt verbs li ke appreciate, deny, enjoy, remember etc.
I appreciared being met ar the aport.
Mr Archwood dente<i having been convicted of any come.

Note thal Lhere mav be no diference between using past and present particrples.
He denie<i being there. He den,ec having been there.

present passlve contlnuous eat being eaten

past passive continuous eot hoving been eoten
CTl
e
t'.
o
c..
....Q)
>,
ro
....Vl
ro
Q)
..e:

 1 Rewrite each sentence about ancient beliefs so that it does not contaln the words undecllncd.
a In lrish mythology. pcoplc said a mctcnr was a snul passing frnm purgatnry to her1ven .
.. J11._Jrish...M'3::r.l:wlo.qq, . a Med:e-or wa.s ...said +o ..be- a soul pt:tSSil'\q .feo,~ . .
. p,irqa+nrt.1 .f-n.Jv,ave,1\. ... ... .......... ... ... ...... .... .. .. ..
b In Greek mylhology, peoph:' IJelieved tlie IJeeclL tree was aule tu carry 11u:?ssages frurn a
worshiJJJJer tu Zeus, the fatl ter uf the gvcb.

c. In ancient f::gypt people thought bats' blood cu.red blindness.

-- --..- - -

d In /\ztec mythology, Pf.QP1e believect the Sun was the home of the god Quetzalcoatl.

e In Norse mythology, ~ lhoughL the bravesl wacriors lived afler dealh in lhe hall of
VaJJialla.

f In a ncient F.gypt, people believed the scarab, or beetle, ca rried the Sun across the s.ky.
- - - - -......... ............................- ......... ----- ...--- - -
--- ..- ........... - .... ..... - -..- - - - -- ....- .................... - - - ---

2 Rewrite each sentence so t hat it begins w ith the words underlined.

a renple ~ay that the rnmpany's Emnpean division is having a gond ycar.
The company's European division . .is s.a.id f.o . b.t .. havi11.q a qooJ 11e,ar.
b In conlrasl, tb ey say Lhal the Far East d ivision has been suffering from lising costs.

e Penple helieve thllt the cnmpany h s heen talking tn a cnmpctitnr ahnut a possihlc mcrgcr.
_____ ...........- ............- ............

d People know sorne di,ectors have been tlnking on lhese Unes for some Lime.
- - - - - ........- ---- - - -

e People believe the CEO Carl Graham. is making an attempt to focus the business more
sharply in sorne areas.

f Pcoplc say he is also looking at thc possibility of job cuts.

- - - - - -..---- - - - -

g People think the company is holding a top .. Jevel meeting abvut these matt ers ne,'<t week .

3 Complete the sentence so that it means the same as the fir~t sentence.
a Oak lsland in C:anada is onc of many pla rf'~ in thf' worlcil whirh proplf' think is th f' site of buried trP11sure.
Oak lsland in Canada is one of many places in tbc world which is ouqhf to be. tke. Sife. oJ _ .
bt,1ri?4 -f:.1"?.~St1r"e..
b People say Lbal thc trcawre is iu a place calJetl 'the money pit'.
The treasure is
e Pcople think that piratcs buried the treasure ccnturies ago.
f'irates are
d The money pit story dates back to 1795, when people reporl thal a local youlh ell into a hole al lhe foot o
a large Lee~.
The moncy pll story dates back to l 795, whcn a local yout11 Is

e People believe that he and a fricad discovered traces ot treasure in Lile hole.
lle and a friend are
f PPnplP viy th;il I hP twn mPn fnun<I ;i trPil~llrP rhP~t In l;iter exr;i11;it1nm
The two men are
g However, before the}' could open the chest, people say that water flooded in.
However, before tbey could open the chest, water is
h Sincc thcn, pcoplc bclicvc thot more thon o dozcn groups o f trcosurc huntcrs hove scorchcd for thc trcosurc.
Since then, more than a doz:en groups of treasurc hunters are

People tliiuk Llia t :..Ulllt'. t'.xplurer:.. lJUllll old pit:ce:.. lJ lllt'.ldl in tlie hule.
Some explorers are
However, people now report that the p1l 1s a natural phenomenon, or the remains of old colonial
tortLtcations.
However, tl1e pit is now

4 Rewrite each sentence using appreciate, deny, enjoy, like or remember and the word in capitals.
a I llanks for takmg me to the stat1.on. TAKEN
1 appr u.fc.te. be.i~q .f-a~e,11. to fke, S.f-{.{.f-i911..
b Twas shown around the school, and I cnjoycd it. BEING

e I don't remember when they arrested me! DEING

d He said he liked lt when people took him seriously. TAKEN

e Tina said she hadn 't been paid to appear in the play. HAVTNG
Ol
e:
.p
f I uo11'l rewe111uer w/11:11 they gavl! rue the a11ae5l/1elic. BEING ......
o
Q.
(1)
g Thanks for giving me another cbancc. G!VEN 1,..

>.
n,
V'I
1,..
n,
Q)
.e

 5 Write a new sentence with the same meaning containing the word in capitals.
a People say thal the hal sold yesterday al the auc lion was worn by Napoleon during the
invasion of Russia in 1812. SAID
The. ha+.so1d11e.s+e.rda1j a+ .f-h.e. auc..f-ion.i s said +oh.ave. bu.n. ,.io01. 'i -- - . _
Napole.on. duri1tCj 1-h.e. in.vasion. o~ 'Kussia in. 1312..
b People think that the eart hquake in the North .'if'a was causf'<l hy a rf'lf'asf' in prl'ssmf' aftf'r
oil and gas extraction. THOUGHT
.. - - --------- ---..- - - -
( People belleve that Harrlet the tortoise, who has just died aged 176, was owned by Charles
Darwin. BELIBVED

d People now know that three patients were infected with the disease thcough blood
tra usfusiu11s. KNOWN

e Pcoplc think that more than a hundrcd football supportcrs wcrc tnvolvcd in thc riot aftcr
the match. THOUGHT
- - - ----- - ----- ----" ...
f Peuple believe tl1at the recent fure~t fires i11 Ca.lifumia were started deliberalely. BELIEVED
- - - ----------~ ..--- -
g People now know that three other reUgious leaders were arrested at che same rlme. BEEN

h People believe that the helicopter which crash ed yesterday killing 18 service personnf'I was
shol down. BELJEVED

6 Rewrite each sentence so that it is a hearsay report, using a form of the verb in ca pita Is.
a Two suspects have been arrested. THINl<
1wq.s~~pu+$. ..are. Jkouqk_t..j:.Q.hgve,_!?.~.~~rre.s+e..<;!.
b The plane crashed lnto the sea near a small islaod. BELIEVE
---..- - - - - -- -- ..... ,........... '

e Thc ministcr is considcring changing thc laws on smoking in pubUc. SAY

d Yesterday the situation had improved. REl'Olff

. ---------- - -
e Whalcs have been seen in the area for the first time. SAY

f The fire broke out at J am. BF.l.lF.VF.

---- - - - - ' . - ...
g Last year the company recorded rising profits. REPORT

h The number of unemployed has fallen by 100/ri. THINK

7 Red the intormation ahout the life of Shake~peare anri the

exa111.,le hearsay sentence. Then wrrte seven more hearsay
sentences about events in his life, beginning ' he is believed'
or 'he is thought'.

The life of Sl1al(espeare

We know sorne defin.ile facts about Shakespeare's life. but we can
only make infonued guesoes about m:my other defaiJG.
Elis nctuo l birthdoy is unknown but is cclcbro!cd todny on
2J April. jusl three days Leore his Odplisni was tc;w11.lc.:J in U1e
parlsb reglsrer of rile Boly Trlnlcy Chnrch 011 26 Aprll. 1564.
l:ie probably started his education at tbe age of seveu in 1:, /l.
1n 1 S82. aged 18. he rnarried Anne Hathaway. aged 2fi.
'l'wins, fudith and Hamnel, were boro in 1585.
Between 1585 and 1592 Sbakespeare probably let Ws family
in Stratford to join a company of actors. lle was probably both
a playwTight a ud a perfm 111~1 .
1n 1589- 1590 he may have wtlttcn hls nrs1play. He11ru VJ, Pan Onc.
tly 15'-JL he was well lmown in London as a writer.
In 1 :;q:;_q~ ~h:ikl'-~(ll':!rP. m:iy h:iul' tvritrl'n thl' pnP.m Vm11.r nml Arlnnis whilP. i h1~ Lnnd nn
theatres were closed because of the plague.
In 1 595 he moy hove writtcn A Midsummcr Night's Drcam. probably for a wedding.
Romeo a11d Julict Wds prnbably also writtcn iu this ycar. lle cootinncd to write regu/arly.
rn l 597 he boughl an expenslve bouse In St.rntronl ou Avou.
1600-l bUl JS when he probably wrote lln11el.
lo l b03 Queen lllizabetb was preseot al a performance or A M idsw11111er's Niglil's Dream. and
a~er her df'11f h tfoit year. the new kine. jame..~ l. watched a perormil.Dceof ils You Likelt.
Iu 1 616 WlliiamSh akesp~arc <lit:<l on 23 April. Rcii. buricd in Slratrur<l un Avuu.

EXTENSION ACTIVITY
A Make sorne comments upon these topics, using hearsay reporting.
allens global w arming historcal situatlons

B Comment on situations in the news, using hearsay reporting.

Need more practice? Go to the Review on page 208.

 have and get something done,
other uses of get
causative have
For a service someone does for us we use to have something done. There is a fu ll range of tenses
bu t the most common are present continuous, going to. present perfect and past simple. The
infinitive is a lso used.

--- ~..:.--------------
We're havlng our flat aecoratea.

have + object + past partici ple

present continuous We're having our f/at decorated.
going to She's going to have a tooth taken out.
present perfect He has had his nose altered.
past simple I had my hair cut a week ago.
infinitive We want to have our car repainted.

We do not mention the agent (the person who performed the action) unless this is
important.
/'111 yoi119 lo have ,ny photo91,:1ph l<:1ke11 by a top fashion photographer.
We may also mention the place where we have th ings done.
I have my hair cut at my local hairdresser's.

We also use causative have to describe unfortunate events that have happened to people.
Maria had her car stolen last night.
He had his nose broken while he was playing rugby.
They had their house broken into recently.

get something done

In everyday speech we often use get instead of have for present continuous and past simple,
but not for present perfect.
We're getting our flat decorated.
He'~ getting his nose altered.
He':, yul hi~ il~e dltt,er:J. (not possible)
He got his nose broken in a fight.

M<:11d /,~ y<1l he, tdt ~colen (not possible)

get meaning manage
We a lso use get something done t o mean 'manage to do it', w ith a sense of achieving something. This does not
mP.an th;it ~omP.horly else rlirl the work.

I not my work finished in the ena.

1gol 11,y wu,k finished in the end. (= 1 managed to do il in the end.)

Jack is difficult to work with, but he gets the job done. (= He manages to do the joh.)
Have you got the compute, to work yet? (= Have you managed to make it work?)

get with -ing

Get is also used to mean 'start to do something'. when we give someone an arder.
Get movlng! (= start)

get someone to do something / have someone do something

This means lhal we ma ke lhem dn il.
I got him to check the figures d !>e<.Ull time j u~l tu mal:e ~ure. VI
Q)
VI
WP. rr1n i!l~o ~r1y: :::,
I had him check the f igures a ~ewn tune u~t tu rmil:e ~ure. ....QJ
.e
get married etc
Get also forms expressions with married, arrested, accepted, chosen etc. a.i
HP. gat arrested on thP wr1y 011r nf rhP sr;ir/i11m. e::
They'rc getting married in Paris next month. .g
/ got accepted for rhe job tl)

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 1 Rewrite each sentence w ithout the words underlined. using a causative have constructi on .
Make any ot her necessary change.s.

a Sorne palnters have painted the outslde of our house.

/Ale. have. had .f-he. ou.f-Side. o+ our houSe. pail\.f-e.J.
b A hairdresser cut Martin's hair yesterday.

e Sorne plumbers are inst alling a new central heatiJ1g system at uur huuse lomorruw.

d An opticjan is going to examine my eyes this aftcrnoon.

e A surg-eon aHercd Tom's nose last year.

f The dry-deaners cleaned my leather coat speciaUy.

g An art specialist has va lued our pajntings.

h A me<.:hani; luukec..l al the car l.iefure Maria buuglit it.

A carpentf'r repla cecl the wi ndnws in nur hnuse last ycar.

A denLisl is going lo lake oul two of.Julia's leeth.

2 Rewrite each sentence with a causat ive have construction, beginning as shown. lnclude the
agent {the person who performed the action) if th is is important.

a KaUe's car was slolen by one of her friends.

o+
Katie _.h~d he.r c._g::__5-.f..!?I\ btj_o.M he.r +r)e-1\dS
b A photographcr is going to take a photo of us.
We
e Can you come quickly? Someone has broken into my house.
Can you come quickly? J ___
d Tracey Emin, th e well-known British arft, is goil1g tu paiul Laura'~ portrail.
Laura ___ .... - ................- ............
e A well-known archi tect designf'cl their h nuse.
They .................
f A lucill tailor 11Mkes itll my suHs.
I
g Somconc rcpaired Davc's bikc ata shop in the High Street.
--- ___
-- .. - , ___,.,,., ... .

Dave _ _ _ _ __
h A surgeon is rep lacing my hip next week.
__
Someone broke one of Tony's flngers while he was playlng cricket.
To ny
A local firm is going to redecorate Maria's flat.

Maria
3 Write a new sentence with the same meaning containing the word in capitals. Leave out any
unnecessary agents.

a Somcone broke tbe leg of one of the players. l,Uf

One,. al; H1e. plt('1e.l"S qo-r his le,q liml::ett.
b Ancly wants a doctor to alter his nose. HAVE

e The pocr arrestcd Anna as she was leaving the shop. GOT

d Doctocs arnputaled the palient's leg afler lh e acci denl. HAD

e The shop on the corner usually repairs my shoes. HAVE

f I made su.re tbat Tom cbecked a li the windows before he left. GOT

g Jim says he' II be late because he Is at the hairdresser's. GETTING

h Ilave you managed to start your work yet? GOT

SornPonP ha~ ~tnlPn S11P'~ c;ir HAn

4 Complete the text with one word in each gap.

A fcw weeks ;:igo, whilc we werc out at the cinem;:i, wc a h~J our
house broken into. We'd bee n meaning to b locks fitted on the
windows, but we hadn't e the work d , and so the
burgla,s found il easy to get in. Luckily we e have many things
Ldke11. When Lhe olicc drrived, L11ey f us Lo go Lhrough lhe house
and check what was missinq. We were actually g a new kitchen
fi tted at that time, and sorne power rools had been stolen. 0ne of the
burglars was seen acting suspiciously near another house a few days later.
and h himsell ane~ted. When he had i hh tingerprinls
takPn ;it thP. policP ,t;itinn, thP pnlirP wPrP ahlP tn pmvP hP w.:i, thP nnP whn
had burgled us. Since then we j _ had new locks tted and a new
alarm installed. Next week we're k bars put on the ground floor
window5, 50 we'rc hoping not to 1 burglcd again.

EXTENSION ACTIVITY
A Mdk!! a li>l ur tl1i11y> yuu l1dvt: Ju111::, di!! l1dvi11y uu11I!, hdvt: l1dci ,Ju111::, di!! yui11y tu
have done, had done.
B Sorne people use cosrnetic surgery to have their appearance changed. Do sorne research
in a library or on thc Internet, and makc a li5t of thin95 people can hove done.
Need more praa1ce? o ro che Heview on page 208.
o
conditional and if-sentences (1)
real conditions (first conditonal)
if + present simple+ wiil I won't (do)
This shows the results In the future of a rea l situation, with possible or likely results.
lf you eat ali the ice-cream, you'/1 be sick !

other variants
if can also be followed by can I can't, present perfect (to emphasize completion),
going to, present continuous with future meaning.
lf you can't answer Exercise 1, you won 't be able to do Exercise 2.
lf you've finished washing the floor, J'/1 he/p you c/ean the kitchen.
lf you 're going to buy a car, i'/1 /end you .!.ume of the money.
lf you're going to the shops, i'/1 come with you!

The second clause can contain could requests, be ab/e to, can, going to, imperative, had better,
could and might etc.
if I give you the money, could you 9et me .!.O/lle .!.larnps?
lf you've fini.!.hed wa.!.hing lhe /loor, you can start c/eaning lhe kilchen.
/{ il raim lhi.!. aftemuu11, we're going to stay i11 and watd1 .!.ume DVD.!..
lf you're yoing to buy a car, make sure yuu gel il checked by a garage.
lfyou're yoing lu lhe .!.hups, you'd better take .!.Uf/le mu11ey!
lf Cole seores now, that could be the end of the match/

future results: if clauses w ith wil/

There are sorne if-sentences that describe the possible results of an offer. In these sentences, wiii is
used in the if-clause.
/'// taik to your teacher, if that wi/1 stop you worrying so much
In sorne if-sentences, if is tollowed by emphasised wi/1, meaning 'insist on', or won't meaning 'refllse-
to'.
/f you w/1 wear such thin ciothes, of course you'/1 feel co/dl
lf you won't listen to common sense. there's no pomt my talkmg to you.

Jf can be followed by wiii and wou/d as polite request forms.

Jf you'/1 just wait here, l'li tell Mr Brown that you've amved.
lf you'd just fil/ in this form, l'li check the detaiis.

unreal conditions (second condit ona l)

if + past simple + would (do)
This shows the results which would follow from nn imaginnry situntion, with impossible or unllkely
results.
lf thP fnrth didn 't have Mnnn, there wouldn't be any cides.

Could and might are often used instead of would, as are other modals.
lf we ali worked tngPthPr, WP coufd sofve the probiem faster.
 The difference between real and unreal may be a mi'ltter of speaker choice and context.
lf you buy a bike, you'f/ get a lot f1tter
(You are really thinking of buying one - perhaps we are in the bike shop.)
lf you bought a bike, you'd get a lot fitter (We are only discussing possibilities.)

you bought a
ke, you'd get
a lot fitter.

impossible past conditions (third conditional)

if + past perfect + would have (done)/ (passive would have been done)
Used for the results which wou ld fol low from an imaginary past situation. As we cannot change the
past, this is an impossible condition. Passive forms are common.
lf the ship had had more lifeboats, more passengers wou/d have been saved.
lf the ship hadn't hit an iceberg, it wouldn't have sunk.
lf another ship hadn't arrived soon afterwards, none of the passengers wou/d have been saved.
Could have and might have are often used lnstead of would have, as are other moda Is.
tf the ship had been travelling more slowly, t mght have avolded rhe iceberg.

rn ixed conditions
f + past perfect + would (do)
-....
.._,
VI
Q)
Used for an imagined or actual event in the past with a result in the present. V
lf she had worn her seat-belt, she would sti/1 be alive. e:
Q)
lf you hadn't given me d /ifl, l'd probably sti/1 be al lhe stalivn! +-'
e:
if + past simple+ would have (done) QJ
VI
Used for a present state which has influenced past events.
lf you weren't so lazy, you'd have finished your work by now.
lf she was better-qualified, she would have got the job.
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1 Complete each sentence giving computer advice using an if-condition, so that it has t he same
meaning as the first sentence.

a Oun'r prt'\~ rllar l.Jurrun un rhe keyhuard, or you'll lmt' whar you've wrlnen.
rf _tJu.u_vn:.s.s fht.(:t vu-t{u.11. c;n {:he. ke-11v.v.t<rd, f:!LJu~IIJuse._wht<ttJv.u2.ve- wri+::t:e.rL
b Make a back-up copy of your work or you'U lose 1t.
You won't
e You need virus protection to avoid having prohlems with your computer.
lf you don't _____
d Sitting too long at the computer will make your back and arms ache.
Your
e Don't tum o(f Lhe compule,r ~Cure closing aU 1-1rograms, or you could llave problerus.
You
f You'll losc your work unlcss you savc it befare dosing thc word-proccssing program.
lf
g You can save a lo l o Lime by lea.ming lhe keyboard short cuts.
ff
h Runnlng too many progrnms at thc smnc time wlll probably makc thc compmcr crash.
The computer will

2 lhoose the correct option, A, Hore, to complete the sentence.

a Why don't you use tbe Internet? lf you hatl loukl:'tl u tl1e i11furmatiu11 011 the uet, yuu A
b If Alice a cycle helmet, shc might llave bcen scriously tnjurcd.
e If there wasn' t any water on the Earlh. IHe
d l.uckily I checked my diary. ll I U1al, 1 would have cornpletely forgottcn her
h irthrl;iy
P Ynn rlnn 't hPliPvP in yonr~Plf. Thar'.c. why yon fal lPcl your rlrlvlng tPst. lf you were more self-
con.fident, l' m sure you
f U you travelled to the Sun at the speed of ligbt, you there in about eigbt and a half
minutes.
g lf you'rc thinking of having a sun-and-sca holiday, yoursclf Erom thc sun.
h You can start looking at the next unit if you Excrcisc S.
ll's a lot quicker going by train than by car. An<l evcn if you - by car, it's impossible to
fiml a11yw1Iert: lo park.
lf we an hour exrra every day, we cuukl flnlsl1 the proec:r a week t'arly.

a A wo11/d krtow t11e 1111.swer 8 k1ww the a11swer e will k11ow the rmswer
b A wam't weurins B lwcln'l been weari11g e isr1'l weari11g
e A wo11/rl11'1 hnvp /Jpg1111 R \Vil/ 11nt hPgi11 C' \\11Jllfrf11 1t hP_gII

d A had11'1do11e B dirln't do e wo11/d do

e Apassed B wo11/d have passed e wil/ pass
f A arrivc B wo11/d havc arriw:rl e wo11/rl arriva
g A yo11 /iave protected O you slio11/rl protcct e yo11 wi/1 protcct
h A wo11/d lmve fi11ished B fi11islierl C lmve fi11islied
Awent 6 lmd go/le Cgo
A wu1k 8 /111 vl'. 1vu,kr::d e 1,m/ IVOI kt:tl
3 Choose thie correct option, A, B or C, to complete the sentence.
a You can ~tart doing Section 2. ii you e Sechon l.
o lf you've become completely confused, you start again.
e Could you ge t me a book from the library, if l . the details.
d lf . a momenl, 1'11 see if I can find anolher queslio11 paper for you.
e I'll go o ver the figmes again, if you
' lf you thc instructions, thcn o f coursc you'll gct the answcrs wrong!
g If you a dictiona ry, then roake sure you know how to use it!
"I lf I ti nish my project on lime, 1 a couple of days off!

a A wi/1 (inish B are guins lo finis/1 e ha11e (infahed

0 A wi/1 B had better e are going to
c. Agiveyou B wil/ give you e /,ave given you
d A you'/1 wait B you have waited e you are waiting
: A wi/1 think that helps. B think tlwt wi/1 help. e wi/1 think lhat wi/1 help.
A aren't readi11x B read e wo11't read
g A wi/1 use B have 11/ied C are suins lo 11/il!
h A hnd better take B am nble to tnke e nm goi11g to take

4 Complete the sentence with a suitable form of the verb in brackets.

The Earth after humans

Lf ali U1e people 011 Fartb a (n isappear) disappe.-are,,d tomorrow, naturr
b (bcgin) - -- to reda im the plancL For a start, if people no
longer e (pollute) rhc- ahnosphtre, 1he ai r d (soon hecome)
d!'an again. 1f 1hrrr e (hr) no pcoplr 10 maintain
hnilrnings, 1hry f (soon hf'gin) to d.-('ay, hut morr solid
parts g (takf') thon.sanrls of yea r.s to cli.sappear. In grnernl,
if the 6.5 billion humans no longer h (compete) wi th
other spccics on Earth, mosl spccics i (benctit) . For
example, if humans no longcr j lcatd1) fish, thc numbers
of fish worldwide k (eventually increasc)
bumans 1 (vanish)
atumals m (not necessarily recover)
. However, if
from thc Earth, cndangcn:d species of --
..-
V\
Q)
as sume are already too few in numbet. Some e11dangered species n (have) V
grcatcr clifficulty surviving if no bumans o (Lake)
e
Q)
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the lrouble to protect thcm from othcr spec.ies. Evcn if e
Q)
we n,o longer p (poison) the planet, severa! dccade.s V\

q (go by) .. befo re ali dangerous chemicals r (disappear)

. A.nd even if the buming of fossi l l'uds s (cease)
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tomorrow, tl1c oceans t (not absorb) ro
ali Uie C02 iu i.he almusphen:: for lhuusanw. uf year.;. In the eud, thou~h, if al irn ro
visitor.; u (lan) on Lht: Earlh in 100,000 yean; time, e
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lhey v (lind) no signs tJ1al an advanct:d dvif:aliun had +-'
ever Ii ved ht:n:. "O
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5 Complete the sentences about the possible future for mir world, using a suitab le form of the verb
in brackets, depending on whether you th ink t he sentence describes something real / possible or
unreal / impossible.

a lf the Ea rth {stop) S..f-O?.P.f-4. . ............... ... spi.JuJ.i.ng, one side (always !Je)
i.J1 dar.kness.
b U the polar icecaps (melt) completely, sea.levels worldwide
(risc) hy ahout 60 mctrcs.
e Tf we (recycle) ............................... more household waste, there (be)
less damage to the environment.
d Han aslronaul (fall) i11tu a I.Jlad, hule iu space, what
(happen) ..... ?
e If peoplc (not stop) usi11g cars so much, thP rountry's roa<ls
(eventually grind) ..... to a standstill.
f What (happen ) wben lhe world's supplies of oU
(run out) . ?
g If human belngs (flnally start) liVing on the Moon, they
(nccd) to produce water artificially.
h If there (not be) .. any money (the world be)
a better place?
ff we (nol slop) __ .... over-fishing Lhe wodd's oceans, many species
(1Je<.:0111e) _ _ _ extim:t.
lf everyone in the world (jump) ___ - up and down at the same time, there
(he) no mPas1m1hle pfff>ct (ap11rt from 6.S hillion footprints).

6 Comment on each sentence beginning as shown. Sorne forrns may be passive.

a Mrs Allen's neighbour searched his garden shed, and founcl the nJ.issing cat inside.
1
lf Mrs AUe..t1.'s M,iqkb.o~r fl~dt1.'t se..~r"'che..d his q?.1r'de..t1. sl\e..d, he.. wo~ldt1. {

___hav.e,_.fou~d...:th~..11ssi.11.q..c..2:t_it\.S.ide, .
b The hikers were rescued quickly from the storm on the mountain because one ot them had her
111ul,ilt:! .,ho11t:! with lier.
If '
e The boy who feU into the sea from the boat was wearlng a llfe jacket, so he survtved.
1f
d M.r Anderson woke up because he heard the smoke alarm, and the family managed to escape the
fe.
[f - -- - .... - ----------- - - -
e Rescue workers didn't search the car properly and didn't notice the injured man.
lf
f Luckily most of the staff had left the room to attend a meeting, so only one person was injured
by Oyi.J1g glass ftom lhe broken window.
If .,.
g Unitcd didn't win hccausc thc goalkccpcr madc a mistakc in thc last minute of tbc match.
lf - ---- ---- - -- -- -- ------
h A pollee officer stopped Pratt for drink-driving, and took a DNA sample, which led to his being
charged with the previously unsolved murder of Mrs Jones.
If - - -- -- _ --- _........-------- - -----------~ ----------- .
7 Put t he verb in brackets in a suitable form . using a negative where necessary.

The extinction ot the dinosaurs

The dinosaurs probably became extinct after a giant asteroid hit the Earth about ()5 million years ago. But
what a {happen) woulA have, happP,nP if this asteroid b (miss) '? Scientists
believe thill in this case, dinos,1urs e (contlnuc) to domiMtc thc E;rth, ilnd thilt
modcrn ilnim;ls d (probilbly existl - . lnstead of elephants and lions and so on, there
e (be) different types of dinosaurs, because the anima15 we have now slrnply
f (be able) lo evolve. Some scienlisls have even suggesled lhal dinosaurs
g (develop) dlony lltt :,drnt lim::, d:, l1 u111d11 I.Jt i11y:,, I.Jul Ll1b 1:, d 111i11urily view.
Thi:= yt!nt!rdl vit!w i:, lh,:tt perhap~ dlnosaur brains h (grow> ___ larger, but lf they
1 (exist) today, dinosaurs j <change> very much in
general, and k Oook) much lhe same. 1he prospects tor human beings would not be
so good, however. Jf the asteroid 1 (collide) with the Earth, there m (probably be)
any humans a livc today. When the astcroid disastcr wiped out thc dinosaurs, it
g11vP m11mm11ls thP. ;uiv11nt11gP. Withnut that ~pace co I<\ion, mammals n (stand)
much chance against the dominant dinosaur species.

-
,--...

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EXTENSION ACTIVITV ~
"O
A Write sorne endings for these if-sentences. e
(0
a lf thc wcathcr gcts llottcr / coldcr, (0
b lf 1 was able to Uve anywhere in the world.. e
o
_:;
e lf scientists hadn' t discoverecl llow electricity works,
d Jf yuu waul tu learu a furtign lauguagt, "O
e:
ou

B Choose an example from each section on pages 50-51 and lranslate Lhese
examptes into your language.
 conditional and if-sentences (2)
un/ess
Unless is usQd when we say that if something does not happen, somethi ng else will happen (orbe true)
as a result.
lf you don'r hc>lp me, I won't bp ;:b/e ro Jift rhis_
I won't be! able to fift this un/ess you he/p me.

otherwise
Otherwise is another way of saying if not. lt can also come at the end of a separate sentence.
Help me w1th th1s. otherwise I wont be able to lltt ,t.
I felp me with this. I won't be able to lift it otherwise.

if only
lf only can be u sed as a way of emphasizing 1f.
lf only you'd told me, I could hiJvc hclpcd you.
The if onfy clause can also be used alone asan exclamation.
lf only you'd told mef

provided / providing (that), as long as, on condition (th;,t)

These are more emphatlc ways of saylng onfy ... lf.
You can only 90 to the party, if you are home bcforc 12 OO.
You can go to the party, provided you are home befare 1z. OO.
You cango to the party. as long as you are home before 12.00.
You can gn tn thP party. on condition that you are home beforp 1J 00

even if
Even if Ciln lso be used in cond itional sentences to emphasize if.
Even ifyou begged him to take the money. he wouldn 't accept.

1f (you) shou/d .. ., if you happen to ...

lf -1 should emphasizes that an event is not vcry likcly, orto makc a rcqucst sccm more indirect or
polite.
lf you should see him tomorrow, could you give him my m=ge?
lf + happen to has a similar effect, and can be uscd with should to emphsis unlikelihood or
distance. Phrases such as by any chance are also used in lhe same wdy.
lf you happen to be n the neighbourhocd, do drop in and see us.
lf you should happen by any chance ro find che monev. can you send ir back?

if (I) were to ...,

This is often used in wrting which speculates about the future.
/( the govcmmmt were to /ower fd.l(CS, thcy would ccrtainly win voces
This can also malee an event seem less lkely.
lf f were to offer you more money, would you stay in rhe job?

if (it) were / was not for / hadn 't been for ...
Th i~ rlP~rrlhPS how nnP Pvent depends on ;mother
lf it were not for He/en, our team would be the wom in thc arca/

(lf Helen wa.sn't a really good player...)

lf 1t hadn't been tor Jim, the ch1/d woufd have drowned.
(lf Jim hadn't jumped in to rescue the child .. )
but for
We can use bul for to mean 'i it were not or'.
But for your assistance, we wou/d not have succeeded.

supposing, suppose, imagine

These are ways of expressing conditions without if.
Supposing you had I ~ mrllinn Whi'lt would you ~p@nd rt on)
Imagine you were pres1rlent 110w would you chanl)e the country?

if so/ if not
These can refer to a previous sentence and form a condition.
lf /pan is too ill to play, Mary can play instead.
lean may be too i/1 to play. lf so, Mary can play instead.
lean may sti/1 be able to play. lf not, Mary can play instead.

leaving out lf
In everyday speech, we can use an imperatlve phrase + and + wl// clause instead of an /f-cond itlonal
sentence.
lf you come over here. !'// show you what I mean.
Come over here and /'// show you what I mean.

if + adjective
In informal instructions, we can leave out the verb to be in phrases with adjectives such as interested,
n ecessary etc
/( you off: inte,e~terJ, lrun; O,i~ num/.J;r,
lf interested, phone thi) number.

if I might, if I can/ could ...

Might and can/ cou/d are used in an if-clause which stands .afane as a very polite request.
lf I cou/d just have another look (=Could I have another look?)
lf I might help you with your roat

had (/) ..., were (I) ..., shou/d (I) ...

lt is possible t o begin formal conditional sentences by invert ing had or were or should and the subject,
leaving out if (see Unit 40).
..-..
---
N
VI
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ro
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 1 Underline t he correct form.

a Smau dogs can be carried on a passenger's knee lf 011/)' / provitletl they do not cause
inconvenience to passengers.
b t;ve11 if/ S11pposi11g you could visil any counlry in the world. Where would you go?
e l wouJd likc to thank thc many collcag-ucs wbo havc made invaluable contributions: 1111/css
I b11t {or their help, this prnject would not have heen possible.
d You mus t register your copy of the CD-ROM online, otl,envise / 1111/ess il will not work.
e If U1e goveruineut were lu / s/1011/d balance the lmget, it woul be able to increase
~rendlng.
f You can easily get into trouble i{)IOII happm ro be/ 011 condition Lllat )1011 are in the wrong
place at the wrong time.
g Wc will give you a guara a leed price of 150 for your old computer, eve11 if/ otherwise il
doesn' l work.
h According to thc survcy, most pcopk are happ)' to wclcomc forcigncrs to thcir co,1ntry, as
long ,1s / otile, wi:Jr: lhey dun't ~tart ucltaving like ordgnets.
Please don't inten:upt the lesson ns long ns / 1111/ess you llave an important point to nlilke.
l{lte .,lwulcl lmppen III lwve / f{it /uu/11'1 lwnt fi.1r 11 leg injmy, Arlarn., wcn tl d prollallly haw
won rile race.

2 Choose the correct option, A, B or e, to comp lete each sent ence a bout securty issues.
d e ledviu: vdluauk .HUJJt'.tly in cUkt'.<l lat~, Ll1t'.iJ lilD woulliH'l be b1ukr:11 iJ1tu.
b a serlous crlrne, wllac exactly sllould you uo?
e Piease cto not use the 999 emergency number you are repornng a genulne emergency.
d you were trave lltng abroad, what coulct you do to 1mprove your personal safety?
e the info rmation prov1ded by members of lhe public, the pollee wou ld have a much
more dilticult job.
f Polire oftrn conduct sccurity chccks in this arca so thcy may stop you, and you
m igh t be asked for your identity card or passport.
g any objectionable ilems on Lhe websile, !e l us know and we wilJ have them removed.
h _ - CCTV c,1meras irutaUecl in the store, man y slt ulifters would escape delecton.
people locked all their doms and windows, there would be fewer break-lns.
your computer has a vims protection program, you migllt still fa ll victim to e-mail
scams or malicious software.

a A U11/('S~ peo,/p <,tnppC'd 8 /11111gi11P e I{ 011/y penple Jropped

b A Un/es) )'OII wil11es) 8 T{yo11 were LO wi1J1e)) e e 1{ un/)' yu11 1viLfll'))
e Aif B pruvitletl e 1111/e))
d A S11pposi11g B Jfso e As longas
e AS11pposing B Provitled tlint e lf il werc 110c (or
f A 0U1envise B i/ so e even if
g A U11/ess ,11011 11otice B lfrou lmppe11 to 11olice C J{.vou were to notice
h A T( lftm, wt"w /11 lw B l( 1111/y tlwre were C lf iL weren'L for
A ff 011/y R OthenvisP C FVPII if
A U11fess B Eve11 i( e 011 conrlition 1hat

G
3 Write a new sentence with the same meaning, beglnnlng as shown.
a Wc wiJI rcfund your hooking fcc, providcct you rnncel 48 hours in advance.
We will only r-g,:ft.J.'1:9. ljQU..C .9.99.~n'-J +e..e. i+ 4Jot.1 cti.nce.l L18) 1qt.1rs in 0dve<nce. .....
b I wish you'd told me about tite cheap llights to ltaly.
If ...... .... - .!
e Tlw1b tu 1t! skill uf the surgeo11, the chiltl survivetl.
lf it
d Lct us kn ow if you have sec:ond ~houghts.
1f you should ...__ . ... .... .. ......
e lf you h adn't helped me, I would h ave rnade a complele mess of lhis.
But
f Please come thiS way, sir. Could I tnke your coat?
Plcasr comt' thi.~ way, sir. Tf
g You can otfer me more money, but I still won't sel! the house to you!
Even
h Tf yuu let me ge:t a wunJ in e<lgeways, 1'11 tell you what I discovered.
Let _ ..__ --- - - -
Tf yo11 c:hangPd y011r mind about th e job, we'd be interested in hearing from you.
Ifyou were .....................................................................................
As long as there are no delays, we'll be there by six.
Unless

4 Complete the text with one word in each gap.

Environmental issues
Everyone agrees chat a ',ll\11!,S~ ... . the world's tiger population is
protecced, tigers b evencually become excinct. lf it
e not for thc cfforts madc by internacional campaigns
over past decades, the extinction d already have become
a fact. Tigers can coexist with human beings, e focal
people are involved in conservation. However, f ................

--
......... if tiger
habitats are redeveloped chere is no guarantee of success. Governrnent
N
agencies must be lnvolved, and there must be a equate finan ce:
11'1
g conservation projects are neglected. An organized (1)
u
programme with safegoards must be introduced. lf h ..................................... , e
(1)
che illegal huncers quickly rnove back in. i chere were no +-'
e
tigers Jefe in che world: how j we ali feel? Accordng to QJ
11'1
sorne e nvronmentalists, that day may be coming sooner rather than later.
--a
-..!..

e
ro
EXTENSION ACTIVITY
ro
A Make a lisl of inslructions a teacher rnight give to a dass, inclutling : e
unless otherwise provided I as long as/ on condition o
:!=
B Makc true cxamplcs w hich include:
-o
e
even if if you should if it hadn't been for supposing if so imperative + and + wi/1 clause ou
Need more practce? Go to the Revew on page 208.

 unreal past tense
wishes about the present
Like a second conditional sentence, these wishes use a past tense form to express a feeling about the
oresent.
I wish I knew the answer. ( aa I f I knew the answer, it would be better.)
/ wish it wasn't @iningl ( aa lf it wa~n't r;iining, it wnuld he hPttPr.)
I wish they were arrivi11g edt ler
I with I was / were lying on the be.lch at th1s momentl

-
s , :...

f ivis/1 I was l.ving on n bench.

Wishes with ,ould also express a feeling about the present.

I wish / ,:ou/d !)Pt il bPtter jnh (now)

wishes about the past

Wishes about the past use past perfect in the same way as a third conditional sentence.
I wish I had brought an umbrella with me.
( = lf I h,n.J lnuuyhl dll urnl.J1elld wilh rne, iL wuuh.J hdve uee11 ueller.)
I with wo'd /oft earlier.
( = lf we had left earlier it would have been better.)

hope
Wishes about t he future are expressed with hope.
I hope you enjoy your rrip. (future)
I hope I can I wlll be able co gec a berier job. (future)

wishes with would / wouldn 't

Wishcs with would I wouldn't are about general behaviour or ha bits, often bad ones which we wsh
wou ld change.
I wsh everyone wou/d leave me alone.
/ wish you'd stop interruptmg me. / wish you wouldn't do thot.
Using unreal past tense can give t he same meaning in sorne contexts.
I wish it didn't rain so much. (it mayor may not be raining now)
I wish it wouldn't rain so much. (it's probably raining now)

To vvis/1 sumeone vvould do something can also mean Lhal we wuuld like Lhem lo do il.
I wish you would ask for my advice more ofren .

i f I were you
We use if I were you for giving advice. Note that / and you are stressed more heavily than wcrc. The if-
clouse can come ot the beginning or at the end.
I wouldn't luuth lhc1l wire, if I were you.
lf I were you, l'd go lo lhe pulite.

,voufd rather, woufd sooner

We can use would rather / would sooner + infinitive to express choice.

Would you rather stay at home?
l'd rather have tea than coffee

would rather I would sooner + person + unrea l pastare used to show what we would like someone
else t o do or not to do.
l'd rather yo11 didn' t tell anyone. (lt would be better if you didn't tell)
l'd sooner she went to university than gota job now.

.-1oufd prefer (see Unit 16 Woufcf')

We can use would p refer + to-infinitive to express il preference.
Do you want ta ga out? No, J think l'd prefer to stay at home

We can compare preferences with rather than.

l'd prefer to go out for a mea/ tonight rather than stay m and cook.

Would prefer + that + unrea l pastor would prefer it if + unreal past can be used to show what we
would like someone else to do or not to do.
l'd prefer that you didn't mention this to anyone.
"d prefer it if you didn't menrion this to anyone.

We can lso use would prefer + person + to-infinitive with the same meaning.
l'd prefer you not to mentan this to anyone.

'T's time + unreal past

,'/e use it's time+ un real past to express what we th ink we ought to do.
\lly shoes are wearing out. Jt's time (that) I bought some new ones.
r's already 8.00. I thnk lt's time (that) we /eft.
We also often say lt's time we were going.

.=s if, as though

Real cornparisons wi lh as if, as ll1oug/, u~e l ouk, seem, appear etc with present or future rneaning.
He looks as if he wants to /eave. (real)
lt seems as though City c1re yoiny lo win. (reol)
Jt doesn' t look as if /'JI eve, repc1y my debl). (real)

, Unreal cornparisons with as if and as though use was / were to refer to the present if t he comparison
seerns unreal or irnaginary.
5/Je iitl) as i f she was / were queen! (unreal - she isn't)
(lJ
V,
e
(lJ
+-'
+-'
V,
ro
Q.
ro
~
e:
::l

o
 1 Underline the correct form.
a Parcnts who also work oftrn wish thry lial'e / liad morr timf' lo spPn<I with thPir <:hil<lrPn.
b No doub t thc prime mini~trr now wi~hf'~ hr li~tened / liad listt!llt'fl to what oth Pr pPople WPTf'
saying before he made his decision.
e Local councillors say they wish more people coulrl J would )el them know whal tJ1ey lhink
auoul tJ1e uew anti-smoking Jaws.
d Many people wish that fast-food companies 111011/d stop J hntl stoppM targetlng children with
advcrtising.
e Local residcnts generally wish Lhal tou.rists did11't /enve J hndn't left so much litter behind in
the town.
f I bavc had notJ1ing bul ltoubk wllh lhis compulc11 and I now wish llial I clidn'l lmy / lwcl ,cut
bu11sllt it.
g When we grow older, with hjnclsight we all wish that we spe11c / fiad spent our time at school
more profilably.
h WP wi~l1 WI:' km-w / w1111/d kmnv how to ~olvf' thf' prol.llem ol vanclalism, but sotar we haven't
come up wltl1 a pedect solutlon.
Doctors say they wish that more p@ople wirl / Jwd paid attPntion to lhe amount of s;ill tlwy
consume.
1 ltopi! / wisl, I could bclicvc what politicia.ns say, but I'm afraid I can't.

2 Choose the correc:l oplion, A. B or C, to complete the sentences about the genera ti on gap.
a Tl's lime that older people e listening to wbat younger people say.
b .Some olrler people treat teenagers ,is it they all dangerous rriminals.
e Some older people wish there more police officers on the street, and blame ali bad
behaviour oo thc young.
d Perbaps it's time Lhat young people more responsibly towards other people.
e Gcncrnlly spcaking, young pcoplc spcnd thcir time with othcr young people.
f Man y oltlcr pcoplc thc worl<l to be just thc samc as it was whcn tbcy wcrc young.
9 Olcler people also wish that yotmg peoplc more politely.
h Some people lhink lhal 16-year-olds were given lhe vote.
i Ma11y young pcople, howcver, llave 110 tait!J lu polilks, a11ll ju~l wisll lhc world
dlfferent.
Some of them if everyone just left them alone and stopped asking them for their
opinions.

;i A 1Vn11/d ~tart B ~tnrt e ~tarti'd

b A were B IVOlllrl Cprefer
e A were B had bee11 e are
d A acterl B would act e act
e A wish B woulcl mllwr e ltopc:
f A mtltf'r B wo11/d pr<'(r.r e as 1/1011glt
g A had beltaw!d B did11't behr,ve e wo11/rl beltm e
1

h A asi{ B it's time e tltey wo11/d11't pre{er

1 A i~ B Jmd /Jeen e were
A wo11/d rathcr B ns tho11,c:,ll e 1vo11/d prc(cr it
CD
3 Write a new sentence w ith the same meaning, beginning as ~hown.
a It seems that more and mo re young people wilJ go into hlgher educatlon In future.
Tt seems as i~ lor'e., ~11.d ,v.or-e.. 1jou11.q pe..ople., ,<Jill qo i11.+o hiqhe..r- e..dt,cc:1+io11. i11. +he. +u+t,re..
b Most parents wa nt their child ren to study a usetul sub ject leading to a good job.
Mos l parenls wouJd ralher
e Sludenls, however, usuaUy wanl lheir parenls lo Jet them make their own choices.
Sn1dents, bowever, usuaily wish ....
d Latcr on, th ough, sorne studcnts rcgrct not having choscn thcir courses more carefully.
Later on, though, sorne students wish ....
e Un iversily advisers don't usuaJly want shiden ts to choose a subject simply because they think
they are good at it.
University advisers usually prefer students
f The usual advicc is: 'Think abou1 what kind of wo rk you wa nt to do in lhc future.'
The usual ad vice is: 'lf 1 . ..
g S0111e sludenls seem from their behavio ur Lo be only interested in having a good time.
Som e students behave as .
h When 1hey lcave univcrsity, many students regret not havlng worked harder.
When they leave 11niversity, many student.~ wish
They also think they wil l never repay their st1H1enl loa ns.
It also seems lo them as ......... ..
U11iversities sh o uld nuw 1-'Y more a LLeulio n Lo sludenls' ina ncial problems.
lt's .

4 Complete the text using one word in each gap.

Neighbours and noise

Do you ever wish that your neighbours a woulcl turn down lheir
music? Perhaps youre trying Lo sleep and you wish that the people
nrxt-rloor b not holrling an all-night barhrrur party
in their garden. Urdo you feel il is e .. . you moved to an
u11 inliabited island? Don't wony - you are just anothcr victim of noise
ullulion. Of co urse, rn ost peo ple would prefer d if cars
e .. no noise at all. neighbours f .. as quiet as
mice, and nobody g about the streets in cars with open
winrlows anrl high-powrrrrl sounrl systrms. You may rvrn wish you
h stop children from playing in the street, or planes
from passi11g overhead. Bul in lhc end, ifl i . .... you I j ....... . .jusl 91:t ust::tl lo il. Clos..: lhe
windows. buy some earplug , laugh and turn up your own stereo. J ust act k if the noise Q)
VI
1 _ simply not there! Who knows, perhaps iL will go away! e:
Q)
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VI
ro
EXTENSION ACTIVITY a.
A Make a list of wishes about past, present and annoying ha bits.
B Choose an example from each section on page 60 and translate into your language.
Need more practice? Go to the Review on page 208.
 modals (1): obligation,
recommendation, ability
must
Use must
for a necessary action. You must keep thi:; door locked.
to give someone an order. You must be more careful!
to describe a duty. [veryone must recycle as much as poss,ble
to make a strong recommendation. You real/y must go r1nd see The History Boys.
to emphasize an intention. I must lcnd you rhis book.
for formal questions (must /, you etc). Mustyougo?
Have to is more commonly used for questions in spoken English. Do you have to go?

have to I has to
Use h<1ve to/ hM to
for a ne(essary action. We have to be there by six.
for a rule. We have to wear a uniform at our school.
In most contexts, must or have to are both possible. Sorne speakers may use have to beca use il is
longer and allows more emphasis.
You have to be more carefu/1
1vPrynnP has to recycle as much as poss1ble.

Have to is the more commonly used question form. Do you have to go?
Have I has got to can be used informally instead of have to.
We've got to be there by six.

must not, do not have to

Must not describes what is not al lowed.
Yn11 mustn't start ,mtil I tell yn11

Do not have to or have I has not got to describes what is not necessary.
Tony doesn't have to go to co//ege this afternoon.
Tony hasn't got to go to college this aftemoon.

had to, didn't have to

We use had to as a past form of must.
Sorry rm la te. I had to stay nn at w nrk.
I didn't have to pay to take my bike nntn thP tram

should, shouldn't (ought to, ought not to)

Use should, shouldn't (ought to, ought not to)
to make a recommendation, when we say what we think is a good idea.
You should come to work on your bike. ft wou/d be much quickcr.

to say what we think Is the rlght thng to do.

I think you ought to go to thc doctor. You look terrible.

to say that something is corrector incorrect.

You shouldn 't wrte your namc ar thc top of the Jerter.
The answcr ought to be a whole numbcr.

n formal writing; should can be used with a similar mean ing to must, but is more polite .
Ali srudents should repon ro the examinarion room by 8.30.
shou/d have, shouldn't have (ought to have, ought not to have)
Use to say that we think sorneone has made a rnistake or done sornething wrong.
You shouldn't have put in so much saft.
You ought not to have written your name at the top of the letter.

had better (not)

Use to make a recommendation, when we say what we think is the right thing to do. Note that this
is often contracted to you'd better etc.
I think you 'd better go to the doctor. You look terrible.

be to
This is a formal way ot saying m11st in instructions.
You are to leave here at once! Al/ students are to report at 9.00

need, need to
Need is a moda l verb, with no 3rd person form. lt is used mainly in questions and negatives.
The meaning is similar to have to.
Need you ask? The Prime Minister need not worry.

Need to is a normal verb.

Sarah needs to be more careful. You don't need to worry.
Do I need to fil/ in this forro?

didn't need to, needn't have (done)

Didn't need to describes a past situation, where something was not necessary, so it was not done.
Kate fooked after the chifdren, so we didn't need to take them to the nursery.
Needn't have done describes a past situation, where something happened or was done, but it was
not necessary.
I needn't have gone so earfy ro rhe offce. The meeting was cancefled.

..o
be able to, can, could re
Be abfe to ernphasizes that a difficulty has been overcome. e:'
Harry tan 't spi:!ak, but he is a ble to communicate with sign /anguage. o
lt is also possible to use can in this context. +-'
re
"O
We use tense forms of be abfe to to make the description of abllity more definite than can, or for e:
(].)
t ime references not covered by can/ could.
l'/1 be ab/e to finish this tomorrow. (= 1can and will) E
I haven't been able to find the answer yet. E
ou
Coufd describes a general past abil ity.
(].)
Jane coufd swim 200 metres when she wa~ nine. 1,...

Was I were able to describes having the ability and doing something successfully. e:'
Maria was abfe to swim to the rocks and rescue the child. o
+-'
In this contexl, using coufd rnight suggest an unfulfilled possibillty. re
rn
She could swim lo the rocks, but she decided not to.
.o
o
-....
In negative sentences, couldn't has both meanings.
However, she coufdn't I wasn't abfe to rescue che pet dog.
........
Note that modah have more than one meaning (see Units 14, 15). 111
(1J
"O
o
E
G)
 1 Underline the correct form.

a You musLn't / dun't have tu wmlu<.:t any chemistry experirrnmts unless you are wearing safety
glasses.
b There are a lot of books which Anna did noL llave toread / need not have read a~ part of h er
university course, but which she decided to read out of interest.
e We don't have to / We'd better 11ot talk for too long. These calls are expensive.
d l wenl lo see the denlisl yes lerday, bul luckJly f tlitln't need to have / J nee,in'L ha11e fuul any pai.niul
treatment!
e You didn't have to tell me/ shouldn't llave told me about the party. Now it's nota surprise!
f Sorne pcoplc bclievc that the governmcnt does .not havc to / should not allow gcn cticall y modified
crnps to he grown on a large scale, as they could spread out of control.
g These books are o n the wrong shelf. They shoufrln't / 11111sl:1 11t be h ere.
h The reporl concluded Lhat tbe rescuer~ sho11/d n ol ha ve allemple<I / didn' l ha ve tu allempt to move
the injmed passengers before medica! help arrlved.
Picase put thc papcr cups and pla tcs in thc bin. Wc mustn't / don't have to Jcavc the room in a
mess.
There is plenty of time. We m11stn't be/ don't !,ave to be at the cinema until 8.00.

2 Complete the sentence using one word in each gap.

a In the early years of motortng, drivers dldn 't .... haye.... ... ... . ... to take a driVi.n g test.
b You sigo thc appUcation forro at th c cnd of thc pagc, or it wi ll not be acccpted.
e Hurry up. We .... .... .... __ to get to the airport by 9.30.
d I think we had . ....... ...... ... . ... . stop and ask sorneone the way.
e This bus is going to take ages. We ... have taken a taxi.
f lmportant notlce. Ali new arrlvals .. to report to th e receptlo n desk.
g Thanks for coming. T'm glad you makc it.
h You look really tired. Y.ou _____........ _. take a few days off and have a holiday.
Sorry l'm a bit late. I .. ... . .... . . .. to pick up the children from school.
You ... .... ................ not de<:ide immediately whether to join the dass.

3 Write a new sentence with the same meaning, beginning as shown.

a Jf l were you, l'd take an umbrella.
1 th.i.nk you'd l:?eA--t-~r ,r;~~ .~t\ ..44Ml:?r~l!Cl
b Is Saturday rnoming s1:hool wmpulsory in your 1:ountry?
Do stud ents ....... .. ...... .......................______ _
e In thc third week, students must hand in a typcd copy of thcir first lah report.
In the third week, stud ents are ___ _ _ _ _ _ __..____ ..........
d Sheila changed the battery in h er camera, but it wasn't n ecessa1y .
Shl'ila ... the battery in her camera.
e You look really !U. 11 J were you, l'd stay at home today.
You look rcally ill. 1 to ~tay ilt home today.
f Tt was abad idea to leave the windows open while it was ra ining.
You .........

CD
g The theatre tlckets were free, so lhere was no need for us to pay.
The theatre ticket.~ were free, so we
h I can stay here untiJ 10.00.
J. - leave until 10.00.
Helen managed to stop the car before it craslie<l into a wall.
Heleo was
Stcvc's laptop had a wircless Internet connection, so there was no need for hlm to connect !t
to a phone line.
Steve's laptop had a wireless Internet connection, so he ..... _.

4 Complete t he text w ith one word in each gap.

Rubbish - or refuse as we a shoulci
really call it - is big news at the moment.
For many years, people in Britain
b --- . -- ....... had to pay a local tax
(council tax) which includes a chmge for
refuse collection. In many parts of the
couintry people have also been
e ..... ...... to ask their local council
to remove unwanted t1uustihold it1:nns,
such as furnlture and electrical appliances.
However, in recent years, as a result of EU
legislation , counc1ls have d
to reconsider how they collect rubbish, and
whal Lhey do with it. In the past, householders sirnply e ..... ...... to put out their dustbins once
a week. and Lhe council collected the rubbish. Now the ernphasis is on recycling, and householders ..Cl
f ... ... Lo separate recyclable waste (paper, plastic, cans and bottles) from organic waste ro
(ood and garden wasle) and other iterns. 'Really we g have started doing this years e
ago,' explained Karen Graharn rorn recycling consultants WasteNot. 'We h .... to stop
o
+-'
filling up 1101es in Lhe ground wilh rubbish and look at wha L other counlries llave i . .... able ro
"O
lo do.' One likely changa is thal soon householders J ... .... have to pay for lheir rubbish e
(l)
colleclions. 'People k . pay according to how much rubbish they produce, and we E
1 ... to reward people who recycle and consume less. People in Belgiurn, for exarnple. E
m had to get used to this system - and it seerns to have worked.' And if you Lhink thal V
o
(lJ
weighing your rubbish is a strange idea, you had n . .. gel used Lo it. Before long, an ,.__
electronic ehip in your dustbin will be weighing lhe bin and c.;,loulaling how rnuch you e:
o ... to pay. o
+-'
ro
O)

EXTENSION ACTIVITV ..o

o
A Make a list of:
things you have to do in your job, or in your studies
V\
things you think you ought to do ro
things in the past you should not have done "O
o
B Choose an example from each section on pages 64-65 E
and translate these examples into your language.
o
 modals (2): possibility, certainty
can /could
We use can to make statements about what is generally posslble.
lt can be very cold here in winrer. (= it Is sometlmes)

We use cou/d to refer to past possible situations.

In those days, ships cou/d trave/ for weeks on end wichour seeing land.

We use easl/y to emphaslze a possibility with cou/d.

Peop/e could easily tal/ down these stairs in rhe dark.

We use could always to point out a possible choice or declsion.

You could always phone her when we ger to the cinema.

Wc use can or could wh en we ask questions about possibility.

Who can/ could that be outslde Mr Smith's office?
We use can hardly or could hardfy when we think something is impossible.
lt can I could hardly be Jane Thompson. She's in Berln chis week.

We use can only or could only when we are sure about the answer.
lt can/ could only be the new sales manager.

may, might, could

We use may, might or could to describe what is possible in particular situations. They are common
with be.
Tlii~ may / mightl could be i/ie lc1!>l Lime/ evenee you.
Tlie tc1r won'I sta,t. The balle1y may I might I could be clec1cl.

We often add we/1 or just between may I might I could be and the verb to emphasize lhe
possibility. Jurt makes the possibility less likely.
You may / might I could well have the answer! (Perhaps it's possible)
Your plan may / might / could just work! (lt's unlikely, but possible)
We use may / might as we/1 when we say that there is no reason for not doing something, usually
because we are disappointed something else has not happened.
There's no point wailing for lhe bus any longer. We might as well start walking.

We can use may not or might not for negative possibilities. We cannot use could not for this
mean ing.
/ may / might not be here tomorrow. 1may / might not have time to come.
We use may have, migllt have, and could have or possible evenb in the pasl.
Jack isn't here yet. He may / might I cou/d have missed the train.

The negative forms are may not have, might not have. We cannot use could not have.
Per/iaps he's sti/1 al home. He may not have got out message.

We use might have and could have to show annoyance, when someone fai ls to do something we
feel they should have done.
You mght have told me the match was cancelfedl I went al/ the way rhere for nothing!
We use might have and could have when we are shocked because something nearly happened.
Thank heavens he's safe! He could have drowned!

can't be, couldn't be

We use can't or couldn't when we are certain t hat something is impossible.
That definitely can 't be I couldn't be Tom ove, the,e. He's in Canadc1.

G
mustbe
We use mustwhen we are certain something is true.
You must be tired after workinq so hard.
There must be sume mistake. I definitely booked a table for five.

can't have done, couldn't have done

We use can't have or couldn't have when we are certain that something in the past was impossible.
He/en can't have taken / couldn't have taken the car. She dtdn't have the keys
We use surely to emphasize that we can't believe what has happened.
Sute/y you can't have carried ali these bags on your ownl
We use can't have been / wuldn't have been when we are sure something wasn't true. We can also
use could / can with hardly and only.
Thdl can't /1ave been successful. (l'm sure it wasn't)
Thdt could hardly have been an easy thing to do. (l'm sure it wasn't)
Judging by the pawprints, it can only have been a ve,y /arge animal

must have done

We use must have when we are certain something in the past was true.
/ can't find my wallet. I must have dropped it in rhe ~11permarket.

1can't fina my wallet. I must have aroi,i,ea it in the sui,ermarket.

>,
+-'
be bound to, be sure to, be certain to e
(O
When we need to describe future event which we are sure will happen, we use be bound to, +-'
"-
be sure to orbe certain to. Q)
V
Wc'rc going to the seaside tomorrow, so it's bound to rain.
>,
Don'r worry abour thc cxam. You're sure to pass!
-~
should, ought to
..o
Vl
Vl
We use sliould, ought to lo describe something we think is probably true, or has failed to happen. oa..
There ought to be c1 ca,-ark di lhe end uf thi~ rwd. (1think there is)
.........
There should be a luminy herel (but lhere isn't)

shou/d have, ought to have

-
N
Vl
,u
-o
We use should have, ought to have when we describe what we expect has probably hapened, or o
believe has failed to happen. E
They should have arrved in London by now. (that's probable)
The plane ought to have landed. Where is it? (it hasn't landed)

 1 Choose the correct torm, A, B or C, to complete the sentence.

a Why don'l yo u _1Jho11e Katie now? She A yet.

b Take sorne s1m-block and wear a hat, as lt ........ get very hot ln the mjddle of the day.
e Thcrc's no poi.nt waiting here any longer. We go and have somcthin g to eat.
d l.uc.ky you managed to hang on to that tree. You _..... down the diff.
e 'What ao, .1 going to do about a present for Carol'?' 'You ....... sorne lowers.'
f I uou't ki1ow wha l time 1'11 be home. 1 ........... be quite late, J' m afraid.
g Don't worry about your driving tes t. You ............. to pass.
h Thcrc's no sigo of the dog anywhere. Someonc l t out.
Why doo 't you ask Nick about it? He .......... know lhe answer, J suppose.
There must be some kind of technica l problem. The film . . by now.

a A ccm't lm ve left B must /,a ve left e might have lef't

b A 11111st 8 can e coulil have
A cu11 lwrdly 8 nre bu1md to e might as we/1
'd A co11/d lla ve fallen B muse llave fallen e may have fallen
e A migllt have sent her B m11st llave se111 her e could always send her
f A m11st B can C mny
g Amay B must e are bound to
h A is buund lU have /el B musl have /el e can /el
A ca11 B mayas we/1 e mlghr
A shou/d have started B mmt have slrlrted e mighl hove started

2 Choose the best continuation 1 to 10 for sentences a to j.

a l'm still waiting for the money the bank is supposec.l to have sent me.
b There's still no sign of /\lex.
e Jt'~ gettng rather late to deal w ith this now.
d l wish yo u wouldn 't leave your bag near the door like that.
e You'd beller lake your umbrella wilh yo u.
f Tllis p!ece Is the righr shape, but it doe.sn't fit.
g Therc should be a fi lli11g station herc.
h It's a very long book.
Oh sorry, yes, these are your l<eys.
Lea ve yourself plenly of Lime for lhe journey.

1 You're bow1d to need it if you don'l.

2 Surely you can't have flnlshed it already!
3 H shetile tttwe gel here by new.
4 lt can takc quite a long time in the rush hour.
5 lt can't be the right ene after all.
6 That's strange! [ caJ1'l see one anywhere!
7 You coulu always corne I.,ack to morruw.
8 He may have mlssed the trato 1 suppose.
9 1 must havc picked them up by mistake.
10 Someone couJd easily fa.11 over it and hurt themselves .

3 Write a new sentence w ith the same meaning, beginning as shown.

a Running is not allowed 011 the stairs. There is a dauger uf acdde11ts.
Running is not aUowed on the stairs. You _0.c.>1~Q..L11,tJ~h..h.:,~~:..t.!.~.!3<:.:f,i9~:.~ L....
b You' d better not use this ladder. l.ook at it! l'm sure it's not safe.
You'd better not use this ladder. Look at it! lt . ....- ...................................
c l think I know how this window got broken. T'm sure someone k:icked a baU against it.
I lhink I know bow tJ1is window gol broken. Sorneone __, _ .......
d Unless you follow lnstruclions, it's possible for a gymnasium to be a dangerous place.
lJn less you follow instructions, a gymnasium
e !'ve turned off the electricity. l'm sure it's safe to touch these wires now.
l've tumed off the electricity. It
f Ouch! Why tlid11't yuu teU me that .,iece o( ruetal was hotl
Ouch! You -- _ _ _ .....----
g Wherc are the firc fighters? r expected them to have arri ved hy now.
Where are the fi re fighters? They .... .
h I'm sure you didn'l clean ths bowl properly.
You ... . I can see staius un il.

4 Complete the tcxt using one of the phrases 1- 10 in each gap.

1 can't havc set off 2 could easily he 3 could expcct 4 must have becn
S can't h.ave been 6 could easlly sail 7 might have 8 must havf' made
9 should have reached 10 might involve

16th-century explorers
Imagine what ita~ like to bave saikd around the wodd in a small wooden ship, as
Drake and his men clid in 1577-1580. On a ship only some 35 metres long, it b .. easy
for 1c 80 or so crew to livt: comfortably. Explurncion was pan of war and d1r,ry witb
olher oations, so these voyages e _ auacks 011 otber ships and cowns, and had to make
a prnfit. Therc were ali che usual dangers too . A ship d destroycd by a storm or mn
out of food and watet~ and the capta in e ........ little idea of where the ship was or where it
was going. Explorers f .. many wrong decisions in an age when there were only basic
maps a ncl na,igation equipmenl, ancl in unknown parts o[ ocean whe1e a ship g ... fo1
weeks 11~thuul n::achi11g 1.md. Very ufte11 place:; they 10ught lhey h .......... curned out
to be much funher on. or ina diff.erem direction. However, they i ...... . on such long
voyages without sorne general idea of lhe places they j . to reach along the way, and
as knowledge of n;wiga.tion improv~d, voyage.s beca me more a.ncl more successft.

..o
V\
V\

EXTENSION ACTIVITV o
n..
Write sorne sentences about these situations.
You notice t hat a large crowd of people has gathered outside, shouting and si nging.
Who could they be? What could have happened? What m ight happen next?
You hear a knock at the door, and w hen you open it there is a large parce! outside.
-
..-..
N
V\
ro
"O
Who could have senl it? What could it contain? What might you have to do next? o
E
Need more practice:' Cio to the Review on page 208.

modals (3): other uses
can/cou/d
Could is generally considered to be more polite than can.
Use can/ could

far req uests.

Can I Could you carry this for me?

to ask for permis.sion.

Can/ Could / /eave early?

to make an offer.
Can I Could I offer you ~omP tea?

to make a suggestion.
Can I Could I make d wggeslion?

can't / cannot
Use when something is not allowed.
You can't leave your bike here.

Use to emphasize that something is unbelievable.

You can't be serious!

can + be + -ing
Use whcn you wonder what is happening.
Who can be knocking on the door at thi~ timP?

cou/d
Use to express surprise.
How could you waste so much money!

Use to emphasize how you feel.

l'm so unhappy I could cry!

How collltt you be so clumsy, that va.se was worth 11u11areas of vounas.

couldn't

Use to mean 'it doesn't matter to me at all'.

I couldn 't care /ess what you do I when you lea ve I who you are I whether you go or not etc
Use with a comparative for emphasis.
I hings couldn 't be betterl
 m ay
use for polite requests
May / make a suggestion?
Use in be that as it may .. ., an idiom rneaning 'perhaps that is true but .. .'
Television brings rhe family together. even though when watching it they don't talk to each other. They are
physically togcthcr. but no communication takcs place. So in somc rcspeas, warching tclcvision rogcthcr makcs
rhc membcrs of a family distant from one anorher. Be that as lt may, being rogecher as a famlly at lcast kccps
the younger members at home, and away from possibly antisocial activities.
Use in t,y as 11 you etc. may ..., a formal phrase meaning 'Although I try I can't remember.'
T,y as/ may, I just can't remembe,:

might
Use in the forma l phrase try as 11 you etc. might.
Try as/ might, I couldn't reach the shelf. (Although I tried, 1cou ldn't.)

Use as emphatic form of 'perhaps 1'11 do that'

I might just do thatl

Use to express annoyance ata bad habit

I might have known it was youl

Use as emphatfc form of 'although you are ...'

You might be o/der rhan me, but ...

sha/1
Use for an offcr.
Sha/1I carry that for you?
Use to ask for advice when uncertain.
What sha/1 we do?
Use in forma l legal language (ali persons).
The renam sha/1 be responsible for ali repairs.

shouldn't have done, needn't have done

Use to ex pres~ our Lhanks for gi ts, said in a way thaL expresses thanks.
You real/y shouldn't have brought me flowers. Thal's ve,y kind of you.

wi/1/won't
Use fer an assertion about a result etc.
/'// definitely win! No, you won't!
Use for an offer or agreement.
f'II do the washing-up
V'I
Use for a promise. a;
Vl
/'// be home by eight. / won't be late. :::::,

Use for a threat.

You'/1 be sorry!

won't
Use for a present refusa l. V)

I won't do it! (see Unit 16, wouldn't) ro

"'O
need doing
o
E
The dusrbin needs empcying. Somcone needs ro empty it.

 1 Underline the best form.

a To be honest, r couldn't / can't caie less whether you come to my party or not!
b Jt's difficult to know whether to stay here, or try and walk. Wh at mit ht / s/m/1 we do7
e How knd of you to have broughl such a Jovely preseut, but you rt!ally shuuldn'l / cu11/dn'l have!
d My phone isn't working very well. The battery neerls / won't charglng.
e Look how much they havc chargcd us for thc mcal ! That won't be/ can't be right!
f Excuse me, do you think you could / shall possibly open the window?
g Just look at this room! How could / might you make such a mess'?
h Don 'l worry aboul lhe washug-up. I'/1 du it / Il m:etls duing iu tht! rnorniug.
Try as she cuulrl / might, Maria couldn't pul! the cork out of the bottle.
Everything is going well with my ncw job. ln fact, things couldn 1t/wo11 1t be bcttcr.

2 Complete the sentences famous people d id not say, using a modal word or phrase in each gap.
a William Shakespeare, dramatisl: 'To be, or nol to be .. .' No, lhat ...~.<: !.~.'.....b.? ..... righl. T'll have lo
lhi uk of something else.
b Nell Armstrong, flrst man on the moon: Well, it was a great trlp! What ...................... . now? /\ny
idea~?
e Genghis Khan: l' m ti red ot conquering th e wo rld. 1 th.ink 1........- ......- ........... stay at home and relax for
a few years.
d Isaac Newton, scientist: lt was very silly of me to sit under this tree. 1_................................... an apple woultl
fall on my head
e Ch ristopher Columhus, explorer: Excuse me, tell me thc way to Amcri ca? 1 sccm to he
lost.
f Emperor Qin Shihuang: .. ....... ..................... you Lake the wall down, and build il a few more melTes in
that direL1ion?
g Ludwig 13eethoven, composer: I think th.is music .............- ........ changlng a bit. How about adding
some gnitars and ctrums?
h Michelangelo, artist: Paint pictures ali over this dome? You . .. .................. serious! l'U fall and break
my neckl

3 Rcad thc dcscript ion of euch situation, and writc what you wou ld say.
a A friend comes to your house and hrings you sorne flowers. Say sometl1ing polite a~ you accept
the gift.
.. ............'Tuan.~s, tw-r.t.1011 re.alftJ_Sl-to11fc/11, '.J- _have, bro11qh.J- .Me, ...Qowe,rs!_' ............. .....................
b Your teacher is carrying a pile of heavy books. Offer to help.

e A friend tells you that h e/ she is tlnking of nmning away from h ome and joining a ci.rcus as a
clown. You think this s a silly idea.

d A frlend boasls tl1al tl1ey art: talkr tha u you, so they arn better at IJasketl;aJI.

e Tt is hot in thc classroom, and you ask you r tcachcr for pcrmission to open the window.
- - ..- - - - --- ---
f You are having an argument with a friend, and tell him / h er Lhal yo u don'l care what he / sh e s-ays.
G
4 lhoose the best sentence 1 to 10 to fol low sentences a to j.
a Why don' t you takc a day off for a ch,mge? lt would do you gootl. 8
b So you're the one who broke the window!
e This maths problem is really hard to understand.
d I fcel really great loday!
e Harry Is a really lrrltatlng person.
f That's funny, there's someone knnrking at thP cloor.
g l' m not your 1.ittle sister a11y more, you know!
h 1'11 be home as soon as I can.
The lasl part of your answcr docsn't quite makc scnsc.
l' rn sorry but I simply refuse to lreal someone like that.

1 1n fact, he's so annoying sometimes I could scream .

2 1 jusl wvu' l do il.
3 Could you help roe wlth lt?
4 1t needs re-writing a blt.
5 I rnighl llave known il wou ld be you!
6 J certainly won' t be very late.
7 Who can that be at this time, 1 wonde(!
8--Vi:-s, 1 ffiigl:t just eo tl~M!
9 A.nd jusi because you' re older than me doesn't mean you're always right!
10 L1 fact, l'm so happy I could jump with joyl

5 Write a new sentence with the sarne rneaning containing the word in capitals.
a Is it ali right if I try that shot again? com.n
Co1.1fd I trlj -rnat sko-{- aqai1t'
b Before wc start playi.ng, you should adjust thc nct. NEEDS

e Do you want me to hold the lag while you take your shot? SIIALL

d Although I try, 1 can' t skate proprrl)' MAY

e I pronse 1101 Lo lel Lhe Learn down WON'T

f It doesn't matter to me whether you run In thls race or not. LF.SS

Vl
<11
VI
q You never know, perhaps Uruted w1\I wn ali the1r matches! JUST ::::,
....(l.)
h No member of lhe club is lo use insulLing language to any olher memher. SHALL ..c.
....,
Now the weather has improved, it's an idea.l situation. COULD:-('T
--
rn
o

VI
That's kind of you, but there was no need for you to buy my ticket. H,\VE ro
-o
o
E

 The foUowing exercises practise grammar from unlts 13 and 14.

6 Choose the correct option, A, B or C, to comp lete the sentence.

a Well, if you always feel Lired, I lhink you C.. go to bed earer!
b l' m sorry I tlropped the eggs. T to carry su rnany thing~ at the same lime.
e You give a credit card number when you make your booking, or we cannot reserve your room.
d H's going to get coldN later. tak.e a pullover with you.
e You ............ to begin writing until 1 give the i.nstruction.
f lnslructio n lo Lhe author: columns in the two-column fom1at ....... 3-1 / 4 inches wide.
g Yuu park uutsitle tite schuol. This is a 'n o tJ<l rki11g' arna.
h L've been trying to contacl Maria ali day, but I reach her yet.
You look up all the words you <lon't know. You can gues!\ some of thern from thc contcxt.
In my country, all the young men spend two yeacs in tbe armed forces.

a A don't have to B must e sho11ld

b A do11 t lmve to t,y
1
B sho11ld11't hnve tried e neerl11 t have tdecl
1

e Am11sl B lw ve guL lU e hutl /Jetter

d A You /1n ve 1:0 B Yo11'ct beuer e Yo11 are to
e A are nnt B mt1St not e should nm
f A haven't got to be B had better be e are to he
9 A sho11/t:Jn t
1
B don't have to e need not
h A cu11ldn't B /mwm 'l been uble lo C musln'L
A mustn't B needn't e had better not
A should B have to e m 11st

7 Write a new sentence with the sarne rneaning containing the word in capitals.
a Is our final test compulsory? HAVE
Dq q1e., k~ve., -t o -tak.l'.:: fhg,_:0._~_g! te.s:t?
b I think you wc.rc v.rrong to put so much lemon in the cake. HAVE

e Tim's computer crashed, but he managed to save the pages he was working on. WAS

d Jt is forbidden for .><lssengers to .>ass beyo11d thb poinl. NOT

e I think you should see an eye specialist about this problcm. HAD
"""""' , ...... ___
f Paula staJted lhe class immediately, as it wasn't necessary for her to take an entrance test. DIDN'T

g Our ticl<ets were free. HAVE

h lt was necessary tor Dave to leave befare the end of the performance. HM>

We bought a second tin of paint, but it wsn't necessary. HAVE

Kate didn't take her umhrel la, which was a mistake. HAVt
8 Write a new sentence w ith t he same mean ing containing the
word in capita ls.

a By the lime lhey leave school, we expecl

that most students have understood the
importance of regular excrcisc. SHOULD
~kl :l:he._.:rime. -rhe.~Je,;ve, sd10ol, ,v..os-!- s-!-ude.11.-!-s
. s.ho,tJ. . hiaY.<"<...~J<"<r.s-:o.oJ.::t.h<"<JM.p.orf:ia~~e...o.-f.
. re.ql!-r. o i e.rc.,if,,e..
b When they start a Job, or hlgher studles, LL's posslble for sorne
people to forget that t im e needs to he set aside for this. CAN

e Those who don't find the Lime for exen:ise, certainly regrel lliis i11 the future. BOUND

d When they feel tired or over-stressed, for example, they are surc this has happened
because Lhey have been wocking too hard. MUST

e They don'l reaJize that this is pnssihly also thf' res11 lt of fa iling to keep t. MIC.HT

f When they do have any free time, they feel it is justas good for them to relax
in front of the televi.sion, as in the gym or on the runn ing track. AS WELL

g Perhaps Lhey Lhjnk U1al Lhe people who find Lime for exercise are certainly taking
time away from doing their job proerly. MUST

h However, resea rch shows that it's not possihlE' fnr this to he f11rther from thE' trnth. .OTJT.DN'T

It would be possible for most people to easily find the time to keep fit if they
orgaulzed their time more effectlvely. COULD
V'I
Q)
V'I
In lhe end, we have Lo re.member U1at someone who feels il and well is sure lo ::,
1,,.
be able to wo rk more easily ami with more energy. :vlUST Q)
..e
+-'
o

-
,.......,,
(V'\

V 'I
EXTENSION ACTIVITY
/'O
Write sorn e examples using the words given. "O
o
Co uld I . .. l'/1 . . . I won't . .. . .. needs .. . How could you .. . Sha/1 I ... E
You might be . .. . .. / could jump for Joy! / co uldn't ...

 wou/d
habitual activity in the past
We can use wou/d to describe a person's habitual activity in the past (see Unit 4).
Every morning we'd go for a w alk along //ie be,Kh.

This use is not possible with state verbs:

'l; h Ut1kJ u~M i:I huusr; i11 th~ 111uu, ,;, 13. (Not possible)
We used to own a house in the mountains. (Possible)

annoying behaviour
We can use would to express annoyance or irritation at things that are happening now. There is
ususally a sense that this is typica l, or not very surprising.
You would say that! (lt's typical of you, and it's annoying).
Wouldn't you just know itl (1 knew that would happen - and it's annoying).

later future events in narrative

Wou/d is used in past narrative to refer to later future events (reported form of wi/f).
In New York he met the woman who would /ater become his wife.

unspoken if-clause
We can use would to ta lk about situations where an if-clause is understood but not spoken, or
expressed in sorne other way.
You wouldn't be/ieve who /'Ve just met! ( ... lf I told you ... )
Why would anyone want to live there? ( ... if they could avo id it ...)
How wou/d you fee/ about going ro che cinema? ( ... if I asked you ...)
Why don't you take che exam? You'd pass easily. ( ... if you took it ...)
I wouldn't do thar. ( ... if I were you ...)
I wouldn't worry about it. ( . .. if I were in that situation ...)
You wouldn't do that, wou/d you? (. .. if you had the choice etc)
lt would be a good idea ro ask for some help. ( ... if you want my opinion ... )
The consequences of such a storm would be serious ( ... if it happened ... )
Under the proposals, salaries wou/d increase. ( = if the proposals beca me fact)
lt would be great rosee you again. (... if you wanted to.)
lt wou/d be good to stop and have a coffee. ( = if we stopped it would be good)

being willing
Would can be used to describe whal people are willing lo do. This can also be seen as including an
unspoken condit ion.
Tony would lend you his car. ( . .. il you asked him ...)
Only cJ H!cJI fan would pay thal much for a ticket
(Only if someone was a an would lhey pay ...)

refusal
We use wouldn't to describe a past refusal.
She was upset because I wouldn't speak to her

lnanimate objects can also refuse to do things.

The door refused to open. My car refused to start.

polite requests
Reque-t~ bernme more polite the more distanced they are. Would makes a request more dislanced.
Would you help me with my homework?
Would you mnd helpng me?
Would it be al/ right if I teft earlyl
The more tentative the request. the more distanced it becomes,
You dont thmk you'd be able to help me w1th th1s, do youl

~ee unit 10 for polite requests beginning Jfyou would ...

lf you would come this woy, l'II wkc you to the dircctor'5 offcc.

wou/d im::iginc, think, hope, expect, suppose etc

wou/d Imagine t rhlnk t hope t suppose + (person) + mlghr are used when 1he speaker is not
complctcly ccrtain what another person fccls, does, etc.
I wou/d imagine that you mght find John a bit d1ff1cult to work w1th.
We 'd hope we might complete the project before the end of the month.
Wou/d hope/ expect + to intinitive is also possible. when you hope that you would do something.
We'd hope to complete the project before the end of the month.
We'd expect to complete the project befare the end of the month.

l'd /ike, /'d prefer

Would likt:! and would prcfcr refer to immcdiate situations.
l'd like some cotice now. I think l'd prefer tea.
Likc and prcfer refcr to general statcs.
I don't like w.:ir films. I prefer romantic comedies.
Wc say we would prefer it if + unreal past when we say what we want to happen.
l'd prefer it if you didn't wear shoes inside the housc.

wou/dn't you /ike to know

This is an idiom we use when we refuse to give someone information.
How much do you earn exactly? Wouldn't you like to know!
(cal'm sure you'd like to know but l'm not going to tell you!)

(For would in reported spccch see Un it 17.)

 1 Choose the best response 1 to 1Ofor comments a to j.
a Pemma lly, T thi nk Tsh ould be paid more, because I'm better at the job. .. k ...
b l<ate is going to spend her hotiday pain ting aJl the inside of her house in black and go ld .
e We're all going Lo go down lo th e gym Lo do some extra Lrain.i.ng for an h our.
d Du yuu fa111.:y a nice L1JP of herb tea?
e I was thlnking o f spending my summer holiday in Slovcnja,
f I think I mght have given Alic:e th e wrong clirections.
g I don ' t k.now how l'm going to get home at this time of night.
h l'm sti ll getti ng that pain in Lhe leg l lold you aboul.
Wha l's the matti::r with Sue?
1 have an appolntment wlth Helen Adams for 10.30.

1 thlnk l'd prefer a cup of coffee, if you don't rnind.

2 If you'd Just walt here, l' ll see if shc's free.
3 Why would a nyon e wa nt to do th at?
4 You'd have a great time there, il's a really fantastic place.
5 lt wouldn't be a bad idea to ask the doctor about it.
6 lell, ~ou " o ttld Stt) tlrnt, .. uuld:11 1t) uu!
7 I wouJdn' t worry about it. lt's very easy to find.
8 1 think she's annoycd bccau.sc I wouldn ' t go to th e shops with her.
9 Would it be ali right if 1 stayed here and finished this work l'm doing7
10 l'm sure Mark would give you a lifl.

2 Rcwritc the sentencc us ing the word in ca pita ls.

a Ca n Tleave now? 'RF.
... ~9u.!4 .,J J.7~. ~l.! Ciqhf..i+..J 1.~..f.f.. twif'..............
b The computer refused to work properly. WOULDN'T
........ ....................... ...- ...- ......- ........ ...- ......................- ...... ..................- ....... ___
e Trust you to say the wrong thjng! WOULD

d l' d really like to see you again. GREAT

e Can you open the door for me? MIND

f W hat r did t hen, later tumed out to be a m.ista ke. TURN

g Do you wa nl slill or sparkling waler? UKE

h Please follow me, and I'II take you to the meetlng room. WOULD

Ilopefully we' l1 deliver the finish ed product in six weeks' time. TO

There's n o n eed tu worry auout the results. WOULDN'T

.. ..... . ......... - -~ ---..- ............ ...- --...--- - -

3 Unde_r.Line the best verb form.

a Tt's a pity you haven't gota camera. PerhapsJosie wo11/d lend / /ends you hers.
b W hy dne.s / would ice float on the f rface of water?
e Diane was annoyed because h er parents wo11/d11't refi1se / refi1sed to let her go to the club.
d Don'l. wony aboul me. I'm sure !'11 be/ !'d be ali righ t.
e Marlin used to wo,k / would work as a wailer wh en he was studen t.
f ' Why don't we ask Gerry to pay?' 'No, that wuuld prefer / wuuldn'L be a goml i<lea.'
g Tony isn't rcally surc what wo11/d / wi/1 happcn n cxt.
h You're a good friend. What rlo I rlo / would f do without you?
I'm not ve1y keen on fantasy novels. 1 wo11/d prefr/ prefer more serious on es_
Du yuu he// Wuuhl yuu he/ llll:! carry tbh case? lt's rather heavy.

4 Complete the text using would or wouldn't , o r leave t he gap blank.

Crime and punishment

I amone o Lhose people who a would like to see changes made
to current types of punishment in the crirnirral juslic;e system. Il
b .. . .. ..... surely be better to sentence minor offerders to
communtY scrvicc of sorne kind, e rather th.::in glvlng
them fines or prison sentences_ That way they d at least
do something usetul, and the justice system e ... also save
rnoney. I f .... ... also imagine thal this g work
better for young offenders, as they h ..... feel 'cool' or
foshionably 'b.::id' whlle t hey i ..--- helped an old person or
cleaned the sti-eets_ Of course, a syst.em of this kind j work
effectively without sorne thought being given to th.e tasks which oftenders
were asked to perform. There k obviously be more benefit
to be qained frorn work which 1 ... in vo lved r!:!Spon~ibi lily, and
where offenders had to mix wlth others and m ____
c:ommunicate with them. Some people also n think that offenders should meet and talk
to their vic.tims, and be more involved with c:om )ensilting ;md even helping them. This o ..... _,_ - ...._,_,,____,.......
certainly help to make offenders p realize the consequence ot their actions, and that might
well stop lhem offending again. Whether it q ... work or all oenders, and or all oences is
another matter, but again I r ... believe that this s ....._. stop young offenders from
becoming careev cr iminals. And that t . _ . be .:in important change fa r the bctter.

" " "

EXTENSION ACTIVITY
A Make sorne comment ~ on the situations in 7 beginning w ith the phrase in 1-

1 /t w ould / w oufdn't be a good idea to .. _ f woufd ___ I woufdn't --

2 being t rapped in a lift which is out of order
being lost in a foreign country without any money
being arrested by the police for a crime you didn't commit

B Choose ten examples from cach section on pa,ges 78- 79 and translate them into your language.
indirect speech
present time
When we report things happen,ng now, or general tacts, or g1ve messages, or report something we are
reading, we use II present tense reporting verb, ond do not bockshift tenses into the post. Note that for
wrttPn tPicts wp report wh;it thP t Pl<t 'says'
'l'm going to wait for yov. He says he's going to wait for vs.
'Fifly peopfe were irifvred, l t says here thiJt fifty peop/e were injvred.

past time with tense changes

When reporting whal people said, we use a past tense reporling verb and we backshit the tenses
following intothe past.
were thrnkinq it over. She said they were thinking it over.
'/hadan accident. ' He told me he'd h ad an acddent.
'We'/1 IPt you know.' They said they would /et mP know.

Note that both past simple and present perfect become past perfect.
'f'vP hrJ an irlPil She said she'd had iln irf'il.

facts and states

When we use o post tense reporting verb, o continuing st.>tc is not bock shifted, though if we use
back-shift this is not wrong.
'Reindeer can swim real/y well.' He told us that reindeer can sw im real/y we/1.
He told us that reindeer could swim real/y we/1
lf we do use back-shlft, lt may be necessary to use a time phrase to make the time
rcfcrence cleor.
5/Je said she was unhappy rn ller ob at that time. ( = unhappy in the past)
She S<Jid she was unhappy in her job at the moment ( = unhappy now)

modals and conditiona ls

Can, w ill l sha/1 (future) and may change to could, would and might.
'/'11 be back on I riday He said he would be back on Friday
'I may be latP ' She said she might be /fp_

Sha/1 in requests etc changes to should. See also wh-questions below.

'What sha/1 we do?' They wanted t(l know what t hey should do '

Would, should, ought to, could, might, used to rema in unchanged. Must is often changed to had to,
but can remain unchanged, or be changed to would have to if there is futurP. rP.fP.rence.
'You musr be more careful In ftnure_
She to/d me / must be / had to be / would h;,vc to be more careful in future.

Hrst conditional sentences are usual ly changed, but not second or thlrd condltional.
'lf you 're late, thcy won't Jet you in.' (first condition.il)
He said that if I was late. they wou./dn't Jet me in.
'lf you 'd brovght a map, we wouldn't have got lost.' (third conditional)
She 5q1'cJ that if I had brought a map, we wouldn't have got lost '

changes of viewpoint
References to time, place and specific reference usua lly change.
'Bring this ticket with you tomorrow '
He ro/d me ro brlng rhe rfcker wfrh me rhe next day
'Give that to me. ' He told me to givc it to h im.
'/'11 see you here in the morning.
He said he would see me there the next morning.
reported yes/ no questions
-'e s/ no queslions are reported using if or whether, there is no inversion or auxiliary do/ did. lf the
wxil ia ry have is used in the question it becomes had. The sar111e backshifl rule~ apply as for staternents.
ere is no que~tion rnark.
'Do yuu like Jc1pc1nese food?' She asket.1 me if I whether l liked Japane~e food.
'Have you finished?' They asked me if I whether I had finished.

reported wh-quest ions

We form reported wh-questions without inversion or auxi liary do/ did. Auxiliary have becomes had.
'What's the time?' He asked me what the time was.
'Where have you been? 'She asked me where I had been.
In everyday speech, questions with very long question phrases remain inverted.
Where is the restaurant serving the cheapest Thai food?
He asked me where was the restaurant serving the cheapest Thai food.
Polite requests beginning could / would are not back shift<ed into the past after a past tense reporting
verb.
'Could you he/p me? she asked.
She asked me if I coufd help her/ to help her.

ll may be possible to report the request rather than the actual words of the request.
'Could you tell me where the station is?'
He asked me for directions to/ the way to the station.

reporting imperatives: tell and ask

Ne use tell to report orders and ask to report requests.
'Stop what you are doing!' She told me to stop what I was doing.
'Please don't go.' He asked me to stay

verbatim reporting and summary

Speakers do not always report exactly every word spoken, especially if this would make a lengthy and
repetitive report. Speakers summarize and often use words that describe what was said.
'Take the first /efr, then go straight on, and then turn right afrer the church. ' She told me how to get there.
Whar did you think?' I asked him for his opinion.

think and don't think

When we use opinion words like think and believe. the opinlon verb is negatlve in negativc statemcnts.
This isn't very tasty. I don 't think this is very tasty.

(See also Unit 18.)

.e:
u
(]J
(]J
o..
V')

t(]J
...
"O
e

1 Underline the best option.
a When I got to the office, they told me that Mr Adams already left / had airead)' left.
b My teacher warnect me that if l wns J had bcen late, they woul<ln't let me into the examination.
e 1-Tarry tolo l L~ he is/ was catching the first htL~ to New York the next <lay.
d Thf' sh tcl ents going on the 1rip wantecl to lmow wht t ime they would /will get hack.
e Sam to ld te police he did11't know / had11't know11 what had happened.
f ll says here lhal the plane ausltetl / crushes soon after laking off.
g Alan told me he had no idea what was / is golng on.
h Thc customcrs said angrily tbat they wcrc waiting J had bccn waiting for more th an two hours.
F.rica to ld me she won't / woul(Jn't be back ontil the fol lowing Thursday.
The professor told us tbat the Moon is / was more than 380,000 km trom the Earth.

2 Rewrite t he sentence as rc po rtcd spcech, beglnning as shown, and backshiftlng tenses.

a ' wou ldn't lend my car to just anyone,' Andy said.
Andy said that ... he, . W9!JI\.'. {. r~.ti.d..h.il:i...~C..1'.9.j~l:if....~.l\kjQ!'.\e,............................_.. _ - __ . _ .... _ .
b 'I'm not very satisfied with my job,' said Peter.
Peter said .... ... - - - - ......- ......- ...... - ..... - ....-- ...
_ _
..... .....................- ...- ...... .........- ..... .... _____
e ' l'm not going to worry about the money untiJ l hear from the bank,' said Elaine.
F.liline saicl

d 'I don'L k.now where Bill js living al lhe momenl,' said Nicky.
Ntcky sald ... .... ............ ........... ..... ...... .... .. ... ......- ....- ...............- ...........- ..........._. _ _ _ _ .... .... ... .... ....... .....

e 'Emma hasn't had her. operation yet,' h er hmther told me.

Emma's brother .. ................ _ __ -..--- - - - ----
..................... - - - -- ......- .........
f ' lf you eat too much, you'll feel ill' my mother told me.
My mother told me

g 'We'II be writing to you later this week,' they told Mllriil.

They lold Maria ... ... . .......... .......... .. ..

h 'The prices won't rise before the end of the year,' Mrs Devlln said .
Mrs Devli n said

'lf the police had noliced Jack's car, they would have arrested him,' explained the Jawyer.
The Jawyer explained that if .. _. . . ... . ...... .......... ........... ..........

TU let you know if I have any more proble.ms,' Caml tolo me.
Carol told me . ..... ..... .... ... ........... ........... _ __
- - - -- ............................ ... .. .... .. .
, ,_, ,
3 Read t he historie predictions below. Rewrite each one as direct speech, t hen match it to the
person who said it frorn lhe list below.

a He said that aeroplanes were interesting toys, but did not have any military value.
1
'Ae-1qil?11\e-S &ire- il\.f-e-re-s.f-il'\q .f-oljS, lnA do l'\O.f- n&ive. a11.1j nulitan.1 value.. S
b lle said that wbatever young Einstein d id, he would amount to nothng.

e This person said ir would be years, and not in their lietime, before a woman would become
British prime ministcr.

d He said tha l he thoughl Lhere was a world market for perhaps five computers.

e lle said that tdevision wouldn't stay popular far more than six months, because people
would soon gel tired of staring ata wooden box every rught.

f Thr.y said that thr.y didn' t likc thcir sound, and that guitar music was on thc way out.

g They said that the telephone had too ma11y short<:omings ami was uf no value to them.

h lle said tha l lhe horse was here to stay, but the car was only a novelty.

1 Presldent of Michigan Savings Bank, 1903, advlsing Henry Ford's lawyer not to invest in the
Ford Motor Company.
2 Darryl F Zanuck, 1946, Hollyvmod lrn produccr
3 Decca Recording Co. rejecting the lleatJes, 1962.
4 Albert Einstein's teacher to his father, 189 S
S Brilish poliliciao Margarel Thalcher, 1974, before s!Je becawe ,rlme uuister.
6 Western Union Telegrap h Company, 1876
7 Thomas Watson, chairman of IBM, 1943
8 Marsllal Fere:iftand Foell, of Frattee, ttJ 19H

.!:.
u
a.,
(!J
Q.
V'\
+-'
u
(!J
1,,..

"O
e

< ,,. o
 4 Repo rt t he question beg inn in g as shown.

a ' Huw luug tlue~ it take to get to the city centre?' J askec.l her.
I asked her . ~9,w fp"-~ it too.!( l-9 qtf-_{Q .-~e. c.if-lj ~e,.l\'.f"r_e.,_
b 'Havc you visitcd thc National Museum?' shc askcd me.
She asked me ............ ...................................
e 'What do you think of the hotel food?' 1 asked her.
I asked her
d 'Wlll you be travelllng by train?' she asked me.
She asked me
e 'Do you know the way to the Opera l-Lol15e?' J asked her.
I asked her ....
f ' How much ditl you a y to stay in the student hoste!?' she asked me.
She asked me ...
g 'Are you thinking of changing hotels?' 1 asked her.
1 asked her
h 'Do you have to leave at 10.00?' she asked me.
She asked me . ....
'Would you come with me to the station?' 1 asked her.
I askcd her

5 Underline the sentence, A, B or C, which best reports the statement or question.

a 'You musln'l work so hard,' he said.
b 'What did you thlnk of the film?' she asked me.
e 'I wish you wouldn't starc ar me like tliat,' h e said.
d 'Treally don't know atal! where we are,' she said.
e 'Oo you have any idea what time the next bus lea ves,' he asked.
f 'Whal do you lhink I should do?' she asked.
g 'Whatever you do, don't touch that wire!' he said.
h 'lf I ask you nicely, wUl you buy mean ice cream?' shc asked.

a A He rold me I dldn't have to work so hard. B He cold me not to work so htmi.

e T-fe tnld me 1 1m1.~t not have wnrked so hard.
b A She asked me my opinion of the film. 8 l think she asked me abo11t the fUm.
e She asked me whnt die/ l think o{ the film.
e A He asked me if I would wish not tostare al 11im. B .He said he didn'l think l was staring at him in the right way.
e He told me to stop staring at him.
d A She said they were lnst. B She said she didn't k11nw they were lnst.
e She saitf they did11 l know where she was.
1

e A He asked me which b11s came 11ext. B /-le asked me the time of'the next bus.
C He 11skec/ whelher lhere wc,~ lime for lite nexl b11s.
f A She asked me what 1 should do. B She asked me whether she sho11ld do it.
e She asked me fnr my advice.
g A /-:le asked me whatever he sho11ld not do. B He told me not to touch the wire.
C He tolrf me that whatever I did, 1 rlid11't touch the wire.
h A S/1e usked me Lu 11y her cm ice cre11m . B She asked n,e whelher I lwd asked her {ur cm ice cream.

e She asked me to ask her for a11 Ice cream.

6 Complete the text with one word in each gap.

Thc detective story

i\hufowc maJe su111l' 11utes uu u shcc1 uf pa pcr. a_uJ th e11 luukcJ t1c.:russ ll11:: tlcsk a1
Ange la. ' Co 011. wlmL tlid he a Saf1 tlien ?" AJ1gcln Lwistcd thc bandkr rch ie f
urou11J l1 cr iugc1-s. He b 111e wh ctl1cr l kncw wba t '/ he Enohanted
Gnr-den e . Ttolrl d I thoughl i1 \\'ll S onr of m y 11ndt>'s
pui11ti11g,: 1\hu-luw e !>1.Uikd. Tl~ gi.rl wa!, goud. guud. ,-\.nd e
Vt-r~ .lid he
say 10 rhar?' - le role! f ro stop wasring his cime. He sd l
g . . ... ver~ well whot it wu~. He h i1 wns a paincing worch
, l O million. Ano ht> sn id 1J1111 m - 11111:lr i srolcn it from n F rcn ch nn
d,,ale r. .v.ltulowe ronde ruorc u o rrs on thc s heet of papcr, but he h ad s ropped s nJ.i.l,ng
'Thc11 lit' rulu j ... il1a1 k . ... .... . 1 l'ailed 10 le ll l:i.un whc:re tlw
pnim ing was. 1 1
ucvcr see my 1111cle n live agoin:
And rlw11 he l,~f, , 1s11pposc?'
lIP. tbo11gl1 t d,..- girl had 1,111 hrd
!>lighll) . 11111 ltt: 11 a, u'I , ure uf il.
lle rnld me he m.
cmll uguiu ol t.he cnd of Ibe wcck
- F,irln, , or 81111,rrlny. A111I hr 1nld
me n to talk lo
:JU)1 UUt' alJUIII I u r ru Ul! su r r y. Au d
he gav<" me 1his: From her bag shc
took Romethi11g vellow ond rrd ancl
hf']rl t OIIT II f'rnnj of h<'l'. i\foi-l nwr.
1-o ld her o .. pu l il on
tlu, tlesk. 11 was H 111<u1's lito, a
ltluodsr:-1i11<d man s tie. Thcrc
wcrc a fcw more qucsLions he
wo uld h~vf' to ;i~k Miss Angela
I Temin g th w a il-c.

EXTENSION ACTIVITV
A Write a nother pa ragraph of the story in 6, to include f ive reported questions. ..e
Use t hese words as a guide. V
(1)
Q)
He / she asked me where c.
He/ she asked me what V\

He / she asked me why t

Q)
He / she aske d me where ~

He / sh e asked me if

B Write five quiz ques tions, a nd then writ e them as reports beginning They asked me ...

 report verbs
report verbs
Sorne verbs express the general meanlng of what people say so we do not need t o report exactly
what they said.
'/'// bring my homework tomorrow, honestly, / wi/1, real/y/.
He promised to bting his homework t/1e next dY,
'Well done! You've passed the exam/'
She congratulated me 011 d~ing ihe exd111.

Sorne verbs (eg check, convince, explain, imply, point out, suggest) express what effect someone
wanted t heir words to have. lt is not easy t o show this effect in direct speech.
She imp/ied that I ought to 5iart working harder.
Different verbs can be followed by diffe rent constructions, and the same verb can be followed by
more than one construction. Check usage in a dictionary. Note that verbs in these list s may appear
in more tha n one section.

verb + person + that-clause

assure '/'// definitelv be lhere.' She assured me (that) she wou/d be there.
WTIVinC:e '0{ WUf~t' il~ tiy/Jt.' She convinced me (l'hat) it was riqht.
promise 1
1'// do it. ' He promised (him) (that) he wou/d do it.
remind 'Remember we start at 3. 00.' He reminded me (that) we started at 3. 00
Other verbs: inform, tell

verb + that-clause
complain 'lt's too expensive! ' She complained (that) it was too P-xpPn~wP.
confess '/ stole the money ' He confessed (that) he had stolen thP mnnPy
(or confess to doing something: He confessed to stealing thP mnnPy)
suggest 'Why don 't yo(/ (ISe a calculatorr He s(lggested (that) I used i! calrnltor.

Ot her verbs: accept, add, admit, agree, announce, assure, boast, conclude, dPride, deny, doubt,
explain, imagine, imply, insist, mention, point out, predict, promise, pro test, remark, repeat, threaten,
whisper

verb + -ing
suggest 'Why don't you use l mlculutor?' He suggested (my) using a calcu/ator.
deny didn't break the jar. He denied breaking thc jar.
Other verbs: admit, apologize for, mention, recommend, regret

verb + object + preposition + ing

congratulate 'We/1 done, you 'vc won. ' He congratulated her on winning.
Other verbs: accuse someone of, blame someone for, thank someone for
We can also blame something on someone.
'The fire was your fault Alan ! ' They blamed Alan for the fire.
They blamed the fire on Alan.

verb + to-lnfinitive
offer '/'JI hclp you. ' He offered to help her.
promise '/'JI brng it tomorrow. ' She promlsed to bring ir the next day.
refuse '/ won 't sit down!' He refused to 5l ow11.
agree 'Ok. l'JI pay (you) E300.' He agreed to pay (him) i300.

A Othcr vcrbs: swear, threaten, volunteer

w
verb + person + to-infinitive
advise '/ would (wouldn't) stop, if / were you.' She advised me (not) to stop.
beg 'P/ease stop/' He begged me to stop.
remind 'Don't forget to /ock the door.' She reminded him to lock the door.
warn 'Don't touch that wirel' She wamed me not to touch the wire.
Other verbs: cl,allenge, command, convince (meaning persuade), encourage, expect, forbid, instruct,
invite, orde,; permit, persuade, request, tell, wam

She wanrea us 11ot to go 11ear tire b11ilcti119.

verb + person + to-infinitive + complement

believe 'He's over 21, I believe. I believe him to be over 21.
Other verbs: be/ieve, consider, presume, understand

verb + person + object

invite 'Would you like to come to dinnerr' He invited me to dinner.
offer 'Would you like some ice cream?' He offered her some ice cream.

other patterns
explain 'This ,s how you do it.' She explained how to do ,t.
agree with 'Yes, / thtnk the same ' She agreed with htm
greet 'Good mornmg ' She greeted me.
announce 'And now the names of the winners.' /le announced the names of the winners.

verb + whether I if
doubt '/ don't think he knows. I doubt whether he knows.
wonder 'Am / right?' She wondered whether she was right.

insist, demand, propase etc

Verbs uscd to tell peoplc what thcy should do, orto give advice or orders, are often used w ith should,
or subjunctive (wlthout 3rd person s) or unreal past. This Is a more formal use.
They insisted that he should hand over the documcnts immediaccly.
They insisted that he hand over rhe documents immediate/y.
They insisted that he handed over the documents immediate/y. 11'1
.o
l...
Other verbs which can be fol lowed by should or ro-lnfinitive: advisc, instruct, order, persuade, a,
recommend, remind, urge >
t
Always check the meanlng and use of report verbs In your dictionary. o
o.
a,

l...
 1 Underline the best verb.

a Ali ruy frieud~ wr1gml11/uled / greeled UH,! un passiug my driving test.

b Rachel refused I denied that she had used the laptop wlthout permlsslon.
e The tv.o students con.fcsscd / admittcd to setting fire to the telephone box.
d You didn't remind / .rnggestme to hring my dictionary.
e The boy said he e.xplained / regretted not teiling the truth from the outset.
f Paul apologized / admitted for being rude to his next-door neighbou r.
g Sarah vulzmleeretl / insisled to stay l;ebind an<l pickup all the Utter.
h The ma nager bonsted / polnted out that the prices were in fact clearly stated on the menu.
David nssurcd / insistcd me that he would definitely fi nish ali the work on time.
Jane's doctor wamerl / instructerl her that she was putting her health at risk.

2 Choose ali possible answers. A, B o r c. to complete t he se ntence.

a The bank manager remindect George ..~,.e.
b To he h onrst, l <1011ht m11ch <lifference.
e Tom's parents expected his pocket mon ey by doing jobs around the house.
d The driver of Lhe while van .......
e Dr Collins w11vi.11ced h is rnlleagues ......... righ t.
f Jlm boasted ........ .... to the island and back.
g The travel agcnt recommended the carlier light.
h The managing director threatened ... if h is pmposal.~ wnP not acceptecl.
Ha.niet refused .... . . with the police, and was arrested.
Ro\JiJt womlere<l ..... .... the right tlti.JLg tu du.

a A bringi11g /fa pusspurl B Lo bring his pussport C that he sho11/d bri11g his passport
b A whether it will make Bit making e il tu make
e A to carn B caming e him to earn
d A blnmed tl1e collisio11 for J-Ielen B /'Jlamed He/en for the colfion e hlamed the collision on He/en
e A that he was B of' beinf( e to be
f tu swim
A B his :swimming C th11t he could swim
g A tu take B thal we slwultl lake e tuking
h A that he wo11ld resign B resignlng e to resign
A r.o-operating B tha t she wou/d co-opcmtc e to co-opcrate
A whether it was B abo11t rloing e thntitwas

3 Complete the text w it h one word in each ga p.

The head tcachcr, Mrs Symcs, congratulatcdl me a ... " wi nning the science competition, and
told b she was vP.ry pleasP.d that I had worked so hard. I admitted e I hadn't
expected to win first prize, and that at one point leven regretted d ... .... ... .... ..... the competition. My
brother had persuaded e .. ... , . .... ... ... lhail I should have a try, and I doubted f ............ ... .... .... .. I could
have won wthout hs encourage ment. Mrs Symes pointed g that my project was supposed
to be all my own work, and wondered h pcrhaps my brothcr had hclpcd me at ali. She didn't
want the organizers to accuse me i cheating. I assured j that thc project was
all my own work. My brother had offered k .. .. .... find sorne articles for me on the Tnternet, but T

had refused 1 ....................... let hi m do it.

4 Tick t he line if it is correct. lf you find an error, underline it, and write a correction a bove the line.
Medical report forecasts increase in high blood pressure problems
00 A recent medica[ report has predicted that increasing numbers of people in developed
a countries will suffer from high blood pressure. The authors pointed out whether many
b developing countries now have the same problems and accused governments fai ling

e to educale people about unhealthy lieslyles. They blamed the siluation to a

d high-fat dict. long working hours and lack of exercise and an nounced that a quarter
e of the world's population were affected. They explained them high blood pressure is a

f major cause of heart disease and advised people that they are making changes in

g lifestyle to deal with these problems. They recommended that everyone should avoid a

h diet which contains high amounts of rat and salt, and added to smoking and alcohol
contribute to t he problem. The report concluded and by 202S almost a third of the
world's adulls could be sufferiny from high b[ood pressure.

5 Complete the text with a verb from the list in each gap.
agreed announced begged decided invited ordered persuaded
pointed out reminded swore thanked volunteered

The wooden horse of Troy

Agamemnon a ir\Vi-i-e,d ali the C.rrrk generals to come to his tent to discuss the situation, and
b ... that he was considering abandonmg his attempt to capture Troy. He e
everyone tor thei r eUorts, but said thal they had tried everything and the task seemed impossible. Then
Odysseus stepped forward d11d d . .............. lile ki11g lo Lry une la~l idea. Agarnemnon
e . ... .. ...... . ..... _...... him tha1 they had been trying to capture the city for years. and ali their previous
attcmprs had fai lr.d. Odyssr.u~f that the war had not succeeded. but then
g ......... . that his plan was different, and involved usi ng a giant wooden horse filled wi th men.
Alter a long discussion, he h .. the generals tha t this plan would succeed and Lhen asked
who would come wilh hirn in~ide tht: ho r~e. M,my ol lhe besl w.:1rr1ors i . Lo accom pany
him. They J .. .... to conquer the city of Troy from the lnside, or die in the attempt. Agamemnon
thought abou t this. and linally k that they would try Odysseus's plan, so he
1 _ his men to build the giant wooden horse.

Vl
EXTENSION ACTIVITY ..o
.....
A Make a list of ten things that people told you in the recent or ~
distant past, using d ifferent report verbs. -eo
8 Look up t he report verbs on page 88 in your dictionary, and a.
find other ways t hey can be used. Q)
.....
N!!ed more prac:tice? Go to the Review on page 208.

questions
indirect questions
Ouestions can be introduced by statements. In this case we do not use inverted word order for a
question, or auxi ll iary words, ora question mark. These questions are general ly called indirect or
ernbedded questions.
I Wd) wv11cle1i11y when the train Jeaves. /'d like to know what her name is.
/l') nvl dedr what I write here. /'m not sure who /'m ta/king to.

Questions can be introduced by other direct questions in the same way. In t his case there Is a
question mark.
Du yvu know when the train Jeaves7 Covld I ask you what her name is?
Wvul yvu r,1i11d lelli11y me what I should write here?

tag questions
positive verb, negative tag
When we use a positive ver b and a negative tag, we genera lly expecl a ye~ a11swer.
You like horror films, don't you? ~'<os, Ido.

negative verb, positive tag

When we use a nega Live verb a nda posilive lag, we genera ll y expect a no answer.
You haven't got a pen, have you? No, / haven't.

positive verb, positive tag

When we use a positive verb anda positive tag, we are showing surprise.
So you're a student, are you? (You don't look like one!)

intonation and meaning

The meaning of the question depends on the intonation we use.
When the intonation falls or is level, we are checking information we a lready
know.
You /ike hnrmr film~, don 't you I YP~, nf ('()IJl'<:,f> I rln 1
You're not in tnmnrrnw, are you ? Nn
When the intonation rises, we are asking a question.
You are a student, aren't you } (l'm not sure about this)
You're not He/en, are you? (l'm surprised)
You haven't broken the wmdow, have you? (1 hope not!)

negative questions
We use a negative question when:
we assume someone wi ll agree. Don't you feel tlred?
we are annoyed with someone Can't you stop talking!
we c1re surrbed, 01 dori't believe sornethi119 Don't you remember me?
we want to get the answer we want Wasn't it you who stole the money?
echo questions
Echo questions are common ly used in informal conversation to show interest or ot her feelings eg
surprise, disbelief.
rve gor a new job. Have you? Congrarulations! That's wonderfu/1
Echo questions are made in response to statements. Normally a positive question echoes a positive
statement, anda negative question echoes a negative statement.
I don 't know the answer. Don 't you? lt's a very easy prnbll'm !
There isn't any milk left. /sn't there? Are you looking in the right place?
I real/y like her new novel. Do you? / fo11nrl it rMher heavy going.

echo tags
When we agree with what the speaker says orare surprised by it we can echo the statement and
add a tag.
Echoing positive with positive with a negative tag, or ncgative with ncgat ive with a positive tag,
suggests agreement. The lntonation is lcvel or fa lling.
lt's real/y cold today. lt is, isn 'tit? (agrcement)
l'm not il vcry good go/fcr. You aren't, are you? (agrcement)
Echoing positive with negative w ith a positive tag, or negative with positive with a negative t ag,
suggcsts disbelief. Thc intonation is rising.
/'ve ust sccn David Bowic! You haven't, have you? (disbelief)
I don't like ice crcam. You do, don't you? (disbelicf)

... do you think ...

In everyday speech when we ask someone's oplnion it is common to pu t do you thfok / believe /
suppose etc between a wh-question and the verb.
What do you think the orhers are doing now?
What do you believe we should do?

ellipsis
In everyday speech, questions are often shortened by using the verb stem only.
ke my new flat? Want a drink? Had a good time?

end prepositions
When we make questions with verh + preposition, the preposition generally goes at the end of the
sentence, unless the preposition is part of a phrase eg in what sense.
What are we waiting for? Who am I talking to ?
In what sense is Jane I yre a femin,~t novel J

With whom, used in forma l speech and writing, the preposition comes first.
With whom rlo we work?

V\
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t:
QJ
:J
CY
1 Underline the best form.
a What do you think they shoulrl gi,,e him / shoulrl they give him for bis birthday?
b 1'111 not ausolutdy sure what tim~ dues her piune urril'e / her piune urril'es.
e That's a really nlce dress she's wearlng, isn't she / isn't it?
d 'Sarah hasn' t arrivcd yct.' 'Has shc? / Hasn't shc? J wondcr whcrc shc is.'
e ' You wcrc right ahout Stcve. He'~ a rcally grcat player.' 'He is, isn't he? / He isn't, L~ he? And you
ctidn't believe me.'
f Excuse me, bul for wlmt e.rnctly are you waiting / wliat e.rnctly are you waiting for?
g Do you ilappeu to know where lhe Asluria Hule/ is / where is lhe Asluria Hule/?
h 'There's a police officer walting to see you.' 'There lsn't, Is there? / There is, isn't there? I wonder what
on carth thc policc want with me!'
\'011' /I be long, won't yo11? / You won 't be long, wi/1 yo11~ 1 need you to be back here by 11.UU at the
lates l.
Woukl you miml telling me when lhe texl lrnin leaves / when dues the nexL train lea ve?

2 Complete the sentence so that it contains an indirect question and means the Silme as the first
sentence.

a How o ld is she"t l'd reaJJy love to know.

b How much does lhis shirL cost? Can you Lell me? Can --- - ----- ..... ?
e Where's the projector? 1 don't suppose you know. I <lon't .........
d Wllich room is which? lt's not clcar. It's - - - --
e What time does the lecture finish? 1 wonder.
f Where do I have to go"? l'm uot sme. l' m ........... - ...
g How <loe~ this work? Can you explain? Can - ... . ?
h How long do we h ave to wait? Have they told you? Have ----- .. . .. . ?

3 Rewrite the sentence as a question, :so that it contains the word in capitills ilncl hils the same
meaning.

a I wsb you 'tl fiuish your work ou time! CAN'T

.....C..~::t..!4Q?.! ..1!.11J$.hJJQ?.IC. ?.V.90'. ..9i\...-1-.!il:l.?..?......
b Wby are we waiting? FOR

e What's her first narne? KNOW

.... ----- - - - -- ...
d I'm sure th.ls lsn't yom seat. IS

e Wh at's the time? COULD

f Good heavens, is il really 8.00 already? lSN'T

g Surcly you undcrstand thc sccond cxamplc. DON'T

h llave you seen Chris, by any chance"! HAVEN'T

4 Write a response to each statement or ques1tion. Check the answers on page 231.
a The Albanians don't call their country Allban.ia, do they7
No, {h,e,11 dOI\ '-1-. ~.?~ "'~11 if. tUpJ~lil:'.1::1 ..?..Phaip_i!.QS,?.,___
b Doesn't the small country of Andorra lle between France and ltaly?

e lsn't the island of Trinidad just off the coast of Venezuela?

d Sydney is the capital of Australia.

e Dominica is another name for the Dominican Republic, isn't it?

- ---- - - - - -
f Overa third of the people on the island of Fiji originally came from India.

g Lesotho In southern /\frica used to be called Liberia, d idn't it?

5 Complete the text with one word in each gap. Contracted forms (eg isn't) count as one word.

Global warming arguments

lt's easy to suppose that we ali feel the same way about global warming. After
all, everybody wanls to save the world', a d()I\
1
. .... they? We all want to
make a contribution, however small, a.nd we all do our best. You aren't oue
of those people who wastes water, b _ _ _ _ you? Of course not! And
l'm surc you've got low-cnergy light bulbs in your house, e you?
You bet 1 Not everyone is so enthusiastic, of course. Sorne people wonder
d they can do to help, and don't really know what to do. Until
they find oul by paying allenlion lo wi1al lhe world's scienlisls are saying. AL
least, we all hope this is true, e we? Still, there are quite a lot of
people who Just hope that the prob lem will go away. Why do they do this, we
might ask. f they want to ma ke a difference?
hei r usual response is 'We don't rea lly know whether the climate is
changing.' g we? Wel1, of course we do. There is plenly o evide11ce
uf climate dtange, isn' t h . ............. .... ..? We know that we are wasting energy
and polluting the p lanet, don't 1 ------- ? It's all quite simple really. And
if you do know anyonc who is still uncertain about whether to save the world 01
not, your message to them should be e lear. What are you waiting
? If you lhink Lhis is jusl somebody else's problem, il will, very
suon, be your problem as wel l. Believe it.

V\
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EXTENSION ACTIVITY o
+-'
A Write sorne quiz questions like the ones in Exercise 4 and ask a partner to make tag responses. V\
C1>
:,
B Make a list of indirect questions which would be useful to a traveller.

O"
Need more praetice? Go to the Review on page 208.
 articles (1)
article use depending on context
Wh1m wP. refP.r to ~omething wP. h,we .:ilrP.ady mentionP.d, WP. me thP. dP.finitP. ;uticlP..
Fr~t, I qrate :;ome d,eee. n,en I :;prinkle the cheese into the saute.
A noun can be made definite by the details which follow it. This is r.alled post-modification.
There's a rower over rhere. Yes, t's the Tower of London.

Some things are definite ber.ause they are already known to the people talking about them.
Jm is aC the pub. ( = The one we all usually go to.)
Pass the vegetables. pfp;m, ( - These enes on the table.)

groups and classes

/\n example of a thing, instrument etc uses a/ an.
A barometer i:; u:;ed to me~ure ar pre:;ure.

We use a/ an for one of a class of things or people.

Peter i:; a German Maria is a teacher. Thi:; 1"!. an efectric shaver.

Wc use a / an for one of a set of named things.

They'vebought a Pcasso. ( = a work of art)
Ths s a Henry Moore sculpture.
We use zero article wilh plural:; and uncounlables when they reer lo a class of things or people in
general.
Te.ichers oftcn work vc,y lonq hours.
Water is becomng a scarce resource.
Girls are bcttcr .it lwrning foreign languagcs than boys.

These too can be made specitic. eg by the deta11s which follow.

The water tilStes funny. ( ~ the water from the tap)
The girls in my class learn fc1s/ ( = lhe~e pr1rtirnlar girls)

A singular noun to describe o closs of things uses the.

The bicyc/e 11 be<.oming i11uea1111gly poulc1r
The whale Is in danger of excmrnon.

ideas
Abstract ideas use zero article.
Heafth ,s one of the most important things in life.

Note tha l an abstract noun can be made specific by what comes after it - then we use the.
The healUt o f 1111lf1u11~ uf peuple may be at risk.

numbers and measurement

With rates and speeds use a / an.
The car was going at 50km an hour The rt>nr i~ .f500 a month

Use a/ an for large whole numbers, fractions with singular nouns, we1qhts and distances.
a hundred a m/fion a third a fifth
two and a half a kilo a metre anda half
But: rwo and seven elghchs haif-wdy
Half is usually used without an nrtirle.
He has earen half of lhe cake.

people
We use zero article with na mes of people, unless we specify the person.
Tom livPs in Bristol. Is hP the Tom Davis you went to schoo/ wth?
We can use a/ an w ith names when we me;in a person called .. .'
Is there a Tom Davis staymg herP-'
We can use the with the names of groups, when these are clearly plural.
t he Democrats

However, if a proper name comes betore the noun there wil l be zero article.
Euro MPs Manchester United supporters

Narnes o rnusic groups vary a great deal, and may not fit general rules.
The Who Primal Scream
Many yroup~ of people are described by the + singu lar adjective.
the unemployed the dead

cities, towns, streets, places

Use zero article w ith proper names, though the is used when there is post morlification with of.
l live in A/Jan Road in Bristol ,n an area called Redland
Oxford Unrvers,ty the University of Oxford
Use the with the names of shops and places w ith a general reference.
at the cinema / the supermarket I in the garden I m the mountams I at the hearh etr

Other places vary. lf they begin with the name ot a place or person, then they tend to use zero article.
London Bridge Waterloo Station Madame Tussaud's
But: the London Eye
Otherwise they use the.
the Golden Gate Bridge the Hard Rock Cat the Odeon Cinema
Note that a place name can also be used asan adjective, in which case we could use the.
The London rush hour can cause long delays.

Sorne olher cilies have adjeclive forms, eg Pars I Parisian, Rome I Roman.

unique objects
The is used with sorne familiar objects when we think of them as the only one.
The Sun was setting over the sea. The moon rose mto t he sky

illness etc
A I an is used with a headache, a cold etc.
Have you got a cold / a headache / a toothache I an earache?
Most illness words use zero article.
/'ve gor flu. She's S1JffPring from appendidtis.

exclamatlons
Use a I Dn in the expressions what a ... !, such a ... !
We use what a ... when we are surprised or impressed by something.
What a fantastic sight! What an awful room!

We use such a I an ... for emphasis with singular nouns.

This is such a great film! He is such an intcresting person.

{See also Unlt 21.)

 1 Complete the text with the or zero article.
a _]h_~-- survival of ____ m ost large mammals is beiag put al risk by global wa rming.
b Is person you are talking about Jane Small you knew at 1.1niversity?
e ............... foreigners often have ....... trouble getting u sed to ........ Sco tlis h climate.
d . decoration in .. . srnall bedroom is rea ll y pleasing but I don ' l like . colour o f
curtains.
e l missed ........... beginning of __ ............ film, so 1 ctidn' t und erstand - ....... plot untiJ half-way
through .
f experts disagree as Lo whether men are bett er drivers than
women
g . most of .... ..... people l know don't always get on with .... other people
first time tbey meet them.
h What exa ctly is d ifference between rh ythrn of a piece of _ .._ musir
and . . tune?
Hele n has gone lo ...... library Lo gel .............. info rmalion she n eeds for .. ............ projecl she's
<loing at ...... schoc>I.
1 don ' t know wh y yo u always put ... sugar in yo ur coffee if you're trying to lose
wcight.

2 Complete the text with a I an or the, or leave blank for zero article.

George Orwell
a . Toe,. author Georgc Orwell ( 1903- 1950: real namc Eric
Blair) was b English novelist, critic and political and
cultural commentator. He is best known for e . ... novels
Animal Fam1 and Nineteen Eig/Jry-Four, d -- both of which
were w ritten and published toward e end o his life.
He chose f --.. name George Orwell in 9 --- . early
l 930s when his first book, Down and Out in Paris and London,
was published.This book describes what it was llke to be
h poor and i ... home less in j Britain,
and also described k .... _......... tirne he spent in Pars working in
... kicchen of m .... high-class hotel. n .. .. .. Orwell's
father was o civil servant in India. and Orwell grew up in
p middle-class family. He was q pupil at Eton,
r well-known English school, and as his family could not afford to send him to university, he joined
s .. ... lndian Imperial Police. He learnt t ... .. . lot about u ....... . British Empire, but carne to hate
v .. job. and In 1927 he reslgned and declded to become w .. .... .. wrlter. He worked as
x. schoolteacher. and in y bookshop, wrote z book about 1 poverty in 2
northern England (The Road to Wigan Pier) and also fought for 3 ... ... ..... Republican side in 4 .. .... Spanish
civil war. He developed S ............. career as 6 ........ .. journalist and reviewer, and during 7 ... Second
World War he made 8 regular broadcasts on 9 . BBC. He died of 10 ........ tuberculosis
in 1950 ac 11 ....... age of 46.

3 Complete the sentences with a/ an or the.

a "The,. liger is .. animal wh..ich slruggles lo survive i.11 modern world.
b I need ........ kilo and half of mlnced beef, but 1 want ali fat taken off please.
e art gallery used to own Picasso, but it wa~ st o len in daring daylight robber~-
d first thing students need to app reciate is that laborator}' can be dange.rous place.
e We spent - - week in Paris and had _ .. great time going up -- Eiffel Tower, and taklng
trip along Seine in .. small boat.
f Tom Gibson, architect mainly responsible for design of new building, lives in
farmhouse in country.
9 rent is 1000 ...... .. . month because apartment is in most expensive part
of .. city.
h I can never undersland US eleclions, because I'm nol sure [ know .... difference belween
Democrats and ...... Republicans.
worst thin g about travelling on the motorway is that if there is accident, there is usually
huge trnffic jam.
My dad is down at pub having .... ... drink with _ .... other members of ... _ pub-quiz team.

4 Complete the lext with a/ an or the, or leave blank for z.ero article.

Bird migration
W helher a a particular species of b
depends on e numberof d factors. e .. most
important influence on f .. .. .. ....... m1gration is g ................ climate of
h area where i birds breed. and j - _ small
number o birds l"l'main in n area where there i~ k ~;:i~h
w1nter. So 1n 1 Scandinavia m .. blackbird 1s n
111igrc1lory L,i, J, bul il ,~ nol o ....... ..... .. .. nugr-alory i11 p .................. ~oulhem
Europe where q winters are 1111lde1:Another facter is
r type of s -- food involved. Sorne birds cat mainly
t insects which are not availahle in winter. ~o these hirds
have to undertake u . ... .. m1grat1on ,n order to hnd !ood.
Howeve1; lack of v food is nol w . ... [rigg~r for
migration, and birds need to be well fed before t hey start x
long distance light.The main reasons for y - migrating scem to
be partly genetic and partly as z ............ result of 1 small changcs
1n 2 weather or in 3 length of 4 d;iy.

EXTENSION ACTIVITY
Choose a paragraph from a book and make a practice passage like t he ones in Exercises 2 VI
and 4. Remove all articles and leave a space, add spaces for zero article, and add sorne trick QJ

spaces. Ask someone else in the class to complete your practice passage, and show them the V
original passage so they can check their answers. '
ro
Necd more practice? Go to the Revlew on page 208.
articles (2)
nationality
We use tlle with nationality adjectives that end -ese, -cli, -sh, -ss and are used to refer to all the
people of that nationa lity, eq Chinese, Japanese, French, Spanish, British, Swiss, Dutch.
The French d1ink d /ot of wine.
The Swiss are famous for their banks.
We use the with plur.il ntionlity noun~ in S!rne W!Y, eg Russians, Ameri<:am, Po/e~, Greeks, Turks,
Germans, Belgians etc.
The Russians and the Po/es are vsed to cold weather.

We use a / an with singular examples.

an Australian, a Greek, a Turk, a Russian, a Po/e, a Romanian, a Bulqarian, an Egyptian, a Jordanian

So rne nationalities end in -man J woman, and others have unique names.
an Enqlishman Jan /rishman / a Scotsman / a Welshman / a Frenchman / a Dutchman
a Spaniard / a Cypriot / a Pakistani / an /raqi / a Saudi / a Phi/ippino

Sorne nationalities can only be used asan adjective with a noun, eq Japanese person I man.

geography
We use the with the names of oceans, seas, rivers, geographical areas.
They crossed the Pacific / the Atlantic I the Mediterranean etc in a sma/1 boat.
The sun sets in the West. She travelled widely in the Midd/e East.
We took a voyage down the Danube.
The is used with north, south etc. to indicate geographical areas, but zero article is used to describe
general directions.
The sun sets in the west. The road runs from north to south.
We use Lero arlicle with continents, countries, lakes.
Lake Geneva borders France and Switzerland.
Morocco is in Africa.

We use the with plura l or collective names.

From here you can see the Alps.
She lives in the Philippines / the Netherlands I the United Kingdom I the USA

Names of mountains vary.

He's dimbed Everest and Mont 8/anc but not the Matterhorn.
Names of islands normally use zero artide un less they have post-moditication with of . ..
/'ve been to Crete I Majorca I Cuba.
/ haven't been to the Is/e of Wight.

We use the with deserts.

The Sabara is not a~ ci1y a~ mo~i eoli: lhink.

school subjects
We use zero article when we t alk about school subjects, such as geography, history.
/'d rather study physics than biology.

These can also be used as adj ectives with article + noun.

/'ve ~lat (1:(( a physics wurse.
The bio/ogy ti:athi:r i~ 1eally good.
calendar
We use zero article when we refer to days, months or parts of the day.
l'/1 see you on Monday at midday. School begins in September.
We can use the wilh a day of lhe week when we re-fer lo a parti'cular week, and the with a month
when we refer to a particular year.
lt ~l,11ted asan ordinary week but on the Friday I received a surprsing message.
We use a/ an with a day of the week when we refer to the day as a typica l example.
lt was a Tuesday afternoon in August and nothing much was happening.

home, school, prison, hospital, work

We use zero article with at home, at school, in hospital, in prison, in bed when we speak about the
place in general, or with reference to its use.
Jack is i n hospital. (he's ill).
Sue 1s at school (she's a student)

When we refer to something justas a building, place, etc we use the.

The bus stops outside the school. (the building)
Leave the towels on the bed. (the item of furniture)
I was walking past the hospital. (the building)
There was a riot in the prison (the building}
Compare: Alan's in bed. (he's asleep)
There's something crawling i n the bedl (the item of furniture)

other generalized locations and activities

We use other phrases with zero article to describe what people are doing or where they are in
general.
on holiday on tour (performers} on location (place where a film is shot}
on stage on duty at work

Specific examples use a I an or the.

They decided to take a holiday abroad. He ran onto the stage.

changes of meaning
Sorne nouns can be countable or uncountable and have different meanings according to
the article they use.
a I an a coffee a cup of coffee Can I buy you a coffee?
the che coffee grains or beans ere. Put the coffee in che jar.
zero coffee in yeneral Do yuu like coffee?
Many names of substances have a change of meaning when used as a single object.
g/ass a g/ass fur huldiny water ett g/asses for he/ping the eyes
iron an iron fu, ;moothiny duthe;
pai:r a paper a new.,popt:t 01 a iete uf ub/i;lted 1e~ea1tlt

Sorne food nouns which usually have no plural can be used with a/ an to talk about one particular
type of that food.
I try to eat as much fresh fruit as I can.
Thi~ is a fruit 1ha1 only grow., in the lropics.
Other foods used in this way are: wine, beer, cheese, meat, oil.

(See also Unit 20.)

-
..-...
N
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 Exercises in this unit a lso practise material from Unit 20.

1 Complete the sentence with a I an or the, or leave blank for zero artcle.
a 1"11.e. viclim was wailing (0 1 bus ouLside ___ hospital wllen oITence
tuuh plun:.
b Maria forgot to turn off iron when she wenr to anmer knock at door,
and she burnt hole rn 1ron111g board.
e We wen t to Crete on ___ holiday and spent ,__ -- week walking over _ __
mo11n ta111~ a<lm iring ~rPnPr}'
d After you put c.offep in machine, fil! it with wa tPr, and makP ~urP
___ - water comes up to leve! of th ick black line.
e Wben l'm al work, l' m only allowed to take personal calls in
cmcrgcncy.
f Helen is in bcd with ternpcraturc, so trip lo country has bccn
postponcd until next week.
g Al last minute, David clecided to go 11way for few day.s lllU :.t11y in
hotPI hy sea.
h - - lfa J 10 Ma r1chestt:r wa~ lrnl __ buur late uy tirn.e il
reached Waorct.

2 Complete t he text with a I an or the, or leave blank for zero article .

The Great Wall of China

a Tue. Grcat Wall of b China is onc of e . . wonders od _ modern world,
and became e CJNESCO Heritage sile in 1987. lt is f one o g longcst
(G ,700 km) structures in h world, and has i history of more than j two
thousand ycars. k .... ___ building of I waU bcgan bctween m 7th and 8th
ct-ntnries BC as n means o cldending mo~t uf o China frolll p invading
people of q oorlh. r rulers o dilferent pans of s _ coumry bttilt sections o
t .. wall, and these were joined together in u time of v Qin dynasty. During
w Ming clynasty (1368- 1644 AD) x . w<11l w<1s 1epain:!d a.nd t'Xlended and took on
y appearJ.ncc it has today, wich z complex system of 1 ... forts ami tuwers. ll
has 2 ... average heiglu o ten metres and 3 - width o fivc mcu-cs, and it runs from
4 east to 5 .. west.
3 Complete t he sentence w ith a I an or the, or leave blank for zero article.
a ..Th.e.-........ Brifh are famous (or notorious) fu r a.inuuut uf . ... fast food they eal.
b We wcnt on field trip to --- Lake District as part of _________ ... final year geography course.
e Jimisat work at moment. He's pe rsonal tratncr.
d story begins on ...... quiet ailernoon al ........... end of ---- July.
e Can I have - coffee in ......... giass with m'ilk, p iease.
Helen works at hospital al _____ end of road.
g Peter was In - .... bed with .. ....... attack of ....... flLI.
h film was shot on location in Phili ppincs.
On my way to work in morning 1 usually buy paper befare J get on hus.
When he's on duty at prison, Jack has to wear uniform.

4 Complete t he text with a I an or the, or leave blank fo:r zero article.

The Dominican Republic

a Tue, Dominican Republic is b .... country of approximately 8 million people, and is located on
e ........... eastern two-thirds ol d Caribbean island of e . . . . Hispaniola, which isf .... ~ecomJ-large~t ul
g _ ..... Greater /\ntilles islands. h . ....... western part of i .. island forms J. . . . ... Republic of k . . .. Hait.
capital ol m rnun l ry i~ n ri ty of o Santo Domingo and is locatcd in p southern
part of q isiand. r second largest city is s Santiago. t ___ country has three majar mountain
ran;es, and u .. hihesl ~ak is v Pico Duarte (3,175m). w ... geography of x country 1s
v<1rie<l. a11d range~ lrom y . . semi-desert plains to z ... lush valleys o tropical rainforest. 1 ..... economy
depends largely on 2 . agriculture. with 3 _ sugar as 4 . main crop, though 5 .... mining and
6 touri~m are al~o important.

EXTENSION ACTIVITY
Choose a paragraph from a book and makc practice passge like the ones in Exercises 2 and V,
Q)
4. Replace a ll articles with a space, add spaces for zero articie, and add sorne trick spaces. Ask
V
someone else in t he class to complete your practice passage, and show them the original passage
so they can check their answers. 't
ro
Need more practtee? Go to the Review on page 208.
number and quantity
many, few, much, litt/e
With countable nouns we can use too many, not many, (only) a few. (very) few.
There are too many mistakes here. We've had very few complaints.
Few is rnegative, a fcw is positvc.
I havc a, few fricnds In Gcrmany. (sorne)
I have few friends in Germany. (not many)

With uncountable nouns we can use too much, not much, (only) a little, (very) little.
We haven't got much time. There is too much smoke in here.
I need a little help. There's only a lttle mlk left.

a lot of / Jots of, plenty, hardly any, not enough

Wi Lh coun l able and uncountable nouns we can use" lol of l lols o/, plenly o/, har dly any, (nol)
enough, hardly enough. (See Unit 23 for lhe use o much, a lol as adverbs.)
We've qol lots of lime. We hada lot of complain/S.
There's J1ardly any milk. There are hardly any seals.
We haven't qol enough time. There aren't enough chairs.
A lot and /ots can stand alone as pronouns.
How mi:my wmplaint~ have you hdd? Lots / A lot.

no, not any. none (of)

No and not any can be used w ith countables and uncountables.
There's n o time to lose! There isn't any time for that!
None stands alone as a pronoun, often with atal/. None of is used w ith nouns, with either a singular
or a plural verb, though many users prefer a singular verb.
There might be /ots of customers, or there might be none (atal/) None of the passenge" wa~ I WPrP ~VPrl

much I many with numbers and quantities

Many can be used asan intensifier w ith hundreds of / thousands of etc.
Many thousands of people tnnk pnrt in thP rlemnn~tfiltion.
A gnod many is a collnqual wriy of describing a large number.
A good many people werP c;irryml) hilnnPr~.

We use as many as or up to to i ndicate the highest numher. We use as muchas or up to to indicate

the hig hest amount.
As many as a hundred people were arrested
We spent as much as non yesterday
We use more than or in excess of to indicate the lowest number.
More than E10 mil/ion has been spent a/ready

too much, too many, enough

We use too manywith countables and too much with uncountables to show that the number
or amnunt is g reater than necessary or more than is acceptable or possible.
I here are too many cars m the centre of thP city I hPrP ,~ too much traffic.

We use far or way as intensifiers in everyday speech.

There is far too much sa/t in this sauce.
We use enough with countables and uncountables when we want to show that the
number or amount is acceptable or sufficient.
/'// give you enough money to huy tickPt~ for lf of m .
 Hardly enough mea ns 'almost not enough'. Just enough mea ns the right amount or number.
More than enough means 'more than is needed' (plenty of has a similar meaning).
There are hardly enough chairs for so many people There 1s just enough food for the three of us.
Don't worry, we've got more than enough chairs.

quite a lot, rather a lot

Quite a lot is a fairly largc number, but nota vcry largc one or more than wc cxpccted.
Thcrc werc quite a /ot of people walting outsidc.

Rather a /ot is generally a greater number or amount than quite a lot, almost too many.
I can't come out. /'ve got rather a /ot of work to do.

number and amount

We use a number ora /arge number I a sma/1 number to describe how many. We use a singular ora
plural verb, though many users prefer a singular verb.
A number of houses have already been built.
A large numbcr of people was waiting outsidc.
We use a large I sma/1 amount to describe how much.
A large amount of money has been recovered by the pollee.

/oads of, masses of

These are informal expressions meaning a large number or amount.
Jim's a banker, and has got loads of money.

hundreds of, miles of etc

Measurement words can be used with of. Note that measurement words such as litre, ton, etc are also
followed by of: a litre of milk, a ton of earth.
Thousands of tons of earth had to be moved.
Millions of litres of water are wasti>d every day
rhere were severa/ miles of w1rin9 m eilch machme

twice as much as I as many as

We use twice as much, three times as much etc to make comparisons between a larger and smaller
quantity or numbcr.
Paula earns twice as much money as I do.
There are ten times as many students herc as in my /ast schoo/.

(Just) as much I many mea ns an equal amount or number.

Paula earns as much as I do.

every and each + noun

In sorne cases, the meaning of every and eac/1 is the same, though each is often used to mean separately
or one by one, e~pecially when we are thinking of a definite number.
Every / Each time l ltave d ho/iday, I catch a cold.
Thete i5 a ~af in each comer uf the square. (there are four cafs)

more, fewer, /ess

More can be used with countabfes and uncountables to mean .a larger number or amount.
Bring more chairs. We need more milk.
We use fewer with countables to mean a smaller number, less with uncountables to mean a smaller
amount.
There have been fewer storms this yea1: And less rain.

In everyday speech. peopfe often use /ess with countables, and this is becoming more common in print.
1 Under:J.jo.g the be,t option.

a There is 11ardly nnv / too few mUk left, so we'U have to buy sorne more.
b Tdon ' t th in k thcrc is enough / plenly of sal t in thc soup.
e You don' t have to hurry. There's lots of/ 11111ch tim e.
d lhere ace lots of/ very few books on this subject, so you mjght llave difficu lty find.ing one.
e There's 011/y a little / 011/y a few paint left. Do you think it will be enough?
f The re's nol e11011g/1 / too nwch time to finis-h this exer<.:ise now, so we'II do it tomorrow.
g Can you wait a minute? The1e are a few / few things 1 havc to do beforc I lcavc.
h l t costs a /ot of/ ple11ty o{ money, and I don't think it's reall y worth it.
We'll have to find a larger room for the lecture. Not e11011gl1 / Too many people have t1.1rned up.
j I havc to sleep with the window dosed because there is plenty of/ too 11111ch noise ou tside.
k When the mouey was counted, it was fountl that as m11ch c,s / as mallJ' as e500,000 was missing.
I'm sorry, but there aren't too mm1y / eno11gh books for everyone, so you'll bave to share.

2 Choose the best option, A, B or C, to complete the sentence.

a Can you come and help me, because there's . :e?..... ot shopping to carry.
b l-lelen reads a lot, ancl has ... . . books as I have.
e of people gathered outslde the town hal l to hear the mayor speak.
d Many pcople writc unintcrcsting dimics, and or thcm are on the Internet.
e f-fave you got . p11p<'r to print twenty rnpi<'s of thi s worksheet?
f An elephant drinks about a hundred and fifty ...... a day.
g lf you're careul, Lhere is hot water for a baU,.
h Only people carne to see the play orn the fust night.
I tricd - housc in thc strcct, but nobody had heard of Mrs Salkcld.
Tt's a lovcly housc, but it cost thcm money.
k There's no need to burry. We've still got time.
1 people nowadays are being taken in by traudsters on the Internet.

a A too 111a11y B rather a lot C L/1011sanrls of

b A lwice as 11mnJ1 B mure C u /urge number
e A Many tl1011smu/s B /1 large amo11nt e More than eno11gh
d A j11st enough B more Cagood many
e A m11clt B loarls of e enn11gh
f A litres of water B litres water e water litres
9 A /,cmlly e11011g/, B j11st eno11gh e too 11111c/1
h Afew B q11he a few C a very smu/1 number o{
A each B rathcra lol o{ e every
A rather a lot of B rather loL"i of Cagood many
k A m11c/1 B /oads o{ e quite a lot
1 A Too 111any B E11011gJ, e A large 1111111ber
 3 Put one suita ble word in each space.

Salt consumption and health

Health experts believe that a .1.~?.!1tt . people are consumin!'-f
Far too b _ - .....-. .... salL, aml Lhal this b a health risk. There
are plenty e - -- -- ---------- stuelles whlch show that lncreasect salt
r.o n,11mption rni,r, hloorl prr"11rr ;mrl r~n ra1l'ir hrmt pmhlr1m,
and the recommencla tion is that we should al i be consuming
d ... salt. Even if we add e ... . .... any salt to
our food al the table, we rrray !Je con~urniny a f of
salr withou t realizing. The daily recommended amount is 6 grams,
hu t ma ny people are consuming twice as much g
this and the average dafly consumptiot1 in the UK is over 9 g per
day. Bread, biscuits, ketchup and feaqy made meals all contain
h .. ___ ...._a lot of salt. so each time we eat a slice of bread,
For example, we are adding to our daily intake. So what Is the
,olution? Wr ali nrrrl to hr morr aware of i much
salt we are consu mi ng, and try to Hmit our inta ke. Govemments are
enco uraging food manufacturers to cut down on the
.............. of salt they put into food. and every Food product
should stare clearly on the wrnpper how k salt
i1 rontain,.

4 Write a new sentence with t he same meaning containing the word in capitals.
a Thcrc's too litt lc time to finish n ow. NOT
1'he.re.. 1S tto-l e..1totu-Jl'1 hl\Ae.. +o ~ 1tish 1tow,
b Al i of my answers were right. WRONG
- - - - - - - - H - - -- - - - H -- --

e Thert! isn't any money in your wallet. IS

d There we.ren't many customn~ this morn ing. Vf::i{Y

e There were more crimes Litis year. LAST

f The red one costs 50 and the green on e costs tl00. MHCH

g ll undreds of people were queuing at the front en trance. LARGE

.........- - - - -
h There is pleuty uf food for six people. MORE

Thc cupboarct llasn't got any papcr in it. TH ERF.

Th ere wasn' t much snow last n ight . ANY

5 Write a new sentence with the same mean ing, bcginn ing as shown.
a Thc traffic is hcavy today.
T h e re is +09. Mt.1ch +r-g..(:..G<;-. .f-9d0~J..
b This coHee is too sweet.
Thece is - -
e T his ho11se is rl o11hle the valu e of t h:it one.
This housc is worth ---- - -
d A lot o f money ha~ h een spent on this projec-t.
A fa rge . ... ... ... ... ... ...
e l've got p lenty of money to b uy Lhe lickels.
!'ve gol more . .. ... ........ ---------------------
f Nearly a thousa nd footbali fans were arrestect.
As
g There are hardly any taxis at this time ot n ight .
There are very
h T his is a secret anti n ot many people know abou t it.
This is a secret and only .... ...----
Ali o f thc paintings were unrl a maged.
N one .............................
The tank hasn'l go l any waler in il.
There .....

6 Complete the text with one word in each gap.

The 'flu pandemic of 1918-19

The influema pMii-lem,r of 19 1R- 19 k,lled millions
a ..... o.f people at the end ofWorld War One.
As b .... .. ... _____---- as 40 mi Ilion people are believed
to have died and more or less e . ....... .... . part
ofthc world was affected.As mizht be expected,
ad ................... number of the vict1ms were
soldiers. In fact, 1n sorne parts o f t he war zone,
e . rmmy soldiers d ied of influenza as
die d in the fighting. In the US army at home and abroad.
ten f as milly soldiers rlied o f inf 1e.n1a.
Unusually, in the c:1vilian population there were relative ly
g ................... ------ victims among the young and elderly, Lhe usual viLlim, uf i11lue11La. l11~le.atl, 111usl uf Lhe
h. millions who d ied were the strongest members o the populatio n, between the ages of
20 and 40. Do ctors at the t ime had i .. .. . ....... __ . _ lrt:tlc idea of how to trcat thc discasc and it sprcad rapidly
as the wa.r encled ancl j numher5 of r~ple returned home . At the t ime, k - ........ ----- ---- of
people beheved that the epidemic was caused by 6rological wa,fare. However there is 1
ev1dence to suppori this suspic1on. Scie ntists now believe that a pandemic occurs m ..... ... ...... .... time the
i11lue11,a virus <.hang(:!S ils gimelil w 1position,TI1is pandernic is sometimes known as the Spanish Flu because it
was believed to have caused as many n .. .. 8 million deaths in Spin in 1918. However the
outbrcak is now bclicved to have o rizinated in China
7 Complete the text using one ph rase from the list in each gap.
1 a few 5 hardly any 9 quite a lot o f
2 ttrert+er~ 6 la rge numbe rs 10 too much
3 t!llU Ug lJ ti 11 1.t! 7 ma11y 11 Lwo o r Lh ree limes as m ud1
4 lot uf 8 U!Uft'. 12 Vt'.ry fow

Women in power
More than a century after women started c:ampaigning for the right to vote. it still
sc:cms that thcrc: a 2 womcn in positio ns of powcr. In rhc world as a whole.
there havc been b fema le heads of state, and in some cou ntries women have
e ...... political power. In industrialized countries where d ... . of womcn wo rk, it
still happens lha( men t:am e or doing the sarnejol.i. Alt.hough ll1ere are
f succ:essful female business leaders, Lhc:re are clcarly many g men at the
top. Ma ny pc:oplc hrli<'vr tha r th is situarion rr flrcts rhr fact that womcn haven't go1
h ... . to be successful in lhc work place, and in lhe home. The re is much
pressurc o n women , they say, to be good wives and mothers, and they are at
a disadvantagc in Lhe j ob ma rket. However, Lht:re is j evitlt:m:t: lo suggt'.sl lllal
women can be more successful in che modcrn business environmenr than men.
k .. . modern business operations
now depend on c:o-opcrnl i on Rnrl
flexi bilit,y, and women are beller
al lhese sk.ills Lbau 1m:11. So il
may well be that in lhe future,
quite a 1 ..... imponant
businrss will hr ru n by wo mr n,
and it wi ll be the men who
t>arn lower wages or sray
at home.

.
+-'
e:
<O
:,
EXTENSION ACTIVITV
O"
"O
A Write true sentences a bout yourse lf w h ich include these words. e:
Ci)

har/y any too much quite a /ot twice as much every fewer l..
<lJ
.Q
B Write sentences about your town or country, beginning as shown. E
:,
Many thousands of p_eople .. . There are too many . .. There is far too much ... e:
We need more .. . We haven't got much ...
nouns
nouns always ending in plural s
Nouns ending -ics have no singular form, they use zero article and a singular verb, eg
mathematics, finguistics, physics, politics, athletics.
Mathematics is my favourite subjeet.

When not uscd to mean 'subjects of study', nouns of this klnd can use the + plura l verb .
Economfcs Is a difficuft subjea. The economics of rhis case are compfex.

Sorne nouns always ending in plural s are counted as singular, though they have no singu lar form,
eg the news, darts, bil/iards (and other plural games), cities with plura l forms Naples, Athens etc.
The news is on dl 10.00. Athens is d i.Jeduliful cily.

lllness words always ending in plura l s use a singular verb, eg meas/es, mumps.
Meas/es is a highly infectious disease.

Sorne nouns always endlng In p lural s can have a singu lar verb when singu lar, and a p lural verb
when plural, eg crossroads, series, species, means.
This speces is interesting. Both species are now extinct.
This is a means to an end. Ali means have been exhausted.

Sorne nouns always ending In p lural s use a plural verb, eg belongings, c/othes, congratulations,
carnings, goods, outskirts, remains, stafrs, surroundfngs, thanks.
Are thcsc your belonglngs? These are the remains of my car!
Sorne of these nouns have a singular form with a different meaning.
looks She was admiring Jack's good looks.
look Could f have a look at your answers?

nouns describing groups (collective nouns)

Sorne nouns descr ibing groups of people are singular only, but can be followed by a singular or
p lural verb, eg the majority, the public.

Sorne ~ingular nouns describing groups of people use singu lar or p lural verb depending on how we
th ink of them, eg govemment, army, councif, management, etc.
The government is pfanning to raise taxes. ( = one body)
The government are undecided about this matter. (=a group of individuals)

Sorne nouns describing groups of peop le or animals have no p lural s and use a plural verb, eg
peopfe, the pofice, cattfe.
The pofice are inve~liqatinq tlie fire.
Peopfe can be used with plura l s to mean notionalily or race.
The peopfes of the world are united in iheir desire for peace.

change of meaning
Sorne nouns have different meanings for singu lar and p lural.
damage The insurance company paid for the damage to the house.
damages The court awarded damages of [50,000.
custom Giving eggs at Easter is a custom here.
customs When we passed through customs, we had to open our cases

Others include, expense I expenses (rnoney spent as part of a job), manner / manners (way of
behaving), work I a work, works (of ort, lileralure ele), glass / gfasses (spectacles).

pairs
Sorne nouns with plural form only can be used with a pair of ... / two pairs of etc, though this can be
left out, eg glasses, trousers, shorts, pyjamas.
Where are my glasses) /'ve got two pairs of glasses.

Other words wh ich can be singular, and which can also be used w ith pairare socks, shoes, sandals,
g/oves.
collectlons
Sorne collections of nouns are described with a + noun + of, eg a bunch of flowers. a circ/e of friends.
a crowd of people, a gang of thieves, a herd of cattle, a f/ock of sheep, a pack of cards, a panel of
experts, a team of lawyers I doctors

partitives
Sorne mss nouns eg bread hve a countablc ltem which describes a 'piece' of the whole, and which can
be used when we Wilnt to specify onc of that item. cg a loaf of bread, a bar of soap. a cloud of dust,
a flash of lightning, a clap of thundcr, a shower of rain, an item of news, a siice of cake etc,
container + of a rube of roothpaste. a can of beer. a carton of milk etc
container: compound noun a beer-um a matchbux
The narne of the container usually begins with the name of what is contained, with a singular noun if
it is countable.
small quanti ties a speck of dust, a grain of rice, a scrap of paper
abstract nouns a piere of advirP / infnrmltion, a ~pnt nf tm11h/P
quantities a litre nf bePr. a kilo of chPese ere
words describing types a kind of, D typc of, D variety of, a spccics of
gamc. round a game of chess. a round of golf

compound nouns
Noun + noun The first noun is normally singular (but: a clothes brush). Check in a dictionary for the
use of a hyphen. as this vares greatly.
a bus ticket a key ring
Categorles lnclude:
type a seat belt a comedy film
containers a milk jug a water bottle
pu rpose (-er) a can ope11e1 (a thing that opens cans)
(for) a book shelf (a shelf for books)
place a bedroom chair a ~chool layg,ound
part of a whole a ca, doo1 a mou~e buttun

-ing + noun f,yinq pan w, iting desk

noun + -ing sight-seeing water-skiing

from multi-word verb a take-off a hold-up

of and possessive apostrophe

Use of for things when there is no compound noun, tor parts of things and for abstract ideas.
thP end of the rnarl thp am of thp pmJPrt

Use possessive apostrophe far things belonging to people.

singular apostrophe s M1chae/'s desk.
plural with s apostrophe only The boys' bedroom.
plural without s apostrophe s The chddren's bedroom

Names ending in s add apostrophe s, or apostrophe, but are pronounced as if they have apostrophe s.
the Janes' house I the Jones 's house (both pronounced the same)
We also use possessive apostrophe with references to time, and in sorne fixed expressions.
time an hours h11s-nrle, a days work etc
expressions hP at yo11r wts' enrl
V>
e:
:;
o
e:
 So111e exe{cises require the use of a dlctlonary.

1 Und erline t he best option.

a l'm afrnirl that the news jJ. / are not very encouraging.
b lt took l lelen a while to get used to her new s11rro1111di11g / s1irro1111di11gs.
e Alhl elics is / are a popular pa~lime in rna11 y countries.
d Do you fancy a game of card / cards?
e Thc cattlc llas / llave got through th e fence hy the ma in road.
f Mumps is/ flre a serious illness far many older people.
g What do you think of my new tro1tser / tro11sers?
h Th e balhroom is on lhe lefl at tlie tup uf the slair / stairs.
' Extras' is / are Lhe funnlest comedy serles I have ever seen.
Local police is / are bafflcd hy the disappearance o f more than fifty pet dogs.

2 Complete the sent e nce wit h a singular or plu ral form of a word in lhe lisl.
cuslom damage expense glas~ u1a 1u1er work

a You'II have to declare these llems at c1J.~ f911A~ when you land ln London.
b The n ewspapers were no t imprcsscd by thc of Mr Sm ith 's election.
e Th e vio lent storm cau~ed severe throughout the west of th e country.
d The schooJ gave Tony the complete of Shakespeare as a prize.
e You ca n pul in a claim for your lravel when yuu cume back fru111 the Lri;.
f People here have th e of openlng the front doo r at mldnlght on New
Ycar's Evc.
g Th e waiter filled Ma ria's ........ with spa rkling water.
h The in jured passenger was awarded . ... of over El million.
As far as l'm con cerned, eali ng and drink Lng on buses and lrains is sirnply bad

ln thls part of the coum ry, factorles have closed and many people have no
k Havc you scc n my anywhcrc? 1 ca n't scc a th ing!
l'or most students, rent is their biggest

3 Complete t he sentence with a word from t he list.

bunch cloud eteWtl flash gang ltem pack plece showec team

a Thc stars of thc film were rnct outside thc cinema hy a c.roi,Jd of fans.
b A sudden ----- .. of lightening lit the night sky.
e The bi1ilding cras hed to the ground, leaving a of dust.
d A of doclors i11 south Londo11 is carrying uut a new stuuy i11to childhuud
illnesses.
e Onc o th c sold iers produced a of ca rds, a nd they started to play.
f After a h eavy of rain, the pitch was slippery.
g Le t me give yo u a of advice. Don't bOlTOW any money from thal bank.
h Harry uuught a large o grapes from the su;erma rket.
The lraln crash was the flrst on the late news.
The hank was raided hy a of armPd rohb<'rS.
4 Use the description to make a compound noun.
a A belt you wcar whcn you sit in thc scat of a car.
b A shelf which you put books on. a
e A chemical which soCLcns water. a .....
d A pot for maki11g cofftie. a
e A brush for deani11g teeth. a ..
f The wlndow of a shop. a
g Cl imbing in the rn ountain~. a
h Equiprnent used in the ottice. a
Somethi.ng used or sharpening pencils. a
A nen-vork of computers. a

5 Add an apostrophe where necessary and underline the word.

Hamlet by William Shakespeare

Hamle~ father the King of Denmark hos dled, and
h1s mother has married his fathers brother, Claudius.
Denmark is under threat of invasion by a foreign
princes army. Two soldiers on duty on the ramparts of
the castle see Harnlets alhers ghosl. Later, Lhe ghost
speaks to Hamlet and describes his brothers method
of murdering him. Hamlet promises to avenge hls
murder, but pretends to be mad to escape his uncles
suspicions. Claudius asks Hamlets friends to find out
the rea::;ons or his strange behaviour. Claudius adviser,
Polonius, the father of Hamlets girlfriend Ophelia,
suggests that his madness is caused by lave. Hamlcts
fnends Invite a troupe of actors to try to make Hamlet
less unhappy. Hamlet asks them to put on a play he
has written in which his fathers murder will be acted.
His uncles guilt becomes clear when he stops the play
and leaves with his courtiers. Hamlet kills Polonius in
error and is scnt to England with his friends as part of
the kings attempt to kill Hamlet.
What happens next? You 'II have to read the play!

EXTENSION ACTIVITY
A Choose a page in a magazine, newspaper or book and make a list of
any collective nouns. collections or partltivcs, and compound nouns. V'l
e:
B Choose twenty words from the explanation pages, and look them up =,
in a dictionary. How would you translate them into your language? oe:
NPPd more practirP? Go to thP Review on pge JOB
pronouns, so, it, there
each (of), both (of), either, neither
Each as a pronoun (see Unit 22}. refers to two or more Lhings or people separately.
lf two players win, they each get an extra card I ea ch of them gets ...
ThP winnpr; rPCPivPrl f'i()() each

Both as a pronoun refers to two things or people together.

They both arrived at the same time Both (of them) arrived at the same time
1likP thPm both t llkP both of them

Either (of) meiln~ one or the other. whP.n it doP.m't milttPr whirh one. lt uses a singuli'tr verh. Not ..
either is also possible.
Thcse two co/ours are both fine. We can usc either. Either of them is suitab/e.
No, we <.an t use either uf lhem.
Neither (of) is the negative form, meaning not one nor the other.
I don't ftke these two colours. We cant use either. Neither of them ,s swlilble.

each other, one another, one .. , the other

Each other reters to two o r more things or people each doing something to the other.
The cwo men accused each other of sreallng the money.
One another has t he same meaning. Sorne spe.ikers prcfcr to use e.ich other for two things o r
people, and one another for more than two.
When they gct into difficultics, al/ che children help one another

reflexives
Sorne verbs use a reflexive pronoun (eg myielf) to refer back lo lhe )ubje.
1 blame myseff for whar happened I hnpl> you enjoy youri:elves.

Other reflexive verbs include cut, hurt, introduce. The)e verb) can abo llave norn1dl objel.b:
We enjoyed the play a lot The police blamed hoo/lgans for lhP pmb/Pm< (normal obe.ct)

Behave is intransitive, and can have a reflexive but no other objecl, though the reflexive can be lell
out. M;ike 511rP yo11 behave yourself Try to behave!
Dress, wash, shave often have a reflexive but it is not nec.e))lry.
Hurry up and dress (yourself)

Reflexives are also used with verbs like see, he/p, give in sorne expression),
lhen he saw himseff in the mirror I couldn't help myself She gave. herseff ; p;it on thP b;:ick

someone, anyone, everyone, no-one, (somebody, something etc)

These pronouns can be used:
as a rnbject pronoun with a singular verb, oras an object pronoun 011iPtl 5omPonP'~ mmingt
with an adjectivc. /'ve goc something lmportant ro tell you.
with corn parative adectivc. Have yuu gol anything smaller?
with an intinitive. He says hes gol nothmg to do.
with for T pronoun T infinitive. Is there onything for us to drink?
The same uses also apply to adverbials anywhere, somewhere, nowhere.
There's nowhere nice to sil. Do you know onywhere checper?
/ need somewhere ro stay

El)t:: cc:111 be de lo all of these words lo mean 'other'.

/'m in /ove with someone e/se Do you want anythin!J else7
There's nothlng e/se co say There's nowhere efse ro sit.
 There are problems with using persona l pronouns or possessive adjectives to refer back to somcbody
etc, as the person could be male or fema le. Traditlonally he I hs was used.
Someone I somebody has left hls wallct on the dcsk.
This is considered 'scxist' by many pcople, and an impersona l thcy I ther is oftcn used instcad. In
formal writing he or shc / his or her is used.
Docs everyone know whJt they are supposcd ro be doing?
Everyonc should bring hls or her passport for inspccron.
Wc use general somc I .:iny rules for ncgatives and questions.
Is thcrc anyone thcrc? Therc's nobody here. Do you w.-int to sce someone? (specif ic person)

one/ones
can be uscd to avold repeat ing a countable noun. Are thosc the ones you mcant?
One can also mean 'person'. She is the one I /ove!
can be uscd with an adjcctive. l likc the red one.

can be used with this I that etc. Do you like these ones?

One ... the other cun be used to rcfcr to two things.

Wh.-it's the differencc between rhe M 1.:inda lawnmower? One is .-i mororway and the other is a way ro mow.

one,you
We use one in formal speech or writing asan impersonal pronoun.
One grows to re/y complete/y upon one's servants.
In everyday speech, we use you.
I think you soon gN tircd of commuting long distanccs.

t
lt is used asan 'empty subject' for verbs that have no real subject.
lt's 6.30. lt's rdinng. lt Wd~ 1iol. lt's going co /Je t10C. lt's 200 m/es to Scotland. lt's cold.
lt is also used as a subject for say, to describe what is written; for take, to describe length of time;
and in expressions it doesn't matter and it's no use.
lt says here we have to be there an hour before. lt takes an hour to get there.
lt doesn't real/y matter. lt's no use,/ can't make it work.
lt is often used with seem to + action verb, and w ith seem as if, seem that. look as if. appear that.
lt seems to snow a lot in this part of the country. lt seems as if everyone is having a good rime.
lt /ooks as if we're going to be late. lt appears / seems that the meeting has been postponed.
lt is used in phrases it's a pity, /t's a shame, it doesn't matter f.
lt's a pity you missed Jack. lt's a shame you didn r come ro che party.
lt doesn't matter if I catch a later train.

there
There is used w ith be, seem, appear to introduce a statement about what exists or happens.
There's a shop al the end of t/,e rua.
There seems / appears lo be a problf!m.
There's been a fire at the school.
There was nobody in the building at the time.
There is no pomt ,n domg the same thing over and over again.

After the statement of existence, other pronouns are used to refer back to the thing or person vi
mentioned. e
:::,
There's a shop at the end of the road. lt's open until late. o
There's a girl outs,de. She says she knows you. e
o
'-
There is used in idiomatic phrases w ith come, fof/ow.
There comes a time in everyone's Iife when ...
n.
There fol/ows a party politica/ broadcast.
1 Underline the best option.

a l'm reatly tl1trscy. Is rhere nnvchln'l / 110c/1/11g to ct rlnk?

b l've trtect two phones so far but eac/1 / 11eir/1er of them was out of orcter.
e I told you tl1at knite was really sha rp. Now I've cut myself / 1011rsel/.
d r read the two books you recommended, bu t l d idn 't like either / both of them.
e Do you know a11y111hcrc / it wbcre I can gel my b.kc rcpaired'?
f Vo11 have to pres~ hoth buttons at once. Noth ing eitlier / elsr seerns to work.
g The lemon cakes are really good, but I don' t rea lly like one another / tlie other ones.
h Nol tbose children again! Why can't Lhey behave tlieirselves / the111selves?
We couldn't have finb,hed the pmject so quick ly if we ha<ln' t helped enc/1other / mtr.<.elves.

2 Choose thc bcst option, A, B or C, to complete t hc sentence.

a Thc problcm with this town, is that thcrc is .13. to go in tbc cvcning.
b Someone seerns to have left . . ... .. passport 011 the table.
e l'm looking for chcap to 5tay for l coupk of nights.
d According lo you, l do is wrong! l give LLp!
e lefore you go, there was I wanted to lallk lo you ahout.
f Here's your ch.icken. I hope you enjoy it. Ts th ere 1ha1 you need?
g . really understands me, ext-ept you!
h As far as l' m conccrned, that is it! There Is more to say!

a A 1wthi11g B nuwhere C IW Ullt:

b A its B her e thdr
e A somewhL'ft' B someLhins e eve,yLh i11x
d A someff1/11g B everyr/1/ng e 11nrhi11g
A 11othi11g B everywllere e so111e1hi11g e/se
f A rn111etl1i11g e/Je B a11ytl'li11g eL~e e 11otlli11g else
9 A someo11e B 110-one e n11yom.>
h A nothinx 8 a11yt/1i11x Csoml'lhing

3 Write a new sentence with the same meaning containing the word in capitals.
a Every person who picked the corren n11rnllf'r wnn f..'iOO. EACH
The. .Qe,op.J.e....who ~ickuLthe.. co..rr.e.c..+ l\ti.rO.e.J'.:.Jj)QI\ L!:;00 e,~ch.
b Sorne children in the class were thruwiug pic:ces uf aper al other children. ONP.

e l 'vP lnnkecl In ali lhP nther pl;:ices F.l.~f.

d Are you hurl ? HAVF.

e What happened is my fau lt . MYSF.I.F

f Don' t worry if you can't get here by eight. IT

g Have a good time at the beach, children! FNJOY

h A lot of people we.re driving too fast, but they police stopped me. ()NE
4 Com plete each sentence with it or there.
a Look al lhe skyl __ 1 looks as if is going Lo be a storm.
b . takes six hours to get there, and .... --- is only one train per day.
e is a slight problem with the air conditioning, but is not se1ious.
d says here that aie volcanoes on Mars.
e - is a bus strike tomorrow so is going to take me longer to get to work.
f is a shame that . ....... . is raining, because . means we can't play tennis.
g is 110 oiu t iu ruuniug. is 110 way we can get to school in time.
h comes a time when ____ ..... _ is a good idea to take more exercise.
were .~orn e great goa ls in the match 10 is a pity you missed it.
doesn't matter if ... isn' t hot. l likc cold pizza.

5 Choose the best option, A. B or c. to complete t he text.

Robin Hood
Most of us nre f.:imiliflr with Hohin TTood from flollywoorl films. 1n the pop11lflr story. Ro hin has two main
cnemies. Prince Johu and tbe Sheriff of Noltiugham. a .e . try lo capture and kili llim. Robin Hoods men
and Lhe local vlagers, who ,m: usually described as poor S,Lxous. ht:lp b .... lo 1lt:ft:al the Normaas, who are
tbe enemy. But did e called Roblo Hood rea lly exlst? As wlrh most lcgendar,9 figures. d whether he
rcally cxistcd. e l'rom thc carly lcgcnds that he was an 0 111 law in Yorkshirc. not Nolllnghamshirc. and in
lhose limes the narue was eiven to f wh.o was an outlaw. 1n t he earliest stories. he isn'l g who stcals
l'rom the ricb an<l gives to lhe poor. h . in bis story to make him a hero: he is justa robber, an<l i sense
or hervism atlai;he<l to ltim. j . we k.uow froiu Hollywood fllms. Mai<l Maciou. FriarTui;k. Lillle Jolm aml
so ou. has beea added lo ti.Je sLUry over lhe i;enluries. k a 'real' Robin Hou<l. jusL a slory lhat has been
changlng for nearly a thousand years. Ilut 1 .. whether he was a real person or 11ot. He is m in the
imaginalion of miUions of pcoplc.

a A Elther of tf1em B /\ // ofthem e Both o{ 111cm

b A une imulher B themse/ves e both
e A anyone B 110-une e surm.1u11e
d A there is not clenr B it is 11ot clear C it seems c/ear
e A n1ere is B Neither e /tseems
f A any(ll1e at ali B nohody el~e e somf'On(I. 111porlnnt
9 A nnyone Bsomeo11e e eitllcr
h A There fa rwlhirig B Tlutre i~ sumelhing e There is
A t!,ere is 11ot B tlu::re is nothi11g e there is nu
j A Somebody e/se B Everyone e/se e Nobody e/se
k A ft see111s B n1ere isn't e Jt does11 't 111atter
1 A it docs11't mntter B l'herc is 11(1 point e it's a pity
m A 110/Jody who lives B anythlng that seems e someonc who exisls o'
VI
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e:
EXTENSION ACTIVITV ::l
o
A Write t en more examples beginning 'll .. .' and ten beg inn ing 'The re .. .' e:
o
'-
B Translate your examples into your language. Q.
Need more practice? Go to the Review on paye 208.
adjectives
adjective position
attributive adjectives
These come immediately before the noun.
an old building a heavy suitcase
predicative adjectives
These come after be, become, seem, /ook, appear, feel, and can be used without a noun.
This vase looks old. lt's heavy too.
The following adjectives are usually attributive (before a noun):
dassifying: chief, entire, local, main, national, only, particular, so/e, who/e etc.
This is the main problem. I h,JVe a particular reason far asking.
emphatic: mere, shee,; utter
This is utter nonsense!
The mere thought of /osinq depresses me.
Other adjectives take on an emphatic meaning when attributive (before a noun):
complete, perfect, total, pure. This is pure nomensel
Sorne adjectives are only predicat1ve:
afloat, afraid, alight, a/ike, alive, alone, ashamed, as/eep, awake, i/1, we/1,
Are you awake? lutki/y they were bot/1 alive.
I feel i/1. You look we/1.
Others are usually predicative: glad, pleased, sorry, upset.
You should be pleased. I don'l feel sorry.
something, anyone etc and adverbials somewhere etc can be followed by adjectives.
Do you want to know something interesting? I need somewhere quiet.

When looking up adjectives in a dictionary, check whether the meaning you want is attributive or
predicative.
He/en is a responsib/e pupil. (attri butive - sensible, reliable)
Who wa, responsib/e far the accident? (predicative - who caused it?)

verbs of sensation
appear, fee/, look, seem, sme/1, sound, tas/e are followed by adjectives not adverbs.
Thi, sme/1s bad. 11 tastes awful loo.

gradable and ungradable

Gradable adjectives have degrees of meaning, they can be used with very, too, enough and have
compa rative and superlative forms.
lt's very heavy. This one is heavier.
Ungradable adjectives are absolu1te, they do not have comparative or superlative forms and cannot be
used with very etc.
This tree is dead. This vase is unique.

nouns as adjectives
Nouns that refer to substances. places, seasons and parts of a whole can be used as adjectives.
Sorne substance words have adjectives ending -en: wooden, woo//en, golden. Check with a
dictionary for usage.
These are cotton trousers. They are my summer c/othes.
participle adjectives
We can use participles as adjectives.
a dripping tap (it's dripping now)
a broken promise (a promise that has been broken)
an accepted idea (an idea that is accepted)

We can make compound adjectives by putting an adjective, adverb or noun before the participle.
a fast-flowing river a freshly-made tootprint.
a lite-saving operation a tree-lined street
a French-speaking area a self-employed plumber
a tight-ftting dress a mass-produced product
Sorne -ing adjectives and -ed adjectives which refer to feelings are easily confused.
-ing adjectives describe the thing that is having the effect on others.
This news artic/e is rather worrying. (lt worries me)
-ed adjectives describe the person and the way they feel because of the effect.
He/en looks worried. (Something has worried her)
Other adjectives like this indude amazed / amazing, bored I boring, excited I exciting, exhausted I
exhausting, interested / interesting, pleased / pleasing, tired / tiring.

adjective + adjective
In the following three expressions, t he first adjective f unct ions asan adverb to say how wet etc
something is.
boiling hot, freezing cok}, soaking wet

compound adjectives
Compound adjectives can be form ed in t he following ways:
from adjective + noun.
a cheap-rate phonP<"all
with numbers (plural sin never used).
a four-year-old child a two-hour meet,ng
a fifty euro ticket a three-hour oumey
with a noun + adjective.
a tax-free rar an air-tight box

meaning
As many adjectives have a wide range
in a dictionary.
Janet is a heavy smoker.
I wJ/ked awJy with heavy heart.
This is J heavy responsibility.
Heavy fighting continucd al/ day.
Thc lrxturc WJS a bit heavy going.
of meaning, and may be used metaphoricall y, 11lways check
( = she smokes a lot )
( = idiom: 1felt sad or depressed)
( = serious)
( = involving many people and weapons)
( = hard to understand)

V'>
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1 Unde rli ne the best w ord.

a Don't eat the fish . lt smells bad I badly.

b H's a two-hours J t1Vo-ho11r train joumcy frorn hcrc to Ma nchcstcr.
e I st11mhled across an asleep / a sleeping man in the doorway.
d Th ey ra n h ome th rough the rain, and wh en they arrived were sheer / soaki1w wet .
e As far as Maria was concerned, il was a losi11g / losl oppo rLuni Ly.
f Tom opened the door and fou nd a very large J enon11011s parcel on the doors Lep.
g .l read that article, bu L 1 thought it was mere J complete rubb ish!
h The sme ll of baking-fres/1/ fres/1/y haked bread made me feel h ungry.
Tbat su itcase looks really heavy / he,1Vily.
Wha L's lhe ma ller with you? Yo u look wonying / worrietl.

2 Pu t very in front of the adjective where possible, or leave blank (- ).

a r put my foot in the wa ter, ancl it was . .-:::-.. .... freezing!
b Please don't make that silly noise! lt's ..
........... annoying!
e When we firsl saw the wave we were shocked, beca use il was .... .......... enormous.
d You really shou ld read thls book. lt's ................... ln te resling.
e Jcff has bccn missing fm two days, and wc' rc worricd.
f Unfo rtu nately, the ring I foun d turn.ed out to be worthless.
g At the end of the race, most of the runners felt ....... exha usted.
h By lhe end of lhe seco11d week, many of Lhe villagers were slarving.
lt's .. .. ... ... . .. un usual fo r so much rain to fall here ln July.
l'vc d1eckcd thc figures again, and I can assurc you that thcy are correcL.
k liow do you do. l'm .. pleased to meet you .
When I realized what she had said, l was ............- . upset.

3 Make an adjective + noun phrase which fits t he explanation.

a C lo thPs yo11 only wPar in thP wi n tn.
b Sh irts made of silk.
e Balleries used fo r a Lorch . ... ..... ...,_ ..,.. . ... ...... ..... ...
d Sales ht:!ld in the ~lJring . .
e An overcoat made of Jeather. .... _ __
f F.quipmen t used in an office.
g Fans who a re suppo1t ers ot tootball clubs. ............................ ... ----------------
h A bowl made of glass . . ..._ -- .... ..,_ __ ... ............ .......... ....... .... - -
H.olidays we take in the summer. ... .............. .. .. _ ... .........
Software which is used on a computer. - - - - - --............- .....
k A bracelet made of silver.
Leaves t hat tall in autu mn.
4 Use the word in capitals to form an adjective + noun phrase which f its the explanation.
a A masterpiece which 11obouy cares about NEGLECT
a 11.U Jle,;,~ ,uqS-rt.rpil',.f-_?. ...
b Th e headlines at the end of a news hroadcast. CLOSE

e Very low temperatures. FRl:.E:lt

d A door anyone cango through. UNLOCK

e Different feelings about something at the same time. MTX

f A 11rnrriage which lhe family o lhe couple organizes. ARRANGE

g An author pcoplc thinl< wcll of. RESPECT

h An attack thal causes serious harm. DAMAGF.

A crime without a k11ow11 culprit. UNSOLVE

/\ roof with a holc in it. LEAK

k The scene at the beginning of a play. OPEN

A taste for somethlng thaL you develop after flrst disliklng lt. ACQUIRE

5 Complete the sent ence with a compound adjective made from a form of the two words in brackets.
a Ticino is in the ... .. . area of Switzerland. (ltaly, speak)
b l usualJy buy a l-rC!liC!1t~~pe_61 k,i,1tq loaf from the local baker's. (ba.ke, fresh)
e The dog fell into a __ .. .... -- river and was swept away. (flow, fast)
d Wc lct our flat to a co11ple. (new, marry)
e Toe school believes it shouJd educatc chi.ldren to be (mind, open)
f All we could see was a bare landscape. (sweep, wind)
g The building (ell lo tlie grouuu witl1 a/ a 11 ... ..... crash. (shatter, earth)
h I partlcularly llke nuts . (coat, chocolate)
lt was a .. ...... decision, but we had to make it. (break, hcart)
Thc hi lls ~lretched into 1he distance. ( cover, tree)
k The automatic ironing machine is described as a .. .... .... .. .. device. (save, time)
The .... ... .... .... .. .. tomb is being examined by archaeolog.ists. (discover, new)

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6 Choose t he best opt ion, A. B or C, to complet e the se ntence.
a Fortunatcly thc su rgcon was ahlc to pcrform a '6 operat ion.
b Two chil<lren gave flowers to the president.
e The historie centre of the city is a . area.
d This kind of gambling machine is often called a ... bamlit.
e The narrow streets were Jined with shops.
f J ulia's visit to lndia was a cxpcricncc.
g Rrian looked oul o r the window at the ............... streN.
h A spokesperson explained that there was a .. . situation.
Please send me a copy.
j l a journey from here to the other slde of the lsland.
k There was an explosion, fo llowcd by a th ick cloud of smokc.
Dogs uscd for hunting have a sense of smell.

a A life-saver B lifc-saving e lifc-s.aved

b A .~even-year-nld B seven-years-olrl e seven-yenr-olrfs
e A tmffic-freerf B Lm/lfr-{reely C lm/fic-free
d A one-(11111 B 011e-urmed e une-rmu 's
e A bright-lit B bright-lighting e brlg/?tly lit
f A li{c-cha11ging B li(c'.s-cha11gi11g e li(e-changer
g A rai11-snaki11g B rained-soak e min-soaked
h A mpid-clwngi11g B rapidly clmngi11g e rapirl-cha11ge
A t)'pewritirig B L)'pewri ter e L,,pewrillert
i A three-ho11rs B three-ho11r e t/,ree-hourly
k A car-shaueri11g B ears-shattering e ear-shattered
A /1ig h-developed B hig hly-developing e highly rfeveloped

7 Co mpl ete each sentence with an adjective from t he list. Use a d ictio na ry to check t he mea ning.
fine grea t heavy hlgh light long low narrow open sh ort small wide

a Wc didn't want to cat too m uch bcforc thc thcatrc, so wc just hada liq"t mea!.
b Jane is a very easy person to talk to, and is very friendly and
e There was a .. ... shower of ra in, and we got soaked through.
d Bill was very Lhirsly aud urder1::d a .. ..... riuk.
e They dicln't have a lot to say to one another, bu t spent th e time on ............................ talk.
f His namc is Alexander, or Alcx for
g lf you're looking for gifts, try Bentley's wh id1 sells a ........ selection of local products .
h Tbere's a very . line between being su-rprised and being amazcd.
Julia aud I are frieml~, aml we get 011 really weU.
j I thillk it's time you stopped watl:hing telev ision ami e.lit.! some work!
k Ellis scorcd in the last minute, giving thc team a _ 89-88 victory.
The governmPnt has promised to do more to help peo p.le on incomes.
8 Complete the text with a cornpound adjective frorn the list in each gap.

freshly prepared much.reduced home-cooked

so-callcd time-saving farrcach i ng
t raffir. clngged hard-work ing h ome-prodt.-teed
readymade large-scale locall y grown

Su perma rket food

Few ol us have the luxury of a hoMe.- produce-4. food fresh from our own garden, and
increasingly we live in a world where such tood is becoming ra re. Although supermarkets can sell
resh fruit and vegetable~al b prices. not everyone buys lhem. Many
people cook very linle at home, and in sorne household,s few mea Is are e
rrO?rn anrl d mea Is are e .. ~olution~for
f ... _ . peo ple, and g _ . . . ... ........ - ...... convenience foods' sold in
suennarkets are beginning lo replace more lraditio11dl h 111e.:1b in m.:1ny
households. The consequences of such changes are i ... . Food which might
have a long journcy from thc oth er end of th c country has replaced j
foocl, which also mea ns that huge supermarket lorries are acldecl to k _ __
roads. Small farmers, who produce only small quanti ties of food, also lind that supermarkels prefer
1.. produclion. and Me ofle11 fon.ed out of busi11e~~

V1
QJ
EXTENSION ACTIVITY
.:::
A Choose ten participle adjectives from these pages and translate Lhern tQJ
into your language. Then write an exarnple sentence for each one.
B Choose ten cornpound adjectives from these pages and translate them
--
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n:,
int o your language. Then write an example sentence for cach one.
adjectives with infinitive or -ing
adjective + to-infinitive
able I unable, careful, curious, due, foolish, free, inclned, prepared, ready, welcome, wil/ing
Sorry, but /'m unable to lend you the money
The rrain is ready to /eave.

it-sentences
advisable, best I better, dlfflcult, easy, cur/ous, lmpossible, nice, possible
lt's easy (for people} to make mlstakes.
lt's curious to imagine what people once used to think.
lt's best to leave before the rush hour.
it's hard to p/ease you I you are hard to p/ease
Some adjectives (eg easy, good, hard, impossible) can follow this pattern:
lt's lmposs/ble (forme) to reach the top shelf. The top shelf Is imposslble (forme) to reach.
Adjectives describing feelings (eg annoying, lnteresting, /ove/y, terrific, wonderful}
work in a similar way.
11 was lnterestlng to visit the castle. The casrfe was lnteresting ro visir.
However, not all alternatives work In the same context.
lt was wondcrful to scc you. Yeb' we,'C w e f l ~

adjective + of + person + to-infinitive

good, great, interesting, /ove/y, nice, wonderful
ft was good of you to sec me. ( e thanks for seeing me)
lt was nice of you to think of me. ( = t hanks for thinking of me)
Compare: lt was good to see you. ( = 1enjoyed it)

adjective + that-clause or + to-infinitive

afraid, angry, annoyed, ashamed, astonished, certain, disappointed, g/ad, happy, pleased, shocked,
sorry, sure, surprised, unhappy, upset, worried
In an infinitive construction t he subjects of both cl auses are the same.
We were afraid to go back to the house.
/ was p/eased to see him again.

In a that-clause, t he subjects of the clauses can be different.

1was afraid that the bus was going ro cras/J.
l'm astonlshed that you haven't won t/Je prize.

Note that it is possible to leave out that.

1was afraid the bus was going ro crash.

A past infinitive may be possiblc.

I was disappointed not to have won.

adjective + that-clause
aware, it's clear, confident, hopeful, it's obvious, positive (very sure)
1wasn't aware that the rules had been changed.
lt's clear that something has gone wrong.

Note that it is possiblc to lcavc out that.

feel + awful, bad, good, guilty, terrible
1felt gui/ty that the others had bcen punished.
I felt good that I had bccn proved right.
adjective + that-clause with should
Used in more formal spccch and writing, and common in t-scntences.
it's absurd, it's advisablc, it's alarming, l'm angry, l'm anxious, l'm ashamed, it's awful, l'm content, l'm
determined, l'm cager, it's essentia/, it's fortunate, it's funny, l'm keen, it's natural, it's unnecessary, it's
odd, it's right, it's sad, it's sil/y, l'm sorry, it's strangc, it's unusual it's unfair, it's vital etc
lr's odd that you should say that! I was jusr rhinking rhc samc rhing.
rm angry that they should take that approach to this issuc.
Wc are keen that he shou/d take up this post immcdiatcly.
Past simple is also possible.
lt was odd that he should have forgotten.
These phrascs can also bc used inform ally without should.
f'm angry that they are taking that approach ro this issuc.
lt ws odd that he forgot.

adjective + -ing
We can use busy. no good, (not) worth + -ing .
We can use feel + awful, bad, good, guilty, terrible + ing.
Martn is busy cooking the dinner. lt's not worth seeing that film.
I feef terrible feavfng you alone /ike that.

adjective + to-infinitive or -ing

cornmon in it-sentences
afarming, absurd, awfuf, cheap, dangerous, easy, *foolish, good, grea t, hard, hopeless, !ove/y, nice,
pfeasant, pointless, *rude, *sad, sale, *sil/y, strangt1, *stupid, *unwise, useful, useless, wise, *wrong
11 Wd:. poinlfe:,:, to do thatl doing that. ll's better to yo nuw.
lt WdS x1d to hear / hearing you, ba news. lt was lovt1/y to see / seeing you.
Those rnarked * can lso be u:,ed with a person, w i lh a to-infin i tive.
Jim wd:. foofish to give up fti:, job. f',n sad to say I dytee.
You w1:1t1 wrong to say tftdl. Sfte's siffy to spend :.o 111ulh.
For il's easy / hard see above, adjective + to-infinitive

(it) makes me + adjective

(it +) make + person + adjective + to-infinit ive
Use to describe how sornething makes us feel, w ith adjectives describing teelings: angry, ashamed,
aware, embarrassed, furious, glad, happy, miserable, nervous, s.ad, tired, uncomfortable, unhappy etc.
We can also use it makes me feel + adjective + to-infinitive.
O)
Th,s new~ makes me feef embarrassed to be a member of th1s company
Knowmg that you /ove me makes me glad to be al1ve1
lt makes mesad to know that yo11 fPel ynu wy yn11 dn
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We can turn the it-i nfnitive into an ing-form and use itas the subject. QJ
Knowing that you feel you way you do makes mesad >
+-'
lnformally we can also use it makes me+ adjective + -ing, especially with sad, happy, unhappy.
lt makes mesad knowing that you fee/ you way you do.

be, seem, appear, /ook

-e
e
..e
+-'
Seem fook, appear can also be used instead of be in the constructions above. s
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1 Undcrlloc thc corrcct form.
a Smry, hut T'm 11na hle tn he//1 / helping yo11.
b lt made me really angry to find out/ f11uting out l'd been cheated.
e l think iL 's beller to leave / lenving early.
d 1'111 surry, 1.Jut it was11't dea r Llwl yuu wanletl / lo wanl the JJIUjects finishec.l tutlay.
e It's hard for sorne people u11derslanding / to 1mdcrstand rnaths.
f Tt makes m e angry tn see /see so many people wastin g their time.
g l lelen is busy getting / to get things ready !or her party.
h You are free to go / goi11gwhenever you wan l.
This I.Juuk al.Juut ,1strn I1ysics is impussible l<1 1111der!>lc111d / 11nder:;lc111di11g.
I was surprlsed tllat l found out/ to find out what happened at the end of t.he film,

2 Write a new sentence with the same meaning, containing should.

a You are here a l Lh e same lime! How oddl
1.f-.'.s oJJ .f-h~.j.- {jOP Shi:lltld.. be. he.re. ~t {he: S~11.t.e.- .ti,~e..
b Why talk to me like that! lt makes me angry!

e Maria has won ficst prize. Anct that's right.

d We have to work untU 10.30! That's unfai1!

e No repetition of today's unfortunate events! l' m determinr.d ahou t th at.

f There~ nu securily al ali in 1e building! Thal's alarnng!

g Thc cmployccs fccl bactly trcatcd. Thal's onJy natural.

h You have the same initials as me! That's strange!

3 Complete the sentences about sport tra ining by writ ing one word in each gp. Thc first letter
of the word is written for you.

a It's o ....bv./os.... .... .. that if you have a serious sport ing ambition, you should go about
training in a seriuus ma nuer.
b lt's e..... that you should follow a regula.r training programme,
e lt's really p to train a lot onc wcck, anct thcn miss training for two weeks.
d lt's b ... . to work an another area o f fitness (eg gyrn exe rr ise.s, swirnmin g etc)
!han do n o lraini ng a t ali.
e You shoultl also !.Je a.. _ .......... . . that tliet a1Jc.l rl:'Sl are impur tai1L.
f Too much rraining can m... you feel exhausted anct unmotlvated.
g Tt's also i to get nutritiona l advice from an cxpcrt .
h Most athletes are e ....... n ot to train withou t pmper wa rm.1g-up.
1n sorne sports it is _ Lo improve your peJformance without visual recording
aml feedback from a coach.
Jt'S V that you shou ld refer any injuries to a sports clinic.
4 Write a new sentence w ith the same mea nin g containing th e word in capitals.
a l'd pul 011 pll:'11ty uf su11-Crl:'am ul:'fore you gu uul, if l were you. BEST
_J~s_J;?e.s+ f9..efl+ o~ ple.~+!j <2..f. SM-cre.~,~- be.~ore. 11ou .'J ou.f-.
b Yo ur bad ncws upset me vcry much . SORRY

e I tind Lhis bad weathcr depressing. MISERABLE

d Sornething will have to be done, obvious.ly. OBVIOUS

e Revising for exams takes up a li my ti me at the m oment. RI J.SY

f I really enjoyed meeting David Bowie. WONDERFUL

g I was unhappy that I had to lic to her. TERRJBLE

h I in tend to make sure tls doesn't ha ppen again. DETERMINF.D

Tllanks fu r giving lll<' a lifl. GOOD

5 Complete the text wit h a word from the list in each gap.
aware be able clear hopeful impossible possible surprised unusual unwiJUng unwise

Science news
Scientists carrylng out research in swamps in Sumat ra llave discovered the world's smailest fish. The femaie is only
7.9 mm. It was thought to be a ..J m::>9SS.9!~.. that any llvinq organism should survive in the swamps, as the water is
cxtrcmcly acidic. lt is aiso very low in minerals and this is thought to cxplaln why it is b for larger species to
develop.

Researchers exami11i119 satd lile data l ro111 Lhe A ntarclic have been e .. . .. ........ ... l o find lhat there are large lakes
O)

-oe:
and rivers beneath the Ice sheets. 'lt's d that /\ntarctlc Ice Is movlng much faster than we supposed,' sald
Professor Susan Graham from the Antarctic Survey. She was e to say whcthcr this would mean a more 1
~
rapid rise in sea levels dueto melting ice. 'lt's f lo pred1ct al lhis stage exactly what this discovery means,
hui il make~ u~ g .. . that Antarctic ice could be melting faster than we had lhought ' Q)
>
Scientisls al NASA believe lhal lhey may h Lo delect earlhquakes from space before l11ey happe11. :t:
e:
lt's i ....... . .... ..... to monitor the build up oi energy in the Ear th's crust1 and scientists are j ... that thls ;.;:::
lnformatlon can be interpreted by computer programs which wll l give approximate predic tions of future qual<es.
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EXTENSION ACTIVITY >
+-'
V
Write five example sentences based on each of these pattl:!rns. Q)
--.
1 /'m + adjective + that da use 2 /t makes me + adjective + to .. . "O
ro
Need more pracli1..e? Go to the Review on page 208.
adverbs
adverbs and adjectives
Sorne words ending -/y are not adverbs but adj ectives: friendly, lone/y, sil/y, ug/y etc.
Sorne adverbs and adjectives have the same fonn: fast, dead, early etc.
Hard and hardly are both adverbs, but have different meanings.
1can hardly hear you. (=almost not) You've worked hard. ( = with a lot of effort}

gradable and ungradable adjectives and intensifiers

Adjectives that describe age, size, beauty etc can be measured or graded, and are called gradab/e.
We can use intensifiers very, extremelywith them.
1hts trf;'f' ,s eKtremely old lt's a very beautiful patnting
fhis pmblem 1s e,<tremely difficult I feel very unhappy

Ungradab/e adjectives cannot be graded because the qualities they describe are either present or
absent.
This painting is superb. This problem is impossible.
We cannot say Tlli5 (:)ainting is very-sttperb-:

degree adverbs: quite

With gradable adjectives (or adjective + noun) or adverbs, quite has a negative meaning: 'not very
rnuch' or 'less than expected'.
The film was quite entertalnlng. but I didn't real/y enjoy it.
lt's quite a long way to walk.
They did rhe work quite slowly.

Wlth ungradable adectives and adjectives with an extreme rneanlng, quite means complete/y.
lt can be used in the same way befare a verb or adverb.
l'm sorry, bue you are quite wrong. (ungradable}
This puzzle is quite l mposslb/ef (extreme meaning)
I quite agree. ( = 1 agree completely}
I canr quite make up my mind. (not completely)
Quite can be used with + a I an + noun to show that somethlng is unusual or interest ing.
That's quite a car!
Quite can be used with a superlative to mean 'very much'.
Thars quite the longest book /'ve evcr rcad!

degree adverbs: rather

With grada ble adjectives (or adjective + noun) rather has a stro nger meaning t han quite. lt can be
used in the same way befare a verb or adverb.
I think she's rather clever. This is rather a steep hi/1.
We ali worked rather hard. / rather like your friend Anna.

Rather is common with negative adjectives.

I rhought the film was rather unlnterest/ng.
That was a rather stupid thing to do!

Rather is also often used with comparatives (see Unit 28).

This painting is rather more interesting.
degree adverbs: fairly
With gradable adjectives (or adjective + noun) fairly usually has a similar meaning to 'quite'.
Fairly is less strong than quite. lt can be used the same way before an adverb.
ShP'~ a fairly good pianist, 1~11ppnsP. ( = not ~ good)
They worked fairly hard, but that wam't real/y good enough_

Sopllie is a fairly good pianist, but slle 11eeds to practise more.

intenslfiers
These are words that modify gradable adjcctives and advcrbs:
very, extreme/y, real/y, terribly, particular/y, awfully etc.
This is real/y rasry! 1rhoughr rhe play was terribly boring.
especial/y, particular/y, real/y are often used with verbs.
I real/y admire you! 1particular/y /ike this one.
Sorne intensifiers tend to collocate with certain adjectives:
abso/ute/y ridicu/ous, complete/y useless, entirely unexpected, greatly admired, perfectly obvious etc.
There are no rules to explain which intensifiers go with vvhich adjectives.

Sorne ungradable adjectivcs, usually with a negativc mconlng, can be modificd by utterly,
complete/y, total/y.
The food was complete/y awful!
The house was total/y destroyed in the explosion.
These adverbs can also be used with verbs.
I complete/y agree wirh you. Wc utter/y condemn whar has happened.

comment and viewpoint adverbs

Comment adverbs show the attitude of the speaker, eg clearly, probably, /uckily, surprising/y, foolishly.
Sue natural/y didn 't ag.ree. We obviously liked it.
Atan kindly gave usa lift. Stupidly, 1had left my wallet at home.
Other sentence adverbs indicate how we should understand what follows, eg general/y, apparently,
supposedly.
Viewpoint adverb~ tell us from what point of view the speaker is talk ing, eg politically, financially,
technical/y.
Environmentally, iliis wa~ .i di~.i~ter. ( = From an environmental point of view ...)
logcally, 1his can't be co11eci.

Sometimes phrases are used for emphasis, eg politically speaking, from a po/itical point of view, V)

as far as poli tics is concemed ..o

....
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1 Underline a li t he forms wh ich are correct.
a Bye for now. 1'11 see you rather later / soon / obvio11sl)'
b Everyon e acted well, but I thought that Naomj did nbsolutely / fairly / partic11/arly wcU.
e Tony can't quite / real/y / s11rprisi11gly decide wbat he wants to study at univcrs ity.
d Jf you work hard /extreme/y/ hardly, T'm sure you ' ll be a success.
e 'J'echnically / Hxactly / Apparently, this is one of the best Jow-cost cameras curren Uy available.
f Sony, ca n you speak up - I can't q11ile / mther / re(l/1)' lt!.!<1r yuu.
g The th<1tched cottage was complete/y/ str11ct11mlly / awfully destroyed by a devastating fe.
h J'm leaving tomorrow car/y/ extreme/y/ quite in the morning, so 1' 11 say good byc now.
See you again soon. Yours truly / fairly / friendly, Your friend Ca rl.
Luckily / Real/y / Fort111wtely1 we managed to catch the train at t he last momcut.

2 Underline all the words in brackets which can be used to complete t he sentence.
a Thls French cheese yo u bought is - tasty. (absol utely, ~ - compleLely)
b Thc hotel turncd out to be cxpcnsivc. (clearly, intredi hly, lurkly)
e Gina Eva ns is .............. expec-ted to become deputy prime minister. (considerably, greatly, widely)
d The glue I bought was useless so I had Lo buy some more. (complelely, extrernely, ul terly)
e lt was . .. obvious that Jac.:k had made a mista ke. (completely, perfect1y, really)
f Sue was . ....... disappointed to lose t he match. (awfully, terribJy, vcry)
g Thc poiice dccidcd that Tom was hlamclcss. (entirely, cxtremely, greatly)
h We appreciate all lhe help you gave us. (cornpletely, greatly, widely)
I -- - Hke-d the first beach we wenl to. (absolulely, especially, particularly)
Qui te h onestly, l think this is . ridiculous. (totally, u tterly, very)

3 Write a new sentence with the same meaning containing the word in capita ls.
a l really do understand how you feel. QUITF.
1 R?li~e, W\de-r,"<;{~11.d no14 ~OlA te,e,1, .. ....
b Nobody c;ame to the party, wh i<.:h was u11fortuna te. UNFORTUNATELY

e 1 didn't find the match very cxciti ng. RATHER

d The decisio n was disas lrous (mm a fiuancial poi.ni of view. FINANClALLY

e We rea lly didn't expect this resull. ENTIR.ELY

f Mrs Burns has agreed to provide sandwiches, which is kind of her. KINDLY

g Tllis priutl:!r is of no use at ali! COMPLETELY

h I c.an 't see the end of th e road vcry well ! HARDT.Y

., ......................,... ..... ........,.,.,... .. ------ ,............................... -~------
The answer is as obvious as il could be. PERFECTLY

lt's loglcal to suppose that the missing money must be in this room. LOGICALLY
 4 Choose the best option, A. B, or C, to fi ll eac h gap.

Street design
People Ln some 81itish towns are complaining about the a 1? w1i.nteresting streets and sq uares being
designed by local council architects. It scrms that one b unexpected result of improved bealth
and safety laws is a / an e __ - unimaginative approach to urban desigu. d . street features such
as founlains, strps anrl rvrn rohhlc<I roadways, a rr hring rxrludrd from our Mrrrts bccm1sc of thc risk
of accidents. e .... ...... , many councils are pay ing out huge sums on ciaims for damages macle againsl
them by people who injure themselves in t he street, ancl a lthough it is f . possible to design a / an
g accident- prnuf urban env irnnmenl. arch itec:ls are laking Lht: easy way out. Henc:e the h ...._ dull
designs we now see in sorne city centres. lt seems i , obvious that streets shou ld be safe, but it is :liso
important tbat they sbould make us feel proud to be walking in tbem. k , tht'rt' are architects
who havr romr up with I morr rrrarivr solurions, as a visit to many city centres will show. So in the
end, it's up to local cotmcils to try harder.

a A quite B extreme/y e hardly

b A enlircly B very e fairly
e A mdwr B fairly e enlirely
d A Tcchnically B f"i11ancially e Swprising !y
e A Logically B Apparently e Naturally
f A rather B harrlly e ftrly
g A co111pletcly B vcry e extre111cly
h A politically B mthcr e e/car/y
A extreme/y B 11tterly e per{ectly
j A surprisingly B particular/y e hardly
k A Fortunately B Abso/11tely e Real/y
1 A extreme/)' B fairly e rather

EXTENSION ACTIVITV VI

Give sorne opinions using fairly, quite, rather about the fo llowing: ...
.o
<l)
public transport in your town TV in your country learoing a fore ign laoguage >
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ro
Need more practice? Go lo the Review 011 page 208.
making comparisons
modifiers
Comparisons can be modified to make them less extreme.
This is probably the best compucer ar the momcnr.
Smi1hs is one of the largest companies in Britain.
/'ve done Just about as much as I can.
This isn 't quite as easy as I thought.
The new one is not nearly I haif / nowhere nea, as good as the oid one.
Ir is nowhere near as good as rhe old one. (informal)
Comparisons can be made stronger.
This is easily the best car in its class.
Foorbali is far and away the most popular sport in rhe world.
lt's the most popular sport in the world by far.
Tennis is far/ a lot / much more demanding.
/1'1 much /miles/ ioads more inleresling. (miles and loads are informal)
Gulf i1 every bit as interesting el~ foutbd/1.
Gulf i~ rather more interesting tilcJJI I thouclit.

comparative constructions
as+ adjective +a+ noun + as
We asked for as large a car as possibie.
lt's not as long a journey as I used to have.

too + adjective + a + noun

A nuclear war s too terrible a thing to contemplate. (formal)

not as / so + adjective + to-infinitive + as

11'~ nut as/ so easy to explain as I thouqht.

sufficently + adverb + to-infinit ive

Sume 1tudenu. dte uncJble 10 write sulficiently we/1 to pass the tesl. (formal)
more+ adjective + than + adjective, or not so much + adjective + as+ adjective
This construction can be used to make a disli1Ktion between two similar adjectives.
/ was more surprised than angry.
I wasn 't so much angry as 1w r~ecJ.

be+ comparative + to-infinitive

it +be+ com parative + to-infinitive
lt's cheaper to buy a retum ticket.
noun +be+ comparative + to-ininitive
Frenth i~ easier to learn than Chinese.
Tenni~ 1 more interesting to watch than qolf. (: lt's more interesting to watch ten nis than golf.)

comparative + comparative
Two comparatives together are often used in descriptive w riting, with verbs of becoming, changing,
movement, etc.
The b1ke began to go faster and faster
The boat was gett,ng further and further away
Jane was growmg more and more confused
the + comparative or superlative + of the + number / quantity
This structure can be uscd with a comparativc to compare two things
This is by far/ CiJSily the more nteresting of the two.

lt can be used with a superlative compare one thing with many things
I think this onc is the best of the lot I them al/ I the bunch. (informal)

present perfect + superlative

We ohen use the present perfect with a superlative.
This is the worst ho/day /'ve ever had. (l'm on holiday now)
That was by far/ much the best film /'ve seen this year.

the + comparative, the + comparative

This structure is often used to give advice.
The more you pul off qoinq lo lhe dentist, the worse yuu wi/1 fi:el.
The /onger yuu ledve i(. the more painful yuu, tooth wi/1 i.Jl:!C.011 ,e.

Adjectives and adverbs can be mixed.

The more exercise I take, the more s/owly I runl

Fixed phrases include:

The sooner, the better. The more, the merrier.

like andas
as ... as
Stay for as long as you want. His hands were as cold as ice.
You Jook as white as a g host.
as ... as is often u sed in proverbial expressions.
He was as good as gold She's as happy as the day is long.

like
A caravan ,s like a house on wheels (it is similar)
look like, sme/1 like
The school looks like a pnson (it resembles a prison)
You sme/1 like a bPa11t1f11/ flower1 {the smells are the same)

look like, sound /ike

lt looks like ra,n ("' it looks as if it's going to rain)
lhat sounds like the postman ("' it sounds is if he has arrived)

feel like
The pam felt like a burnmg needle m h1s arm. (it is similar)
I feel like gomg out tonight (That 's what I want to do)

work as! like

Sue works as a bar-maid at weekends. (She is a bar-maid)
compare: They worked like s/aves to gPt thP pmP<:t fimshed (They are compared to slaves)
V\
/ook as if + present simple/ unreal past simple s:::
Yn11 /ook as if you need / needed a rest )'bu must be realfy tired. o
V\
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ro
enough and too a..
not + adjectivc + enough + to -infinitive
E
ou
I wasn't quite old enough to get into the film (= 1was nearly old enough.)
He didn't run fast enough to win O')
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too + adjective + to-infinitive _:i,_
The rescue services arrived far! much too late to save him ro
Ir was too great a temptation (for him) to resist. E
G
1 Underline t he best word.

a This camera is easily !JJf/ a best of its type.

b l wasn't so much surpri.sed as/ t/mr, shocked by the result.
e That was probably /1101 nearly thl.! Uf.!St football match !'ve ever seen!
d Politics Is too/ so important an activity to be left to politicians.
e l t was as/ tan good an opportunity to miss, so I accepled the joh.
f lt's quicker to travel by bus tha11 / like by car in the city centre.
g As l11e medicine look effecl, Tina became fa, e1111l away / more 11ml more sleepy.
h You are every bit / mi/e~ as responsible for what happened as I am.
Cats are not 11enrly / a lot harder to understand than dogs.
Th is looks like / f th c place. lt fits the description, anyway.
k I think the l lany Potter films are aboat as/ n lot more interesling than the books.
Th is is definitely the better / the best beach we've been to so far.

2 Complete the sentence with o ne word in each gap.

a Buclapcst is onc of thc 11Aos+ bcautiful citics in t hc world.
b You haven't really worked hard .......... to get a higher mark.
e The more exercise you take, the .. ... ... . you will (eel!
d Quitt! honestly, 1 <lun't think thb b as hard a11 examinalion il used lo be.
e Thls is .. .. . the most beautlful beach In rhe Mediterranean. Don't you think so?
f l'vc done just as much shopping as anyonc can do in one day!
g The film was every ... as entertaining .as I expected it to be
h Mosl of Winterson's books are good, but I think this one is the best of ali.
The boat <lrifted . . . . au<l 110-one notiCl:!d Sue had faUen inlo Lhe sea.
The hotel was a .. more expenslve than I expected, so I looked for a cheaper one.
k This crmsword pu1.2lc isn't quite as casy I thought it was.
llelen's paintings were far and .. ......... the best in I he exh ihition.

3 Complete the sentence with like, as, too or enough-.

a You can use the pool .. __as .... many times as you like in a week.
b We callf'd thf' fire brigade hut thf'y d idn 't gct to t he housc soon to savc it.
e Wear some warm ciothes. lt iooks ... .. ... snow.
d Harry walked into Lhe cily centre, bul il was .. . .. early to get any breakfast.
e A kl lt Is a bit . a skirt, but formen.
f At wcckcnds Tony worl<s a cashier in a supermarket.
g They wouldn' t lf't nave into the cl11h hecausc he didn't look old
h You don't look as well you did lasl week.
Open a window! Th.is room smells .. . a tarmyard!
j The man next to me o n lh\! Lrain was snoring a pig.
k Quite honestly, 1thought the news was good to be true.
The ladder wasn' t quite long to rcach thc upstairs window.
 4 Choose the best option, A, B or C, to complele lhe sentence.

Memary
ft's quite conrnlon lo hear sumt::une com lain
tbat tbeir memory is a C as it used to be.
or that the more things they try to remember.
b qn ir.kly they seem to forget. Howeuer.
memory is e .......... - complicated than we
usually thiuk. For example. remcmbering
acls is nol al ali d .... remembering
how to perform an action. and lt seems
that wc don' t 'forgct' how to ridc a bicyclc
or c\rivc a car. For somr people, it may be
e ..... to remember wbaL they have just read

-
f recall where they let lhelr car keys.
or com-se. g ............ iuteresting a topic is. the
more wc rcmr.mhr.r ahout it, Ancl we are Almost certa in ly h to rcca ll something we havr, rea el
or seen recently, beca use it remains act ive in our memory. Where sludying is concerned. there are
ct::rlai.oJy ways uf u1c1kl11g t l1t:: mt::mury i ...... . [L's j . lv rewt::wbt::r c.lisurg,uiizt::d iufurmaUuu.
so note-makl.ng and summarlzlng are lmportant. and the lea.roer. not the teacher. has to do thls.
Regular reviewing of what has been lcorncd is k ways or strcogthcning mcmory. Sorne
learnc rs have I v is ua l 1.han II vc>rha l memory, irnd may re me mbe r more by a ssocialing ideas
witb visuaJ images. Tbere are plcnty of books on the madcel wbich illustrate tbese teclm.iques,
aJways assuming that you cau remember to uuy uut:I

a A less good B worse e 11ot as f(ood

b A 11ot 11e11rly as B the more e it's just ns
e Abyfw B eusly Ca lut mure
d A Lhesamens B like e as if
e A prohably B much easier e nowhcre near as
f A as B than to e tl1e more
9 A ust ahout as n111cl1 B more rmd rnore e the more
h A {aster and {aster B far and away e more likely
A more efficient B as goo,I as C every bi l 11~
j A jus t as eUS)' B nut su easy e easier and easier
k A as important B more nnd more important e onc ofthc bcst
1 A justas good B casi/y thc bcst e a better
Vl
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A Make statements about these tapies, including a comparative or superlative, and -~
ro
using sorne of the modifiers on the exp lanations page. Q.
E
a film, book etc something you dislike a sport an activity ou
B Check these proverbial as .. . as expressions. What is 1the equivalent in your language?
as cool as a cucumber as easy as pie as free as a bird
'e:
_::
as hard as nails as keen as must:ard as Jarge as Jifo ro
E
Need more pr,Ktice? Go to the Review on pdye 208.
e
place and movement,
prepositional phrases
prepositions and adverbs
A preposition always has an object. but many preposltions of place can be used as adverbs (adverb
particles) wlth no object.
What's fnslde the box? (preposition) Sha/1 we wait lnsfde? (adverb)

Others lnclude: above, across, a/ong, around, behind, below, bcneath, by, in, inside,
near, off, on, opposite, outside, round, through, under, underneath, up.
These adverbs often combine with verbs (see Unit 29).
Come onl Please sit down.

Sorne adverbs cannot be used as prepositions and do not have objects.

Brian /ives abroad. The red car moved ahead.
These adverbs can often be used with a preposition and an object.
The red car moved ahead of the bluc onc.

place
At, on and in, and their variations such as within, upon are used with be and verbs that describe
position not movement, eg sit, stand, live etc.
at a place, an address, a house, a building, a point on a journey
She's at the shops I at home / at 12 Green Street / at the cinema / at the Grand Hotel
This train doesn't stop at Acton. (point on a j ourney)
on He was standing on the chair trying to reach the book on the top shelf.
She was on the bus / train / plane

In a room, container etc, a clty, country or area

lt's In the kltchen I In your pocket / in New York I in Greece / in the car.

m ovement
With a verb of mot ion, eg come, g o etc we use to, into / unto, out o(, lowards and other
prepositions or adverb ials t hat involve movement; c1/ong, up / down, lhrougll, across etc.
He rc1n out of the house and down the street.

w ord list
round / around
These are used to talk about rn overnent as in a circle.
Follow the road r ound to the /eft. /'ve been walking around the centre.

abroad, ahead, ashore

Ashore implies movement, while abroad and allead can be place or movement.
Se1ve1c1/ /.Juxe1~ WE!IE! wc1~he ashore late, that day. (= to the shore)
Peter live~ abroad. l'm goinq abroa d next week.
Let's stop now we are aflead. United have now moved ahead in the title race.

across / over
With a verb of motion these often have the ~ame meaning (rorn one side to the other).
She walked across / over the r0ad.
Over can also mean 'covering an area' or 'above' with a verb of motion.
The police puta blanket over his head. They fle1w o ver the mountains.

a/ong Ion / alongside

Along means 'in the direction of a line'. He walked a/ong the top of thE! wc1/I.
On just describes place, not movernent in a line. He sat on the wa/1.
Alongside means close to the side. The road runs alongside the canal.
 away (from), out (of), in, back (to)
Away (from) describes a movement, the opposite of towards.
Come away from the firel trs dangerous.
To be away means you have left home for sorne t ime, perhaps to stay somewhere else.
He/en an Bil/ are away in Fr,mce. Anna is away f,um ~thuol tode1y
We often use farwilh away, oras an adjective to describe a place.
1wish / was far away from here. lt's at the far end of the room.

Out (of) can mean 'not at home', in can mean 'at home'. Back (to) describes a returning movement.
l'm e1f1e1id Marie1 is out / isn't in at tl,e moment. She's out of town.
Whefl wi/1 she be back. ? Come back ! I want to ta/k to youl

backwards, forwards I forward

Both describe a direction of movement.
This bus is gomg backwards! 11ec1tlie forward e1n luuk /Jet he1fld.

Backward and forward are a lso used as adjectives eg a forward movement.

by, past
Both describe something that passes, with verbs of motion.
We walked past / by t/Je /,uu~e lwicf:! belure we ,ecoyniLed il.
Someone ran past / by me cmd ihrew e1 be1g lo the groun.

up ldown
Often used with road, street etc to mean a/ong.
/ saw him as/ was walking vp the road.

above, below, over, under

Above and over can be used to mean the same thing, especially when something is ata
higher level exactly vertically.
We used to live in a flat over I above a re~tauranl.
In other contexts, above means ata higher level than something, and not touching it,
while over means touching.
There is a forest above the village. They puta blanket over him.
Under can mean 'covered by' wh ile below has a more general meaning 'at a lower level'.
The,e~ e1 tal under the table. Terry live) i11 the flat below us. VI
QJ
Under can also mean 'less than' and over 'more than' with numbers and measurernents. VI
ro
T/Je tuie1/ tu)i o! ihe 1vjec.t was over E2 mil/ion. l..

The,e were over 200 people p,esent. Are you over sixteen7
.e
a.
among, between ro
Among means 'in a number of things', betwee.n means ' in the midd le of two things'. e
Among the guests werf:! ~evera/ o/ Tom!> uld teachers. We /ive ha/f way between Londun and Oxford. o
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pairs VI
o
Many adverbia ls are used in pairs to describe movement, usually in first one direction, a..
then the other, and repeated. ....QJ
backwards and forwards (back and forth) to and fro round and round up and down in and out a.
He's been pacing backwards and forwards for an hour. The children were runninq in and ou t of the house. +-'-
e:
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phrases E
QJ
Many prepositions form phrases with nouns. Check meanings with a dictionary.
on on tria/ on average on the way o>
in in control in charge in the way E
at at war at peace at rest "O
above above average above the law e
below below average
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under under construction under pressure under suspicion u
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1 Underline the best word.
a Jam! im't here at the rnoment. She's i11 / 1 I to the shops.
b The chlldren ran nL / rlown / 011 tbc strcct shouting.
e Docs this bus go at / to / in So11thampton?
d Maria could see someone coming al/ towards / 011/0 her.
e You'U find more coffee i11 / on / at lhe lop shelf.
f Are yuu comjng al J to J i11 the cinema thls evenlng?
g Delivery on purchases is free at / by / within the London a rea.
h With a shriek, Juliel fell senseless at / 11,0 11 / dow11 the floor.
Walk along J 0 11 J l/1rough l lillway Road until you come to the roundabout.
We spent an enjoyable evening 11/ / i,1 / on th e theaLre.

2 Write a new sentence with the same meaning containing the word in capitals.
a Jim covcrcd his hcad with a sheet and pretended to he a ghosl'. OVE!{
<liiu. pi<-t ~ shu.+ ov~( h_is _he.gd, ~.,_ _pre.+e.nd'e.d' 10 be. ~ <;Jhos.f.
b Anna walked from one side of the street to the other. ACROSS

e l wlsh I were a long distance from here. AWAY

d When do you think Alan will retum? 1 want to tal.k to him. BAC K

e TI1e dug was ru1111i11g i11 circles and barking furiuusly. ROUND

f r first visited Moscow more than forty year~ ago. OVER

g Toe temperature is lower than usual for lhis time of the year. BELOW

h The elephant was corning in Peter's direction at high speed. TOWARDS

When h e's not with his hiends, IJavid stops showing off. AWAY

We paid less than 200,000 fur this flat. UNDER

3 Complete each sentence with a word from the list.

abroad among ashoce away by backwards c:,trt tluough
a The Smilhs aren' l al home. They're ____Qt.f- al Lhe shops, 1 lhLnk.
b The train wenl . a long tunnel before it stopped In the statlon.
e You havc to stand the fridge at least 20 cm from the wall.
d lielen has left the country and gone to live
e Angela walked me without sayi.ng a word.
f The box.es fell off the ship a11d were Jater washecl 200 km away.
g .... , ... .. those present at the cerernony was the local MP, Clalre Slms.
h The car started sli pping down th c hill.
4 Complete the second sentence with one word so it means the same as t hc first. Use a
dict ionary if necessary.
a I really don't have any time to spare.
l'm .i't-- .. a h mry.
b Heleo often travels abroad as part of her Job.
Hele n often travels ahroad business.
e A5 Lhings are, we'll replace the faulty machine free of charge.
... lhe circumslances, we'll replace the faulty machine free of charge.
d kavlc! lhe building as quickly as yo u can. You are all al .-isk.
Leave the building as quickly as you can. You are ali <langer.
e For ten long years, thc two countries fought each other.
For ten long years, the two crnmtrie~ were war.
f The company empJoyees have stopped working in order to get what they want.
Th e compa11y empluyees are .............. .... slrike.
g /\fter buying the rema lnlng shares, Mlchael Wllson is now head of the company.
Aftcr huyin g thc rema in ing sharcs, Mich ael Wilson is now control of thc
com pany.
h I supposed that Jane wouJd be bringing the keys with her.
l was the i111;ress iuJ1 Lha l Ja11e wuulu 1.J~ 1.Jriugi11g l11e ke:ys wiLh her.
Thc pollee said that DaV!d was to blame for the aeeldent.
T he polce sai<I that David was fault for thc accidcnt
Uenerally speaking, a child dies on the roads every day of the year.
average, a child dies on lhe roads every day of the ycar.

5 Complete each se ntence with o ne word.

a Picase sit Jown over there. Vl
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b W hen the plan e rose the cln11ds, there was hrill iant s11nshine. Vl

e The cat jumped , .. . the wall and lan ded in nexl door's pond. ~
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d T walked , , lhe securily ch eck wilhoul no licing il was lhere. a.
e The policeman walked up and ...... --- - the street checking tl1 e doorways, ro
f They're building a ncw housc
e
our house and Lhe primary school. o
g We walked . lhe riverhank looking for a good place to fsh . ;t:
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h The teacher put Mark charge ol the clas:s during her abse.nce. oo.
Walking is difficull if you don' Llook over your shoulder. QJ
l...
j Afte r th e mm<ler, severa) people were ................... susp1C1on. a.
k The pollee offieer stopped the fight and stood tlle two meo. +J'
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You '<I hetter t11rn ro11nd. The roa<! i~ hlncke<I f11rthe r QJ

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a.
6 Complete t he text with one word in each gap.

Arrivi11g by bicycle
Turn a (!.'-fo .. Fordwich Road from Mailing Road.
Walk b lhc visitors rar park until you comr to thr sri rnrr building.
e .. your right there is a footpath running d . the side oF the buildin g.
Ta ke l his rootpath and fo llow it e ................. the left.
Direclly f . , Llt1::re is a 1.Jicydc ~he fur vi~ilo~ g ... .. your left. Please kavc
your bicycle here. Fordwich House is h . rhe end of the footpaLh.

Arriving by car
Drivc i . .. . the town centre until you see a sign for Mailing Road (A 1202).
Once you haw passed Downs Road take the second right, which is Fordwich Road.
Follow the bluc s igns for vi,itors' parking. Plrasr park j thc visitors car park. Wa lk
k .. the archway at the far end of the car park and take the footpath running
1 the two largc buildin~rs. Fo rdwich Housc is at Lhc m . end of Lht:: patl1.

7 Complete lhe senlence wilh one suilable word. Use a dictionary if necessary.
a The children kept running in and .Pl.<1'.. of the room.
b Thc injurcd m an was swaying to and and loo kcd as if he was abou t to collapsc.
e That policeman has been walking . ancl down outside th e house for an hour.
d !'ve been drivin g round and .... .... ... ... this city ali day!
e Nexl uuur's uurglar a lana ha~ !Jee11 riagiug .. a 11u uff fur twu huurs.
f People came from ..... .......... .. . . and wlde tO see th e Chr!stmas lights In the maln street.
g l've hecn going and forward5 to thc hospital ali this wcck.
h ur company oHers cheap holidays both at home and
8 Complet e the texts with a phrase from t he list in each gap.
along the western side along lhe routc bclow average
hetween in danger in-+nd ia
on the pJains on thc isJand through the rcgion

Global warming spells disaster for Ganges

Scientists a .Jr1. .ln~iC{ have wa rn ed that a n ancient glacier in the
Himalayan region of Nepal is b of meltini: before the end
of the cenlury. Water from Lhe g lacier feeds Lhe Ri ver Ganges which flows
e . supplying water to millions of people. At presenl
mountain r ivcrs dcpcnd on glacial mclt, and d
monsoon rains provide much of the water. 1-Iowever, these rains may well fal l
e levels in future as a resuJt of climate change.

V,
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Hi-speed railway under construction Vl
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....
The high-speed ral project f .s:::
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in Taiwan prornises lo promole and balam;e
(O
cconomic growth g . The e
raiJway, wh ich will run h .. of o
the country, involves the construction of a
:-e
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high-speed r ail link i Taipei Q.
in U1e norLh and lhe porl uf Kaohsiuny in lhe soulh. ....<lJ
Q.
Six slalions have betm constructed
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EXTENSION ACTIVITY "O
A Translate the answers to Exercise 3 into your language. e
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B Use a dictionary to find phrases beginning; V
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above below under above al/ e/se Q.
You can a lso use an Internet search engine.
time words
yet and already

Yet comes at the end of questions and negatives, and in Br E is used w ith p erfect tenses.
/ haven't done it yet. Have you seen that film yet?

A lready is n o t norrna lly u ~ed in neyative sent ences and il ca n take any position.
/'ve done it a/ready / /'ve already done it. He's already here.

for, since, ago

For is used w ith a period ot time.

I ha ven 't seen him for weeks / for ages. /'ve been waiting for an hour.
For can be used w ith past simple as well as present perfect.
Maria lived in Rome for a year.

Si nce is used with a poin t of t ime, and comes before the l ime reference.
I haven't seen him since last Thursday. /'ve been waiting since 10.00.

Ago refers to a p eriod of t i me going back from now, and comes after t he t ime reference.
/ /ast saw him a week ago. I started waiting an hour ago.

by. until, so far

By refers t oan action w hich w il l happen at sorne point betore a ce rtain t ime, though w e do not
know exactly w hen.
/'/1 cal/ you at six. /'/1 have finished my work by then ( = at sorne point befare)
By the time J left, J was tired (1 became t i red during t he t ime before)

Until / ti// refers to a point of t ime at t he end of a period of time.

I waited until six, and then / left.
l'/1 be here until Thursday, but then l'm going to Pars.
For a si t uation that cont inues into the future, we use so far.
The police have been searching al/ day, but so far they haven't found anything. (and t hey are still looki ng)

Not e t hat w e cannot use un t il now i n this context .

by. past
By or past with go can also describe t i me that passes.
A week went by/ past, and no letters came for /-le/en

during, throughout

Ouring describes a point in a period of ti me, or a whole period of time.

The house was broken mto during the nght (point in a period)
Dttring the day, cats tend to sleep. (whole period)

Through out emphasi zes 'from t he beginnmg to t he end' .

She had many successes throughout her career (ali the t ime)
There were severa/ explos,ons during the night. (at sorne points)

after, afterwards, later

After is a preposition an d needs an object. Afterw ards is an ad ver bial meaning 'after
t hat', and can stand alone.
l'II see you after the /esson.
/'ve gota /esson now. /'// see you afterwards.

Later or /ater o n means 'at sorn e time after t his', and is more general. lt can combine w ith a time
word to make a more specific reference .
Bye for now 1'11 see you la ter /'JI see you later this afternoon
on time, in time
On time means 'at the moment wh ich was arranged'. The opposite is late.
The train arrived exactly on time.

In time is the oppositc of too liJte.

Thc paramcdics did not arrivc in time to save the miJn's life. (They were too late to save him.)

at /ast, final/y, in the end, at the end

At last is used when something you have been wa iting for happens.
At /ast you are here! /'ve been waiting for so long rosee you!
Final/y introduces something that happened after a long time . lt is usually positioned before the verb.
We final/y moved into the flat last Thursday.

lt also begins a sentence, to describe the last in a series of events or process. or introduce
the last thing you want to say.
Final/y, the products are packed in cardboard boxes and sent to the warehouse.
Final/y, l'd like to propose a toast to the bride and groom.

nowadays, these days

Both are used to describe general present time.
Nowadays ve1y few 1111:!11 Wf:!dt l1db.
Mo~t people these days Wf:!dl cawdl <.lotli~.

once, one day, at once

Once refers to a past event, or something which used to exist lbut no longer does.
I once ate nothing but apples for three days!
There was once a castle here, but it was destroyed many years ago.

Once can also mean as soon as.

Once we got on the p/ane, we started to relax.

One day can have pastor fut ure reference.

One day I was waiting tor the bus, when suddenly I saw ...
I hope that one day everyone in the world wi/1 have enough to eat.
At once means immediately.
Please make sure you complete the /etter at once.

Ali at once mea ns suddenly.

Ali at once there was a knock at the door.

in, within
In and within can mean 'before the end of a period of time'. Within is more formal.
He/en managed tn fini~h the exam f)flper in / within fifteen minutes.
Please be sure to rPt11rn thP completed form w i thin fourteen days of receipt.

They can also have future reference.

/'// ~ee ynu in four days / in four d ays' time.

next Tuesday etc

Although we use on with days and dates, we cannot use on if w e use next or last. VI
/'// see you on Friday. /'// see you next Friday. "O
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1 Undcrlioc the best word.
a l-l arry h as airead)!./ he(ore. / yet decided w hi rh university he wants to go to.
b l've got to go now, but 1'11 see you a/ter / lnter.
e lf 1 haven't finis hed past / by/ 1111til six, 1'11 give you a cal l.
d Luckily, we Ian<le<l exactly in time/ 011 time, so we were able to catch our connectlng fllght.
e Apparentl y, Sam at once/ 011cc played football for Scotland.
f Kate wa ited for Pat by / 1111til / si11ce 6.30, bu t then gave up and went home.
g Lnter / Unce/ Une day I got used to the water, it didn' t feel so cold.
h Martn hada bad allack of hay-fever witlli11 / tl111i11g / ort tl1e fH1n amJ hall to leave.
{11 /he eml / AL llie end uf thl:! lesson Kate wai ted outside for her friend .
l' ll see you 01111exl Sawrrlay / 11ext Saturday / thc ncxt Sat11rrlay, samc place, same time.

2 Com plete the sentence with one phrase from the list.
at Iast at once by now during th e night ever since
for wecks in ha lf an ho ur in Lhe end in lime unli l 5.30

a l'll bl:! here ..?m.fil ...\3.~.0 ................ , but 1'11 have to Ieave then.
b .. ...... . .. .......... .............. , a tree next to the house was stru ck by lightning.
e The whole ha~kethall team h as hecn training h;m1
d Good news! The plum ber has turned up to tix Lh e shower,
e Wait for m e here, and !' U be back
f TliaL's very odd! Alan siloulu have got herl:! . .. .. .. .
g , the whole trip turned o ut to be a disaster.
h !'ve bccn looking fo rwarct to m crting you 1 hrarct yo11 wne coming.
11na acrived al the station just to see the train dcaw away from the
platfonn.
I 111:'ed to seak to you urgently. Please come to my office

3 Complete the text with one word in each gap.

Vesuvius
Vcsuvius is a volea no which startcd forming a bout 25,000 ycars a aqo
b ........-....... its best-known e1'upuon in 79 AD, w hich destroyed the Reman cllies of Pompeii
and Herculaneum, the volcano had e .... ... .. ... ...... ...... .. erupted m any times, but its histo ry had
I.Jeen forgolten. lt seemed to have d .. ... .............. . g rown quiet, and was w vered in gardens
and vmeyarCls, e hundreds of years the Romans Uved around the voleo.no w ithout
rcalizing thc dangc1. f the 79 AD cruplion, w h ich is thought to havc ]asted 19
hours, lhe volea no releasect ahout four cuh1c k1lometres of ash anrt rock overa w1de area. Down
the s1des of the mountai n rus hed a pyrocastic t1ow, a cloud of superheated gas and ash, which
g Lhe tim e il reached the cities below had a lemperalure of aboul 350C. Tilis is
probably w hat killed their populations. h ... .... the e ruption of 79 A D, Vesuvius has
cruptcd around th rcc dozcn times, with four scrious cruptions i thc past 100 ycars.
lt last erupted in 1944, imd j scientis ls learn to ,1ccuratel,y p redict lhe dates of
serious eruptions, Lhe risk of a sudden eru ption rema ins a constan t danger to t he three
million people living nea rby.
4 Complete the sentence with one word.
a The convicled bank robber was sent to prison .. .fpr... six years.
b l'm a bit busy now but I <.:aJI s:!e you ...................... on .
e Tbe contrac t should be ready for signing ........ ___ ..... a week.
d By the time wP gnt tn the th eatrc, thc play had startcd.
e lt'sages l last read a rcally good novel.
f Tllere's no poi.nl in calliJ1g Chris, because he won'L be awake
g I was .. .. in your situation, so I know how you must feel.
h My project is due Jn on Friday, but I won't bave inished lt . then.
The lctter I had hccn waiting for arrivcd on Saturday morning.
Sam hasn' Lfelt well .......................... the beginn.i.ng of the year.

5 Choose the best word, A, B or e, for each gap.

The Battle of Thermopylae

The Battle of Thermopylae took place nearly 2500 years a . C , when the Persian King Xerxes invaded
Greece. A huge Persian anny moved down the east coast of Greece b it reached the narrow pass of
Thermopylae, which was defended by Leonidas with 300 Spartans, 600 slaves and a small number of other
Greeks. The Persian army halted, and soon e a Persian scout rcported to the king that the Greek
defenders were combing their hair, their custom before battle. The Persians waited d four days
while they tried to persuade the Greeks to leave, but the Greeks held firm. e .. .. on the fifth day the
Persians launched an attack but the Greeks easily defeated them. f . the following lwo days, the
Persians attacked again and again, but g . the end of the second day the pass had still not been
taken, and thousands of Persians had been slaughtered. On the third day a traitor, Ephialtes, offered to
show the Persians a secret path over the mountains to the rear of the Greek position. h a large
force set off and i . a brief battle with the Phocians who were defending the path, the main Greek
army was surrounded. j .......... the small Greek force was completely destroyed, but their bravery and skill
and the small site o Lheir anny shocked the
Persians, and won t hem a place in history.
a A since B pasl e agu
b A 1mti/ B a(ler C laler
e A ul unce B 111 lu~l C a(lenvards
d A since B (01 e wilhin
e A Aft:eiwa,ds B Final/y C Uritil
f ADuring B By CAl,emly
9 Aby B (01 e later
h A 011 lime B Imrnediulely e Once
A withirt B 1mli/ e u(ler
A Afler B Tn the end CAlreudy

EXTENSION ACTIVITY
Write sorne examples which include these phrases.
since the beginning of the year for three months until the end of the week
by the time l leave today la ter on at the end at once one day
Need more practice? Go to the Review on page 208.
verb and preposition
This section lists verb + preposition followed by noun / verbal noun Hng) pattcrns ora wh clausc.
Sorne of these verbs also have verb + that-clause patterns, or can be followed by a wh-clause, oran
infinitive, but these are not li sted here.
Other meanings are also possible. Always check with a dictionary.

about
boast about I of She i~ c1/way~ boasting about her rith re/ative~.
dream about I of /'ve be1;11 dreaming about I of yuu late/y!
guess aboul For ,enlurie~ peole have guessed ;1bout lhe nacu,e uf the univene.
prole~t about I
against The ~luenb a,e protesting ;1bout/ against Che war.

against
advise against We ;1dvise you against travel/ing alone.
advise on I about He ;1dvises the government on I about global warming.
argue for / against The report argued against any change in the law.
argue with Stop arguing with your ssterl
decide against I
in favour of /'ve decided against buying a larger car
decide on We dedded on Greece for our holiday
insure against You should insure ali yrn" belongings against theft.
vote aganst / for MnrP thiln a hunrlrPrl MI'~ voted against thP rrnpo~ill~

at
glance at I through l'vP nnfy just glanced at the paper. I ha ven 't read it in detail.
laugh at We weren't laughing at you. (a person)
laugh about Something sil/y happened, and we've been laughing about it al/ day.

between
choose betwecn You might havc to choose between your work and your social life.

for
account for Poor weather cannot account for the sheer number of accidents.
admire sne for I ;1dmire yuu for your honesly.
allow for ,a,
/11 ll ,e fi, 1al plao, yov have to allow for unforeseen future costs.
apologize for I mu~I apologiza for being late. The traffic is a niqhtmare toniqht.
blame sne for / b/;1me myself for eve,ychi11y thcil happened.
blame on They b /;1med the crash on lhe bu~ d1ive1.
charge for We wu11'l ch;1rge you for vse uf lhe gym. lt'~ free forquests.
charge with A ma11 a11!!~te 11ea1by has 110w been cl1arged with murder.
pay for lel me pay for lhe coffee. You paid last time.

from
benefit from Many peop/e have benefited from the govemment's new po/icies.
deter from The bad weather didn't deter peop/e from travel/inq to the match.
differ from How exactly does a toad differ from a frog?
distinguish sth from lt can be hard to distinguish fact from fiction.
distinguish between Only experts can distinguish between genuine and fake paintings.
resign from Tom was forced to resign from the company.
result from The accident resulted from poor mamtenance of the rarlway tracks.
result in A three-hovr de/ay resulted in the pattent's death
suffer from After the accident, she suffered from double vision
rn
involve sne in sth The goal is to involve workers in the dec.ision-mdking protess.
specialize in /lnna specializes in Latn American dancing.
succeed in Fortunarely, we succeeded in rescuing al/ the passengers.
trust in You should have trusted in me a little more.

of
accuse sne of Thl:iy accused Jim of )lealinq three ca/5.
approve of / don't approve of d1ildr1:ill slaying up too late.
convict of After a long tria/, he was convicted of theft and sentenced to tour years.
k 11ow of / about Do you know of / about any flats to rent in this area?
remindsneof That o/d man reminds me of my grandfather.
suspect of Po/ice suspect the same man of breakng into tour other houses nearby.
taste of This is supposed to be chicken soup but it doesn't taste of chickenl

on
base 011 The author has based the book on her expenences m Chma.
concentrate 011 You need to concentrate more on your wntten work
congratulate sne on We must congratulate you on passmg your dnvmg test
dependon How much money you make will depend on how m11rh yo11 inve~t
elaborate on The pnme mm,ster refvsed to elaborate on h1~ ~tatemPnt any fllrthPr
impose on The counol has imposed h1gher parkmg rharge~ on 4x4 vPhic/P~.
insist on Jane insisted on seemg the doctor 1mmed1Mely.

to
apply tn I hP rPstnctions no /onger apply to those over 75.
attend to /'Jp~e wait here. Someone wi/1 attend to you shortly.
confess tn Twn men have confessed to stealing the /orry.
devote sth to sne Louisa devotes a Jot of time to her children.
explain sth to sne Could you explain this to me picase?
object to Many local residents have objected to the redevelopment scheme.
prefer sth to sth Personal/y I prefer rea to coffcc.
rcfer to Katc referred to che matcer severa/ cimes when I spoke ro her.
see to The central heating has broken down, but someone is coming ro see to it.

with
associate with Sorne people only associate sport with their school years.
charge sne with They charged Bi/1 with receiving sto/en good1.
col/ide with TT1e speeding car col/ided with d lrl:!e.
confuse with l'm 5orry but you'rl:i confusing 'rofit' with 'twnover'.
deal with /'ve 1:ie11 dealing with this p1oble111 dll 111omi11y.
discuss st/1 with sne / 111:iecJ to discuss )OJUl:ilhiny with you.
plead with Shl:i p/eaded with hl:ir pdre11l5 lo /1:il hl:ir go 011 t/11:i tri.
provide witl 1 Thli! sthool aut/1oritif:!5 provides di/ puifs with 11:ixl/.xJoh. e
tamperwith Somf:!one dlmo51 tl:ill<Jinly tampered with t/11:i bu5 di/U tau5!:! thl:i trd5h. .Q
trust with Con/ trust you w ith d seoet? . ~VI
o
(See also Units 37, 38, 39, phrasal verbs.) a.
QJ
,_
a.
"O
e
ro
.o
,_
QJ
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 1 Underline the best word.

a Thc hcad tcachcr accuscd Gcorgc at/ far starting thc fight.
b 1 haven 't really rPact the rPport properly. 1 j11st glancect for / at it while I was on the train.
e I strongly object to / (or the tone ot the last paragraph o t your letter.
d Sarah was involved i11 / witlt a lraffic accidenl on her way lo work.
e Harry pleaded wilh / lu the judgl:' uut tu ~1:'ml ltim uack tu JJrisun.
f I always confuse Kate with / 011 her sister Maggie. lt's hard to tell them apart.
g A diese! cngLnc diffcrs f'rom /toa pctrol cnginc in many important rcspccts.
h Sorne business people find it hard to choose with / l?etween their work and their family.
l insisted 011 / for seeing the doctor at once, even though I did not have an appointrnent.

2 Complete the sentence with a prcposition.

a Thc futurc of c.ivil i7;'lrion ctepPncts on our 11sP of teclrnology.
b I would advise you .. .... ..... taking any violent exercise befare the leg bas hea led.
e The manager feels that nobody else can be trnsted ..................... the keys to the safe.
d Two uoys llave coufes:se<l -- ... ~etti ng fi re to t he :sd 1001.
e l'd like to congratulate you . passing the examinatlon.
f Wc finally dcddcd a camping holiday in Grcccc.
g J im has been s11ffering severP hPaciachPs for ~orne 1"i mP.
h l lelen voted ._..................- ....- the proposal, but everyone else voted against.
Harry says Lhal his car accidenl has noL deLerred him .. ... ....................... driving again.

3 Choose the best word, A, B or C, for each gap.

Goats in My Bathroom
Jane Howc's book Goars in My Bathroom is a C her expcricnccs on a Mcd itcrrancan
island. Jane has always b .....- ... esr.aping from the rM rnce, h111 h;is never e t;iking
the plunge, and is trapped in a dull nine-to-five job in :an insu rance office. After a
comic episo<le wilh an amorous boss, she d ._............ t.lu: j ob ami l1t:a<ls fur ll1e sun, a11<l
this is the swry of her a<lventurous new life. Aild lluac is lcuty tu e ..... .... .... l Shc has
to f .... ...._ shon sighted builders who can't understand a word she says, and then gecs
g ;i clisp11tc with her neighboms ahout thc mysterious disappcarancc of twclvc
goats, whid1 the whole vil lage h ... .... her. She is also the kind of person who seems to
i ........ _ ... saying Lhe wrong t.lng al the wrong time, but somehow, surprise, surprise, the
local populaon ends up completely j _........ her. How <loes she <lo it? You'll just llave
to rcad t.l1e book.

a A acco1111ted for B borrowed firnn e based on

b A dremned about B benefited from C advised against
e A concentmted 011 B agreed 011 C succeeded in
d A accounts for B resigns from e depends on
e A lm1gh abo11t B congrat11iflte 011 C conf'ide in
f A choose between B ,rotest about e deal with
9 A pmvided with B wien tn e involved in
h A acrnses af B hlames 011 e charges with
e i11volve in
e A speciali1.e in
A ma,velled at
B callidf' witil
B ide11ti(ied with e devoted ta
4 Comp lete each sentence w it h a ver b from t he list .

a<lvise apply !Jeu efil blam e !Juasl conce11trale provide rder specia lize !amper

a If 1 were you, f'd ..fe?.",CL.1t{ ra.f-e. . more on studylng, and orget sport for a while.
b We will you with a li th c ncccssary cqui pmcnt.
e llich ard li kcs to .. about his success as a footballer.
d Some people always try to ..... ... ... ....... th eir poor performance on o thers.
e A security guard caught su111eurn~ tryi11g tu wilb lhe CCTV camera.
f I th lnk you sh ould .. .. . th is problem to an expert.
g Hclcn wo uld likc to in psychiatric medicine.
h Everyone in the a rea will from tht> n t>w social centre and sports cluh.
The new reguJations to anyone parking in th e area between 8.UU and
20.00.
you against taki ng this case lo court, as it will not succeed.

5 Complete the text with one word in each space.

Women and the First World War

Afte1 the 01 Jth1"1'.ak of war in August 19 l '1, as more ancl
more rnen becarne a i11.yo!ve-d in the war effor1:,
many wornen replc1ced Lhe111 c1l wo1-k. Howeve,, mosl
employers b ... .... ... between jobs they thought
werc sui table for women. such as oflice work and work
in the clothing industry. and others, such as in heavy
industry, where they beheved women's skill~
e .. . .. .............. greatly lrorn those of men. 1here were
olher reasons why Lhey did nol d o
women working in heavy industry.They felt that women
would not be able to e ....... . in skilled
engineering work. ;md 1'hey al~o feared that the unions
would f .. ..... ............. on restricting sud, obs to rnen
only. By 1916 lhe war efort had g ....... 1n a
severe labour shortage, and the employment of women
was to sorne extent h on an unwJlhng
nation by c-irrumstances. Soon govemment incl11~ne5 ~urh a~ rnunrt:on m;inufart11nng
on women to a great extent, and those who had j to women in men's
e
job~ were proved qui le wrong. cts wornen look on a range o jobs - engineering, welding, steel working, o
bus driving - which had previously been k exclusively with men. :~
V,
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Q.
Q)
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Q.

EXTENSION ACTIVITV "'O

e
ro
Wrile sorne examples de~cribing t hings you:
.o
l..
argue about dream about admire someone for approve / don't approve of Q)
>
Need mu,e pratlice? Gu to ihe Review un ayl:! 208.

prepositions with adjectives
and nouns
A selection of phrases is given here. Always use a dictionary to check meaning and context. Note that
other prepositions may be possible, with different meanings. The most common are given here.

adjective and preposition

about
angry I annoyed about something
anxious about the test results
upset about I over I by something
not sure about the answer
curious about the subjecr
p/eased about I with your performunce
right I wrong about something
sorry about ! for being late

at
amazed at the difference I by the differenre angry I annoyed at I with someone
(+ similar words shocked, surprised) good I bad I awful I terrible etc at rennis

for
eager / desperate I impatient far new, ready for wimething different
famous for ,t, chPPses responsibfe for the damage
fpp/ sorry for a pemm

from
absent from schoo/ free from additivcs
different from I to the others safe from harm

in
interested in ballet

of
afraid of the dark fond of children
ashamed of myse/f free of charge
(un)aware of the problem jea/ous of his brother
(in)capabfe of doing better

on
keen on gardenmg

with
satisfied with the work good with h,s hands

be + particlple -ed + preposition

Note that many participles are used as adjcctivcs, see also the lst above.

about
l'm concerned I worried about Tom.

in
\ he wa5 absorbed in her work. rm not interested in buyng thc housc.

to
l'm now resigned to the fact that I wa~ wmng. Maria is addicted to Internet chatrooms.
Peter wasn't used to the hot chmate

wth
We are faced with serious social problems / IP wils confronted with a difficult situation.
Are you acquainted with th,s art1cfe? 1hp tfilin w;is packed with people.
This meeting 1s concerned with the details nf thP s<"hPme (formal: is dealing with, is about)
t was hnrPd byl with thi.s film
noun + preposition
for
I have no sympathy for you. Is there room for one more?
I have a lot of respect for your view. You muse take responsibility for your actions.
on
Kate is an authority on Picasso. Coffee can have an effect on appetire.
over
You have no control over chis dog!
to
This is an exception to the rule. We need a solution to this problem.
with
Sue has a good relationship with her parenrs.

preposition + noun phrases

at
More than a hundrcd homes are at rlsk. At any rate, nobody was injured. ( = anyway)
The company was at fault for rhe power cut.
by
I went ro che wrong house by mfstake. Wc mct complete/y by chance.
The anrique vase was broken by accident. Can I pay by cheque I by credit card?
The army rook over the country by force. I know this poem by heart.
for
/'lf be sraying here for the time being. Sorry, bue che car i::; not for sale.
Our team won yesterday for a change.

in
Pfease describe what happened in detai/. VickY is in troub/e with the police.
Jim was in danger Jnd hJd ro be rescued. In theory this works, bu1 not in practite!
You need to come to rhe office in person. In business, mistakes can be cosdy.
The doctor Dsked if I WiJS in pain. 5am wDs in tears at che end of che film.
on
Storms occur once iJ month on average I think He/en broke the cup on purpose.
Run! The house is on fire! The railway workers are on strike again. V'I
e
outof :::>
I think rhar Dttirude is mther out of date. /'m afraid the lift is out of arder. o
lr's out of stock but we can order ic for you. You're singing out of tune! e
Thc books were out of reach on the top shelf. /'ve been running and rm out of breath. -o
WhDt a terrible shot! /'m out of practice!
e
Good news. Jan is now out of danger. m
V'I
under <l)
Under the circumstances, wc Dccept your excuse. ( = considering the special difficulties) >
I was under the impression that you had finished che work. (t hat's what I thought) +-'
V

The firc was brought under control Dfter un hour.

wi thout
--
Q)

"O
ro
Pleuse send my order without de/ay. You must be here at 1:1.UU without fail .e
This is without (a) doubt an fmportant day. Everyone must be herP, without exception .t:
s:
V'I
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o
.t::
11'1
o
a.
Q)
l...
a.
1 Undcrlinc the best word.
d J,Lue l1a:. beeu dl1:.e11L llilli / ul ~Llmol fui ~evernl Llay:, L1 1b 111rn ll h.
b O 1iirle~ h wry foml (ur / u(tlle souml of hls own volee.
e Sorcy, bue rm not acquainted wich / i11 the dctails of the plan.
d Kate ls sttll anXJous {or / nbout l1er exam resuJts.
e You !-.-now lhal steaJing is wrong! You should teel ashamed wil/1 / of yourselt!
f Beca use wc are students, we get into ali thc mu.~cums free fmm / nf charge.
g Our town is farnous for / from its medieval chuffhes.
h Is anyone interested in / witl, startiog a tai-chi club?
The t1anspo.rl syslem is 1caable (rum / u(Llcaliug wilu lhe im.-reasing uuLUber of wnuouters.
The mi.nister said she was sure the stadium would be ready for / with rhe opening of the Games.

2 Complete each sentence with o noun from the list.

chance date detail effect fault pcrson practice purpose room time
a ThP tPiirl1Pr affmPcl Tim nf hrp,iking thP windnw nn purpose.
b What __ - d icl the closing o the factory have on you?
e My French is terrible! l' rn really out of ..
d I found the address I was Jooking for completel~r by
e Bcforc ID)' paracbutc urnp, thc instructor cxplaincd in _ . what would happcn.
f The computcr softv.are !'ve been using is now out of
g Alan was unable lo receive lhe award in but hls manager rcccived it on his bchalf.
h Tlit:1e'~ rn al lea:,L Lluee 111u1e euple dl LJ1e UdLk.
!'ve declded ro stay here for rile ____ belng, ami t111nl< lbout rnovlng nexr yea r.
Tl1e lnqltiry found Urnt the bufters were not at for the collapse of the building.

3 Complete the text usinq a phrase from the list In each qap.
a 11 dect 1111 11111 1uyeLI 1,y 11L a ul L dware u f l.11::lle1 dl I.Jy wbtc1ke
dilferent from ...a-e~ without excepti.on wrong about

EFFECTIVE
... COMMUNICATION
.. ..... .. .. ...... ..... .... .. .... ...... ... ... ...... . ..... ... ... .... .
"

., ht bL1Si11.2.ss how slaff communicate wilh each other and wilh customers is vilally importa ni. Nol
cvcryonc is b the importilncc ol using both thc right longu.:ige .:ind thc oppropriotc
tone of voicc. You can give someone thc right information, but be e _ lhc way you
have chosen to express yourself when you do this. In this case, you could be sending the wrong message
d , liy ulli11: it in an indpru1 idle way. Thc same i~sut:~ aply lo writing. The
way you wrne across in an ermiil rnay be very e __ the way yuu weak un tlie phu11e,
or ralk to someone faceto tace. sorne people rnay even be f whar you say lf you
appear too lnenclly or too cl1stanl. In wnting. the organization of a letter or email. its typetace and general
appearance can also have g how the message 1s underslood. In thrs case your style
nf writing may hf' h , ;inci yo11 m;iy ncrci morr practicr. 11 may hr true that some
people are nalurally i communicating than others. but all slaff,
. need training in this a rea, and their performance should be monitored.
4 Write a new sentence with the same meaning, containing the word in capitals.
a 1 didn't know about the probl em. UNAWARE
1 w.0s uMwo.e. o~ the. poole.m.
b The drinks machine isn't work ing. ORDER

e You didn' t damage this chai.r by accident! PURPOSE

d David was concentrating totally on his work. ABSORBED

e Mr Gordon gets on well with his employees. REI .ATIONSH IP

f Many people in lhe crowd were crying. TEARS

g Scnd in your application at once. DELAY

h 1-larry can't stop playing computer games. ADDICTED

We don'l have this book in the shop, but we can order one. STOCK

J{obert knows a lot about genetic enginecring. AUTHORITY

5 Complete lhe Lexl wilh one word in each spale.

Nowadays we are ali well a o.wo.re. of lhe problem of global

warming, and it is generally agreed that wc are ali at b
from rising temperatures, climate change, and changes in sea levels.
Massive consumption of fossil fuels, such as oil, coal and wood, is
e ........ .. ... .. for greatly increasing the amount of C0 2 in lhe VI
e
atrnosphere. and many people believe that we are d .. ... ... with ::::,
posslblc catnstrophe if we cannot bring this situation under o
e:
e ... .... .......... . ... . However, there 1s another s1de to the fact that we are "O
a world f to the use of petrol, ol, coal and wood. In e
(O

g ... . .... , there is enough oil and gas to keep industrial socielies VI
a,
going for several centuries. but in practica! terms. we might have to get >
+-'
h to looking for cnergy clscwhcre, as rcsources dwindle V
a,
. --,
and become more expensive. There is no i for complacency "O
when, on j , an American home uses more than 30 times ro
.r:.
as rnuch electric lighl as an lndian one, and 1.6 uillion people +-'
in the world have no electricity at all. '
VI
e:
o
EXTENSION ACTIVITY :t:'.
VI
o
A Choose ten example sentences from the explanation pages, and translate t hem into your language. a.
a,
~
B Choose twenty phrases from the explanations pages, and look them up in a dictionary. Note any ot her uses. Q.
Need more practice? Go to the Review on page 208.
verbs followed by -ing or infinitive
followed by -ing
admt, avoid, *consider, de/ay. ..deny. dis!ike, enjoy. escape, tace, fancy, feel lke, finsh, can't help,
involve, keep, *mention, mind, miss, practise, risk, spend / waste tme
lf you do that, you risk tosing thP mntract.

Verbs marked .. can also be followed by a that-clause.

He admitted that hP w~ wmng I being wmng

Note that the -ng form can be preceded by a possessive.

I dislike your being on ynur nwn so much

followed by -ing or to-infinitive

mean doing, mean to do
lf you accept the job, it means moving to Scotland. ( = involve)
I meant to post these /etrers, but I forgot. ( = i ntend)

suggest someone does, suggest doing, suggest tht someone should

I suggest we take the bus as far as the sq11are and thPn walk.
In that case, 1suggest going to seP a physinthPrapist
I suggest that you sho11/d rF>-apply nPxt ypar. (formill)

can't bear, /ove, like, hate, prefer

Normally fo llowed by -ing, though to-infinitive is common in US English. In GB English, using -ing
mens that the activity is enjoyed (or not).
I /ove going to rhc cinema. / can't stand working on a Sarurday.

To-infinitive with these verbs describes a habit, what you choose to do, or think is a good idea.
l like to get up ear/y on Saturday. I prefer to buy organic vegetables
They can be used with a pimon + to-infinitive, to talk 11bo11t annther person's wishes.
My bms prefers me to dress formal/y at the offire.
forget, rememher
Forget I remember tn rlo are used for things w e intennen to dn (often used when w e didn't no
them).
Did you remember to phnnF' /ack? 1forgot to post my /ptter.
Forget / remember doing are used for thinking about a past event.
I dan't remember leaving the ()flrty I h11ve no memory nf ,t atal/

try
Try to da describes an attempt .
t tried to stop him, but I faifed.
Try doing describes an experience, oran experiment,
Have yau tried changing the hMtPnesi I hat m,ght wnrk
lf ynu feel famt, try putting ynur herl hPtwPPn your knpes.

go on, continue
Go on / continue doing and continue to do are used to ta lk about a continuing action.
l hP g11e~ts went on eating and drnking fnr three hours

Go on to do is used to talk about the next in a series of events or actions.

H1lary Clinton went on to become pres,dent three years later.
The prime minister began by describmg what measures had already been taken, and went on to outline
new proposa/s.

regret
Regret dong describes bei ng sorry for a past action.
1regret nat /earning to ()lay the ()inn when I wa~ yo11nger

Regret to do describes a person's feelings when something happens.

We regret to announce the death ot professor Angela Jackson.
 stop
Stop doing describes stopping an action.
Please stop shouting at me like that
Stop to do is used when we stop one action in order to do another.
The /ecturer stopped to have a drink of water.
consider doing, and be considered to be
/'m considering getting a new job.
She is considered to be the greatest tennis player in the world.
imagine doing, and imagine something to be, imagine that
/ tdn'l imagine living in d ,eally hot country.
/ imagined skiing to be a /ot easier.
/ imagined that ~kiiny was a lot edsier.
need / require doing, need / require to be done, need / require someone to do something
The window., need cleaning.
These books need to be put back 011 tlie shelf.
/ need you to help me.

followed by to-infinitive or that-clause

agree, arrange, decide, demand, expect, hope, hurry, learn, plan, pretend, promise, swear, threaten,
wish
We agreed to meet again the next day.
We agreed that we would meet again the next day.
appear, happen, seem
followed by a to-infinilive, or wilh it + verb + that-clause.
We appear to be /0s1.
lt appears that we are /ost.

follow@d by bar@ infinitiv@ or to-infinitive

help
We helped them (to) find a hotel.
make, force
make + object + bare in tinitive, but with a passive be made + to-infinitive
They made him give them the money
He was made to give them the money
QJ
followed by bare infinitive >
',i:j
/et e:
My parents didn't Jet mego to the club. '+-
e:
lo...
followed by an object and to-infinitive o
O)
assist beg, command, dare, employ, enablc, cncourage, invite, select, send, *teach. *tell, train, warn
Scrah dared me to write my name on thc desk. ->-'
e

verbs marked " can also be followed by a that-clause. .o

Thcy warned him that he was In dangcr "O
Thcy warned hlm not to intcrferc. QJ

With to-infinitive: advise, instruct, order, persuade, recommend, urge

~
o
(See also Unit 18 report verbs.) -8
VI
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l...
QJ
>
1 Underline lhe com:! ti forrn.
a Joe dared h is brother to /gk / kicking the ball out of thc wlndow.
b I uscd to spcnd a lot of t ime w wnrry / wnnying aho11t the f11t11re.
e Gin;i tried to open / opming the door, but it seemed to be stuck.
d The police made the two boys to pick up / pick up Lhe li ller lhey had dropped.
e Ali night people kept to ba11g / banging car doors oulside in the slreet.
f I remewuer lU appear / appeari11g in the Christmas play when I was a t prlmary school.
g Our teacher likes us to stand up / standing up whcn shc cntcrs t bc room.
h Your car rcally nccds w c/ea11 / cleaning! lt's fJ thy!
l can' t help to wonder / wonderi11g whether we are going in the right direction.
My parents always encouraged me to tl,i11k / thinkirig Cor myself.

2 Complete each sentence w ith a verb from t he list .

avoid hcar considcr deny it1 ,ohe im;igine mind regret risk stop

a This construction project will .... .!',VQ!Ve, ... demolishing part ot a mn-down industrial area.
b Helen says she doesn't ... . ... .... .. coming in early Lomorww and deaHng with Lhat ruu lern.
e Both tes: nager$ .. - ....- .. taking part in rhe robbery, and clalm they were not in the area.
d I think we sh ouJd . ... . .... ... causlng unnecessary damage to the woodland area.
e If you exercise without warming up, you pulling a musclc.
f l can't wearng the smt of dothes they wore in the l.9th centu ry!
g Please ....... ...... .... . staring at me like that! lt makes me nervous!
h People o fl en .. -............ --- - no l sludyi..ng seriously during their schooldays.
Would you ...... .. selllng thls palntlng if you recelved a su!table offer?
Shcila can't bcing pcstcrcd by fans who want her autograph.

3 Complete the text using o ne word in each gap.

Vincent Van Gogh

Vinccnt Van Gogh a Spe.1t+ thc .1 7 ycars of his lifc as u mcirc or lcss
unknown axtist. Ue did not b ...................- ............. painting seriously until h.is late
twenties, ami at oue time e ... ... .. .. .. becoming a pdest because of his beliefs.
His beliefs also d bim living in extreme poverty among tbe 011tcasts
of society. Bis brother Theo. who was an art deaJer. e. ... him to take
np pAinting, And f to snpport him fi nAnc:iAl ly thrm1 gh o11t his life.
Vinceut's precarious men ta l statc g ... ...... .. ... .... to bave been made worse by
alcohol and ill bea.lth. A stay in Pars froru 1886 to 1888 h ...... Vincent to
stltdy Impressionists such as Manet and Degas. and i ..... ....... .. gettlng to know
many artists. including Paul GaugUin. Van Gogh and Gauguin .Paintc<l togcthcr
flt Arles in the south of france. where Vincent's mental state worsened and he
to rnurder Gauguin. before lamously cutting off part of his ear. Two
yea.rs laler Viw.;eut c;uWJ.Utte<l stt.id<le. Sim:e his <leath. his painHugs have
k .. uu lu bec:ume among lhe musl famous uf lhe 19th c;enlury.
4 Write a new sente nce with the same mea n ing, containing the word in capitals.
a A.,.,anmtly, the 111atd1 will !Je ca11celled. APPEARS
- -1 appt".ars +ha+ +he. Ma.f-ch .will be. c.attce.lle.d.
b The hurglar5 jumpcd out of thc window 10 thcy wcrcn 't caught. AVOID

e People think lJlysses is Joyce's greatest work. CONSlDERED

d They i.ntend reaching the mountains by the end of the week. PLAl\TNING

e 1 don't like wasting time wa tching telf'vison. PrtEFFJ(

f Woulu you ke lo go skaling on Friday? FANCY

g We r.an't continuc to ignore t his problcrn. GOON

h My parents didn ' Lallow me to stay out late. LET

5 Complete the text using one word or phrase from the list in each gap.
conLinued lo decided lo demand expected torced involved
Jersuaue regretted see mt!<l to stoppt!d urged warned

The decision to drop atomic bombs on Japan

Since the US dropped the first atomic bombs on Japan in 1945, hlstorians
havc a co11.-ri1tt1e-d -roarguc about whctl1cr or nol this was justified. By
1945 Japanese fo,ces had been severely damaged, but they had not
b ....,.. . .......... fighting. American forces had e ... . ... invade
Japan, bul an invasion would have d ... landing in severa!
places, and military planners e ...... . .. _... that there would be at least a
mi Ilion US casualtics, and far more Japancsc oncs. Dropping t hc newly tcstcd OJ
atomic bomh f ... be a bette, alternative, which might .2:
.'t=
g ... the Japanese government that surrender was the best
oplion. Afler Lhe irsl bomb was dropped on Hiroshima on Augusl, killing
and wounding over 150,000 people, the /\merican government
-e
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l,...
o
h the Japanese that further bombs would follow, and i thcm to surrcndcr.
O)
A sec:ond bomh rlropped on Nagasakf three rlays later, which j the Japanese to accept that
they were in an impossible situat ion, and lhe government surrenderecl on 14 August. Only when US scientists -e>-'
and medica! experls finally examined Lhe uevaslaled cilies and lheir sufering populations did th ~ Lerrible .n
effects of atomic weapons become clear. Many Americans k ... ..... .... .... that such weapons had "O

been used, and began to I ____ ....... thcy would nevcr be used again. ~
o

EXTENSION ACTIVITV
Write exarnples of t hings you like / can't bear / regret / want to stop doing.
-o
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Need more praetice? Go to the Review on page 208.
relative and non-finite clauses
defini ng relative clause
A defining relative clouse gives information about a person or thing etc, it comes immediately after
the thing it defines, and is not separat ed from it hy a mmm;i. lt i~ rPntr;:il to thP mp;:inin9 nf thP
sentence and cannot be removed wilhout changing thb ruednin!:J.
There are only one or two Greek /stands that I haven't visited.

non-defini ng relative clause

A non-defining relative clause gives extra intormation which does not define the person or thing etc it
follows. lt is separated from the main clause by commas.
Naxos, whlch rve vis/red severa/ rimes, Is my favour/re island.

which and that

We can use which or that in defining da uses. Whirh i~ more formal.
T/1e1e dre cm/y une w two Greek 1,1r1mJ, which I that I ha ven 't vlslted.
Whirh is used in a non-defining dause.

That cannot follow a preposition.

/t is an island on which / where important excavations have taken place.

whoand whom
Who is often replaced by that in everyday use in defining clauses.
ThP flPnfllP who I that own thnl hn1J~ParP away nn hnlirlay.
Whom is t he object form of who, and is used formally in object clauses.
/-Je was exaetly the person whom I wMted to SPe

However; who or that are used in everyday speech instead of whom, or whom can be
left out. (see below)
He was exaaly rhe person (who I that) 1wanrPrl ro ~pe
Whom is used after a preposition, but this is often avoided in everyday use by puttin9 the
preposltlon at the end of the clause.
A hundrcd .Jdults wcrc .J,kcd to dcroil thc- individu.Jls with whom thc-y h.Jd convc-rscd ovc-r thc- pcriod of
one day. (formal)
They were asked to list al/ the peopl e they had spoken to (less formal)

whose
Whose is the possessive form of who. and is used in both defining and non-defining clauses. lt can
apply to both people and to things.
Mke li~t of PvPryonP whose /a~t namP Pnrl~ in '-~nn'
Mal<P a liw of rrnmtrif'\ whose pop11/i1ticm i~ g1Pr1/P1 lhn1120111illicm.

prepositions and relative pronouns

In everyday use we often put the preposition at the end of the clause to avoid ovcr formality.
n,t:! huce/ 1uu111, for wl,ith we hd d!rt!dy pdi, cu111etl uuc cu t:! Vt:!IY 11ui:,y
I h'1 hotel room, which wo h.id .ilro:idy p.iid for, tumed out to b9 VQl}f no1sy
The minister. from whose office the e-mail oriqinated, denied beinq /nvolved.
The ministe,; whose office the e-mail originated from, denit>d bt>ing involvt>d.

We do not split phrasal verbs in this wav.

The story, which she had made up. was ;iccepted AS the rmth.
*The story, up-whic-Jt-slte-had-made, was accepted as the truth. (not possible)
when, where, why. how
in defining clauses
Thvt's the office wherc my brother works. I can't think of a time when I wasn't mad abour footba/1.

in non-defin ing clauses

Kate loved being in London, where there was so much to do. / lefr at 5.00, when t started to get dark.

We often use why after reason.

I can't rhink of a reason why I should help you.
The way that can be used lnstead of how.
Tom dldn't undersrand the w ay that the photo-copier worked.

leaving out the relative pronoun

In defining object clauses it is possible to leave out the relative pronoun.
This isn 't the book (that I which) I ordered.
In a non-defining clause it is not possible to leave out the relative pronoun.
T11is book. whlch I boughr secondhand. was real/y cheap.

reduced relative clauses

In defining clauses we can leave out the relative p ronoun and part of the verb phrase to leave
a participle acting asan adjective defining the noun.
Peter was the only one of the group (who was) not arrested after the match.
Tell the people (who are) waiting outside to come in.

We also use reduced relative clauses in non-defining clauses, usua lly in descriptive writing.
n,e lwo friend~, (who were) soaked to the skin, eventual/y arrived home.
anyone who etc, those who etc
We can use relative clauses after anyone, something etc, and after this I that / these I those.
Hnve you SPPn anyone who looh likP th,s? I thmk thP.re ,s somethmg (that) we need to d1scuss.
Those who stayed to the Pnd 5w n exciting fini5h to thP match.
Reduced clauses are also possible with a participle acting as 11n adjective.
We went back and p1cked up al/ those (who had bPPn) left beh,nd

sentence re lative: whlch

We can use which to relate a non-defining clause to the main clause, and actas a comment u pon it.
Severa/ peop/e turned up late, which wasn't surprising.
We can use other phrases in the same way: at which time / point, by which time, in which case. VI
You may experience swe//ing or discomfort, in which case contact your doctor. QJ
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what, whatever. whoever. whichever
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What can be used as a relative pronoun mean ing the thing or things which. QJ
+-'
1don't know what to do. e
We can use a what-clause as a subject for emphasis. 4-
1
What I real/y want is a new bike. e
o
Whatever and whoever meaning ' anything / anyone at all' can be used in the same way. e
Whatever you do, do it now! You can bring whoever you /ike to the party. "'O
e
Whichever can be used lnstead of wharever when there are more than two items to choose from. ro
Thcre are three rooms, You can sleep in whlchever you pref er. QJ
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ali of, most of, some of, none of etc
These can combine wilh which and whom.
....QJ
He owns three cars, one of which is over fifty years o/d.
1 Underline t he best word or words.
a Thc h istorie castle, w/1icN J wlzat was rehuilt after th e war, contains the city museum.
b Wlwr / WhMever 1 would like to do next is go and visit the Modern Art Gallery.
e I didn't know exactly whom / wl,o I was working wilh on lhe project.
d You way tick lhe 'Nu Publit:ity' bux, in llml / whic/r case no detai ls of yoUI wln will be glven to
the press.
e l'vc ncvcr secn anyonc w/10 / w/ric/1 c,m kick a ball as har<l as David can!
f l'm afcaid this isn' t the meal whom l asked for / / asked /or.
g Can someone tell me tilnt / wlmt I arn supposed to be do ing?
h Brussels, t/1ut I whilh l've visiteu sewrai tirnt!s recent ly, is a goocl place to spend a weekend.
After eatlng so much J felt sick, that / which wasn't so smprising!
Thc poiice askcd me if I had w r n anyonP whn / which fitted the description.

2 Complete t h e sentence with the correct word.

a Many Asians live in mega-cilies, thal is, cilies wkqSI'~ . populatiou is greate.r tl1a11 10 ulUon.
b To ny, . brother Dave also p layecl for Scotiancl, eventually became team captain.
e l'm the sort of pcrson likcs bcing busy ali thc time.
d We looked at thrPP flats to let, one of ..... seemed suitable, though it was expensive.
e Eisa seemed like the kind o f p erson to happiness carne almost nal'uraUy.
f This e-mail is intended solely for lhe use of the person lo it is audressed.
g It was a mistake ..... ........... both generals were to regret before the day was over.
h The buildings wcrc clamagcd in thc carthquakc wcrc markcd with a red cross.
Sophia lived alone in a house owned by her father, for ........, .. she paicl no rent.
That's the building _ 1 used to wo rk.

3 Underline t he best word or blank H for no word.

Are men better at maths than women?

One of U1c ~{ert!ulypes .ilioul Lhe d ierences belween rnen ,md wornen, a who /
which I - seems to be supported by sorne research, b whac I - I where is that men are
bctter at maths. According to brain rcsearch. lcvcls of grey, mattcr, e it / who I which
rreates rrore5~in,g centre~ in the hrain. ;ire higher in men than they are in women. O n
the other hand, rt 1s women d who / - / they have more white matte1; e - I rt / which
creales the links belween processing centres in lhe brain. f Doe~ / Which I Whol lhis
seems to suggest is that while the male brain g - / char / ir contains more areas for
proccssing information. h which I whor I who mcans that the malc bra1n has more
ca~ to solve mMhs problem~. it i~ the female hrain i ,t / thor I nnrl h,1~ 1he gr-eater
ability to pen:e,ve patterns. In other worcls. it 1s bra1n structure j whol l ,t I thor makes
men better at maths, but k whu;e / whic/1 / w/Je,e dlso make; wo111en belle1 aLL0111111u111c.aling. Howeve1, ulhe1
researchers argue that rt is the stereotyping itself I it / - / that causes the difference in performance in maths,
rather than any mnate ability.Women m / who / which believe thcy are nenor at maths, especially whcn
they take maths tests in moms n where I whnse I whlch menare present. tend to produce the kind of re~ults
o - / and I they expect to produce. lesearch p - / wh1ch I whai analyses maths lest results on a large sea le
suggesls Lhal the resulll, alklined by wome11 d1e jusl as good dS lho~e dtldined by men.
4 Wri te a new sentence with the same meaning, containing the word in capitals.

a This man jumped ove r the wunter a nd touk the money. WHO
This is H1e. -?l"- whP.j4ll'l:\Pe.c' u,e,r k!'.le._;.Qtw f-e..r_.e.~d ::t_qp~ be._~Ql'.\_!:,tj
b It wasn' t unusual for George to t1.1 m 11p late. WHTC:H
George turned --- ... .. ---- ...
e Sorne u f Lile many people we queslioned gave us good d escrip lion s of Lhe robber. WHOM
We questloned ..... .... . ......_... . .. ----- ....
d My aunt and uncJc livc in th at hou sc. WHERE
That's
e J:'.veryone li kes An gela when th ey meet her. WllO
Everyone .......
f Many people carne tu the meeting but sume were h alf a11 h uur la te. WHOM
Man y pcople came to the meeting, sorne _ _ _ ...........-...........................
g We sheltered frorn the rllin in a shep hercl'~ hut th at wr. found eventually. WKF.RF.
We eventually ........................ ..
h Th e tra in was extremely crowded a nd slopped a l every sLalion. WHICH
Tlw traln, .. -----.. _ __
I thoughL IJ1e bus stopped outside a di.fferent bu ilding. ISN'T
This __ ....

5 Complete the text with one word in each gap, or leave blank where possible.

JaneAusten
J ane Au8Le11, a whoSe,. 11uve ls lcaLure man y dt:1gym e n, had 1wo bro t11e rs
b ..... joim:<l lile d1urd.1, an <l Lwu oLhen, e ca ree r~ in tl1e 11avy
are also reflected in her novels. in d ........ ...____ severa! naval officers appear.
She also bad a sister, Cassimdra, ,~1it11 e .................. she had a el ose relationship.
T hey exr.hange<I fre<11 r.nr k ltr. rs, from f h isto1ians havc karnl m 11r.h
a bout g ..........--..... J ane was doing aad th.in king dtuing a lile h ................... . wa.s
fai.d )' uuevc,,111ful. AJI i ... we k11ow ufj aue AusL<:: Jl's appear;111c<:: is based
on Cassandra's coloured sketch j . ______ hanging in the Nalional Poru-ait
V\
Callery in Londou. We knowJ aue was encow-aged to write by be1 brother H enry, k also wrotc a,
V\
h imself, an o th at thc fa111ily h orr()wcci novcls from thc lor.;l] lil'mu-y, 1 in fh1 enced.Jan e's w1iting. :::J
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AJthougb J ane Austen wrote duriug the period ofthc French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars, u
m .. . sht:: wrote abouL was largdy cou Hell ton she kuew: Lite:: ma11ne11; of mai.11ly wdl- a,
;t:
oJJ people o ________ living in small-cown society near London, and the problems p ... .... . ...... faced by e:
women in cboosing a marriage panner. Her novcls also sh ow women q havc ch oscn thc -+=
1

wrong pa rtncr, o r th ose r <li ffic11lt fin:m r.i-itl sihrntio n in ll11e n ces the ir he h aviou r. e:
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EXTENSION ACTIVITV
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Complete these sentence examples. .2::
+-'
... is a place where .. . .. . is someone who.. . What I real/y want is .. . m
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l...
Need more practice? Go to the Review on page 208.
G
adverbial clauses
time
Adverbia l t ime clauses are introduced by time conjunctions: wl1en, after, as, as soon as, before, by
the time, during the time, immediately, the moment, now, once, since, Li/11 unlil, wlienever, while.
Anna started to play the piano when she was five.
Keep the book for as long as you /ike.
lf the clause comes first, we usually puta comma after it.
The moment he came into the room, l.recognized him.
As I was going upstairs, I heard a strange noise.
In adverbial time clauses referring to the future we do not use will; we use present simple, or
present perfect to emphasize completion.
As soon as / hear any news, l'/1 /et you know.
Let me know as soon as you've finished.

Note that we can use will future in relative clauses beginning with when.
Can you Jet me know when you' /1 be coming back.

Note that as long as has a similar conditiona l meaning to provided.

You can borrow my bike, as long as you brinq it back tomorrow.
As long as can also mean 'for the length of time'.
You can keep that book for as long as you Jike.

place
lntroduced by where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere. Clauses beginning where normally come
after the main clause.
There 1s an 1mpress1ve monument where the battle was fought.
~'ou can sit wherever you /ike
Everywhere David goes, people ask h1m for h1s autograph

manner
lntroduced by as, and normally coming after the main da use.
I took the train, as you recommended.
lntroduced by the way in colloquial English.
Yo11 dirln't wr1tP th,~ the way I told you to.

Often used in comparisons w ith (in) the way (that), (in) the same way (as).
You're not doing it in the same way that you did it befare.

As if and as though can be used after be, act, appear, behave, feel, /ook, seem, sme/1, sound, taste.
1-Jp actPd as if he had seen a ghost.
lt wi1mrl~ as though they are having a goorl time.

reason
lntroduced by as, because, since, seeing (thvt),
Because rm late, t won' r be iJble ro meet you afrer al/.
Since you refuse to answer my /etters, / am referring this matter to my lawers.
Seeing that I am paying for the tickets, I think I shou/d decide whar we see.
lntroduced by for, but com ing after the main clause. Thi's is often formal or literary.
They sairl nothing to anyone, for they were afraid.
 contrast
lntroduced by although, though, even though, considering (that).
Even thol/gh Ttm goes to fitness classes, he 1s a ve,y poor runner.
He/en plays extreme/y we/1, considering how young she is.

lntroduced by while, whereas, in forma l speech and writing, and by muchas, usually followed by
verbs of liking etc.
Muchas I While we appredate your work, l'm afraid we have to /et you go.
The research found that whereas women under stress talk about it with other women, men under stress
tend to keep the,r problems to themselves.

however + adjective
We are determined to complete the project, however difficult it is.

no matter + question word

No matter where you live, the weather wi/1 have sorne affect on you.

wh-question word + -ever

Wherever you live, the weathe, wi/1 have some affit<.I on you.
l'm yoing to du it anyway, whatever you think.

purpose
lntroduced by so (that) usually fol lowed by a modal auxiliary.
I asked you to come early so (that) we could discuss last night's meeting.

lntroduced by in order that in formal speech and wri ting.

Legisfation is needed in order that this problem may be dealt with effectively.

So as (not) to is used wilh infinitive construclions.

I closed che door quiet/y so as not to disturb anyone.

lr1lroduced by in case, meaning 'to be prepared or a possible event'.

We tumed down the music in case lt dis turbed the neighbour~.

result
lntroduced by so+ adjective / adverb + that, or such (a)+ (adjecti ve) + noun + that.
He's so tal/ that he can easily touch the ceiling.
They ran away so fast that nobody could catch them.
He's such a tal/ boy that .. . They were such fast runners that ...

lntroduced by so much / many / few / little + that

There were so many people i n the room that sorne had to sit on the f/oor.

In reduced clauses.
He's so tal/1 He's such a ta/1 boy!
There were so many people in the room/

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1 Underl in e t he best words.

a Tina was given the job, even thouu, / scci11g that she did not have the required experience.
b Seeing t11at / C:onsidering that it's his h irthday today, Tom has decided to ta ke a day off.
e This is /he way / as if we deal with hoolig,ms in this country.
d We'd better take sorne money vvith us, seei11g tlmt / 11 case we can'l (ind a cash machine.
e However / Much as l ad mire his earlier work, [ lhink lhal his recenl nove Is are ralher poor.
f The moment / 1111til you see anythin g move, press this alarm bell.
g No matter what / Howcvcr you say, I still can' t reaily forgive you for what you havc done.
h !Jn fortunatcly C".Mo l d idn 't pass the exam, altlwugh / lwwever sh!' stnd ied really h ard.
As soon as / Everywhere I look t hese d ays, 1 seem to see people dressed the same.
In case/ Co11sidering tlw t she's only been learni ng lhe piano for six m onlhs, Jan plays really well.

2 Rewrite each sentence without t he word or word s underlined. and using a word or words from
t he list.

an ywhere as soon as now once until wh en wh en ever where

a An y time you're in the area, drop in and see us.

_Whe-Mve.r~ou'r-e. in ..-ne-..ar-e.a,_Jrop in anJ.,se-e-...us ........ ___ ......-- ............................. ,_,,... .
b The moment l saw you, l knew J liked you!
- - ----- ..---.. ---
e Fiona sta rt ng train ing as a ha ll et ctan cer at thc agc of six.

d Twon'Lleave be(ore you come back.

e You can pari< your car whcrcycr you likc outside.

f You' re fin ally here, so you'd better sit down.

g vV.hen the exams are out of the way we can start learning something new.

h The memorial shows the site of th e plane cra sh

3 Complete the t ext w it h one word in each gap.

The Earth and the Sun

most ancienl Greek philosophers considered th e Earth to be flat. Eratosth enes calculated thal il was
a sphere and worked out its crcumfrrr.nrr. arounrl 240 RL b th;rt hr. uscd only rough estimates, his
calculat1on is surpns1ngly accurale. e ..... ......... ... .............. it seemed obvious that the Sun moved in the sky and the L-arth
~luud slill, this was Lh e basis of aslronomy d .... .... . ... .. the work ot Copern icus in the 16th century.
e ............. ....... Copemicus's work was published in 1543, il beca me increasingly difficu ll for ~tienti~L~ lo ~ee the
univc.rsc in thr. f thr.y had done before. with the Earth al t he centre of the universe. However. the
theory was g controversia! for religious reasons that it did not become wirlPly known.
h Galileo carne to the same conclusions as Copern icus in 161O, he was accused of herP~y hy th r. r hurrh
and imprisoned. in i . ... ... ... his view ot th e universe encouraged people to doubt the ex1stence of God.
4 Wrlte a new sentence w ith t he same meaning, containing t he w ord in capitals.

a Thcy sccm to he having a good time. SOlJNfJS

l.+- _SO(.j!',-S t!S . {. .+-h~tj ~re. ht!Vi.~Cj tl, cpod .f-in-1e..
b You are supposed lo be doing Lhis dife.renlly. THE WAY

e He seemed to be carrying something. LOOK.ED

d You suggested l took up jogging, and I did. AS

e By tbe way he behaved, 1 lhought he owned the place. ASTHOUGH

f Ry the taste, the meat lladn't hef'n cooked properly. TASTIJ1

g Peler did11'l cornluct th ~ exp~rim~ul accordiug lo imtructions. THF.WAY

5 Choose the besl word, A, B or C, for each gap.

Will human beings ever live on other planets?

a ~ we have become accustomed to lhe idea of space travel, and in f1lms and fichan 1t seems b
space lravel is inevitable, it appears unlikely lhat human bei ngs will ever get any lurther than Mars, our nearest
neighbour. e films we make aboul space lravel. tlie :llt i~ lhal il remains lechnologically challenging,
and extremely expensive. d the distances involved are immense, any voyage ouLSide our solar system
would take hundreds of years using current technology. e human beings went into space, they would
have problems ol how to eat and breathe, and the1r spacesh1p would have to carry vast amounts of luel
f cover lhe distance. Even Mars is g _ far away Lhat il woufd take aboul six monlhs lo gel lher~.
h ............ the distance belween Earth and Mars vares. astronauts would have to wait for nearly two years
i -- . they could return using th e shortest journey time. j it could costas muchas $100 billion,
;i m;innc<l mi~sion to Mars is planncd for somctime between 2010 and 2020.

a A Sincc B Although eso

b A the momerll B since e as t/1011gh
e AA/though B C.:onsidering e No matter /1ow many
d A Since B In arder tlmt eso
e A Wherever B Altlw11gh e Be(ure
f A even though B in order to e as if
g A so B as eaftcr
h ASn B Wherever CAs
Awhe11 B since e be/ore V'I
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A As if B Even though e So tJmt V'I
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EXTENSION ACTIVITY (0

Write sorne examples beginning or ending as shown.

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The moment I. .. Everywhere I go . .. You look as if ... Even though l'm ... >
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Need more practice? Go to the Review on pa_qe 208.
adverbial participle clauses
participle phrases
A participle phrase (eg noticing the door was open) can be added to a clause to give more
information, or describe the time, the manner or the resu lt of the event in the main clause.
Noticing the duo, we1s uen, I we1/ked in.
Th is rneans the sarne as '/ nolited lhe door wc1s open, anc/ / wc1/kr:d in.'
lf the participle phrase comes before the rnain clause, it rnust refer to the subject of the rnain clause.
lt is usua ll y followed by a cornrna.
Walking u llie sl1eel, i /1ee1rd e1 bel/ 11i1y.
(= 1was wa lking up the street and I heard a bell)
Wit!k:i1iq tJf:J ih~ ~lieel, a eH1a,1y.
(= The bell was walking up the street when it rang)

lf the participle phrase follows the main clause then either the subject or the object (if there is one)
of the main clause can be the subject of the participle phrase. This wi ll depend on the meaning of
the sentence.
We .saw Ji111 walking up the street. ( = We saw Jim wh ile he was wa lking up the street)
T/1e Odl sl1utk e1 rutk, t hrowing the crew i n to the sea.

one action before another performed by the same subject.

Both present and past forms are possible.
Leaving the parce/ on the doorstep, he drove away
Having left the parce/ on t he doorstep, he drove away

When a phrase is negative, not normally goes betore the participle.

Not having an umbrella, I got real/y wet.
Not may occur elsewhere in the clause, if another part of it is negative.
Havinq decided n ot to stay longer, / went home.

Using a past form can show that one action is the consequence of the other.
Having forgotten my keys, I had to climb in the windovv.

This kind o clause often explains the reason for something happening. We can put on or upon
before the participle.
On / upon not icing a policeman cominq down the street, he ran off.

A passive participle can sometimes also be shortened.

Having been introduced to lhe residen/, he could think of nothinq to say.
lntroduced to the president, he could think ot nothing to .say

time phrase with after, before, since, when, while

The participle follows the time word.
After reading the letter, she burst mto tears.
C/ean 1t thoroughly with warm soapy water b efore using it for the first time
Since talking to Mr Ashton, /'ve changed my m1nd abovt my caree,
When taking this medication, avo1d drmking alcohol
While waiting for the train, we had a mea/ in fhP stat,on r~aurant.

time phrase with on, in

On + participle describes an event immediately followecl by another event.
On hearing a noise at the window, I /ookPd out.

In + participle describes how one action causes something else to happen.

In trying to adjust the heating system, 1managed to break it complete/y.
manner phrase with by, as if
By+ participle describes the rnethod you can use to do sornething.
By using the Internet, it'!. o:,:,ib/e to :,.,ive money.

reason phrase
To explain the reason for something we can use being to replace because /as+ be.
Because / was afraid to go on my own, 1asked 5am to qo with me.
Being afraid to go on my own, 1asked 5am to qo with me.

past passive participle

We can replace a passive verb with a past passive participle.
I was offered a higher salary, so I took the job.
Having been offered a higher sa/a,y, I took the job.

subject and participle phrase

A noun and participle can be used to give extra information about the subject of the main clause.
His ears bursting from the water pressure, he rose to the surface.
Al/ three goals were excellent, the first one being the best, 1thmk.

lt or there can also be used as a subject in formal speech or writing.

There being no further t ime today, the meeting w,11 contmue m the morning.
l t being a Sunday, there were fewer trams than usual.

with and without

These are often followed by participle constructions ,n descriptive writing.
With blood pouring from his wounds, he staggered into the room
Without making a sound, she opened the door.

reduced adverbial clauses (see Unit 35)

Clauscs of t ime, place, rnanner and contrast and conditional clauses often have the verb reduced to
the prcscnt or past participlc, or omitted in the case of be. This is more comrnon in formal w riting.
Wh/fe (she was) at the shops, He/en lost her wallet.
Where (it is) indicated, use one of the screws labelled A.
She waved her arms about. as if (she was) swattfng a f/y.
Though (he was) feeling il/, he was determined to play in the match.
Although feeling i/1, 1went ro the meeting.
lf studying fulf-time. expect to spend 20 hours a week outside of set lcaures.
Unless travelling in an organized tour group, you wi/1 require a visa.

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1 Tick th e correct sentcnccs and unde rlin e and correct any mistakes.
a Not k11owing tlw way, 1 got lost severa] times. ,I

b After leaving the room, the telephone rang. A+.f-e.r. 1 ~gc{. ie.ft, .. \..
e Having lost my money, lhe conduclor wouldn'l give me a ticket.
d Whi le falling asleep, there was a loud knock at the front door.
e By forc.:ing open the window, I was able to get lnto the house.
f Not wish ing to be a nuisance, I left as early as J could.
g Httving opPneci th e box, it turned out to be empty.
h Though feeling fed, llelen went out clubbing with her friends.
Having asked my name, I was Laken to mee t the pri111e utiuister.
On arriving at the station, the traln had already left. --- - -

2 Complete the sentence with a word or ph rase from the list.

abandoned although being by if it there though while without

feeling dizzy, Sarah managed Lo play on unlil the end of Lhe match.
b --..-.. a powerful swlmmer, George reached the lsland In Iess than an hour.
e waHing for a reply, the mystcrious stranger vanished in to the night.
d heing a Friday, everyone in thc officc was in a good mood.
e - - - - - wal.king across the field, llita noticed something gtittering by the path.
f . . ..... ..._.. _ .. .. . by its owner, the old dog sat by the side of the road and howled .
9 .... shocked by what he had seen, Marlin lried to keep calm.
h ... being no chance of escape, the two men gave themselves up to the pollee.
using a fan-assisted oven, reduce cooking ti me hy half an hour.
.......... _...... -... .. .... . signing your mime here, you agree to the conditions listed be\ow.

3 Complete the text using one word in each gap.

The Galapagos Islands

a ... LQC'3f~ near the equator, the Ga tapagos istands are a
group of volcanic islands off the coast of Ecuador. b
by Spanish coloriish in 1535, and first e . . ... .... ... .. .. on maps
in about 1570, the islands were rarely visited, d .. ....... ..... ........... .... a
havP.n for piratP.s. e developed their own
specializations and escaped the attentions of predators common
elsewhere, the Galapagos species had became unique and unafraid
of people. Passing ships hunted seals and giant tortoises. Once
f._ ___ . the tortoises were kept alive on ships for long
periods and later eaten. After g . near extinr:tion,
few of these creatures remain today. h ......-.... - - ..- by the
naturalisl Charles Darwin in 1835, lhe islands slill have a dose
association with Darwinian theory, 1. .... ... ... ... .... the ho me to many species isolated from the mainland.
later that birds which differed from island to island were in fuct thc samc spccics, Darwin uscd
evidence from the Galapagos in the development of his theory of natural selection. Now k
part of a national park, the islands are popular with 'eco-tourists'. Efforts are continuing to save their wildtife.
4 Write a new sentence with t h e same meaning, containing the word in capit als and a participle clause.

a As it was a public holiday, there was a lot of traffic on the roads. BEING
....l-f-..b.eci>1~ 12 .rw!:>l(c. ~9lida1-j,Jh?-C? was a lp-f- of .f-c~+.Qc. o~ -f'.~e,. ,:-oq~i;:.
b When 1 opened the letter, 1 reall zed lt was from Professor AJ ton. ON

e The palace was destroyed by fire during the war but later reconstructed. TliOUGH

d As Carul wal.ked fro m U1e room, tears streamed from her eyes. STREAMING

e r brokc th c carnera as I tri cd t o rcmove the m em ory ca rc:ft. IN

f My hair has become soft and shining since l've used Glosso sh ampoo. USNG

g Jan was taken to hospital after she was knocked down by a car. BEING

h After he had been shown to his room, George lay down on the bed and slept. llAVING

5 Choose the best option, A, B or e, fer each gap. lens

Stem-cell research
a .A Lhe sighl of peop le blinded by macular degeneration, a condilion of
t he eye, could start within five years, according to a British team b . _...
human eye stem cell implants. More tl1an soo,ooo pcoplc in the UK
have bl inr,fness e by macula, degeneration, a disease d by a
loss of central vision dueto degeneration of the macula, a spot at the
back o Lhe eye. e . alrnost f:4 rn illion lowards the 1;ust o develuiny optic nerve
a st em cell therapy by an anon ymous phi lanthropist, a team from t wo British
unlversit ies are startlng to condact trlals. f on thc project, a spokcsman for vitreous gel
the t.eam told u5: 19 up to one t hi rn of t he population, this condition is a majo, cause
of blindness, so a new kind ot t reatment is vit al. In previous operations, h . tissue from
patient's own eye, we have seen aboul 25% of palients report irnpruvernenL However, creating
new eye cells i ............. in the laboratory from human emb ryos wlll be much more effectlve .
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a A Restori11g B Restored CBeing restored VI
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b A developi11g 8 havi11g rleveloperl e developerl ro
e A causi11g B ca11Sed e /111vi11gbeen c1111sed V
d A marked 8 marking e being 11u1rked (1)
e A Giving B Bei11)( given e Havi11g bee11 give11 o.
f A Commented B Co111111e11ti11g e Ha ving con1rne11ted V
9 A Aftecting B A(f'ected e Bei,11{ nffecterl t:
h A transplanted B being tm11splanted e lmving trm1spla11ted ro
A bei11g grow11 Bgrown C lu,virig srvw11 o.
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EXTENSION ACTIVITV (1)
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Write sentences beginning Having ... On rea/izing . .. While waiting . . . lf using ... "O
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Need more pratlice? Go to the Review on page 208.
phrasal verbs (1)
This unit and Units 38 and 40 list both two-part and three-part phrasal verbs. Some phrasal verbs are
colloquial, and most have a more forma l equivalent. Many phrasal verbs have multiple meanings, not
all of which are included here.

key points
An intranstvc verb is one wh ich does not take an object.
His story Just docsn't add up.

object positions
bear (somconc / something) out (someone / something)
Thls lndicatcs that bear out can have an object either after out or between bear and out.
Jackson's ncw rcscarch bears out hs earler c/aim that sea-/eve/s are falling.
Thc rcscarch bears hm out. The research bears this clam out.

lf the object is a pronoun, it always comes between the verb and particle.
This bcars t out. lt bears ths out

Avoid putting a long phrase between verb and preposition / partide.

Tom explained that bad weather always brought his illness on.
Tom claimed that the dusty room had brought on a severe attack of asthma.

add up (not) (intransitive) bring (something) on I upon (oneself)

makc scnse cause a problem for (yourself)
l'm afraid your story just doesn't add up. I sym{JJthize w ith your p roblem. but real/y, you
brought it on yourself.
allow for (something)
consider when making a plan bring (something) out (something)
Yuu haven' t al/owed for the c:ost of al/ the materials. publish, release
David is brnging out a new DVD next summer.
bear (someone I something) out (someone /
something) bring (someone) round (to your point of view)
contirm the truth persuade someone to agree
The poltce investigations didn't bear out the victim's I argued with her al/ day, but couldn't bring her
cla1ms. round to my point of view.
break down (intransitive) bring (something) up (something)
lose control of one's emotions mention
A friend of thP dead man broke down and wept /'d likP to bring up anothN mattpr, if I may.
when he told how hP fo11nd thP hody.
bui/d up (intransitive)
break off (somethfng) increase in size (negative)
stop doing something Temiu11 belwee11 i he rivc1/ ywu) has bult up over
Sil!! broke off t/Jeit w11Vf:.'r~c1tio11 lo c1mwer he, 1110/Jile III:! c1)i few weeh.
p i,one.
cal/ (someone) up (someone)
break up (intransitive) order into military service
come to an end A vveek alter the war started, Jim was ca/fed up.
The meeting broke up in confusion.
carry (something) out (.mmething)
break out (intransitive) complete a plan
when a war or disease begins Please make sure you carry out these instructions.
Rghting has brofcen out on the southern border of
catch on (lntransltive)
the country.
become popular (informal)
bring (somethfng) about (someth/ng) Camera phones have realfy caught on late/y.
cause to happen
come about (intransitive)
The digital revolu1ion has brought about profound
happen
changes in our sociery.
Mcmy po)iliv!! tlt,my!!) have come about c1~ c1 te)ult
bring (something) on (somelhing) of his effor1:..
cause an illness to start
come down to (mmething)
Tom c/aimed that the dusty room had brought on a
in the end be a matter of
severe attack of asthma.
In thP Pnd, th,~ problem comes down to overpopulat,on
come in for (something) fall back on (something)
receive l.ild111e, criticisrn etc use after all else has fai led
Tlie Govemment's proposal, have come in for ., greac His fdthe, pe,swded him lo fini:.h wllege so h1'! wuuld
cledl o/ l litili:,11 ,. hav1'! ,omething to fa// back on.
come into (something) fa// for (someone)
inherit fall in lave with (informal)
Sarah came into 20 mil/ion when her grandfather died. Kate has fallen for George's brother.
come o ff (intransitive) fall for (something)
take place successfully be deceived by
Everyone is hoping rhat the new plan wi/1 come off Harry fe/1 for the o/dest trick in the world.
come out (intransitive) fall out (with) (someone)
appear, be published quarrel (with)
Her new buok comes out IIE!Xl mo11ll1. Pdul dfld Ji111 have fallen out dgdin.
come up (intransitive) tal/ through (intransitive)
w hen a problem happens when a plan or arrangement fai ls
l'm going to be home late. Something has come up. We thought we had agreed to buy the house, but the
deal fe// through.
come up to (something)
be as good as (one's expectations) fit in with (something)
The restaurant didn't come up to our expeetations. be included in a plan
l'm afraid your suggestion doesn't fit in with my plans.
come up wlth (something)
think of an idea, plan etc get (something) across (or intransitive)
Sue has come up with a real/y good idea. make others understand
Chrs has sorne great ideas, but can't always get them
counl on (someone)
across.
rely on
You can count on me for support at the meetinq. get at (something)
suggest meaning
crop up (intransitive)
What exactly are you getting at? 1don't understand.
happen, appear unexpec:tedly (informal)
I hP samP naml"i kPpt cropping up during the get down to (something)
invPstigiltmn. start to deal seriously with
Jt's time you got down to some serious work.
do away with (something)
abolish get (someone) off or get off (intransitive)
The school decided to do away with uniform, .and /et avoid punishment (informal)
pupi/s WE:'ar whalever lhE!y liked. Terry was tharged wilh murder, but her /awyers
mdndg1'!d to get her off.
do without (something)
manage w ithout get on for (something)
I can't do without a cvp of coffee when I get up. lt's approach a t ime, age or number
essent,a/. lt's getting on for six, so it's time we were going.
draw (something) up (something) get on (intransitive)
prepare a plan or document make progress
The lawyers are drawing up rhe controcr. How are you getting on in your new job?
draw up (intransitive) get (something) over with
come to a stop f inish something unpleasant
Two po/ice cars drew up ou~ide the door. I always try to get my homework over with as quickly
as possible.
drop in (intransitive), drop in on someone
visit (informal)
Do drop i n if you're in the area.
drop off (int ransitive)
fal l asleep
get round I around to (something)
find ti me to do
l'/1 try and get round to writing some letters /ater.
get up to (something)
-
---,......
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Severa/ people at the back of the hall had dropped off do something you shouldn't do >
and were snoring. What are the ch1/dren getting up to ,n the garden? ltl
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end up (intransitive) ro
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fi nish in a certai11 way or place .e
We mi,:,1'!cl ll,1'! bus and hdcl tu wdlk, dnd ended up o.
qettinq home al 4. 00 am.
1 Choose the besl phrasal verb, A, B or C, to complete the sentence.
a T'm sure we'll be able to .JL..... to our way of seein.g things by the end of the meeting.
b We haven't really a solution to the prohlem yet.
e: non't forget that you have to .............. the expansion of the metal in your calculation.
d Wrist watch television was an interesting idea but didn't really
e Helen .... .. the issue at the next meeting.
f To be honest, the h otel <li<ln't .............. to our expectations.
g I hate going to the dentist's, so I try to .............. as soon as I can.
h David his business partner over th e p lans tn reduce the workforce.
Kate says she can't ................ a cup of coffee in the moming.
Sony, but something imp01tant has .............. and I'll have Lo ring you back.

a A rlmw him up B bear him out e bring him round

b A c:ume u wil/1 B fi1/len back un e bruu;ghl un
e A get over wl th B build 11p e allow far
d A carry out Bget mund e catch on
e A bro11ght up B fe// far e came up with
f Agetup B com e up ( e11d i,p
9 A bring iL aboul B get it over with e carry it out
h A came clown to B broke down with e fell out with
A do without B set ovar witll e allow far
A come off B cnm eabout e come up

2 Choose the best endng 1 to 1Ofor each sentence a to j.

a To Anna's surprise, a plnk stretch Jimousl:ne had j ust drawn b
b Tony told the doctor that his attack had been brought
e A team of engineers has been carryi ng
d After search.ing far hours far somewhere to eat, w,e ended
e I tl 1ink l ca11 chauge my meetiug to Tuesday, so J ,can fil
f /\fter a great deal of discussion, we belleve we have come
g Tdon't rcall y know what you two havc beco getti:ng
h Thc tense situation on thc hordcr has come
1 haven't looked at your project yet, but l 'm hoping to get
Lalest research in Lhe hospital medica! school bears

1 . .. up wilh a solulion lo the parking problem in this area.

2 ... out the dai.m that the comlitioll is c;aused by iexosure to Wgli levels of noise.
3 ... Ln with your plans for the Visit to Leeds on Monday.
4 ... out emergency repairs on the hridge sincc car3y this morning.
5 ... up to, but 1' 11 l:ind out sooner or later, believe me!
6 ... up outside Lhe fro1tl door, and someone aho lool,ed like.fohnn)' Depp-wargett+ng-e,tt+.-
7 ... round to it later on tls afternoon.
8 ... abotlt as a result of rocket attacl<s from both sades in recent weeks.
9 ... up buying some fruil from a street market bel1nd the bus station.
10 ... on by a meal he had eaten in a hotel.
3 Com plete t he sentence w ith a ph rasal verb from t he list.
break off breitk out !Jri11g ruum.l come a!Jo ul come into
come off com e out do away wlt b fall back on get off
a Pollee fea red that after the match, flghting between rival fa ns would bre.a" ou.f-
b Nohody is surc wheth cr th c reviscd plan will
e Most scien illic devclopments _______ as a resu lt of team-work.
d You need sorne savings to in case you run into financia ! ditticulty.
e The lecturer was forcec.1 to . ..... .... .... aml c.lrin k a glass of water before resumlng.
f Dcspitc the cvidence, th c accused man man aged to ... --- , much to everyone's surp rise.
g Al.an wi ll a forhm e when he reaches th c age of 2 1.
h Oavid's new albu m is expected to ... at th.e end of the year.
The parly is proposing to ... with counciJ tax and replace it with local income tax.
Th e prime minister said he hoped to ..... the rest uf th e calJinet to bis point of view.

4 Write a new sentence w ith t he same meaning, using the correct form of a ph rasa l verb from t he list. Use
a d ictionary if necessary.

bear out b ring about bring up call up come up with

counl on draw up fall for get at get-6fl

a lt's n early 8.00, so you'cl better get ready to leave.

1-t-1$ qe.+t.i11.(j ol\ -.for 8,oo, $Q.. fjQ1,,/d ..l?.~tt-r q~1.:..r.e:.~.d'1 fq_,~~\/.e..
b l coulcln't really unclerst,mcl what she was sugges ting.

e I don 't think we can reJy o n John son to support us.

d There's an important point 1 th ink 1 should mention.

e l n 19~9, Ji m was conscripted into the army.

f Th e director is preparing a List of suilable cand idates fo r lhe job.

- ., ..,_,.,... ............_... -
g The statemem of th e accused was corroborated by other wi.tn esses.
,,., _ , ,, , _
....... .._., ____
h Caro! has though t of a really good solution to the probJem.

The strange.r offered to sel! Harry the Eiffel Towe r, and Hany was laken in.

/\ !ad< of maI.keting expertise evemuaHy led to the downfall of t he en tire motor industry.
-.....
.......
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EXTENSION ACTIVITY >
A Choose twenty phrasa l verbs and look them up in a dictionary, noting any other meanings ro
VI
a nd whether these are transitive o r intransitive. ro
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B Choose t en examples from the explanation pages a nd translate them into your language. .r:.
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Need more practice? Go to the Review on page 208.
phrasal verbs (2)
give (something) away (something) go through with (something)
betray complete a promise or plan (often negative)
/'m not giving away any secrets if I tell you this! David says he's going to resign, but I don't think he'//
give in to (something), give in (intransitive) go through with it.
yield, surrender go without (something)
T/,e w111pd11y said it would not give in to blatkmail manage wlthout something
by the workforce. We had to go without Wi'ller for d week dfler d pipe
give off (something) !Jur~l.
produce il smell, gs, heat etc grow on (someone)
Thc glass globe was giving off a pa/e green light. when someone begins to like something
give out (intransitive) I didn't like this book at first, but it is growing on me.
become exhausted hang around
Wlien John's money gave out, he had to cake another spend time doing nothing
job. There were severa/ teenagers hanging around at rhe
give over to (usually passive) end of rhe 5rreer.
use time for a particular purpose hang onto (something)
The aftemoon is given over to sports activities. keep
give (oneself) up l'm goin g to hang onto this painting. lt might be
surrender valuable in a few years.
Tlie two qunmen gave themse/ves up when more have (got) it in for (someone)
police arrived. be deliberately unkind to someone (informal)
give (someone) up (for) My boss is always telling me off He's got it in forme
stop looking for because lost or dead hit it o.ff (with someone)
The dog had been given up for Jost before he was get on well with someone (informal)
found 200 miles away. I dont .real/y hit it off with my new neighbour.
go about (something) hit on J upan (something)
do what is normally done discover by chance, have an idea
/'m not sure how to go about removing the old boi/er. We hit upon the answer to the problem complete/y
go back on (something) by chance.
break a promise hold (something) up (something)
MPs accused the govemment of going back on delay
earlier promises. Sorry l'm late. t was held up at my off1ce
go for (something) hold wirh (something)
like something (informal) agree with (usually ncgativc)
Anna says she doesn 't real/y go for that type of boy. t don 't hold with rhe idea of pcoplc borrowing more
go in for (something) rhan thcy can afford.
make a habit of
impose (something) on (something I one)
Peter doesn't go in much for sport.
force people to do accept something
go in for (something) lt's wrong that some people should impose their
enter a competition viewpoint on everyone e/se.
Are you going in for (/,e Advdnte Enyfi~h Te~t this
keep (something) up (something)
yedr?
continue to do something
go off (intransitive) Don't relax the pressure. We must keep it up until we
when food becomes bad finish the job.
rh,~ f15h 5mells awf11f lt must have gone off
keep to (usually passive)
go on (intransitive) be limtP.d to
happen Make sure you keep to the deadline. lt's vital to finish
There's somethinq st,anqe going on herel the job in time.
go round (something) lay down (especially the law) (or + that-clause)
be enough state a formal rule
Are there enough books to go round the class? In the constitution it is laid down that al/ accused are
lf not, you'/1 have to share. innocenr unril proved gui/ry.
/et (someone) down (someone) make (something) up (something)
disappoint invent
J1m was supposed to help me yesterday. but he /et me lt turned out that loe had made up the whole story.
down. and wasn 'ta 1ourna//st at a/f

/et (someone) in on (something) make up for (something)

te ll someonc a secret compensate for
Oon't !et He/en in on any sccrers, because she'/1 tell Joe's si/ver meda/ In the 200 merres made up for his
everyone. disappointment in the 100 metres.

/et (someone) off miss (something) out (something)

excuse from punishment fail to include
Luckily the po/ice /et Maria off w ilh a wami1,y, ,md You'vt> missed out the ful/ stop in this senlence.
didn 't give her a fine. miss out (on something)
/et on (intransitive) (+ that-clause) lose a chance
ta lk about a secret Ali her fnenrl~ won pn7e~. hut KarPn missed out agam
Don't /et on that / told you about Mike's surpnse party
own up (to something)
live up to (something) {expectations) admit
reach an expected standard When the reacher asked the c/ass who had started the
My holiday in China certainly lived up to my tire, Chris owned up.
expeaations. Jt was fantastic.
pack (something) in (something)
look into (something) stop (in formal)
investigate Sue decided to pack in her job and travel abroad for a
The air/ine i~ looking into my ~omplainl about my while.
rni~~ir,g baggage.
pay (someone) back (for)
look on / upon (something) take revenge (informal)
consider 1'/1 pay him back for afl thP r11rlP thmg~ hP's v1irl abo11t
George /ooked upon h1s new ob as an opportunity to me/
prove himself
pickup {ntransitive)
look (someone) up improve {Informal)
visit A fot of peopfe rhink thac the economy Is plcklng up
Why don 't you look us up rhe next time you 're in again after a slack period.
London. pin (someone) down
look up {intransitive) (usually progressive) force sorneone to make a decision
improve He say.s he'// cal/ round and do the job, but I can't pin
Since we won the lottery, things have definitely been him down to an exaet date.
looking up tor usl
play up (intransitive)
make for (comparative + noun) act badly
result in ThP washing machine is pfaying up again. lt's making
The new stainless stee/ body makes for easier cleaning. a horrible noise !
make off with (something) point out(+ that-clause)
take (something stolen) draw attention to a fact
Whife my back was turned, someone made off with Can I point out that I did suggest that idea in the first
my suitcase. place/

make out(+ that-clause) pul/ (something) off (something)

pretend succeed in doing
When the secur,ty guard chaflenged h1m, the man United nearly won the match, but ust fa1/ed to pul/ it
made out that he was a customer off
make out (something) push on (intransitive) V'l
managc to see, hear, understand etc continuc doing something ..o
I coufd just make out some writing across the top of I don 't chink we shoufd wair hcrc. Lcrs push on and rry "-
Q)
the door. ro get therc tonighr. >
make (someone) out ro
V,
understand sorneone's behaviour ro
"-
David i~ a ~t,ange /.Joy! I ju~l can't make him out! .e
a.
1 Choose the best phrasal vcrb, A, B or C, to complete t he sentence.

a lt's a hit harct to '6 .. whal the sign says from here.
b Tina ctoesn' t ......... expensive fas hion items.
e I didn't like this place when I firsl came here, bul now il is -- me.
d Th e police are ............ complaints from other shop-pers at the store.
e How <lo you think we should finding somewhere to Uve?
f The presidcnt is still powcr, cvcn though he was votcd out.
g This ch eP..w smPlls as if it's - - !
h My teach er always blames me for everything. l think she's ............ for me.
The au lhorilles repealed tha l they would nol ... Lo the deu1,u1ds of tbe arme<l group.
Smith has sim:e _ ..... deceiving more than twenty other custorners.
a A huid with B make out Cpin down
b Ago infor B makc of{with e kecp to
e A going hack nn B looking 11,011 Cgrowing on
d A looking into B going in for e makilll( oft with
e Ago about B hit upon e rnuke fo,
f A guing in fur B maki11g up fur e hanging on to
g Agonc off B packcd in e pinncd own
h A packcd it in B got it in Cgivcn it in
A go in 8 OWII 11[1 e give. in
A /ived 11p to B owned up to C made oft with

2 Choosc thc bcst cnding 1 to 10 tor cach scntcncc a to j.

a Wcll clone. Makr. s11 rr. you kr.r.p ,

b Uh dear, il seems that sh e has m issed
e The company spokesperson Jater pointed
d Fifty years ago, such l>ehaviour would bave l>et!11 looked
e 1t turned out in the end that Sue had made
f I rPally fePI that yo11 have ll't all of 11s
g A~er thinking about it, the survivors hit
h l low exactly will you go
There was a slrange glass globe on Lhe Hoor, giving
It's been great seelng you - why don't you look

1 ... down, because we were relying on you compl etely.

2 . .. out that thc figures wcrc only rough cstirnatcs, and had not bccn confirmcd.
3 .. . 11s 11p again th e next time you' re in th e area?
4 ... upon as criminal, and severely punished.
5 ... abou l relllovi.ng th~ uld heatiug syslem?
6 ... t1p tae gooct work ifl fttture
7 ... off a mystcrious throhhing light.
8 ... u pon the idea of using pieces of wood to speU out S.O.S. on the sand.
9 ... up th e whole story, and had never achtally st'udied at university.
10 ... out on beating the record once again.
3 Complete t he sentence with a phrasai verb from t he list.

gve away give out go about go round keep to

Jook iflto make up for pack in play up poinl oul

a The governmen t has agreed to . .(QQK...i"-1"9 .................. the clalm that f,2 billion has been wasted.
b Don't worry, thcrc are plenty of life jackets to
e The doctors are afraid her hea rt wi ll . .. 1mless she h as an operation.
d The computer used to _ a lo t so we decided to get a new one.
e Paula tlecided tu ... ........... ....... her t!:!ad li ug job autl wurk iu a ua.r.
f 'd like to that I haven't actually received any payment yet.
g I hope thls award will .. ___ -- . - - your disappointmen t at not winoing first prize.
h Try to thc announccd topic. You' rc going off thc suhjcct slightly.
l low exactly do 1 .... .... ....... ... applying for a student grant?
Don'l say too much, or you'll ._.. _ ... lhe answer wil hout meaning to!

4 Write a new sentence w ith the same m eaning, using t he correct form of a phrasal verb from the
list.

go on grow on hang around miss out Jet down

let on pay back piek up pull off make up

a The guvemmen t exec.t~ the economy to improw in the later part uf the yea r.
J.h?....qove.0\,~?._l_'I{. .e. xpe.cd:.~. '.th?.. e.col\Qfil'1,.9 ..picl:: f'P...fo .{:he. rwt.e..C.l?.f\Cf o+...h?...l:je.~r..
b You've forgotten to puta qucstion mark at the end of t hc line.
------------- - - -------- -- .. ... -------------- --- -------- ---------
' There are a lot of people dong noth.ing in the street o utside our house.

d l think it's time we took revenge on him fur ali the awful things he has done!

e Ann was supposed to lonk after my dog, but she disappointed me.

f What on earth is happening here?

g f rankle nearly won both races but just failcd to managc it.

h I didn' t like the film at first, but then I started to like it more.

Doll' l tldl anyo11e that 1 put that notice un the door!

--
Tony invcntcd a story abou t meeti ng Rob n yJan .i n a caf.
N
V,
~
,_
. . (1)
EXTENSION ACTIVITV >
A Choose twenty phrasal verbs and look them up in a dictionary, not ing any other meanings ro
V,
and w hether t hese are t ransitive or intransitive. m
,_
B Choose ten examples from the e:xplanat ion pages and translate them into your language. .e
a.
Need more practice? Go to the Review on page 208.
phrasal verbs (3)
put (something) across (to something)
explain an idea see to (something)
/ can undt>r;tr1nrl yo11, h11t rnn you put these ideas deal wilh
a cross to tht> gent>ral puhllc 7 The fridge has broken down, but someone is coming
to see to it tomorrow.
put (something) down (to something)
explain the cause of set about (something)
The ceam ~ poor performance was put down to begin doing something
insufficienr training. We know what we havP to do, but wP'rP not fre
how to set about t
put in for (something)
apply or set (something I someone) back
Mark has put in for the post of assistant directo,: dclay progress
Thc cold weathcr has set back thc work. and the
put (someone) off (something)
building won't be finished on time.
discourage, upset
I can 't sing if pffiplt> stare at me. lt puts me off. set in (intransitive)
when something unpleasant starts and will
put (someone) out
probably continue
cause problems (negative / question)
lt looks as if the rain has set in for the day!
Sorry we can't come to dinner. I hope this doesn r put
you out atal/. set out (something)
give in detail
put (someone) up (someone) This document sets out exactly how much you have
let sorneone stay in your house
to pay, and when.
Why don't you come and stay7 We can easily put you
up for a few days. set out(+ to-infinitive)
intend to
put up with (something I someone)
The court heard that the two 111e11 clelil.ie1ciiely set out
tol erate, bear
to deceive customers.
After a wh1/e the noise became so lourl th;it Brian
couldn't put up with it any longer set something up (something)
establish, arrange (a meeting)
rip (someone) off The pohce have set up an mq111ry mto the complaints.
charge too much, cheat (informal)
250 a night in that hotel? You were ripped off/ set upon (someone)
attack
run (someone) down (someone)
The security guards were set upon by three armed
crilicize
men.
Why do you keep running yourself down so much?
You're fantasticl shake (something) off
get rid of
run into (someone) / can't seem to shake off ihi~ flu. /'ve had it for ten
meet by ch;mce
dciy~.
You'/1 nPvPr guPs, who I ran into the other day! Your
old friPnrl Mnriannt>. sink in (intransitive)
be understood
run to (something) I had to read the IPttPr ~PvNal times befare the news
reach an amount or number final/y sank in
The cost of the Olympic building programme now
runs to over ES billion. slip up (intransitivc)
make a mistakc
run over / through (something)
/ rhink someone has sl/pped up. These are not the
check, explain books I ordcred.
Could you just run over the details again? l'm not
sure I understand. sort (something) out (something)
do something to solve a problem
see (someone) off (someone) /'m sorry about che mi~icike. We'/1 sort it out as soon
go to station w ith someone etc to say goodbye
aswecan.
Anna ,~ commg with mP to the airport to see me off.
stand by (something)
see through (something) keep to (especially an agreement)
understand dishoncsty, prctence The leader ot the pr1rty ~,rl they would stand by the
He pretended to be busy, but I saw through hi5 agreement they marlP /a~t ypar.
deceprion at once.
stand for (something) talk (someone) into / out of (something)
represent persuade
,, this sentence, i.e stands for id est the Latin for 'that is'. I didn't want to buy the car; but tl,e salesman talked
me into it.
stand for (something) (usually negative)
tolerate tell (someone) off (someone)
I won't stand for any more shouting and swearingl criticize angrily
Ted's teacher told him off for being late.
stand in for (someone)
rake the place ot tie (someone) down to (something)
As Mr /Javis is in hospital, Ji// Cope will be standing in force to do or say something definite
for h,m for the next twn w,eks. Anna 'iys she wi/1 visit us, but I can 't tie her down to
date.
step down (intransitivc)
resign track (someone I something) down
At che end of chis monch, He/en w/11 be stepplng flnd atter a long search
down as union represencative. (someone / something)
The po/ice final/y tracked the robbers down in
step (something) up ()omething)
Sourh l\merica.
increase
-he repurt has stepped up lhe pressure on the try (something) out (something)
director to re~ign. test to see if i l works
They tried out lhe new drug on animals before using
stick up for (someone / something)
defend (informal)
it on humans.
Don't just say nothmg! Stick up for yourseffr turn (something) down (something)
reject
sum up (intransitive)
The counc,/ has turned down our application for
give a summary
plannmg perm,ss,on
_et me sum up by repeating the main poinrs.
turn out(+ to-infinitivc) or (that-clausc)
sum (something) up (something)
happcn to be in the end
show what sth is like
Thc girl in red turned out to be Maria's siscer.
I think that what he has done sums up his behaviour
in general. Lum up (intra nsitive)
arrive orbe discovered by chance
take (someone) in (someone)
Gue~~ who tumed up ac our pa1Ly? Yourold friend
deceive
Marcir,/
He took me in at first, but then I realized what he was
real/y like. wear off (intransitive)
lose effect
take (someone) off (someone)
When the drugs begm to wear off, you may feel some
lmitate
pain.
Jack can take off ali che ceachers real/y we/1.
work (something) out (something)
lake (something) on (something)
calculate
acquire a particular characterislic
I can't work out the answer to this maths problem.
Her words have taken on a different meaning since
Don 't worry abouc che money you owe. We'/1 work
the accident.
something out.
do extra work
deal with a problem
Pat has taken on too murh wnrk and is exhausted
work out (intransitive)
take (someth/ng) over (something) be successful, have a happy ending
gain control ot l'm sure that everything wi/1 work out fine in the end.
A small group of decermincd men took ove, che
counrry.
take to (someone I something)
growto like
My mother took to Sarah as soon as they met.
-----
m
Vl
.n
....
Q)
take to doing something >
develop a habit
nJ
5am has taken to wearing h1s grandfather's old suits. Vl
....nJ
.e
o.
 1 Choose t he best ph rasal verb, A, B o r C, t o complete t he se ntence.
a It's t>asy to .... A.... the <lt><.:t>ptiorn; uf JJt>plt> li kt> Gt>orgt>.
b The unusual test resul ts were .................... a fault wlth the computer.
e You bavc to lcarn to you rsclf o r no-onc will rcspcct you.
d Mrs Andrews - --- ... .. the children who climbed into her garden.
e The pain in my leg began to ................. after a couple of hours.
f The 11::tters BBC ... . . British Broaclcasting Corpwation.
g The project has been ---- by technical problems, and won't be ready on time.
h Don't look ovcr my shouldcr whilc l ' m writing. lt
Tom's parents managed to '"............. of buying motorbike by offering to buy him a car.
At the end of the film, it . that the pollee cbief was actually the nrnrderer.

a A see thro11gh B take in e s11111 rrp

b Aputdow11 to B tracked down e slipped 11p
e AprrL up wiUr B lied duwn lo C sLic:k rrp fur
d A put out B t11med down e told off
e A wearo(f B set in Cstep up
f A put in for B take over e stand for
g A set back B putout e worked out
h Asums me up B les me duwn Cpuls me uff
A saw him o{( B ta/k 11/m 011t cmt him 011t
A tnnk in B set out e turncd 011t

2 Choose lhe best ending 1 to 10 for each sentence a to j.

a It has been announced that the prime rninister will st1::p .. ..k ... ....
b Suc is looking for a new job and has ctecided to put
e The govemment ha~ promi~ed to set
d l'm sorry, but J. won't put
e We avulogi..e for the mislake, and we are doing ouc besl Lo sorl
f Quite honestly, J thlnk you've taken
g I was walking through thc park th c other ctay, wllen who should I run
h Do you think that th e govem ment set
Mrs Watson will be standing
1only heard the news an hour ago and il hasn't really sunk

1 .. . 011 far tuo much, and you really oughl lo gel an assislant.
2 ... ln for the position of assistant director.
3 ... out to dc libcratcly dcccivc pcoplc about this matter?
4 ... up with such rudc bchaviour.
5 ... in completely yet.
6 ... do .. n al Lhe end ofJtn,c, ami takc ttp a pos~ v,itlr the--8*-
7 ... in for Mr Dobbs wh ile he is in hospital.
8 ... tbings out as quickly as we can.
9 ... lnto hu t my old French teacher, carrying a baby.
10 ... up an inquiry into the sale of a1maments.

e
3 Complete the sentence with a phrasal verb from the list.
pul do~,n put out see off set about set out standi tor
step u; track uown turn down work oul

a The managlng director pu-r down. the company's poor performance to high interest rates.
b Thc policc wcrc ablc to thc car tllievcs using satelfe technology.
e This is a sensitive matter, and we have to dealing with it vcry careful ly.
d Paula seemed rather . .. .... .......................... . when we brought so man y other peo ple to her party.
e All the points for ami agai11s t are clearly in !he report.
f The company has decided to .... ... .. ... producUon of cars at its factory ln HulJ.
g You might nccd a calculator to this problem .
h Claire decided to . . . the job, because it would have meant more travelling.
Our maths teacher simply won't any talki.ng in class.
Helen is going to the airporl Lo .......... ............... some riends.

4 Write a new sentence with t he same meaning, using a form of the phrasal verb from the list.
put across rip off run down run truough run to see to
set upon step down take in take over turn-tlowrt turn up

a The local plann ing office has rejected the compan y's application Lo build lats on the sile.
_,h?.,_local pla>1.~.f.rtq o.(;.Gce.. ht!S .f-t.,r')(e.c/ c9f:l)n .f-ht.. co,v.pa>1.t/s.. qppli.ctt{iot),f9. ....
bwld -'la-l-s 0>1. .f-he. si.f-e..
b The Jawyers made notes as the judge we nt over tl1e deta ils of the case.

e The security guard was fooled by Lbe thief's disguise. .

----...........- -----
d C:arol arrivcd at thc party unannounccd, much to cveryonc's surprise.

e Harry has very good ideas, but he can't explain them to an audience.

f l dou'L l11iuk you should keep crilici:d..ng youcself. ........._...... _.

g Somconc has to fix the childrcn's lunch at 12.30.

h Mr Johnson will be leaving the job of company spokesperson at the end of the month.

A group of forcign investors is now in control of thc cornpany.

Jim was attacked by three muggers in the street . ... .......... ---- ..,._...., ___ , .........,_.,_...._., ..._.,,... - .... -
M
.._..
Vl
..e
k 500 for that? 1 think you've been cheatetl! L..
(lJ
>
Toe report has got over five hundred pages. _ ro
V,
ro
L..
.e
a.
5 Write a new sentence w ith t he same mean ing, containing the wo rd in capita ls.
a T can't .~eem to get rid of this pain in my left leg. SllAKE
1
l. C~t\ f .~1!-_?M -!-o S~g~e-..Qff ::~i~
pt!t\ i.l\ ."'-tj friJ-!- le,q
b Tina is really good al imilatiug lhe accuuuts manager. TAKING

e You can stay at our house for a few days. PUT

d I think someone has made a mistake, because l'm not owed any money. SLIPPED

e I think this bad weather is golng to last all day. SET

f TI1e foreign minister promised that his country would honour the agreement. STAND

g David has ~tarted ru1111l11g up ami duwn t11e ~tairs fur exerdse. TAKEN

h That really defines wliat sort of person she is! SUMS

The followi ng exercises practise grammar from Units 37 and 38.

6 Write a new sentence w it h the same meaning, usi ng the correct form of a phrasal verb
from Units 37, 38 and 39.

a l was worried about the examination and didn't rnanage to fall asleep for ages.
l w~s .t.tJo.rrie-d .a!zo~.f fhe. e.tat):(it\a.f-iot\ a~J. did.11.J ~&1.1\aqe: o..
dr.0129.f~O.t gq~~-.
b l'm slowly beglrmlng to llke that song.

e The prime mini_ster and the finance minister h;ive qunrrPIIPcl again.

d Three young boys commitled Lhe robbery on their way home from school.

e We w.iited for a bus for ages, and in the end we walked.

f J don't understand exaclly how much t his is going to cost.

g The Mexican resta.urant we tried wasn't as gootl as we thought it woultl ue.

h The spare parts wP have been w;iiti ng for havP heen clelayecl in the post.

Helen didn't quile undersland whal Ben was Lrying to say.

l don't like the way he talked to you! I wouldn't stand fo.r it, if I wcre you.
 k When the teacher asked wh o had broken the desk, two boys coniessed.

Fiona doesn't really like camping holidays.

m l'm going to use my rrench and see what it's like when l'm on holiday.

n l'U try and find the time to caU you later on today.

7 Write a new sentence w it h the same meaning, co ntaining t he word in capitals.

a Make sure you keep you r ticket, as you'II need it later. IIANG
Ma~e.-..S.t.tr.e,. /1911 h.ia11..q .91\ ...o L1011f".Jkte.d:., ~s L101/ u I\U4. ... __l?.1-:f:e,t,______ --
b Nick says he's going to complain, but 1 don 't thlnk h e'II actually do it. GO

e I don 't th in k you sho uld force pcoplc to hclicve what you do. IMPOSE

d I decided to call on my old aunt while 1 was in th e area. DROP

e The wock we bad done on our house was performed by a flnn of local builders. Ci\RRIBD

f The party finaUy ended after the neighbours complained about the noise. UREAK

g Emily says she'll visit us une day, lmt I ca11't get her to give a Llefinite date. PTN

h Our luxury cruise holiday wasn't really as good as we expected it to be. LIVED

h When there was no food left, th e two men were forced to eat Lnsects. GAVE

RiLa is a slrange person, J really don 't undel'sland her. MAKE

George got on really well with h is mother-in-law. JllT

k l don ' t thi n k the gunmen Wi ll surrender wit hout a fight. GlV.E

l'd li ke to make lt clear that I'm not in fact English, but Scottisb. PrNT

-
,-...
M
V 'I
..o
l...
(l)
EXTENSION ACTIVITY >
(O
A Choose twenty phrasal verbs and look them up in a dictionary, noting V'I
(O
any other meanings and whether these are t ra nsitive or intransitive. l...
..e:.
B Choose twenty phrasal verbs w hich you t hink are useful o r interesting o.
from Units 37, 38 and 39, use each one to w rite a new example.
organizing text (1)
This unit includes a variety of words and phrases which can be used to organize text. Not ali their uses
are given here. and many can be used in other ways.
By connector is meant any word ar phrase that can stand alone at the front of a sentence, often
followed by a comma.

adding a point
A/so is used to add a polnt within a sentence. lt is not normally used as a connector at the
beglnning of a sentence in formal speech and wri ting.
Cars use up valuable energy resourccs, and a/so pollute thc environment.
As well as is fol lowed by a noun or -ing. and can be used in an introductory clause.
Cars use up valuablc cncrgy rcsources, as we/1 as pol/uting the environment.
As we/1 as polluting the environmcnt, cars use up valuable energy resources.
As we/1 as this can be used as a connector, referring to a previous sentence.
Cars use up valuablc cnergy rcsources, anda/so pol/ute the environment. As we/1 as this, rhey make lite
unpleasant in big citics.
In addition can be used as a connector.
Cars use up valuable energy resources, and a/so pol/ute che environment. In addition, chey make lite
unp/eaSunt in big dties.
Moreover, furthermore, what is more are formal connectors which emphasize that there is an
additional point to be made.
Cars use up valuable energy resources, and a/so poi/u te rhe environmenr. Moreover I Furthermore I What
is more, rhey make lite unplrosanr in big cities.
Above ali is a connector which adds a point, and stresses that th is point is the most important one.
Cars use up valuable energy resources, anda/so pollute che environment. Above ali, they make lite
unp/easant in big cities.
Besides is an informal connector: it has the same meaning as anyway or in any case.
This car is too big forme. Besides, I can't real/y afford it.

contrast or concession
However can be used as a connector at the beginning ar end of the sentence. Note that there is
always punctuation on both sides of it. ie a full stop or comma. lt cannot be used to connect two
clauses.
Wind turbines are another source of renewable energy. However, they are not witiluut drawbach.
Wind turbines are another source of renewable energy. They are nul witiluut drawbatk~, however.
Compare the use of although:
Wind turbines are another source of renewable energy, although rhey are not without drawbacks
Dcspite (this) introduces a point which contrasts with a previous statement. Note that despite is
followed by a noun ar -ing form of the 11erb.
Wind curbines are an increasingly popular source of renewable energy. Desplte befng easy to build, they
do have some drawbacks.
Ncverthelcss, none the lcss are more formal connectors referring back to the prevlous point: they
can also come at the end of the sentencc.
Wind turbincs are an increasingly popular sourcc of renewablc cncrgy.
Neverthe/ess I Nonetheless. they do have somc drawbacks.
They do have some drawbacks, nevertheless / nonetheless.
 degree
Tu some extent /toa certain extent are used as a way of saying 'partly'. lt can come at the beginning,
in the midd le or at the e11d of a sentence.
Mu~t f!(.)/e wuulcl cllleI lhi~ c119ument to some extent.
To a certain extent, / c191ee wit/r you.
This solution is, to a certain extent, easy to understand.

In some respects / ways are used as a connector limiting what comes before or after.
Some peop/e argue that the only solution to the problem of global warming is new technology
In some respects, this is true.
Some people arque that the only solution to the problem of global warming is new technology.
In sorne respects, the deve/opment of non-pol/uting fue/s might so/ve part of the problem.

comparing and contrasting

On the one hand ... (but / while) on the other hand ... introduce contrasting points.
On the one hand, nuclear power does not add carbon to the atmosphere, bt it on the other hand ,t rrP~Pnt~
other more serious pollution risks.

We can also use on the ot/1er hand to introduce a contrasting parag raph.
On t/Je contrary introduces a contrasting positive point after a negative statement.
The cost ot electricity produced by nuclear power does not go down On the contrary, r/e;in-11r cost~ men
that in the long term the cost mcreases substant,alty

Compared to, in comparison to I with are used asan introductory phrase, or at the end of the
sentence.
In comparison to / Compared with /ast year, there has been some improvement.
There has been some improvement in comparison to I compared with last year.

In the same way introduces a point which is similar to the previous one.
Wave power generators use the constant movement of the waves to produce eleetricity
In the same way, tidal generators use the back and torward mot,on of the t1des.

The sentence adverb similar/y can also be used.

Similarly, t,dal generators use the back and forward motion of the tides

(But) at /east is used to emphasize that there is an advantage, despite a disadvantage just mentioned.
Wind turbines are no,sy, but at least they do not create a,r pollut,on

results and reasons

consequently, as a result (of)
The house was left empty for severa/ years and no milintPnncP was carried out. Consequently I As a result, i t
is now in a poor condition.
As a resuft of this neglect, it is now in a poor condition.
thus (formal)
The Jocks on the front door had been changed. Thus, it was impmsible for the estate agent to gain entrance to
thc housc.
lt was thus impossiblc ro gain cntrance ro rhc housc.

according/y (formal)
Smirh wvs vwvy in lrvly vr rhe time of the uttvck. Accordingfy, he could nor hvve been responsib/e.

Hence explains how the words following it are explained by what has gone before.
..,
The city is rhe site of vncient spring and Roman bath; hence the name Bath. ..,~
On account of, owing to have the same meaning as because of and are bot h prepositions. O)

Maria had to retire from professional tennis on account of J owing to a foot injury.
e
N
Due to is a preposition with the same meaning as owing to, but which ran follow be. e
/-/Pr retirement frnm profpssionl tennis was due to a foot inj ury m
O)
.....
o
1 Underline the best word or phrase.

a !'ligh ts a broad are becoming cheaper, nltlzou~h / however m ost people are aware of Lhe
dam age they ca use Lo Lhe environ menl.
b T he IJead I is mainl y pebbles, bu t al least / in the same way it is falrly clean.
e Wllson was di sm issed from his jo b, in addition to / on acco1111t o( th c scrio usncss o f h is
offen ce.
d lluygens' astronomical observations required an exact means of measurjng lime, and he
was th11s / 11eve1t/1eless led ir1 1656 tu iuve11l the pe11d ul Lu11 dock.
e Students are uften not taught to th lnk effectlvely. However / 1\s a res11lt, they can become
overwh elmed with inform a tio n, as th cy ca nn ot scc the wood fo r thc trccs.
f Alcoho l d rink ing is stro ngly associated with the ris k of liver cancer. Moreover / None the less,
therc is sorne evidence suggesting tl1at h eavy aJcoho l consu mption is particula rly slro ngly
associated with Jiver cancer amon g sm okers.
g Palience is nol passive; u11 /he ulher /11.mcl / un lhe w 11 lrury, it is acti ve; it is concen trated
strength.
h This M.iry Louisa Smith's ma rriagc cc rtifica tc is datcd 4 J unc 1867. Accordingly / In the smne
way, shP rn nn ot be t he Mary Louisa Sm ith born in Llvei-pool on 12 Novembcr 1860.
Doctors concluded that the patie nt's enatic beh avio ur was p robably besides /due to lh e mild
concussion sb e suffered i11 the accident.
Red clwarf stars fuse hydrogen and hel lum, but the fus!on Is slow because of th e low
tempern ture at thc corc of th c star. Co11seq11e11tly / r11 some respect~, th csc stars givc off vcry
little light.

2 Complete t he text using one word in each space.

Genetically modified food

(k nrtirn lly mod ifird (or GM) foods arr foods from pl a nts
(eg cotton, majze, tomatoes) wh ich have been modified in a
laboralory by i.11serling DNA frurn anulher urganis11. As a
re SL,1
a -' .. ...... ..... of e1
...-l- process, ehe new pIan t vane
11s .. w ill have
tv
some new quality (eg resistru1c;e to certain pests, improved
fl av ou r) wh ic-h makrs ir, in somr b , morr va lua hlr.
e ali, a UM plant can be speci ally developed to suit
cerlai11 couditions, ami althuugh lJ11:: pru1:ess protlu1:es similar
results to normal plant sele.ctio11 to sorne. d .... ... .. .......... , genetic
modification, is quite a differe.nt way of creating new varieties
o f plants, e to the ra nge of poss iblc modifications.
f .. Lo nalu.ral hreerhng tecb.niques, wbicb lake place
over a long period ami may require thousands of plantings,
genetk rnodifkatio ns ca n be made more efficienlly, and largeted
)r('tisely ar a specific need. g .. .... , the GM ind ustry has come in for a grea t deal of
critic-ism. Many pcoplr argu<' tha t it is dangrrous to rrlrasr GM plants into rhr rnv iron m<' nt 0 11

h .... .... . of their unusuaJ characteristics. i .. ... ... ... ...... , critics stress thal such plants are
unnecessa.ry. They arp;ue that rather tha n creati np; potentiaUy danp;erous new varieties, we sho uld
be distributing food more efficiently.
3 Write a new scntcncc w it h the same mean ing, lcavin g o ut the words underl ined, and incl ud ing t he w o rds in
capitals. You may need to write more tha n one sentence.

a Regular exercise keeps you fit, and it gives yo u a teeling of weU-being. FURTHERMO RE
1Ze.1ul~r ..e,,C.~E.;:J~<.', ku.._ps '1 -O-t. ..for.:{he.,1r1.100'.., i.+ .q ivt,$. .'1QtL .~ . +l!'.~-li1tq p,f ~t.11:-.b~in.q.
b AJthough she suffered a seriuus Jeg injury iu 2005, Henderson has com e l.,ack tu domnate
tbe 400 m thls season. DESPITE THIS

e As well as providing lonely people wit h compan y, pets h avc been proved to have a
be neficia! effecl on m any com m o n medica! cond itions. WHAT IS MORE

d Despite lower consumer demand, the company has increased profits by 6% . HOWEVER

e llicydes are pollution-free and silent, and take up very Jillle parking space. AS WELL AS T ll1S

f The hea ter has been tested for safety, but must be used accord ing to d1e instructio n s. NEVERTHELESS

g I do n 't rcaU y likc Lhc d csign of this sofa, and i.n a11y case it wo n' t fit into th c living room. BESIDES

4 Unde rline the best word o r phrase.

Globalization
Whal exa1,;lly is yloualization? a To som1;11;1xl1;111t / Mor1;1ow, 11;1 hmn means whalewr people wanl il lo
mean. Jn economics, the tenn usually refers to the way lhe world has become one markel, with free
exch;mge of goorls ,mrl c11pital. b At /e11.~t I / lowever, it is also userl to rlesrrihe c:ross -rnltural contacts.
e Furthcrmorc / As wc/1 as bcing part of thc samc cconomic system, countrics in d ifferent parts of thc
world share enrertainment, food, and, d in som o rcspccts I owing to. simi lar anitudcs to life. e l\bovo ali I
Thus, globalization often refers to the way TV and the Internet have
creal'-' unilicd wurl i11whid1 i1urmaliun 1,;an lJe '-'Xd1angetl ve1y
rapiclly. In fact, a 'global econorny' is only possible f as a result o{/
/Jowever m oclern informalion technology. g Despite / Furthennore,
poht1cs h11s 111.so hecome 'gloh11lizerl', creating co-operati on
bctwccn cow1trics. h H owcvcr / A/though, there are many critics o f
globalization w ho pont out that w hile business has bccomc global,
lhere are still w inners and losers: i consequently / nevertheless, the
richer nations grow richer, and the poorer nations grow poorer.
They also argue that j above ali / as a result ofthe global power of
large corpon1lmM 11nrl i nternAtioMI fin11nr1al mstitutions, many
countrics no longcr conu-ol thcir own cconomies.
~
..,a.,
O'l
e:
EXTENSION ACTIVITY N
e
A W rite a sho rt t ext comparing further education w ith getting a job, or using public ro
transpo rt with using a car. en
lo..

B Choose ten e xamples fro m the exp lanation page a nd tra nslate t he m into your la ng ua ge.
o
organizing text (2)
exceptions and alternatives
except (for)
veryone chose a new book, except for He/en, who was still reading her old one.
Except for He/en, who was sti/1 reading her o/done, everyone chose a ncw book.
Apart from can be uscd to mean the same as except for.
Everyone chosc a ncw book, apart from He/en, who was sr/1 rcading her old onc.
lt can also mean in addition to.
Apart from thc dcnt in thc front bumpcr, thc car had scratchcs ali along onc sidc.
lnstead (of) means that one th ing replaces another.
I dccidcd not to take the bus, but walked instead.
I de<:ided not to take the bus. lnstead, I walked.
/nstead of taking che bus, f decided to wafk.
Alternatively is a more formal way of starting a sentence, meaning or.
You cou/d take the bus. Alternatively. you cou/d walk.

sequen ces
Writers often signa l that they are going to make a list of points.
There are a number of ways in whic/1 lhi5 can be done.
There are severa/ ways of /ookny dl this tndlle1.
Frst of al/, secondly, thirdly etc; next; final/y are often used to number points in a sequence.
First of al/, t/11:ire i5 the s5ue of co5l.
Secondly .. . Next, ... Final/y, ...
Words such as point, issue, problem, advantage can also be numbered.
The first problem facing the government is ...
In an argument. there is often a conclusion, which can be introduced by in conc/usion.
In conclusion, we could say that .. .

summarizing
To surn up can be used to introduce a surrnnarizing cornmenl al the end oan argumenl.
To sum up, il 5eetn5 c!&ir lhdl ...
And so forth, and so on and etc. are expressions used to say there are further J)Q11b we dQ nol
mention.
Growth i1 d/10 influenu~c/ by wl:!c1 lhr,H, Wdler ~uply, po~ition, and so forth.
Note that such phrases can imply that the writer has a lot more to say, but does not
wish to go into detail.
Etc is an abbreviation from Latn et cetera.
Note also that etc asan abbreviation either has a ful l stop at the end (etc.), or this is omitted (etc).
lt cannot be written ~ -

making assertions
Utter!y and simp!y emphasize an adjective. Utterly tends to be used with negative adjectives.
Simply can be used with positive or negative adjectives.
This is simply wonderfu/1 lt is simpfy / utter/y wrong to argue this.
Utter and sheer are used with nouns to emphasize the size or amount. Utter tends to be used with
negalive nouns. 5/Jeercan be used with positive or negative nouns.
Quite honestly, / think this is utter nonsensel
Tania's performance was s/1eer de/ightl
11 was sheer madness tu buy so 11,any sharesl
 Mere/y is stronger than only I just and is used in a similar way, t o make what follows seem
unimportant or small.
The Earth is mere/y a tiny unimportant speck in the Universe.
Mere Is used before nouns. with the same meaning as above.
The Earth is a mere speck in the Universe.
Literal/y is used to emphasize that what has been said ls notan exaggeratlon but Is really true.
There are 1/tera/ly thousands of people withour homes.
Scc intensifiers, comment and vicwpoint adverbs Unit 27.

giving examples
For example, examples include, to take an example all need punctuation before and after.
Some birds regular/y migrare over long distances. For example. swans fly severa/ thousand kilometres ...
Swans, for examp/e, f/y .. . Examp/es inc/ude swans, which fly ...
To take an example, swans fly .. .
eg (c.g.) is an abbreviation from Latn exempl gratia.
Sorne islands. eg Naxos. Milos, Santorinf ere have .iirports.
Such as introduces an example.
Many birds, such as swans, migrate over long disr.inces.
As far as (subject) (be) concerned is a way of introducing a specific example.
Some birds regular/y migrare over long disrances. As far as swans are concerned. rhis can involve crossing
wide expanses of water.
Namely introduces a more specific reference after a general 0111e.
Some groups of birds, namely swans, geese and ducks. tend to ffy in a V-shaped formation.

making clear
In other words is used to Introduce a polnt we want to make clearer by repeating lt In a dlfferent way,
I think you should go out more with friends. or perhaps take a pare-time job. In other words, make more of an
efforr to be sociable.
to put it another way
To put ft another way, 1think you should rry ro be more sociable.
That is to say and ie (or i.e.) are used to explain exactly what you mean: ie means that is and is an
abbreviation from Latin id est.
A number of others are usualfy referred to as 'ballroom dances'. ie / that is to say the waltz. foxtror, quickstep,
andsoon.

introducing one side of an opinion

in a way, in some ways, in some respects mean ' from one point o view' and inLroduce one side of an
opinion.
In a way, the film makes the bank-robbers seem real/y nice quysl
In some respects, fosing the job was a b/essing in disquise.

,....._
describing types
A kind of, a sort of can describe a type of something.
An okap11s a kind of sma/1 g,raffe
-
N
+ -'
X
QJ
+-'
Kind of and sort of are also used with adjectives or verbs informally to mean rather. ~
Th,s is kind of mteresting. Jt sort of worries me. e
N
e
ro
O)
l.-
o
1 Underline the best word or phrase.

a There are a number of advantages to consider. in a wa>' / First of ali, there is the lower cost.
b Apmt from s11nkcs / As far as snakcs are concernetl, Spain has five poisonous ones.
e Amphi hi ans, as we/1 as / suc/1as fmgs and toads, can live on land and in water.
d You could get it photocopied. A lternatively / lnstead, l could sean it into m y computer.
e Don'l be silly! \l\fha l you are saying is utterly / mere ridiculous!
f l'm sorry, but this is simply / sheer wrong!
g Thc Clncsc restaurant turncd ou t to be closcd, so we went for a pizza in othcr words / instead.
h F.ve ryone al'tend ed the m eeting, apart fnr / (mm Mrs Deacon, w ho was il l.
/11 a way / Sort of, lhe damage caused by lhe storm was a good thing, as it brought down a Jot
of weak lrees, which bene fi ls woodland in lhe long lerm.
A bat looks Uke a binl, but actually it's kincl uf n / n kind u( mammal.

2 Use a phrase from the list to complete the sentence.

l a kind of 2 as far as Ihe eco no m y is conctmed -~ to put it ,mother way 4 an ct so forth
5 in sorne res pects 6 apart &om 7 namcly 8 u tterly 9 in conclusion 10 the fi:rst- task

a 10 .... acing the new management will be to reassure staff that jobs will not be lost.
b ............ the second half of the book is notas g(>otl as tli e first half.
e The country is moving in the right direction .......... . .
d th e e ncl ing, tl1is is a rcally inte re~ting film .
e You will also need money for notebooks, pencils, pens
'f Educalion, il is said, is ...... continuing dialo_,'Ue.
g The activity on a site is the amount of bamlwi<lth used, ur , lhe a1110 unl of dala lhal
has beco transferred.
h Tn the last st>c:tion, we also suggcst othcr tapies that nccd to be rcscarched, and ..
emph asize the im portance of teamwork.
[ read lile book you lenl me, but l'm afraid to say I found it .................. incomprehensible .
For sorne companies, the IT assets, ... hartlwctre ami software, accounl for Lhe largesl
proportion of moncy spcnt.

3 Complete the text using one word in each gap.

Early experiments in town planning

As far as Britain is a ,C,Q'.l~.~0.'!.e.d.. .. . the first modern examples of town planning were t he 'garden cilies',
b as Lctchworth and Wctwyn Gardcn Ciiy. built in the erly 1900s. A 'grden city' was a
e .... .. . . o ideali1e<I rommunrty, planned around larze open spaces. public buildines, and
d ________ ... forlh. Letchworth, e example, had no pubhc house, f
a bar selling alcohol, and 1ncludecl lodhe first time the idea ot a 'green belt', that 1s to g .... ... . an
area of countryside surrounding the town. In sorne h ... ........ , Leld1wodh wc1s c1hec1<.I o ib. li111e, as
thc building plan also avoidcd thc cutting down of trees, and lhe town was 1 .. a 'garden', as
there were green spaces and trees everywhere.j . rrom lhc attractions of thc sitc . thcrc was
also innovatlve des1gn, as many of the houses were designed to he cheap, u~rl morlP.m building techniques
such k preabricat ion, and had fiont and back gardens, 1 ........ luxury for many
slurn dwellers from London.
4 Complet e t he sentence wit h one word in each gap.
a lt was s~e.e.r coi ncidence t hat the two women met ou tside the door.
b Th is is th e besl, aml ~asily lJetter tl1a11 all tl 1e resl.
e They said that th e exploslon ca1rnot be d lsmJssed as a accident.
d Wc h ave rcccivcd hundrcds of app lications fo r thc job.
e To .~uggest thilt r ha<I anyth ing to do with the murder, is ..... ......... - ridiculo us!
f The evening of music and dancing was on e of .... p leasure.
g l'm sorry, bu Las Ca r as I'1u cu11cemet.l tls h as l!ee11 a/ a:11 .... waste uf time.
h Mr MarweU has brought the compa ny to the brink of . . ... ruin.
l'm not cri ti cizi ng you, l'm sayi ng t hat you cou ld have <lo ne the joh diffPrently.
Jane was shocked to discover h ow m uch money had been stolen.

5 Choose the best option, A, B, o r e, fo r each gap.

The car and changc in the 20 th Ccntury.

1.'be car can be seen nol as a a .C. machine. but as au agtml uf social change. In the USA, b , duriiig
lhe twenlielh cenlury, cars e .. lransformed society. Pirsl or all. more cars meant morenobililJ. d
as roads became bert'er. people could travel furtber for jobs. Rt1Lber tban Living in tbe city centre or nenr
factories. people cou ld live in suhurhs e . and drive bel ween home An d work. f . there were new
laws obliging new shops ,rnd busiuesses to provide pa rki11g
space::s. wliich lutlie::1 e::nw ura!l,t:d c1 'car-uuly' sucie::ly. Th e::
g pace of change was staggering: in 20 years. US roads
increused in length from nroLmd 600.000 km lo 1.6 milHon
km. h . mass nrn<luc lion of cars trnnsfon ned h11 sin ess.
m aking ol and rubber into maj or industries. in creasing
de mand for steel. ami creaUng new serv ice imlus lries,
filling stations. motels and insurance. j . the
car represented tbe American ideal of 'personal freedom
- befare environmental damuge and un epidemic of obesicy
llega n to force J\ mcricAns to th in k AgAin.

a A 11tter B sheer e mere

b A for e,wmple B SI/Ch as e that is
e A literal/y B na111ely e mere/y
d AAparl (rom B Ami so forth C In other words
e A in cuncl11sio11 B instead C alternatively
f A Simply B Secundly e Literal/y
g A sheer
h A !11 a way
A example~ inc/11r/e
A In a wuy
B mere
B Thirdly
B etc
B Por example
e 11tter
e J11stead
e s11ch as
e fcept for
-
N
._...
~
(1)
+'
rn
EXTENSION ACTIVITV e
N
A Write a short text about the town or city you live in, using these phrases: e
(Q
there are a number... first of al/, ... secondly... apart from .. . such as .. . a kind of. .. to S(lm up ... rn
l..
o
B Choose ten examples from t he explanation pages and t ranslate t hem into your la nguage.
organizing text (3)
replacing words (substitution)
Pronouns often replace nouns or noun phrases, to avoid repeating the same words.
I put down my coffee, and gave He/en hers (her coffee). She (He/en) took one s1p of it (the coffee) and '>ill(f,
'This (this coffee) is awfu/. What did you put in it (this coffee)?'

one andones
We can use one in the place of a noun or when we want to avoid repeating a noun.
'/'ve got three bikes, but l like this one best. lt's the fastest one.'
'Yes, thar's a good one.'
The plural form is ones.
The most expensive ones are not atways the best.

mine, yours etc

We do not normally use possessive adjectives (my, your etc) with one / ones, but use only a pronoun
(mine, yours etc) instead.
This is mine. This one is mine.

some, any
We use some and any on their owrn to avoid repeating plurals or uncountables.
Where are the stampsl J neerl some (stf!mps). 1lave you got any (stamps)7

so
After verbs believe, expect, guess, hope, imagine, suppose, think etc, and after be afraid, we use so
instead of repeating a clause.
'Is Ji// coming tomorrow?' '/ hope so'. ( = 1 hope that she is coming)
'Wi/1 you be long?' '/ don't think so'. ( = 1don't think that 1' 11 be long.)

We can use notas the negat ive form .

1s Ji// coming tomorrow?' t hope not. ( = 1 hope that she isn't com ing)
After say, tell we can use so instead of repeating ali the words used.
'/ didn't real/y want to see that film. ' 'Why didn't you say so?'
( = Why didn't you say that you didn't want to see the fi lm?)
I don't think Anna did the righr thing, and I told her so.
( = 1 told Anna that I didn't think she had done the right thing.)
We can also use so in an inverted form with say, tell, understand to mean 'that is what'.
/a('k is a gen111s Ur so h,s teachers keep telhng him
( = Or that is what his teachers keep te lling him.)
After if, so can be used instead of rrepeating information as a conditional clause.
There may be heavy snow tomorrow. lf so, the school wi/1 be closed.
( = lf there is heavy snow ...)
With less, more, very much so can tie used to avoid repeat ing an adjective or adverb.
Everything is nmning smoothly, more so than usual in fad. (=more smoothly)
'Are you interested in this job?' ' Very much so.' ( = very much interested).

doso
We can use a form of do with so to avoid repeating a verb phrase.
They told Terry to get out of the car, and he did so. ( = he got out of the car)
Janet left her wallet in the shop, but didn 't remember doing so. ( = leavi ng it)

do
lnformally we often use do or do that to refer toan action.
'/ promised to colleet the ch,ldren from school, but I can't do it
'Don't worry, l'/1 do it'
 so do I etc
When we agree with another person's statement we can replace a verb with so (when the statement Is
positive) or neither I nor (when the statement is negative) followed by do ora modal auxiliary before
the subject.
'l like this film. 'So do l.'
'I don't like seafood. ' 'Neither / Nor do we.'
'/ can't hear a thiny!' 'Neither / Nor can l.'
We can use too and not ... either witho ut inversion to mean the sa me thing.
'I lke lhis film. ' '/ do too.
'/ don't like seafood. 'We don't either. '

leaving things o ut (ellipsis)

In clauses joined by and or but, w1c do nol hav1c to repeat t he subject in t he second clause.
Maria went into the room and (she) opened the cupboard.
I stood on a chair but (!) sti/1 couldn't reach the top.
In dauses joined by and, but, o,; we ca n leave out a repeat ed subject and auxiliary, or subject and verb.
/'ve read the arcic/e, and (/ /,ave) summarized the main points.
David likes rock mu~ic, (he like~) going lo parties, and (he likes) tennis.
Note that it is not possible to leave out subjeets, auxilia res or verbs after words like because, before etc.
When a second clause repeats a verb phrase, we can use the auxiliary pa rt only.
/'ve been to Russia, but Ttna hasn 't (been to Russia).
Jane says she's coming to the party, but Martn isn't (coming to the party).
When a phrase with be + adj ectlve is repeated, we can leave out the second adjectivc.
/'m interested in this, but Harry isn't (interested in this).

We can leave out a repeated verb phrase after to-lnfin it ive or not to infinitive.
Anna doesn't play tennis now, but she used to (play tennis).
He'// throw things out of the window. unless you tell him not to (rhrow things out of rhe window).
Jack felt like playing footba/1, but his friends didn 't want to (play footba!O.

Jack fett like p/aying footba/1, but his (rienas ln't wa11t t o.

In reported questions, we can leave out repeated words after question words.
lle said he would meet us soon, but he didn't say when (he woulcJ meet us). -x
...........
M

a,
+'
O)
e:
N
e
(U
O)
.....
o
 1 Underli ne the best option.
a I'm supposed to be writing a project, but / do too/ I haven't done--1.t..m.,.
b I don't really like thts area, and 11or my {rierrds do/ nethcr do my friends.
e Thc ncws is awful. Did you see it / them on TV?
d Everyone thought Helen had chosen the w:rong job but nobody told it her / told her so.
e The prime minister may call an election this year, and if so lle is / 11eiU1er is he certain to win.
f Taxi.ng pelro l is unpopular, and never to do so/ more so Lhan now when prices are hitting
record levels.
g 1 was told to report to office 101, but before it / doing so I went to the cafetera.
h Thc world is gctting hotter, or so do /so many people would have u.~ helieve.
They are all more or lcss the sarne quality, but this is t/1e most expensive one / this one it's the
most expe11sive.
1 ate my sandwich, but Ernma didn't eat her/ hers.

2 Re place the words underli ned with a suitab le word o r words.

a l like horror films, but l didn't enjoy that fm. .... O t\e. ...........,_..,..

b 'Did you enjoy Lhe play?' 'Yes, I enioyed it very much indeed.'
e Thc museum may be closed tomorrow. If m, we'll go on Tuesday.
d We sel! a Jot of jeans, and these are the most popular jeans.
e !'ve fioished my projcct but Maria hasn't finished her project.
f The officer told Paul to get out of the car, anct h e iot out of the car.
g I can't skateboard and Brian can't skateboard either.
h Valerie has l.,ee11 apminted finance director, or thal is what I understand.
'Are we startl.og early tomorrow?' 'I hope we aren't starn_ng early!'
'I rcally wanted to lcavc earlier'. 'Why didn't you say you wantect to?'

3 Choose t he best option, A, B or C, to complete t he sentence.

a David says he' ll be arriving 011 Mo11day, lml he doesu't kuow ...c .........
b I dJdn't belleve whatJane h ad satd, and J told
e Kate has completed her proJect, but
d I tricd to repair the wash ing-mac.h i11e
e Danny djdn't accept llelen's invitation, though
f Mary used to like horror films but
g Now you've finished your lunch, could you give the twins

a A whe11 he will. B very much w . e exuclly when.

b A her so. Bso. e that so.
e A neither havc J. B / haven't. e/ hope so.
d A b11t it couldn't do. B so 1 co11/dn't. e b11t couldn't do il'.
e A he wa11ted to. B he thought so. e nor did he.
f A 110, does she. B she doesn't now. e they don'L like her 110w.
g A theirs. B their. e it.

4 Underline the words that can be left out. Leaving out words may be impossible in sorne sentences.

a J don't have a bike now bul I used to have one.

b Tony wlll be golng to the shops and he'll get you sorne stamps.
e 1-Iarry likes Ustening to music and he likes playlng computer games.
d I'm worried about the exam, but my friends aren' t worried about it.
e Mary used to make her own clothes, but she doesn't make h er own clothes any more.
f Kate says she's not inlerested, bul Rila mjghl wa n l lo.
g l've been to BraziJ, but Theresa hasn't been tllere.
h Jack said he would hring somcone to the party, but he didn' t say who he would bring to the party.
Jim wanted to go swimming, but none of his friends felt like it.
!'ve done the shopping and l've deaned the house.

5 Rewrite t he sentence or one of the sentences so that it contains the word in cap ita Is.
a 'Oo you think you'll be late tonight?' ' I don't suppose I will'. SO
1 1 1
'QQ.. ~94! .::H1(1'.\K. fJQ<-' 11.. R? J~fg,_to~iqhf{ .. '.t. ..do'l'.t $1,1P.QQ$e.: .0 ,___ .......... ............ -- .. .

b Bond slarted to disconnecl Lhe red wi.re, bulas he started rusconnecting it, something
told him he had made a rnistake. SO

e Tf yo11 wllnted to stay at home, why didn't you say you wantcd to stay at home? SO

d Sue Lried lo reach the top shelf but it was impossible. DO

e l can't stand folk muslc, and David can't stand folk music. CAN

f Lau.ra left her bike outside the cinema, but she didn't remember leaving it there. so
g The rubl.iery was rn11u11.itted by twu people, ur that is what we believe. so

-
.._...
M

~
(l)
+-'
O)
e
N
e
m
O)
'-
o
 The fol lowing exerc ises practise grammar from Units 40, 41 and 42.

6 Rewrite t he sentence or one of the sentences so t hat lt conta lns the word in ca pita Is.
a Thcrc is no problcm with moncy. AS rAn

b From one point of view, I thlnk you'ce ab5olutely correct. TN

e Jim wasn't there, but everyone else was APARTFROM

d Those are you r cards an d these are my cards. YOUR.S

e Lastly, 1 would Like to thank the organizers of this wnforence. TN

f This country has hlgher youth unemployment than other European co untries. COMPARISON

_____
g Tom has been ill and so has been absent from college. JJU~
....,.... ............................... .. ............ ....... ....... ..... ...... ................... ..................................,_.. , ........................
h Ton y tllinb it was a terril;le film, aml l think it wai; a tt!rriblt! fi lm too. DO

Although Uni ted played badly, they won the match. LEAST
- - - - ------- - - - - ------- - - - -..---- ----
Th e tennis tournament has been postponed because of bad weather. OWING

k 'Will you be here next year?' 'I doubt it.' so

Th e scheme has been fairly successful. f.XTF.NT
.................................................................................... ... ---
rn Thl:! earthquake hai; caust!<l the dosure uf U1a11y roads i.n Lhe area. RESULT
- - -- ..----- - -------
n Th e two ;irtists ;ippear to he rl ifferent but share similaritics. RESPECTS

o Poor eyesighl Corced h er to give up driving. ACCOUNT

p I didn't take the bus, l went on foo t. INSTEAD OF

q To begin with, write down a list ot your ideas. ALL

r Many animali;, eg bt!ars, sleep for mud1 of lt! winter. AS

............................ ................. ... ............---.. ..--.. ___ ..........................................- - .
s No artcfact wlcb is alicn, ic not from our planet, has cvcr bcen discovcrcd. S/\Y
7 Choose t he best option, A, B or C, t o comp lete t he sent e nce.
a Sorry, l haven't got any change. .. JL., 1 don't really think you shouJd be eating more ice cream.
b The vrkes uf sorne holidays have fallen on average ... . lasl year.
e The high wlnds u prooted many trees, ....... damagl ng buildlags.
d , the second fi lm in th e Spacc Wars series is more exciting than the first, but overall it is
less entc.rtai ni ng.
e ....... the water shortage, Southern Water has introduced a bao on garden hosepipes.
f Look over your no Les and think abou l likely queslions. Bul ............. , make sure you have a
realistic revision timetab le, and stick to it.
g I cnjoyed Johnny's Jast film, but l'm n ot so keen oa ............. .
h Acc.i<lent investigators were u nahle to recover the airc:ra ft's black hox data recordcr. the
exact cause of the crash remairu unknown.
Sails use lhe power of the wind to produce forward moon . ...._ .. , wlndmills use i Llo
produce a cirrnlar movemen t.
Peter says he can come back tomo rrow, but his brother
k Toe Millennium Bridge was open ed on lO June 2000. ....... technjcal problems, i t was forced
to close for repairs, a nd did not open again until Febm ary 2002.
There has been lrouble al previous malches belween lhe lwo sides; -- lhe ueed for ex.lra
policiug tls time.
m Nothing should go wrong, b ut lf .............. , glve me a rlng on th is n umber.

a A Thus B Nevertheless e Besides

b A in comparison to B as a rcsult of e owing to
e compared to
A B in 11dditio11 e as well as
d A Above al/ B None the less C In some respects
e A Despile B Owing lo C cumpurecl tu
f A to a certain extent B above al/ e in some ways
g A this onc Bit e more so
h A011 the contrary B Tlws e At least
A As r,
result B llence e ln lhe same w,1y
j A cun't B cloesn'l su,, e wuri 'l do
k A As a resu/t of B Despite CAs well as
A hence Basa result e owing to
m Aso B tflcy sflould do e it docs

EXTENSION ACTIVITY
A a Write sorne questions w hich could be followed by these answers.
I hope sol l don't exp ect so.
lt's not mine. l think l'd rather have that one.
b Write sorne statements w hich could be followed by t hese responses.
So do we. Neither can l.
So do you! Neither does mine.

B Choose ten examples from t he explanation pages and t ranslate them into your language.
inversion and fronting
inversion
This involves using question word order after an adverbial with a negative or restrictive meaning
comes at t he beginning of the sentence. These structures are normally only used in formal speech and
writing. Note that ali of these adverbials can be used w ithout inversion if they come in the normal
position.
never
I have never seen a more obvious case of cheating! (normal position)
Never have I seen a more obvioLJS case of cheating!

rarely
Rarely does such a rare painting come on thP markPt.

se/dom
Seldom has a scientific discovery had such an ,mpact

No sooner .. . than
No sooner had I shut the door than / reah1ed I had left my keys ms,de

1-lardly ... when

Hardly had the play started when there was a disturbance m the aud1ence.

Scarcely ... when (than)

Scarcety had they ente red the castte when thPrP W/!5 a h,1gP Pxplos,on

Only after, only when, only later, only then, only

Only Jane managed to fm,sh the proed on trmP (no inversion)
Onty in a city as large as this can you fmd so many fnre1gn rPsti'111rants
Only after we had left the ship did we reah1e that thP raptain had remamPd.

On no condition, under no circumstances, on no account, at no time, in no way

Under no circumstances is this door to be left unlocked

Not until
Not unt1/ he stopped to rest did Jack rea/ize that he had been wounded
Not unt,t the bu,/ding had been made safe could anyone go back ,ns,de

Not only ... but a/so

Not on/y did he lose al/ the money, but he a/so found h,mself in debt.

litlle
Little dd anyone suspect what was about to happen

No s0011er had I shut tJ1e door tha11 J realized I had le(l my keys i11s/de.
fronting
This involves putting f irst a clause not norrnally at the beginning o lhe sentence. lt may also involve
putting the verb in an inverted position.
Relatlve clauses can be placed first when they normally follow negative verbs of understanding,
knowing. etc. This is normally a spoken form .
I have no idea who he is. Who he is. I have no idea.
/ real/y don't know whac you mean. What you mean, I real/y don 't know.
Here, there, back, out, up, down. on. off etc can begin a sentence ora clause, fol lowed by a verb.
This Is usually come or go. The sentence is often an exclamation.
A messenger came back with che answer. Back came a messenger with che answer.
Here comes the rain! Out wenr che lights!
Down went che ship to the borrom of the sea.
As we were walking home, down came the rain. and we had to run for it.
In the same way, an adverbial phrase can begin a sentence ora clause, fol lowed by a verb. This kind
of sentence is common in literary writing.
A group of armcd mcn came afong che streec.
Along the street came a group of armed men.
While we were waitfng to see what would happen nexr, along the street came a group of armed men.
waving their guns in the alr and shouting.
Up the hi/1 went the bus. creaking and groaning.
Through the wlndow Jumped a masked man.

conditional sentences
as, though with may, might
Ir may sound unlikely, but it's true.
Unlikely as it may sound, it's true.
The car may be cheap, bvt H's in terrible condition.
Cheap though the car may be, it's in te11ible condition.
try as (someone) might
This construction is used to mean that although someone tried hard, they couldn'l succeed in whal
they were trying to do.
She tried hard, bul couldn'l move the Wdrdrobe.
Try as she might, she wuldn't move lhe Wdrdwbe.
Try as he might, he couldn't pass his driving test.
were, had, should cond itional sentences
These are highly formal, and omit if, putting t he auxiliary at the beginning of t he sentence.
lf the government were to resign, the situation might be resolved.
Were the government to resign, the situation might be resolved.
lf proper measures had been taken, this situation would not have occurred.
Had proper measures been taken, this situation would not have occurred.
lf an outbreak of flu should take place, speca/ measures wi/1 be introduced..
Should an outbreak of flu take place, special measures wi/1 be introduced.
O)
e:
......
e:

-o
.....
"O
e:
fil
e
o
.....
Vl

~
e
 1 UnderUne thc best word or phrase.
a Nnt nnly / B.ard),'. do you see top-cate cameras which are also easy to use.
b S/1011/d / Were the strike go ahead, it could severely damage th e company.
e Never l have seen / Never fuwe 1 seen such a tlrnrnatil.: eml to a foofall match.
d Whal he is tulking about / What is he talking abo11t, 1 have no Idea.
e On1y the two mcmbcrs of thc Frcnch tcam managed / clid they manage to fins h the race.
f As it may seem strange / Strange as il' may seem, he is actually one ot the richest men in the world!
g llardly had th e train puJled out of the slaUon when / tlmn Lhere was a lo ud screechi ng sound.
h Suddenly, mn into lhe room/ inl.u U,e room mn a huge uog.
Hacl we lmown / liad we to have known 1n actvance, we could have done something about it.
Not until the wreckagc h ad becn cxamined could / was tcrrorism he rul ed out.
k Hardly / Uttle did r know tha t it would be another three years before l saw her aga in.
Sho11/d / Were the alarm to ring, leave the building immediately.

2 Choose t he best option, A, B or C, to complete the sentence.

a .. 9......... how serlous the sltuatlon was.
b Just as the playcrs took th!'ir places on thf' court,
e ........._. my bag l really can't remember.
d ....... , everyone would probably have escaped from lhe buLlding.
e At no time ..........._. on the plane n any tlanger.
f .........._second thoughts, don't hesita te to phone me.
g Strangc , Tactually enjoy wmking 11ndergro11nd.
h Jane .. . ... the tra in but also lost her luggage.
.............. , we mighL consider making another ofer.
j Without warning, onto t he stage ........... branuishing a Imite.
k Suddenly tbe sky went dark, and ... - the rain.
is this p iece of equipment to hf' removed fmm the building.

a A l.itt/e any(ll1e did reali7.e B T.ittle realized anynne e Uttle did anynne realiu
b A did the rain pour down B down poured the rain. C did pour down the min
e A Where l've left B Whe,e fmve I lefl e Where left 1
d A Had it not been locked the fire door B Had nul been locked the fire door C Hud lhe fire duur nut beert luiketl
e A ware tha passangcrs B tha passengcrs wcre e were thay the passengers
f A Shonld have you B Should you have e Shnuld ynu had
g A as does it sound B sowrd though it is e as it may so1111d
h A not only tlitl she miss B not on/ymissecl e not only did miss
A Were it the situation to c/wnge B Were a change in the situation C l1\!ere the situation. Lo change
A did jurnp a man B jumpcd a man e did a rnan jump
k A thcrc down camc B carne down e down carne
A 011 110 ac.cormt BHardly CRarely

3 Write a new sentence with the same mea ning, containing the word in capitals.
a If wc took no action, the situation would ooly become worse. WERE
~e,.re,.,,).e,. fq .:h:~~e, I\.Q a .,;,,f{.q11,, fhe, _Sf-1-MfQtt fdP.l!.k Qttlfd l;ze,q:,ru.e._ lcl)Q.CSe,. _ ......
b A member of the government rarely admlts to rnaklng a serlous mjstake. DOF.S

e You are not to leave this room unde r any drcumstances. NO

d The pollee onJy laler revealed tJie true iue11tity of the tJef. DID

e Although J\.ndrew tried hard, he couldn't pass llis driving test. MIGHT

f If you'd consulted me at the outset, l could have given you tJ1e right advice. ll AD

g lf you offered me a higher salary, I would take the job. WERE

h Tf the weather worsens, the match will probably be cancelled. SJJOULIJ

TL was only after checking the accounls Lhal lhey reaHz.ed money was missi.ng. DID

Toe brcach of sccurity has not affcctcd thc cxamination results in any way. NO

4 Complete the text us ing o ne word in each gap.

Last year, we visited Brazil and saw the carnival in Rio. Sttange
as il maya SU..11/- , we just hadn'l thoughl of visiting Brazil
before, and we couldn't believe how fantastic it was. Rio is a qreat
city, and it's sometimes hard to believe it's rea l! We really enioyed
the carnival. We had booked sorne events before we arrived, and
b did we rea lize how lucky we were to have tickets for
the ~amba show. No e ... had we taken our seats, than
the show began. d ,. the stage carne groups o dancers,
une after the other, for hours! That was exhaustinq but there was
more to come. Note . we stood and watched the carnlval
parade did wc 1ealize how many peoplc were taking part! Along
C')
the street f ... dancers and musicians1 and everyone e
.:;
clapped and cheered. g , anyone to ld me I would end e
up dancing in t he street ali nig ht, I wouldn't have believed them!
There were such amazing costumes and floats. h ... .... In a
city as divcrsc as th is, could you scc so many unusual sights. Never
.. J have imagined what an amazing sight it would be.
-o
,_
"'O
e
cu
e
Only j we finally got home and looked atal! our photos o
k we realize how incredible our holiday in Brazil had
,_
V,

QJ
been. l anyone should want to go any where else for a >
e
holiday, t rcally don't know!
5 Complete thc sentencc so that it means the same as the first sentencc.
a Two armed policeman ran into the room.
lnto .f-he...r.ao.l\!.. ratt. .f-MJ an1.v-d..p.ol.1,I\Al"A\ .....
b You can only really enjoy the view on a clear day Like today.
Only ................ - ...- - ..- ..... _ ..- ............................._ .._ .. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
e lf the ship coUided With an iceberg, tb.e passengers would be in no danger.
Shoulcl
d The case may be unusual, but such cases are not completely un.heard of.
Un usual ...................................................- .............. .......... - - - - - - --.......... -....................- ............- ..--.................. .
e Sutltltmly it ~tartetl raining.
Suddenly down _ __ - - - - - - - -.....------..- - - -
f A gcwernment has rarely acted with such blatant clishonesty.
Rarely .... ...........- - - - - - -...- ............--...........-----..........- .
g Tf you asked me agai11, I would give you U1e same answer as before.
Were .....- .............- ............- ....- ..........._............................ ....... ................................ _ __
h l have no idea what the matter is.
What
lf we had realized that the hurricane would hit tbe city, we would have evacuated the
residents Ln advance.
Had ......_. .... -.......-...----...................................................................... .
Nobody had any suspicion that thc police inspector was the murderer.
Uttle ._..
k The theft was only discovered when the accounts were checked.
01ily .,,....... ' ... . .....,,. - .............,_,.,.................................................................,,,_,.,,.-...................,........ .
Paula had no sooner shut the door than sbe realized she had Jeft her key insitle.
No soonc r

6 Put one suitable word in each space.

a Rardy 9.Q..._ .......... we flnd stude1lls who are willing lo lh.i.nk for themselves.
b ........... in the polar reg!ons does tbe temperature fall to sud1 a luw leve!.
e Little . anyone suppose that Mrs Robertson was an enemy agent.
d Scarcely everyone left the building whcn th erc was a hu.g e explosion.
e Seldom ............ ............ _.... so many people voted tor such an unlikely candidate.
f Nut unlil doctors examined Brian later ................................ anyone realize thal he had bcen shot.
g No sooner had we reached the bottom of the mountaia _ _ _ it startetl snuwiug
hcavily.
h .. ................_ .. no circumstances are bags to be taken into the lihrary.
Only ............................... the airline official checked again d.i d she realize l had been given the
wru11g ticket.
Not only did Harrison break into the house, ...................._...... he also attacked one of the
occupants.
k Never .................................. there been a better time to buy a new car.
Not only .... she finish the test before the otbers in the class, but she also got the
IJest mark.
7 Choose lhe besl oplion, A, B ore, for each gap.

Odysseus and the Sirens

Before the ship carne to the island of the Sirens, Odysseus ordered his men to plug t heir ears
with wax and tie him to the mast. 'Under no circumstances a J:L. cut me free, whatever
happens: he told lhem. b' we are clear of the island musl I be set free: e he did
this was very simple. The Sirens lured sailors to their deaths by their beautiful singing.
d all the sailors to hear their songs, they would lose their will to continue on their
journey. Odysseus wanted to hear the beautiful singing, but he wanted to survive. Soon e ... .
appeared the island of the Sirens. The women were sitting 011 a bank of flowers, holding out
their arms to the ship, and singing. No sooner f . - them, t han Odysseus became mad with
longing. g .. not been tied to the mast, he would have leapt into the water and swum to
the shore. h ........... he might, he couldn't persuade his men to untie him. Past t he island
i ............. , the crew pulling at the oars. j ............. the singing of the Sirens had died away, and the
island had passed out of sight, did Odysseus regain his proper senses. His men untied him,
and they continued on their voyage.

a Ayou will B are yo11 to e do you

b A Onlyafier B Notonly e Never
e A Little B Tly as CW'hy
d A Were B If e Slwuld
e A thun he had expected B had it e out of the mist
f A he heard B hud he hecml e wus he heariTlg tJu,m O)
9 A Was he B Ditl he e HucJ he e:
h A T1yc.1s Blf e Only u/ier +'
e:

-
A dld they went B w1ml lhe ship e gu Odysseus cmd his me11 o
A Not 1111til Bln no wuy C Nu souner thuTI '-

"O
e:
m
EXTENSION ACTIVITY e:
o
A Write sorne examples beginning: V\
'-
a,
Were my country ... Should global warming .. . Had I known ... >
e:
B Choose ten examples from the explanation pages and translate them into your language.
emphasis
t-clauses
These are clauses introduccd by it is I was, putting the clause at the front of the sentence for emphasis.
Key words usually reccivc more stress when spoken. Stressed words are in bold in the examples.
Sentences of this kind are also called cfeft sentences.

noun phrase (including -ing) + that-clause

lt's keeplng your ba/Jnce that mattcrs mosr.
( = What matters most is keeping your balance.)
lt was the /eft back who final/y scored.
( = The left back was the one who fina lly scored.)
lt was the last straw that broke the camel's back.
adverbial and prcpositional phrases + that-clause
lt was after Jane got to the office that she realized she had forgotten her keys.
( = After Jane got to the office, she rea lized she had forgotten her keys.)
lt was in the midd/e of the night that the fire was discovered.
( = The fire was discovered in the middle of the nig ht.)

when, how, what, because + that-clause

This kind of sentence is more common in everyday speech.
lt was when I saw the po/ice that I panicked.
( = When I saw the poiice was whe n I panicked.)
lt was because / had no money that / had lo go home.
lt's how he can put up with it that / o11'l u11de1~1a11.
l t was what she said next that ~urri~ed everyu11e.

what-clauses
These clauses also put more emphasis on what follows, and form another kind of cleft sentence. This
kind of sentence is more common in everyday speech.
what + verb phrase +is(+ the fact that the way, why, what, who etc)
What bothers me is the way the nelll/S was announced.
( = The way the news was announced bothers me.)
What upsets me is the fact that you /ied.
( = The fact t hat you lied upset:s me.)
What we don't really know at the moment is w hy the accident happened.
instruction + imperative
We often use a what-clause when we give an instruction with verbs such as want, need, etc
What I want you to do is go home and rest.
What you need to do is fil/ in this form.
explanation + that-clause
We often use a what-clause when we explain a situation
What we have to remember is that he's only been working here for a week

what + verb + object

Sorne what-clauses can be put at the beginning or the end of the sentence.
What interests me ts h1s early pamtmgs.
His early pamtings are what interests me

emphasizing negat ives

These phrases are used to emphasize adjectives with not: not at ali, not in the least I t he slightest,
not the least I sli ghtest bit.
No, dnn't worry. l'm not at ali cold.
Sorry, burrm not the slightest bit interested.
Terry wasn't atal/ worried.
 No + noun and none can be emphasized by: no ... whatsoeve,; none atal/, none whatsoever.
There are none ata// in this box, as far as I can see.
There is no money whatsoever available for school trips at the moment.

own
We use own to emphasis possessive adjectives.
'>he used her own money to buy the stamps

Common phrases include (your) own fault, in (your) own words.

The accident was his own fault.
Tell us the story in your own words.
Note also: on (you,) own (without anyone else) Tm Jives on IJis own.
of (your) own (not belonging to anyone else) / have a room of my own.

auxiliary do
We can use do to emphasize a statement.
f do like yo11r new car1Jrs real/y cooll

We also use do in polite forms.

Do come in! f do hope you enjoyed our little talk.

ali
We can put ali (meaning the only thing) at the beginning of a clause for emphasis.
Al/ he does is watch te/evision. Ali Jneed is another 500.

very .. . indeed
We can use very + adjective + ndeed to add emphasis in speech.
Thank you very much lndeed.

Often this is in response to what anothcr person s.iys.

Was thc chickcn good? Yes, it was very good ndeed!

Wc can use very to mean the exact in speech.

That's the very book /'ve been looking for! ( = the exact one)
She's probably waitng outside at this very moment! ( = this one exactly)
Very can also mean at the extreme end of somethlng.
Turn right at the very top of the stairs.
This is the very last time I ask, I promise.

w hatever, who e ver, wherever etc

Question words ending ever make the question more ernphatic, and often suggest disbelief.
Whatever was that terrible noisel (1 really don't know)
Wherever dd you find that fantastic drf!S).?

repetition
A verb can be repeated for emphasis. Commonly used verbs are: wait, try.
f waited and waited, but she never tumed up.
He/en tried and tred, but she couldn 't reach the shelt.

Sorne adverbials also use repetition for emphasis.

They asked him the same question again and again. .!!?
V'I
We are spending more and more each year. C1J
The ship was getting further and further away
.e
c.
(See also Unit 27, intensifiers.) E
a.,
 1 Underl ine the best phrase.

a Fiona is not the~htest bit/ none at ali lnterested in football.

b l'm sorry, but this is nonc at ali/ nothing whatsocvcr to do with youl
e r da hope you / hope you do haven't heen waiting too long.
d The plane tickets arrived by messenger at the very last moment / the /ast mo,nent indeed.
e Whal we wanl lo know is who clid it semi / who sent lhe anonymous leller.
f That's the very thing / the thi11g whatsoever I was going to say!
g Wbat you need to do/ that you do is phone your lnsurance company.
h Whcrc indccd / Whcrcvcr have you been ali afternoon? We've all been very worried!
lt wa~Jim the nne whn / w/10 fi nally frlund the answer.
Marcia was not what~oever / at ali worried by her high credit-card bill.

2 Choose t he best option, A, B or C, to complete t he sent ence.

a .. f.L did you gct thal silly hat?
b Kate ............. upset by what Frank said to her.
e ...... the lights wen t on th at we saw the jeweb were llliss Lng.
d I've nearly flnished. --- is another half an hour, and that' II be lt.
e Wl1at you have to hear in mind your la~t chance.
f 'IJo you have any regrets?' '. - .'
g What annoys me nobody told me about the change.
h We waitl:!U an<l waited, the letter 11ever arrived.
The completion date for the new stadium is getting ...........- away.
Whatl <lo is waste time worrying.

a A Whcrevcr B Whatsoever e lt was when

b A wa.~nnne at ali B was nonc whatsoever e wasn't atal/
e A What happe11ed was B 1l was e Ttwas wlwn
d A lt's wl,at I need B Ali 1 neerl C More and more
e A thatis this is B is this Llmt is e is tha t this is
f A No whatsoevcr B None wl-iatsoever C Not at ali whatsoever
g A that B i~ Lhe fact that e it is that
h Awhen B whenever e hut
A further a11d f1.1rther B more cmd more C again and agai11
A want is B don 'l wcml yuu Lo C wcmlyou is

3 Write a new sentence with the same meaning, containing the word in capitals.
a Tht! m iicc asked Daviu tlle sarue question repea ledly. AND
Jh.e,.. p,q/i,ce.,..~$.ke-d. 1:>P.-.vid .:t:e-.. .s~~ .~tie-.s:riQI\.. 4J~t.t?..l\d...~qt.>,,:I\ ,..... ........... ..... ....... --. -- . .
b There was ahsolutely no chance of saving thc damaged ship. ALL

e The house I was looking for was righL at the end of the street. VEl{Y

d The only th ing I want to uo is sleep. ALL

e r want to have a hike just for myself. OWN

f I became a1anrna:tl when I saw smoke coming from under the door. IT
---.................................. .......... ....................... ........................... ............. ... .......... .............._.. ..... .. ........... - ...
g Thanks a mi Ilion for your help. fNDEED

h l can't imagine whal you mean! WHATEVER

---...........-...................... ........ ...................................... ................................ ....... .... ...... .... ........................ - .... .... .............-... .......
Everyone was taken by surprlse by what Robert dld next. IT

You have no-one to blame bul yourself. OWN

.................- ............... ____
5 Complete the text using one word in each gap.

Admitting we are wrong

Most people have trouble ad rn itting their a ow11. fau lts) though they are more than happy
to point out everyone else's. This can be useful. After ali, it's usually when sorneone else tells
us that we have done sornething wrong b .................... we learn sornething about ourselves. What
we have to do e .. . take a deep breath, and face up to what we have done. Rernernber,
whcn it comes to understanding ourselves, we're not on our d _ _ _ . Everyone we know
lends a helping hand! Of course, doing the wrong thing is easy, but it's e we do about
our mistakes that counts. Naturally we are ali good at refusing to believe that we have done
anything wrong f ............. .... all. As we try to justify ou r actions, our explanations get more and
g ..................... co rn plicated. We try to convince the listener Lhat we are telling Lhe Lruth, bul
it's no use. There is no chance h ......- ............ all that they will believe us. And the truth is that
is ourselves we have deceived, not them. That's the j point J'm trying to
rnake. k you do, don't get in t he habit of deceiving yourself. 1 is difficult is
honestly adrnitting that we are wrong - especially to ourselves.

EXTENSION ACTIVITY
A Write sorne true examples beginning or ending:
-~
V'I
<O
I was when I started at this school ... What interests me most is ...
..e
Q.
... no time whatsoever ... ... ve,y good indeed E
QJ
Need more practice? Go to the Review on page 208.
Review
How to use this section
a As extra practice, if you have finished the rest of the unit and the Extension Activities.
b To test yourself. Do the exercises, check your answers, then decide if you need to have a look al
the p resen ta tiou vage a gai11.
e lf you need extra practlce, read the presentation page(s) again, then try to do the extra exercises.

Unit 3 Unit8
Complete the t ext w ith the correct form of t he verb Complete the sentence so that it rnea ns the same as t he
in brackets. Use past simple, past continuous, o r past first sentence.
perfect simple.
a Pcoplc bclicvcd t hat th c car had hccn stolcn.
The car .1c11as. b.eAie.vl o hav.e-.b.e,e,n s::tole-.t\..
Something wholesale b People though t th e plane had crashed ln th e
mountains.
by Eric Newby The plane

My fath er's off1ee was on the fourth floor. Now he

e People knew that the prime mlnister had rejected the
a (s,t) ... . . ........ ... . .. behincl the large sh1ny desk
plan.
which he b (occupy) ..... ... ... .. ..., ... .., since lhe
The prime minister . _ _ __ .... __...- ......-..........._ __
departure of Mr Lane. As usual, on the top of his desk there
e (stand) a large jug of barley
d People rep orled thal lhe owner of lhe bank had fled
water. My father was now seventy-five years old. A serious
to South Arnerlca.
operation d {reduce) . ............................ .. hi m to a
Th c owncr of thc banl<
)hodow uf hb forn1er )elf. He e (undergo)
........ .._ . it in an East End hospital while the
e People though t the police had found fingerprints at
bombs f (rain) down. His former rhe scene of the crime.
pugnacity g (largely evaporate) ,
T he potice
Previously he h (be) ..
a man uf impre~~ive phy~ique; he wa~ 110w exlremdy
f Pcoplc bclicvcd tbat thc h urricanc killcd ovcr a
thi11 aml fragile, like a piece o old la.te. But lte wa) )lill thousan d pcoplc.
exceptionally handsome, ancl in a suit of Lhickflannel, with Toe hurricane .
i1 ro~r in hi~ h11ttonholr. r1nrt a frr~h complrxion, hr
i (look) . .. ... ... .. .. . .,...... like a small boy whose g Pcoplc kn cw th at thc suspcct visitcd t hc murdcrcd
prepa ratory schoo I j (&ive) . ....... .. .. . .. him man on the a.fternoon of his death.
leave to attend the wedding o an elder brother. The suspect ...... . . ..... ... ...._ __ ..._......-........ _ _ __

h People reported that the newspaper paid the singer $2

million in damages.
The newspaper ...... ...........
 Unit 9 9 l accept the job / 1 be able to work from home sorne
of the time? WERE
Underline the best verb form, or choose both if th is is
possible.
a lt took a long time, but I had / g{)J; my car started in
the end. h be a serious oulbreak of bird flu in Europe / whal Lhe
b Sorry, l've got to rush . 1 have to lrnve J getthe eveni.ng EU <lo? SUPPOSING
meal prepared.
e Anna is huving / is gelling her Leelh seen lo.
d We'll have to work ha.rder if we're going to have Jgel
the job done in time. unless we do something now, the situation get worse
e I'vc just liad J got my car broken into. IF
f !'ve heen t rying rea lly hard, bul I haven 't had / gol my
project writtcn yet.
g Paul had his hair / got his l111ir cut yesterday, and he
looks awfull 2 Complete the text with one word in each gap.
h We're going to have / get an elec.:trician to check the
wlring.
Have you had / gnt ynur new !Porl to wmk yet?
Are you having / getting your house painted, o r are you
doing it yourself?

Unit 11
1 Use the prompts t o make a sentence. lnclude the
words in capitals.

a you have a camera wilh you at the scene of the

au.:ideut / take su1m:' s ho ts of ali the ve hicles
Why a re sorne people so difficull dl.iuut 111u11ey? 'Le11d
involved. HAPPEN
t+
tj0t.1 h.appe.l'\ 10 h.~ve. tJ. carv.e.r~ wi..f-h. lj0U a..f-
me 100, a or I won't be able to go out on
Saturday; you say on Friday morning. 'Ah,
.f-h.e. sc.e.Ke. o+ +h.e. ticc.ide.K+, qou ctil'\ ..f-tike. So11Ae,
b only you e asked me
sh.o:.1:$. _o.f .all ..f-he...v.~hic,le,s_iK)'QfY.e-d..... _ --
yesterday. I really haven't got enough myself this week.
b check the weather reports before you leave / you
might takc the wrong clothcs wlth you. OTHERWlSE And d . ifl did have sorne, I don't think
you'<l pay it l.iack: You try another line of attack. 'Ifit
hadn't e for that mcal I bought you, I
f need to borrow any money. And T'll have
e thc incomc from advc rtising / ncwspapcrs not carn
enou gh money WER.E sorne money by next weekend. What if 1 g
to promise to pay jt back next Saturday?' There is a
111urnent's silence. 'Well, I might lend you 50,
h you pay it back on MondaY:
d in vestms lmy sh ares / they have confidence in the
ma rket UNLESS

U;nit 12
Rewrite the sentence so t hat it contains the word in
e we guaran tee to get you talking / you can't speak a
capitals and has same meaning.
word of English EVEN IF
a I advise you nol Lo make any h as ly decisions. W ERE
1
.L~pt1ld11. -l- ~te. a11.11 h.aS..f-(;j. Je..c.isio11..$,
f permanent residents can vote / they are aged 18 or i+) ."4e.re. 1104. ... ..... ----- .... - - -
over PROVIDED b He prctcnds to be in chargc of the officc. REH AVF.<;
e Please don't bring the dog wilh you. SOONER Unit 16

d J rcgrct sclling my old car. WJSH

e Do have a good lime al lhe partyl HOPE

f Picase don't call me again. RATHF.R

- - - -- .........,.,.. , ..........................................., ..
Rewrite the sentences about medicine in the past. using
g It's a pity you're leaving in the morning. WISH would or wouldn't.

a In lhe past, surgeons operaled on palients wilhou t

a11y ki11tl uf anaesthetk.
h l don't think you should drink any more. WE.RE

..............- .......... ...................- .... ___ b They tried to work as quickly as possible to minimize
l'd like to flncl the answer to thls problem. WISH
the patient's suffering.
-..--- - - - ---- .....
-------- - - - - - ..-

e Such operations often took lace in lile patilmt's ow11

Unit 14 home.
Unde rline the best verb form to complete the sentence.

a There's someone outsitle, 1.mt it rnn'I be / m11st11 'L be

d In sorne countries, religious authorlties refused to
Tony. He's In New York. allow surgcons to study anatomy us1.g dcad bodics.
b He!lo, you cou/d be/ must be f-lelcn . l'rn Pctcr's
brother, George.
e l'm no l qui le sure where A1111a is. She might have xone e Surgeons often lea rne.<111ho11t anatomy by trcating
/ must hm1e gone to the shops, l suppose. Or perhaps soJdiers in battle.
she's upstairs.
d J don't lmow what's happened to Sue. She should have
got here / mmt have gnt here hy now. f noctors were also expecte<I to follow the explanations
e My wallet isn't in my pocket. J should have Je~ / 11111st ot ancient wri ters.
have le(l it in my oLher jacket.
f Professor James never has any Idea about time, so
she's bnund to be / she must be late. g When new medica! discoveries were made in the
g It's stran ge tha t Rrlan rlicl n't even stop ano say hello. Renaissance, lradilional doclors refused to believe
He ccm't have recof(nized / shouldn't have recogn ized us. that the ok.l metbo<.ls were wro11g.
h Little Davitl is11't usually mucl1 of a problem, bul he
could get / can get difficult when he's tired.
All flights are cancclled until Monday, so wc mayas h Sorne andent ldeas sucb as that of removing
blood from paticnts (blccding) - survived in medica!
wl!JI go / can hardly go back to the hotel until then.
prachce 1mtil the late ninetccnth century.
You might havl! told / can't have told me there was a
lesl loday. I haven'L done any revision at all.
Unit 18 e 'l'm still worried about burglars whlle we are away.
Rewrite what each person said as direct speech, and ---- ?' 'Yes, stop worrying!'
A nid11't you lock ali the doors and windows?
include the word in capitals.
B You didn't /ock ali the doors m1d windows, did yo1'
a Carol invited me to stay to lunch. WOULO e You did lock ni/ tite doors ami winclows, clitln'L you?
'.!,,llpt4. 1104. l,i!(_g, Jo s-f-~t.! -f-9 !Mci1?..'........ 'J've gol some survrisiug 11ews! l'rn getting married
b Peter remimled me to take my keys with me. FORGET next week!' ' _ ........... '
A You aren'L, are yo11? B Arcn't yo11?
e You are, aren't ynu?
e .S11e sugges tcd wP a li mel out~ide th e cinema. DONT
g ?' 'Yes, that\ right, it was.'
A LJid11 1t /ack Nicolson win the Osear for best actor
d Martln denled having anything to do with the B /t' was11 1t fack Nicolson who wo11 t/Je Osca, (or besL
burglary. HAVE acto,; was it C Wasn't iL /utk Nicolsun w/w wur, the
Osear fur besl aclor
e Paula apologized for taklng so long over the phone
call. TOOK
Unit 20
1 Co mplete t he text w ith a I an o r the, or leave blank
f Mrs James accused the boy of breaking her kitchen for 7ero artcle.
window. YOU

g Tony reused to gtve hls oame to tbe pollee. NO

h Claudia offercd them tea and cakes. YOU

Bill promiscd to rcturn thc moncy as soon as he

could. CAN

Laura rcgrctted not having studicd harder at

un ivcrsity. Wl.SH

Unit 19
a ]'le- . Hu bble Space Telescope (HST) is b ....
large, space-based observatory in orbit arou nd e
Choose the best option, A, B or C, to complete t he
dia [ogues Earth, named aftcr d astrono mer Edwin Hubble.
e position of f .. telescope outside
a ' .A..........?' 'Yes, it certainly is.'
A lt's a /ove/y day, isn't it B 1s ic a /ove/y day g . [arth's atmosphere gives it h . number
e It isn't a /ove/y day, is it of advantages over telescopes based on i yround.
b YPs, we have a choic-P of roorns. ? main advantage is its clearer images, as they
A l'ou want a single, do11 1l you? B Yo11 don'L wa11t a are not blurred by k atmosphere. It can al~o
single, do you? C Do you want a single or u double? ohserve using i ultra-violet light.
e . . ? Tht! last time I saw yuu, you were a little girl m Hubble was launched into n ........ space in
in a pushchalr! 1990, and since then it has become une of o ...... .......
A You can be Annie, can't you B Arcn't you Annic, are
rn ust important instruments in p history of
you? e You can't be Annie, can you
q astronomy. i\t r .. moment, s
d no you ceally travel 150 km to work every day? That's future of t telescope is uncertain. Without
a long way!
A Yo11 do11 1LRCt tired o( iL, do yo11? B D011 1t yo11 get tirerl ~ervici ng by u man ned space mission,
o( it? C You get tirecl of iL, do you? v .. ...... telescope will slowly stop Functioning, and will
re-enter w Earth's alniusphere sometime after
X 2010.
2 Write a new sentence with the same meaning mixture of 1 ............ ..... gas and 2 ................ air burns wit h
containing the word in capitals. 3. . btuc fta me and produces intense heat. By turning
a We use Lelescopes lo view dislanl objects. A 4 sleeve, s . . openings are graduatly closed,
_WI', t,Sf',(;t -f-l'Jf',Sc.opl', -f-o.Vif',u) .Jishllttf- .objl',c.-f-5. and 6 ....... ..... .. power of 7 ......_ fla me can be reduced,

b The monthly rent for this flat is 500. /1. until 8 . . ... ... mixture is 9 ...... pure gas and burns
yetlow and with less i ntensity.
e My right arm hu1ts. GOT
--,----- - - - 2 Complete the text with a I an or
d This mea! is really wonderfull A the, or leave blank for zero article.
- - - --
e Sandy comes from Australia. AN
Floods
a .... .. ... ... flood occurs when b , . area of

f Sports utility vehicles (SUVs) are becom.ing less e .. . .. low-lying land is covered by d - . ......
water. There are various kinds of flood. During e
pupu~L ~
period of f .................... heavy rainfall, g .. soil and
TWO
h ptants which grow in it are unable to absorb
g 171c answcr sccms to be 22h
ali i ..... , water, and so j , ............ excess water
finds its way into k .... streams, 1ivers, lakes and
h Is there someone here called Steve Jenkins"? A
so 011 . If l .... ......... arn ount of m ... .......... water is too
great then n ............ ... floo d will follow. o ..... . river
Do you want to <.:0111e arnl ~ee a film? CINEMA
may flood from time to time naturally, and so forms
p area known as q flood plain.
F.veryonr. stoppr.d fighting in 19 18. WAR
r .. flash flood is s , flood t hat occu rs
after t .. ................ ..... sudden downpour. u .. coastal
a reas may also be flooded by v .......... .... ... .. high tide caused
Unit 21 by w -- ... strong ocean winds. x ............... ... tsunami
1 Complete t he text with a I an or the, or leave blank is y flood caused by z underwat er
for zero article. earthquake.

The Bunsen burner

a A German chemist Robert Bunsen invented
b Bunsen burner in 1855 when he started working
at e ... ................ University of Heidelberg, and demanded
d ............... new labo ratory with e -- .... gas piping. He had
been trying to fi nd f ...... .......... way uf lig hli ng his laboralory
and also producing g - . .. more efficient way of heating
h equipment. i problem with j
burners already in use was t hat they produced k _.....................
smoky flame and did not produce very much heat. Bunsen had
1 - - - idea of mixing m . ... .... gas with n ..............
air bcforc o com bustion tool< place. He asked Peter
Desaga, who was p university engineer, to design
and build q - burner. It was probably Desaga who
came up wilh r - ....... idea of controlling s ........................
amount of t ...... air mixed in u _ _ _ burner by
v ........................ means of w .................... metal sleeve that fits over
x verti cal pipe of y burner. z
Unit 23 Unit 24
Read these sentences about William Shakespeare. Complete the text with one word in each gap.
Change the underlined words in each sentence, using
the clue in brackets.

a Shakcspcarc was the son of an offjcja! of the town Ln

Stratford on Avnn. (r.ompound)
. P.hgk:e.,Sp?_0re-.. was .::tt\?.- 9.~P:f.q __f.Q!l/A_,_ ....
. p-\'~ic.iq.l it,, S{r-a.f-{or id Qt1e. f\~011..
b The plays of Shakespeare were published in a
collecled edition after his death. (apostrophe)

e He is usually judged to be the greatest English

playwriht. (apmtrophe)

d He lteld shares in an acting company known as the

Lord Chamberlain's Men. (cu mvuund) Left hand or right hand?
a . So,u.~9.11.e., who uses b
hands equally well is known as ambidextrous. The fact
e He was also an actor ami wrote nallil.tive p.\l.lWlS .ilUlL that e is a special word for this
sonncts. (of) ability only proves that for most of us d
seems more natural to be right-handed or left-handed.
Of course we all use e hands to
f He was successful enough to become an owner of sorne extent. A left-handed male, for example, might
pro.pert,r. (compound)
shave f wilh Lhe lefl hand, but write
with the right. However, as we know, in many cultl!res
g who uses the left hand more than
g WhPn he died he was fifty two. (of)
the right is often stigmatized. h is
even an assumption built into many languages that right
means 'correc:t'. Similarly, i .. .... ... , is some
h Audiences in the thealrP havc P.njnycd his play.<> for
prejudice aganst using the left hand, which is seen as
over four hundred yeais. (compound)
'clumsy' or 'wrong: Although j clearly
does not matter whether k ... uses the
right or the Left hand, 1 . are many
1Lis plays are often changed to suit what modern
audiences are interested in. (of)
disadvantages iri beiny left-handed. m ....
who has tried to use scissors ora computer mouse with
n left hand will understand this.
o ... .... ... .... are very few tools and instruments
TI1ere are al5o many famous versions of the p lays as
films. (compound) designed to be easily used by left-handed people.
p is even dangerous in sorne cases
for the left-handed to use equipment designed for Lhe
right-handed, and so q ... . is important
for faetones with such equipment to understand that not
r is right-handed.
Unit 26 h After we cxamincd thc cvidcncc, it was quite / rather /
fairly ohvious who the culprit was.
Write a new sentence with the same meaning, beginning
1 quite/ mther / fairly think l'm going to enjoy this
as shown.
party!
a J can't carry ali these bags on my own.
It's hard . f QC1:\!.e,.:f:Q ..,;..(r'1.all. f.ke.$e.. P~'Js Qn 2 Complete t he text with a word or phrase from the list
1\.\11 Qtvt.\................ .. . in each gap.
- - - -----
b I clidn't know r had to trnnd in my worl<today.
I wasn't 1 absolutcly kcy 2 complctcly free
3 e ntirP. ly financed 4 P.xtrP.mP.ly expen.sive
e I feel nervous when I think aboul starli.ng my new 5 Jinancially speaking 6 generaJly speaking
7 naturally 8 q:1:1ite elear 9 quite unable
job.
10 quile us ual 11 totally private 12 very basic
lt makes -- - - - -
Health services
d You can easily miss the tLLrning it you're not careh1J.
In recent years it has
lt's -- ..
bec:0111e a . !I that
the ruvisiun uf health
e When I heard that Kevin was ill, I was shocked.
care is one of the
r was shocked to b . ...... issues in
111o<lem ~udely. I n
f l'lease stay here whenever you like. some counliies lhe
You're . - - ----- -- --- provision of heallh care
- - - -..--....... ....... ..... . .......... ..................... ~..... . is e ... , . at the punt
g I defi.nitcly lcft my wallct on thc table. of use. d .. ........... this
!' m .........................................................-...................................................................................._ means that people who
visit the doctor, or have
h Don'L bother goi11g lo see lbe new Larry Joller film. to go into hospital, do
lt's ...... not hand over money to
the people who treat them. Instead, the system is e .
Now r know yo u believe m e, I'm bappy. by central government, and paid out of revenues (taxes)
H ............ ...... .... ...... .... .................. collcctcd from cvcryone. In sorne health systems everyone
is treated free, regardlcss of thcir ability to pay, while in
other systems, patients pay a standard charge, even for
f. ...... drug treatments, while those who are g -- ... to
Unit 27
pay receive free treatment. In other countries the system
1 Underline ali the words which are app ropriate. is h and cveryone has to pay for their treatment.
a 1t was a quite J ratherJ {J.ir1) good film l suppose, but I this mcans that paticnts cithcr havc to pay for
didn't think it wa~ as good as yo11 said. their own insurance, which will pay for thcir bills whcn
b The students walked out quite/ mtlier / fa irly
they are ilL or pay bills from their own pockets. In many
unenthusiastically to sta1t the race in the pouring
rain . countries it is j for both systems to exist side
e Sorry, but I t:an't quite/ rath,,r / fairly see wllat you're by side, with the- state providing k services, and
getting at. the better off, naturatly, paying far servir.es of a higher
d That wa~ a quite/ ratlw / fairly horrible thing to say! quality. This is someti mes known as a 'two-tier' system.
Thanks a lot!
e That's quite/ mther / firly the most en joyable mea!
I' ve e ver had !
f Be careful when you go in Lhe pool because Lbe water
is quite/ mther I fairly deep.
g I don't agrcc with this arride at all. I think it's quite/
ratluir / fairly inacc.uratP. too.
Unit 28 e No film on release al U1e momeul is longer.
1 Write a new sentence with the same meaning, IT'S ONE
beginning as shown.

a J've never read a better book lhan this one.

This .i~ ol\~ Q.t.. Jhe. b~s-1- bqoks .t'_ye. maJ,. d lt's increasingly hard to understand the plot of films
like this. HARDER AND
b St,1ying a1 home wi'ltc:l1ing televisio n is less intere..~ting
than going- out dancing.
Il's
e The special effecls in the lasl film were not so
uum~ssiv1::. MUCH MORE
e Jane felt horrified rather than shocked.
Jane didn't
f But I wa~ ~car1::d out of my wits, rath er tha11 ~l!ocked,
d Thc cnd o( the univcrsc is a very abstrn ct concept and by sorne parts. SHOCKED AS
so it is bard to explain.
The end of the universe is too -- -........................ -
g 1hnven't seen n more entertalning film this year.
e No fllm th.is year was as good as Alien Descent. EAS ILYTHE.
Alic11 Dcsccnt was by
f I can't .revise any more than Thave.
I've revised just h In sorne ways lhe last film in the series was funnier.
fUNNY AS

g We've neve.r had worse weather lnJune than thls.

Tl1is is
llut it is justas worth seeing this film. EVEJ{Y lllT
h I thought it was easier to speak French.
lt's not ..
You enjoy tbis film more if you watch it more.
Gary's last album was much better than the new one. TH E MORE
Gary's ncw album is nowherc

lf you keep teasing the dog, it will get more angry.

The more Unit 30
Write a new sentence with the same meaning containing
the word in capitals.
2 Write a new sentence with the same meaning
containing the words in capitals. a DavJd's novel Is sllll unfllshed. YET
D&1vid h&1S11. + ~il'-iSht.-cl nis 11.ove.l !je.f.
1

a 1 liked tl1is film but the preVious films in tbis series

b We waited for a bus !or halt an hour, b,1t eventually
are hctter. ISN'T l\Tf.ARLY
1 we gave up . END
. J .l.1kecd. .-!-his ..film .buf...H:...i.st1. -t r-e.,~ri.tj.?IS. t:]QOd ...
. as__:l::h.e. pre.Y.iot-1.s -~(lt% it.1-. ni\;\ s.e.r:i~s. .
b TllP hest prrfmmanr.e in th e film is given by Johnny e Nick gol to the airport too late to calch his plane
Depp. GIVES BY lwrn1::. TIME
d I won't be here after any more after Friday. UNTIL g Mr Will<i ns has decided to give up his joh at the
<'Otnpany. Rf.STGN

e l'll tall< to you when thc Jcsson is over. AFrER

h Take a seat, an<l l'll ask someone to help you. ATTF.NTJ
-- - - - - -

f Th e trains here are very comfortable but they always

run late! ON The runaway hus h it a parked car at the hottom of
the hill. C:OLLIDED

g We'U send you the ccrtificate when we have received - - - - --- - -----..--
lhe fee. ONCE Thls lce-cream really has a strawberry taste. TASTES

h I shouldn't be there later than 11.00. UY

Unit 32
Choose t he best phrase, A, B or C, t o complet e the
J'eter could hear loud howling noises ali night long. serrlence.
TIIROUGJIOUT
a This is C . Lhe worse novel I have ever read!
--.. - - - - A far a change Bon purpose C without duubl
b J\re you . . the servlce you have received during
y our stay?
A acquainted with B satfi.ed with e free {mm
Unit31
Write a new sente nce w ith t he same mea ning, e This inquiry ........ onJy with the legal aspects of the
containing the word in capitals. case.
A is wni-mml B i~ ubsorbecl C is interestec.l
a Luck.Jly the fire officer managed to rescue the cat d For more an<l more fa1nilies, exe nsive holi<lays
from th e top of the trec. SUCCEEDED .abroad are - .
..Ll{ckif?.J :f:h.e-Jice..ofJ.ice-r.sticce,e,c/e,d .,_ re,Sctii>1.q A hy force B out nf rcach e out of arder
..--1-lvJ .e.a+ + roM ..f-k.e, .f-op o+ .f-k.e, .f-me, ... _ .. e , aithough you broke the ru les, wP will acccpt
b C:an I ta lk to yo11 ahout th is prohlem? DJSC:USS your application.
A WiLhout exception B Under the circumstm1ces
e 011 average
f This cuu11try is really ... . _anywhere I have ever
e My parcnts think sorne of my friends are unsuitable.
been befare!
APPROVE
A rcady far B packcd wit/-J e diffcrant from
g To be honest, T' m not the slgh test hit whatyou
tbink!
d How much you pay w ill relate to the c:on<lition of the A interested in B aware of C plensec/ with
vehicle. llEPEN ll
h Peter wasn' L . - gelling up so early, and felt tired
.ali day as a result.
A worricd about B usad to e addictad to
e My computer has a problem, but someone is coming TI1e students were thc prospect of havtng to
tu fix it tumurruw. SEE write their projects all over again.
A faced with B impatie11t for e incapable of
Helen's parenls were .. - lhal she was still in the
f Do you have fire insurance? rNSURED jul.J, bul she had resig.ned.
A i11 theory B by mistnke C 1111der Lhe impre:;siun
 Unit 33 g The street was full of people, most were
chanting political stogans.
Choose the best option, A, B or C, to complete t he sentence.
A o(whom B ofthem e whic/1
a Jul ia is considered ..... 13....... one of the best actresses in
Hollywood.
h Tina couldn'l lhink o ....... auyo11e would wa11t to
threaten her.
A tlwL she is 8 tu be e being A whatcvcr B a reason why e for which
b The robbers made the bank clerk .... the money.
A hand over 8 to hand over e handing over Anyone - ... through the door will be filmed by the
security camera.
e Havc you tricd .. . . toan ostcopath? That sh ould A whic/1 comes e coming e whatever
help your bark.
- ....... you do, don't touch the red ~vire!
A togo Bgoing Cgo
A What B The reuson why C Whulever
d We expect ............ the deal by the end of business on
Friday.
A that we complete B completing C tu complete Unit 35
e Maria suggested . . . ...... a taxJ to the alrport. Write a new sentence w ith t he same meaning, beginning
A to take B sf1011/d take e taking as shown.
f I don 't remember ................. the cooker, so we'd better go a l would like lo l!el; yuu, lJut I dou't really have tlle time.
bad: and check. 1
A tuming off 8 to tum off C tlmt Ttiuned off Muchas ..! WPt.1.!d..!iK.e.- 1:P..he.(P .ljQ?!,Ld.P!l.. 1:. - -
. ce.-?.!lltj .hc:We.. {he. +il).\e..
g lf we go to Lhe ciJ1ema on Wednesday, il means .. ..........
the match on television. b J won't sell yuu the l10use howeve r mud1 you offer
A to miss B miss e missing me for it.

h The school arranged tbe oral examination on a No matter ---- - -

different day.
A holding B that they wo11/d 110/d e hold e Hume rices continue to rise in most areas, but in
The president went on new measures to combat sorne areas they have actually started to fall.
global warming. Whcrcas
A unnuuncirig B cmnuurice C lo unnuurice -- - -
l really hate .... .... to walk to work when lt's rainlng. d You have not paid the last six monthly instalments,
A have B having e J hnve so this contract is atan Pnrl.
5ince -- - - .
Unit 34 - - - ---- . .... ' ....................................................... - --
e The weathcr conrlilions were atrocious but all the
Choose t he best word, A, B or C, to complete the sentence.
runners finished the race.
a This is the area ...C........ the majority of new housing is
being built.
Even though ...... .... . . ------ ... "' ,.,., ....
A which B that e in which
f As wc wantcrl to havP a snack first, we got to the
b You really are the most annoying person .....__ knowl
stadium early.
A (blt,n~) B which C whalever
We got to the stadium eady so- -
e Jane was one of severa] lnjured passengers - .... to
the local hospi taJ.
A taken B were taken C wlr.h was taken g l thought l might get cold so I took sorne warm clolhes.
1 took some warm clolhes iJ1
d Can everyone - - - name begins with s stand on
that side ot the room.
A whose their B whose C for whom their h The match went ahead despite the rain.
e Alex Jacksu11, , . Wilkimon travdled to the South Allhough ... ......... .... -
Pole, also wrote about the trtp.
A whicli B that e with whom
J thin.k we should hold the meeUng anolher day as
f This is not the same painting . .. you offered to sel1 iL's loo late to slarl il now.
us the last time we were here.
Seeing lha t -- . -- --- - -
A (blrmk) 8 to which C far whic/J
 The rapid en trance of the gunmen took the gua rds by Units 37 and 38
surprise.
The following exerdscs practise phrasal verbs from Units
The gunmen enterecl so - 37 a nd 38
1 Write a new sentence with the same meaning,
containing the word in capitals.
Unit 36
a Tim is in luve with the girl he slts next to in maths.
Complete the sentence so that it means the same as FALLEN
the first sentence, using a participle clause or red uced Tim h.:is .(:?<fle-tt .(:qr- {l:\g,_.q ir.:L.h~.-$..i.~
adverbial clause.
-~e-.K :to it\ m~th~- _ -- --- . .................
a l lost my watch, so 1 had Lo borrow m y brolher's. b How are things going in your ncw school? GETTING
Hav ing . lp.f- .':'A~ t<l!i.!.f-t;,h, 1 hed .f.Q Q.QffQw. ..
..!)A{j . t?.r<?.h~r'.~-.. - ... ...-
b lf you prcss thi s hu tton, yo11 ra n change the size of e l agree tha t you hada bad time, hut it was your own
the page. fault! RROI JGHT
By ........

e Although it was cheap, the bil<e was in good condition. d You ca n't havc milk in your tea because we haven't
got any! DO
Although - ...... .. . ... ... ...... .... . .... ......

d Sue d idn't realize the meeting was in a different place,

a.nct went straig-ht home. e Thc film wasn' t as good as T thought it was going to
be. COME
Nol _ _ _ _ --
- -- --

e As l wa~,1't i.nterested in Lhe Lopic, I lefl Lhe leclure

befure the eml. f Your explanation just doesn't make sensc. ADD
Not .
- - - --- - .................................................., .,...
f Write yu ur mune wliere yuu are imtructed tu do this. g There's a point ['d Uke to mention before we
finish. BRrNG
Where _ -- . -- .. . - ... - . - - - . - -- ..... -

g After he was arrested and charged with theft, Tony

phoned his lawyer.
Having ._ __ 2 Write a new sentence with the same meaning, using
a form of a phrasal vcrb from Units 37 and 38
h l phoned the company as soon as I recelved thelr letter. a r think it's time you started working seriously.
On ... \...t.hit.k..f{ 1$. ..1.'.Y,.f..,. ...~Q/,( q9:ti :/.Q~t .fp 501\ll', ..
..
- - -- ------ -- se,ri0t,S wo~ . - . -- .. ---
I had to ta.ke a taxi as l mlssed the last bus.
Having b Sorry, what did you say? J' m fafng aslccp!

I've made a lot of new friends sincc 1 camc to this

school. e Tilla's uame ket comiug iuto our cunversation.
Since __
d In the end, the prohlem is a matter of a lack of proper Unit 44
planning.
Complete the text using a word from t he list in each
gap. You can use any word more than once.
at all it own very what
e fee!iJ1gs of resentment behveen U1em grew overa
long period.

f Alan can't always eiq,lain cxactly what his ideas are.

- - - - - ----
g Helen has thought of a really good way to cut the
cost of thi~ p roject.

h We found thJs hotel completely by chance.

I thJn.k we sbould keep going until we get to the top

of thc hilJ.

Are you entering for the J\dvanced French Test this Monet: Japanese bridge at Glveroy
year?
-- - - -- - The French Impressionists c1860-1880
a .. /&.he..'..L_ ......,. interested the Impressionists was an
k Sorry to he so late, hut I wa~ <1t>laye.c1 in my last emphasis on everyday s11hjects. b was to
meeting. avoid the t raditions of studio painting that they painted
in the open air. At first the pu blic was not interested in
thern e ..... . In fact, the d ...... _.... ...... _.... ..
Things bave certainly been improving since l was name 'Impressionist' was givcn to thcm in an article
promoted.
making fun of MonP.t:'5 painting Tmpression, Sunn'se.
e .. they were also concerned with was
the way light changes, and how this shows the passing
m Sue promised to come and help me but she didn't of time. They were not f ............ ................... inleresled i11
show up.
reproduci ng a detailed photographic 'reality'. In fact, that
was the g thing they wanted to avoid .
- - - --- Tnstead, h .... .... was the overall effect which
n Don't tell Helen about our plans, or sbe'II be jealous.
was important. i ... ............. they were trying to
create was a different way o seeing Lhi11ys, us iny pure
colours. Colours were created by looking at the painti ng.
They did not use black. for example, because they
o Littlc Johnny admitted that he hac1 takF>n r aula's believed t here was no black j ........ in nature.
sweets.
k ........ they wanted to avoid were the carefully
- - - --........._,,., "' .,.,.,,_ ,.,.,. ...........................
mixed colours and hidden brushstrokes uf academic
artists, which they did not use in thei r
1 .., ... ....... . .... . paintings.
 undergraduatc (n) bits and picccs (phrasc) 1nvP~t1ga te (vh)*..
Wordlist
1 Rcdwo,d,
based on Macmlllan
School
Dictionary
wreckage (n)"
Unit3
ceasefire (n )*
check-in desk (n)
harsh (adj)**
chase (vb)"
concentration (n)***
copper (n )
critic (n>-*-
currently (adv)..*
cycle (n) "
issue (n) ...
mobilize (vb)
moi:s Lu re (n)
MI' (n) **
nutrition (n)
nutty (adj)
merchant (n ) dealer (n) *** opposltlon (n)***
most corrunon and military (.ttlj)*
hasic words disassemble (vb) out~et (u)*
negotiale (vb)** dock (n) .. refresh ing (adj)*
very common words outrnge (n)*
fairly common words downswing (n) sea 1 (vh)*"
raclng (adj) dra.matlc (adj) ... shoot (vb)...
realm (n) * tlub (vb)* soak (vi.,)*
recrui L(vb)** enssion (n ).. source (n)*
Unit 1
achieve vb*** sacrifice (vb)* explosion (n) stage (nt**
antit,iotics (n) sign (vh) fcat (n ) stapl e (n)*
argue (vb) ..* supply (n)*** feature (n) ... sustainable (adj)
cause (n)*.. treaty (n) ** freight (n)* unclear (adj)*
fatality (n) U-boal (n ) gel hold o( (phrase) uucousduu~ (adj)*
hai1stylc (n)* gree.nhouse gas (n)
Unit4 Unit 8
in line with heavy goods vehicJc (n)
abroad (adv) actual (adj) *"*
inlerrupon (n)* invasion (n)*..
alien (n)** along similar lines (phrase)
measure (n)*.. life ex.,ectam:y (n)
archaeologist (n)* anaesthetic (n )
nuisance (n)* link (n)**
benefil (n) * bapUsm (n)
over-confidcnt (adj) marine (adj)
come upwith mud (n)** beecb (n )
ovcrtake (vb)' compulsory (adj) **
recent (adj)*** ncigh bourhood (n) .. colonial (adj)**
controversia! (adj)** cut (n)*..
reckless (n) outspoken (adj) *
define (vb) ..* extra<:tion (n)
relurn (n) poinlless (adj)
<lelay (vi.,) ** rocus (vb)***
scheme (n)*** referendum (n )..
dislurbing (adj)* seize (vb)** fortilka tion (n)
set about (phrasal verb) labour (n)
shed (n)** guess (n)
settle In (phrasal verb) pension (n)
target (11) shill Lng (n) informcd (ad j)
pcrform (vb)*** matter (n)***
lear up (v)** solar (a<lj)**
po rtralt (n)** merger (n)*
to tell you the truth split (vb)**
psychologist (n)** meteor (n )
tough (actj) " stcadil y (adv)
retirement (n) * parish (n)**
strip off (p tuasal verb)
social sccurity (n) performer (n)
Unit 2 trade (n)***
acid (n) squid (n) upswing (n) phenomenon (nt
adapt (vb)** tren<l (11) pil (n)**
burglar (n)* Unit 7 p lague (n)
Unit S accommodate (vh)* playwright (n)
calm down (pbrasal verb) admission (n)**
complaint (n)*** asscss (vb) purgatory (n)
at this rate (phrase) beat (vb)***
course (n)*** reglster (n)**
brcakdown (n)** l.,laze (n) se4ue11ce (n)***
creep (vb)* circumstance (n)***
depend on (vb)*** block (n)*** sharply (adv)**
construclion (n) campaign (n )***
expen.~c (n)"** transfusion (n )
flame (n)
fatigue (n ) cave in (phrasal verh) undccidcd (adj)
fortune (n)**
fee (n)*** coali tion (n ) ..
glohal warming (n)* coa! miner(n) Unit 9
foil-lime (adj)** insist (vb) ...
counlerfeil (adj) alter (vi:,)**
guard dog (n) investment (u)
crumbly (adj) amputate (vb)
inquiry (n)*** prediction (n )..
deforestation (n) bar (n)***
lose your ternpcr (phrase) riot (n )**
parrot (n)* d esertification (n) central hcating (n )
$lp my mind (phrase) dry deaner's (n)
poilll oul (.,lirnsal verb) disruptlon (n)
source (n)*** hlp (n)**
psychiatrist (n )* tlraiu (n)
explosion (n)* install (vb)**
publish (vb)*** Unit 6
tau lt (nt lock (n)..
redecorate (vb) accelerale (vb)"
rottweiler (n) (film) set (n)*** powcr tool (n)
alpine (adj )
section (n)*** foot the bUI (phrase) surgeon (n)
altitudc (n)*
strain (n) ambitlous (adj) ** gallery (n)..
stuff (n)*** ba!Jy !Joom (JJ) gutted (adj)
track (n)'** barge(man) (n) inhalation (11)
tuition (n) barrier (n)** impiration (n)
Unit 10 co11~ume (vu) caplure (vb)** personal trainer (n)
aJien (n)** geneticaJly modified (adj) cheat (vb)' plain (n)**
as teroid (n) local (ad j)*** condude (vb)*n postpone (vb)*
back-up (n)* receptio n (n).. encomagcment (n).. sccncry (n)'
bJack hoJe (n) rccommcndation (n)*' lack (n)*** temperature (n)***
collidc (vh)* refuse (n) laptop (n) tower (n)**
decay (vb)* type (vb)*** IHestyle (n) treatment (n)***
DNA (n )* waste (n)..* outset (n)*
dominant (adj)** wirclcss (adj)* prcvious (adj) ... Unit 22
ctominate (vh)** set flre to (phrase) aware (adj)**
cndangered species (n) Unit 14 statl:! (vu) biological warfare (n)
evolve (vb)** crew (n)... task (n) campaign (vb)***
extinLt (a<l j)* firefighter (n) warrior (n) composition (n)""'
fossil fuel (n) ladder (n)** consume (vb)**
goalkceper (n)* navigation (n? Unit 19 consumption (n )*'
grind (to a haJt) (phrasc) paw (n)' coast (n)*** crlme (n)***
helmet (n)** profit (n)*** contril.Jution (11)*** <loul.Jle (adj)***
hjke (n) rivalry (n) enrnsiastic (adj) earn (vb)***
iceberg (n) sunblock (n) pay attention (pbrase) epidemic (n)
keyboard (n)* wirc (n).. prnjector (n) evidencc (n)***
lifcboa L(n) what on ear1 (phrase) flexibility (n)**
Unit 15 genelic (adj)**
llfe)acket (n)
a<ljust (vb).. Unit 20 limit (vb)***
mammal (n)*
armcd forces (n)* broadcast (n)** nperation (n)
reclaim (vb)
battery (n)'* civil servant (n) ou tbrcak (n)'
sample tn)...
boa~t (vb)* civil war (n) ' pandemic (n )
short cut (n)
clown (n) commentator (n)** ready-made (adj)
species (n)*** llla.ri11g (adj)
column (n)*** recommend (vb)***
standstill (n) olaylight (adj)*
compulsory (adj)** reflect (vb)...
lide (n)
conquer (vb)* dlecoration (n).. risk (n)
virus tn) ...
fnrhidden (adj)' clcction (n)'** solutlon (n)***
Unit 11 formar (n)" factor (n)*** sta Le (vb)..*
adequate (adj)*** insulting (a<lj) grate {vb) support (vb)***
ass istam;e (n) irrilaling (adj)* genetic (ad j)** tank (n)'..
coexist (vb) pile (n).. harsh (ad j)* treat (vb)**
guara n lee (vh)** scrcam (vb)** homeless (adj)' war zone (n)
habitat (n) ' stressed (ad j) migrate (vb)* wiring (n)
hunter (n)* track (n) mild (adj)** wrapper (n)
inconvenience (n) waste (n)*** poverty (n)**
mess (n).. res1gn (vb)... Unit 23
Unit 16 rcvicwer (n) avenge (vb)
neglect (vh)
communHy service (n) r hythm (n)** award (vb)***
safeguard (n )
compcnsate (vb)** ~caree (adj)* bafle (vb)
sklll (n)***
criminal (adj) site (n)** courtier (n)
survive (vb)***
fine (n)** sprinkle(vb) infectious (ad j)'
Unit 12 justice (n) .. strugglc (vb)** pitch (n)**
amount (n ) kccn 011 (adj)** trafflc )am (n) raid (vb)**
debt (n) offender (n)** trigger (n)* ramparl (n )
earplug (n) proposal (n) tuberculosis (n) rent (n)***
taith (n)*** sentence (n)*** surroundings (n)**
hinctsight (n) Unit 21 threat (n)' ..
Unit 17 defend (vb)*'*
littcr (n)* troupe (n)
treat (vb) ..* amount to (phrasal verb) dynasty (n)
I.Jloodstained (a <lj) field trip (n) Unit 24
uninhabiled (adj)
blush (vb)* tort (n)* according to (prep)'..
vandalism (n)
dealer (n)*** invade (vh)* cncmy (n)***
wear out (pllrasal verh)
lawycr (n)*** irnning board (n) inspection (n)"
Unit 13 market (n)*** lo<.:atio11 (11) legeml (n)
appllance (n)* 011 tl te way out (pluase) lush (adj) * legendary (adj)
applicalion orm (n) shortcoming (n) mining (n)* ouUaw (n)
calculate (vb)** mountain range (n ) strike (n)..
Unit 18
charge (11) ... notorious (adj)*
ahandon (vb) offence (n)...
chip (n)**
compulsory (adj)** attempt (n) '" peak (n)..
blood pressure (n )
Unit 25 link (n)*** Unit 32 soaked (ad j)
culprlt (n) monsoou (u) catastropbe (n) sulely (adv)
force (vb)*** pond (n) t:Jt IUUUL (11) slereolype (n)"
gamble (vbt promete (vb) complacency (n) suitable (adj)***
harrn (n)** purchase (n)** distant (adj).. support (vh)***
headline (n )** rlverbank (n) dwindle (vb) swelling (n)
household (n)*** ruu11tla!Juut (11) tace to face (adv) uneventful (atlj)
ma~leq,iece (11)* senseless (adj) genetit: e11gineering (n) warning (n)***
solution (n)*.. shriek (n ) inappropriale (adj)** well-otf (adj)
sn1mblc (vb)* ~lip (vh?** inquiry (n )*
worthless (adj) suspidon (n )** parachute (n) Unit 35
sway (vb)* (someone likes the) sound autograph (n)
Unit 26 (of their uwn vuice) challe11ging (adj)
acidic (adj) Unit 30 (phrase) circumference (n )
ambition (n)** accurate (adj) vitally (adv) controversial (adj)**
approach (n)*** ash (n)** crash (n)**
astrophysic.~ (n) cubic (ad)) Unit 33 estimate (n) ...
coach (n )*' eruption (n) block (n )'* heresy (n)
crust (n ) finn (adj)*** brake (n)* hooligan (n)
da la (n)*** halt (vb)* casually (n) immense (adj)..
feedback (n)** hay fever (n) civilian (adj)* inevitable (adj)..
ice sheet (n) launch (vb)''* dernolish (vh? lawyer (n) **
melt (vb)-* paramecf: (n) devastate (vb)' manned (adj)
mineral (n) pass (n)** faint (adj)** require (vb)
mo livaled (adj) rear (n).. fillh>' (ad j)* solar systcm (n)*
nutritional (adj) receipt (n )** justify (vb)** sphere (n)**
quake (n) report (vb)*** land (vh)*** Lheo ry (n)***
satel lite (n)** scout (n)* mental (adj)*** vast (adj)**
swamp (n) slaught~r (v!J)* outcast (n)
super- (prefix) pesler (vb) Unit 36
Unit 27 u rgent (ad j} precarious (adj) anonymous (adj)*
associate (vbt ** vineyard (n) pull (a muscle) (vb)*** a~soci;ition (n)***
daim (n) ..* warehouse (n)*' run-down (adj) blidess (n)
cohhled (adj) skating (n) burst (vb)**
condemn (vb)" Unit 31 state (11)... clubbing (n)
c:reative (adj)** amorous (adj) stuck (ad j) colonist (n)
devastaling (adj)" bravery (n) surrendcr (n)* conduct (vh)***
d ull (adj)** deter (vh) waste (vh)** conductor (n )*
explosion (n)** dull (ad j)** weapon (n)... degeneration (n)
-proof (suffix) episode (n)** embryo (n)
sum (n)*** expansion (n )** Unit 34 evidence (n)*
lhatch (vb) head (vb)*** analyse (vb)** fan oven (n)
ucban (adj) ... heal (vb)** capacity (n)*** haven (n)
manufacture (vb)** clPrgy (man) (n)* implant (n)
Unit 28 munlrlons (n) co1ine (vb)' isulate (vlJ)*
disorganized (adi) uu t!Jr~ak (n) converse (vb) nuisance (n)*
drlft (vb)** psychiatric (adir discomforl (n) philanthropist (n)
fire IJrigad~ (n)* range (n)*** excavation (n) predator (n)**
kill (n) rat race (n) fcature (vb)*** set (adj)*
pertorm (vb)*** respect (n) .. fit (vb) stagger (vb)*
snore (vh) safe (n)* gtey matter (n) slem cell (n)
temptation (n)'* severe (adj)*** inferior (adj)* stream (vbj+
verbal (adj)* shortage (n)** innate (adj) therapy (n)**
visual (adj)** short-sighted (ad j) manners (n)*** tissue (n)**
stccl (n)'* nava l (adj)** tria! (n)***
Unit 29
sultable (adj)*** navy (n) ..
archway (n) take lhe pi unge (ph rase) orlglnate (vb)** Unit 37
bark (vb)' tell apart (phrasaJ vcrb) partuer (n)*.. accused (the) (n)
blame (vb)* unwilling (adj) perceive (vb+* album (n)**
circumslance (n)*** weld (vh) press (n)*** cabinet (n)***
collapse (vb)** process (vb)** conscript (vb)
delivery (n)*** corroborate (vb)
shelter (vb)*
footpath (n) council tax (n)
$heph~rd (n)
furlous (ad]) sketch (n )* digital (adj)
gla<..ie r (11)
<lownfaU (11) mainlenance (n )** Unit 43 Unit 21
expansion (n) modification (n)** blatant (adj) IJunseo burner (ll)
expertise (n)** motion (n)*** brandish (vb) rnmbustion (n)
exposu re (n) .. neglect (n)* hreach (n)** downpour (n)
resume (vb)** observatlon (n)*** coUide (vb)' excess (adj) *
rival (adj)** offen<.:t! (n) consult (vb)** fla111e (n) ..
rocket (n)* organism (n)** creak (vb) nash flood (n)
snore (vb) overwhelm (vh)* crew (n) .. * gradually (adv)
stretch 1i mo (n) pebble (n) divcrsc (adj) .. heat (n)
tense (adj)' pendulum (n) float (n) intense (atlj)
wristwatch (n) est (n) groan (vb)" intensity (n)
potentialJy (adv) .. hu rricane (n) low-lying (adj)
Unit 38 precisely (adv)... longing (n) piping (n)
apply (vb)** re~istance (n)*.. Jure (vh) plain (n) **
hlackmail (n ) selection (n)**' mast (n) sleeve (n) ..
boUer (n) spring (n)*.. oaJ (n ) tsuuami (n)
burst (vb)** substantially (adv) pa1ade (n)* vertical (adj)
clairu (n)*** suit (vb)*** plug (vb)*
deadline (n)* unified (adj) regain (vh) .. Unit 21
globe (n) varicty (n)*.. scrccch (vb) assumption (n) ..
pipe (n) .. well-1.Jeing (n) survive (vb)*** clumsy (adj) *
record (n)**" wind turbine (n) wax (n) equally (adv) ***
revenge (n)* will (n)*** prejudice (n) **
security guard (n) Unit 41 prove (vh) ...
slack (adj) agent (n )' .. shave (vb)
spokesperson (n) amphlbian (n) Unit 44 stigmafe (vb)
su.rvlvor (n )* as~et (11)* bl:!ar ~ometlng in mlnd lool (n) ***
bandwidth (n ) (phrase)
Unit 39 brink (n)* collapse (vb)** Unit 27
armament (n) coincidence (n)* consideration (n) better off (adj)
deceive (vh)' dwel ler (n) deceive (vb)" diargc (n) ...
dcccption (n)' epi<lerni<.: (11) fau lt (n) point of use (s!.!e uint uf
define (vb)**' hardware (n)* jewel (n) sale) (n)
deliberately (adv) idealize (vb) justify (vb)** provision (n)
disguise (n) innovative (adj)* point (n)*.. revenue (n) *-
fault (n) .. JT (n)* standard (adj) ***
honour (vb)** mass produclion (n) tier (n)
imitate (vb)* mobility (n)* Review treat (vb) *
insufficient (adj)** obe$ity (n)
mugger (n) Unit 3 Unit 44
obligc (vb) ..
performance (n )*** pace (n)** barley (n) avoid (vb) ***
satelllte (n)** refabricate (vb) Oannel (n) brushstroke (n)
spare art (n) fraglle (adj) emphasis (n) ..,.
public (adj)
unannounced (adv) reassure (vb)** fresh wmplex.ion open air (11)
union (n )*"* ruhher (n)** leave (n) 1nake tun ot (phrase)
ruin (n) physique (n) overall (adj) *
Unlt 40 prcparatory sch ool purc (adj)
sean (vb)**
astronomicaJ (adj) slum (n) pugnacity (n) reproduce (vb) **
bree<liug (n )* sothvare (n)*** a shadow of his former
cancer (.n) *** speck (n) seH (phrase)
concussion (n) shiny (adj)
staggl:!ri ng (atlj)
consumer (n)'"
core (n)** Unit 20
Unit 42
corporation (n)* appoint (vb)*** astronomer (n)
cross-cultUJaJ (adj) almosphere (n ) **
artefact (n)*
(a grcat) dcal of (phrase) blur (vb)
dlsconnect (vb)
dcmand (n ) .. launch (vb)
election (11)**
domnate (vb)** genius (n)* manned (adj)
dwarf (n) hosepipe (n) obst!rva tory (n)
erratic (adj) shortage (n) serv ice (vb)
fuse (vb)* tournamcnt (n)** ultraviolet (adj)
fusion (n)
generator (n)*
liver (n)**
 like .... . ---- ..-..-. 132 purpose --- ......._....... 162
Grammar index litlle . .................. 104 q ua11tity -- .. --- 104
ma}' / might .. ... 68, 72 q uestions ---- .. 92
a / nn 96, 100 modaJs indirect ---- - 92
about Lo 24 ability 64 reportcd 82
adjectives -- . 118, 124, 150 ccrtainty 68 tags _ _ _ _ _ ..... 92
adverbial clauses _ - 162., 166 critlclsm .. 611 reason 162, 184
adverbs 128, 136 obligation ... . .... 64 relati ve pronouus 158
agent 31 offers .. ........................ 72 repetition ............. .. .. 204
ugu ........ 142 perrnission .. ... 7?. reported (indirf'rt)
arlicles ..... 96, 100 rccommcndation 64 spccch 82,88
as - 132 req uests -- . _ 72 report verbs ... 88
be able to _ __ - 65 uncertarnty .... ... _ 68 requests 72
can / could 6.S, 68, 72 mureuver .... 184 result ..... 162, 184
causative llave 46 muc/1 / man}' .. 104 sequen ces 188
clauses, deftning and m11st 64,69 slrn/1 ...... _ _ _ 24,72
UUJ1-<Jt:fiui.11g 158 narrative 10 slrnuld 64, 68
comparisons . 132 nccd 65, 73 sincc ___ .....- ........_ 20, HZ
compound nouns 111 noun --- ..... 110 state verbs .. ............ 6
concession -- . -- .. 184 one, unes --..- - - 114, 192 substitution .... 192
conditionals .SO, 56, 198 othenvise --- ...._ ............ 56 suclt as .... 188
cooncctors - 184, 188 ought ............ _ ..... - .... 69 summarizing 188
contrast 162, l 84 participle pbrases - __. 166 su pe rla ti ves 132
cuuntaule 11uu.11s 104 partitives 111 tell 82, 88
degree ...... ... 129, 184 passive tense contrasts 30
ellipsis _ __ _........_. 192 formatlon and use .34 ti-le --- - .....
96, lO0
empbasis - - - ... 204 hearsay reporting .......40 /.here ... -........-
114
cxccpt (for) . - _ 188 verbs with two lime words _ 142
few - ... ......---- 104 objects . :-14 transitive ve.rbs 34
(ur .. 20, 142, 146, past continuous 16 uncountable nouns .._ 104
150 past pcrfect __ ___ 16 u.nless ____ 56
fronting 198 past simple .. _ .._____ 16 used lo do ................................ 16
future cont inuous _._.-24 phrasal verbs .............. ...... 170,174,178 wltat-clause ... 204
future pcrfcct 24 possessive when -- .... .. 166
gct ___ ---- _ ... 46 apostrop he ('s) ...110 which / /'lw/ I .S8

gong to ........... .... 24 possessive of. ... . 11O while 166

/1w./ beller . .................. 65 prefer 78 wi/1
ltave s0111etlti11g done ..... 46 prcpositions condltionals .... ... 50
have to --- -- 64 after verbs .... - - - 146 futu re .. 24
hope _ _ _ ?A for 111ovemeut ......_........ 136 promises _ 72
indirect (rcportcd) for place ........................... 136 wishes ............ 60
speech ...................................... 82 time ............. 142. woufr/ ....... .. . . ........ l 7, 60, 78
inflnitives, after verbs - 154 with adjectives ... 150 yet 142
-ing furm . .... ... .... ............ 154 with nouns 150 z.cro article 96, 100
insteuil (o/) ... ....................... 188 prcscnt co ntinuous 6, 10
intensifiers - 128 present perfect
in transitivc vcrhs 170 con linuous 20
invcrsion - --- ......... 198 present perfect simple 20
f 50, 56, 78 present simple ---- 6, 1O
it ......-....._.._ .. .......... 114, 204 pronouns 114,192

Answer key
Unit 1
Ex 1
a contain b ar4t slow ly btginning tu u11d1:ersta11d
e do you think d don' t rcallze e are imaginlng
f are haviug g !'111 Lakiug h apears i is considering
j Docs this wallct bclong
Ex2
a l'm having b - e I imagine d - e - f don't mean
g l'm settling h - i I seem j - k l'm also thinking
1 is knocking m is haVing n I expect o T'm considermg-
Ex 3
a is going down b are still trylng e is improvtng
d believe e show f agree g meaos h is inereasing
i Jooks j interprets k remalns I is becomlng m cost
n is pursuing o are rurrently fadng pare having
q have r suggest s behave t say u seems
v cause w are intron11ri ng x are ronrentrating
Unit2
Ex 1
a ,1 b smt:ef e,/ d du yuu do e ll's cosling f ,/
g ,J h l'm thinklng i wc'rc bcgmnlng j ../
Ex 2
a is knocking b cook e is forcver losing d comes
e is reacllng f kicks g don't unde.rstand h is leaving
1 is getting j hear
Ex 3
a are you doing b contains e visits d is beginning
e is s('eing f non't lmow g is taking h mrasures
i is bappening j suppose
Ex4
a go b is rapi<lly bewming e Gmses d s~~ms
e are taking f simply wcigh g carry h actually givcs
(g aud h coul<l be: 11re wrryi11x / is uct11ully xivinx, Lu
emphasisc that this is a currcnt Lrcnd)
1 ~imply du11'Lrt>ali:te j is ltappt:,11iJ1g k art! ~uu examil11g
1 do not bclicvc m involvcs n cxpcct o are working
p hope (n and p could be: are expecling, are hoping,
to emphasize current actiVity) q realize
r depend s understand tare d1ecking
Ex 5
a Does thls car belong to you, sir?
b This perfume smells nice.
e There seems to be a mistake.
d I don't see what you mean.
e Wh~t no yo11 think?
f At birth a baby elephant weighs about 90 kg.
g Uocs the price mattcr?
h Huw urnd1 duc~ thi.- mu<lid cost?
i Tilis book looks in tcrcsting
j Whal does the box co11 Lai11?
Ex 6
a TI1ey say 1-larry is a very good card player.
b I don't understand this maths problem.
e J agree with you .
d She's worklng In the garden.
e Stop sho11ti ng, the teacher's com in,g.
f Som ebody Is knocklng at the <loor.
g Soml' peopll' believe (that) UFOs have lanned on l!;trth.
h lt's getttng hotter in here.
i I love skiing.
j Peter is always losing his homework.
Ex 7
a tries b is walking e hears d 1s watchlng e turns
f doesn't see g creeps h hears i sees j is sitting
k asks I answers m says n laughs o replies
p is sta nding
Ex8
a are spcnding b pay e mcans d 1s ta.king e works
f does g am finding h admils i am Lrying
J aro managing k understa nd I know m am goi ng
n are helping / help o am learning p am experiencing
q points out r are taking s do not really know t want
u are deveioping v are appearing w are spending
x think y are going
Unit 3
Ex 1
a would go / used to go
b wuultl somt:etimes come / used tu come
e used to en1oy d used to spcak
e wuul<l wake up / used tu wake up
f would oftcn play / uscd to play
g used tu own
h uscd to bclicvc i would usuaUy go / usually uscd to go
j used to live
Ex 2
A
a n eedcd b set up e had become d were sinking
e had run / ran f bad risen / rose g had ha(dly risen
h had been i closed / were doslng j had run out
8
k <lid nut believ\! 1bad started m <lid not even tbink
n bad lost o did not really understand p had heen
q had siill pi y agret:ed r had forct:ed s r~fu~cd t luuk~d
Ex 3
a w1:eut, ha<l put, n:aliz~d, had lust
b was wailing, saw, were sta ring
e h!:!ar<l, knew, was tryi11i1
d didn' t rcmcmbcr, bad not bt'cn driving,
had almosLstopped
e arcived, had already put out, wcrc carrying
f were you doing, did you run away, Lold
g was palnting, fell off, didn't break
h didn't tum up, got, had already dosed
i hadn't forgotten, had fired. was taking
j was having, decided, had helped
Unit4
Ex 1
a has wnttt'n b spcnt e studicd d ha~ written e won
f llave been g rec~ivt:ed h alsu wun i has always been
j havc accuscd k (has) poin tcd out I wrote
Ex2
a have been trying b have been e camc up
d gave e found f performed g used h cailed
i has found j have learned
Ex 3
a have heen hrre tor b thr first time J'vc> seen
e has gone d have. been worklng here / have worked here
e hasn 't arrived f haven't met g has eaten
h have bet::11 waiti11g i11 this yueue / bave l.Jeen 4.ueuing
i haven't bccn herc for j have bcci1 married for
Ex4
a has been rising b IJ ave given
e has been expanding d has been
e has been increasing f have had g raised
h introd uced i endecl j have also encouraged
Unit 5
Ex 1
a f'll have b wiU l know, wiU recdve , lt's going to burst
d t'IJ be cleaning e l'm working
f will alm osl co,rla iuly risl' g bo,gius h are yuu guiug tu
i won' t know j wc' U be holding
Ex 2
a A, B b B e A, B d A, B. e e e f A, e g e h B, C
i C j A, B, C k B I A
Ex3
a receive b reach e will begn, proves
d mproves, will not risk e will appear, sigo
f wiJI contact, have g will then assess, decide
h reach, wlll be
Ex4
a Tlle 12th Engllsh Teachlng Conference Is to take place
on .'i-1 2J11 nt'.
b The presldent is dueto arrive here at 9.30.
e Everyone was ahout to leave when t he fire alarm went off.
d He will play very louu music late at niglltl
e So, what are we going to do?
f Jai ,o, i~ guir111 tu llave a baby.
g Jwas going to phonc you last night, but it slippccl my rnind.
h l'JI be drivi.n; Lo Leeds anyway on Tuesday, so why
cton't I givc you a lift? / 1'11 givc you a lifr.
i That'll be my new aediL card.
j Thc policc wiil have caught the thi ef by now.
Ex 5
a will stUI be IJvlng b wlll have flnlshed
e wil l have fo11nd d will prohahly he going 011 t
e 1'11 h ave made f will have been rumng
g will almost certain ly have hecome h l' II he driving
i wUI be j will h ave fouml k will still be search ing
1 wi ll sti ll he talking m will have changed
n wiU lle trying o will be usi11g p wUI llave ru11 o ut
q will he travellin g r will be wal.klng s wlll havc solvcd
t will Ita ve como,
Ex6
a B be cB d A eB fB g B hC iC e a are pru ucl.:! b are 11auu, e were fsl tleveloped
Unit6
Ex 1
a did you do b will h ave started e are you staying
d has not won e will be f haven't been waiting
g had sent h will be feels j was going to be
k are always criticizing me I have heen meaning
Ex 2
a is happe.ning b appears e do not ali agree d argue
e are warmjng f beJJeve g 11as taken place h will be
i say j said k concludf'd I is m have caused
n will probably be o are telll ng
Ex 3
a 10 b 7 e 8 d 15 e 9 f 6 g 11 h 3 i 14 j 4
k 12 12 m s n 13 o 1
Ex4
got b had stokn e livcs d told e had gone
f no Liced g were disassemblu1g h assumed
1 had asked j drove off k are investigating I havc issucd
Ex 5
a is going b are e belong d will produce e will be
f has declined g will represenl h introduced i were
J are k will be I has been m affects n bas increased
o will continue p will live / will be living
Ex 6
a We arf' having a pMty o n Friday
b I haven't been to Slberla before.
e What t'xactly do you do'!
d Karen used to have short halr.
e l' m just leaving, so J ca n't talk n ow.
f l haven'l been to lhe theatre for a long lime.
g Wh en did thc Romans invade Britain?
h I don't thio.k it will rain tomorrow.
i Does thJs suitcase belong to yo u?
j When .1 have saved enough money, J' m goi ng to buy a
new computer.
Ex 7
a searched for b did not do e; waited d went
e crawlecl f interviewecl g work~ h went i learnecl
j has been k work I carry m falls n pick it up
o I have ever seen p get~ hold q throws r has chased
s ~aw t weni rtparing u was coming v strippt! off
w dived x scized y sold
Unit 7
Ex 1
a Thc rubbish is bci ng collcctcd on Tucsctay tls wcck.
b Both of the suspects have already been arrested.
e lt has been dedded t hat your concract wlJI not be renewed.
d My hi ke was stolen last week.
e The flsh was perfectly cooked.
f A decision wi ll ht' rl'ached nt'xt w ef'k.
g The building was completed at t he end of last month.
h Al i our product~ are delivered to your door.
i Paullne has been asked to take over tht! jol> u11til t he tml
of Ju.ne.
j Wlle tho, film wa.s bl.:!i ug uiae, Lltt! rnouf.:!y ran out.
Ex 2
d is now made e takes f comes g is bascd h becamc
i was firsl produced j is soaked k losl I is pfized
Ex 3
a has Uf.:!t!J Ldosetl b is t:stiwated e are f.:!xo,cted
d is houscd e has beco torced
f is caHiecl ou l / is beu1g carried oul
g was being constructed h was belng built
i have been tolcl j has been done/ is being done
k llave been accommoclated
1 have not been affected / are not affected
m was only completed
Ex4
a Dora was examined by a number of trainee doctors.
b Evcryonc has been surpriscd by the exten t o the
Oood-damagc.
e Thc sccurity door was opened With a counterfeit key.
d Many woul d-be shoppers were put off by the freezing
conditions.
e The window was smashcd with a brick.
f Some famllics are belng hit hard by the h lgh cost of gas
and elec:-tricity.
g The wlndows o n nearby l.mlldlngs were blown in by the
force ot thc explosion.
h Sev~al l.,uil<li ug, were <laruagetl by tht: lti;h winds.
i The security guard was hit on the hcad with a blunt
i11s ln11ne11t.
Tbc sea wall was washcd away by the unusually high tide.
Ex 5
a was awardcd b was praiscd e had been cut down
d had been. left e has been copied
f has bccn transformed g has been arrested
h was beaten i was elected j was appointed
Ex 6
a I was promiscd a pay rise ...
b ... was sem to me by courier the next day.
e ... is being taken over by a mu lti-national firm .
d Toe man trying to climb ln the wlndow was notlce<l ...
e ... was awarded a meda l for brnvery.
f ... was made to take the exam agaln.
g ... was given t hc paintings hy an eklrrly aunt.
h The case Is golng to be looked into ...
! ... resc:ue attempts were considered pointless.
J ... was e]eLtetl m:!sitle11 t for a ,ccuutl teru1.
Ex 7
a Accurtliug to a ~tatt'l11e11t [rom Pinewood Stutl ios, the James
Bond stage, wbich was dcstroycd by firc at thc weekend, will
be rebuilt.
b The cause of the blaze at Iver Heatll, Bucklnghamshire, iJ1
which the celchrMPci stage was left rnmplPlf'ly g11ttl'ci, has
not yet been conflrmed.
e A ~poke.sperson explained that shooting of tl1e la test
protluction hatl I.Jee11 completetl an tl tbe film ~t!ts w,;re l.,ei11g
removed.
d The full dfecl> o litis i11citlt!11l hav,; 11ut yet I.Jeeu osses~t!d1
bu t th c Em ancial performance of thc compaoy wLII not be
affecled .
e Buckngba rnshirc Firc Brigade was callcd at J 118 BST oo
Sunday.
f The blaze was tackled by eight fire engines, and the smoke
was visible from ten mi.les away.
g The roof coverlng rhe stage caved In through flre damage
anc1 spt'cial equipm!'nt was req11ir!'ci to reach it.
h Ir is the second time rhe stage, originally built for elle 1977
llonc1 lilm n,e .'ipy Wlw Ul\led Me, has heen de.~troyl'ci hv fire.
The building was previously rebuilt foUowlng a fire in '
1984 after which slx people were treated for burns, smoke
i11 halatiu11, autl shuck.
j Socc ts rcopcomg, whcn it was cbristcncd T/1c Albert R
Broccoli 007 Stage afte, the long-lime producer of t he series, it
has been used in fiveJames Bond fllms.
Unit8
Ex 1
a In Tnsh mytl1ology, a mereor was said ro be a soul passJ.ng
from pu.rga tory to heaven.
b In Greek mythology, tJ1e beech rree was beUeved to be able to
carry messages from a worshipper to Zeus, the father of the
goct.~.
e In ancitmt Egypt, l>ats' blood was thought to cure blindness.
d ln Aztec mythology, the Sun was helieved to he the home of
the gutl Quctz.akoatl.
e In Norse mythology, the bravest warriors were Lhought to
Uve after tlea lh i11 1e hall uf Valltalla.
f ln ancicnt Egypt, thc scarab, or bectlc, was bclicvcd to carry
the $un across Lhe sky.
Ex 2
a The wmpany's Eurupt!a11 divisiu11 i> ,aid to ue l1aviJ1; a xoutl
ycar.
b ln contrast, the Far East division is said to have been
sufferlng from rlsing costs.
e The :omr~ny is helieved to have been talk ing to a
competltor about a posslble merger.
d Some Clirectors are known to have heen thinki ng on t he.~e
lines for sorne time.
e Th e CEO, Carl t~raham, is l>elieved to he maki ng an attempt
to focus t ht! VU$i11ess more sharply in sorne areas.
f ;te is aJso said ~o be looki ng at th e possibil ity of joh cuts.
9 fh ~ compa11y 1s Lhuugltt lu be ltultliug a tup-lewl m ~eli ug
about thcsc maltcrs ncxt weck.
Ex3
a ... thought to be thc sitc of burcd trcasurc.
b ... said to be in a place called 'Lhe money pil'.
e ... thought to havc buried thc trcasurc centurics ago.
d ... reported to have fallen into a hole al the foot o a Jarge
trcc.
e ... believed to have discovered traces of treasu.re in the hale.
f ... said to have found a treasure chest in Jater excavations.
g ... said to have flooded in .
h ... belleved to have searched for t he Lreasu re.
i ... t hought to have lmmd o ld pi~ces of mf'ta l in t he hole.
j ... reported to be a natural ph enomenon, or t he rem,1ins of
o ld colonial forlifications.
Ex4
a I appreciatc bci.ng takc.n to thc station.
b I enjoyed being shown around Lbe school.
e I dori't retnmber being rurested!
d He said be liked being taken seriously.
e Tina denled having been paid to appear in the play.
f 1 don't remember being given the anaest hetic.
g I appreclate belng given another chance.
Ex 5
a The hat sold yesterday at the auction iS said to have been
worn hy Napoleon <luring t he iovasion of Russia in 1812.
b The earthquake ln the North Sea Is thought to llave been
caused by a release in pressu re atter ol a nc1 gas <'Xtrnrtion.
e Harril!t the tortoisl!, who has ju~-r died aged 176, is belleved
to have been owned by Charles Darwin.
d TLuee patieuh are nuw k11uw11 to llave bee11 ltettetl with
thc discasc through blood transfusions.
e More lhan a bu11drt!<l football supurters are tltougltt to have
bccn i.nvolvcd in the riot aftcr thc match.
f Th e recen! forest fires in Californ ia are believed Lo have bee11
started deliberately.
g Three other religious leaders are now lmown to have been
arrested at the same Lime.
h The helicopter wruch crashed yesrerday h'illlng eighteen
service personnel is believed to have be,eo shot down .
Ex6
a Two suspects are thought to have been afl'ested .
b The plane is believed to have crashed into thc sea ncar a
sm.aU island.
e The rninister Js sald to be considering changing th e laws on
smoki ng in p11hlic.
d Yesterday the sltuatlon ls reponed to have lmproved.
e Whalcs are said to havc bccn sccn in t he area for the flrst
lime.
f The firc is bclicvcd to havc brokcn out at 3 am.
g Last year the compa ny is reported lo have rt!Cun.l~tl risi11g
profits.
h The number of unemployed is th ough t to have fallen by
10%.
Ex 7
Suggested answers:
lle is thought to have been boro on 23 April, 1564.
He Is belJeved to have started his edu cation at the age of
srvrn / in 1.~ 71.
He is thought to have jolned a company of actors between
1585 and 1592.
He is thougltt to have lmm both a playwright anda
pcrformcr.
He is believed to lrnvt! writl~11 h~ first play in 1S89- 1590.
He is thought to havc writtcn tbc poem Venus and Adonis
while Luuduu U11::atn:s wcrt: d u~td I.Jecau~e of t he plai{Ue,
He is believed to have written JI Midsummer Nigflr's Dream for
a wedding in 159S.
He Is thought to have writ.ten Romeo and J11liet in the same
yrar.
He Is belleved to llave wrltten Homlet tn 1600-1601.
Unit9
Ex 1
a Wc havc had thc outsidc of our h ousc paintcd.
b Marlin had bis hair cut yeslerday.
e wc are having a ncw central heating system installed at our
house tomorrow.
d J arn going to have my eyes examined tls afternoon .
e Tom had h is nose ,tltered last year.
f I had my Jeath er coat dry-deaned spedally.
g We have h ad our paintings valued.
h Maria had t11e car looked at before she bought it.
i We had th e windows in our house replaced last year.
j J ulia is goi 11g to havt: two uf ht:r tt:t:th takt:n out.
Ex2
a Katk !tau ht:r <.:ar stolt:11 l>y out: uf her frit:n<.ls.
b We are going to havc our photograpb taken. . Ex6
e Ca11 yuu comt! t1ui<:kly? 1 havt: liad wy h ouse brukt'H u1to.
d Laura is going to have her portrait pain tcd by Traccy Errun,
Lhe well-known Brilish aitisl.
e Thcy had thcir housc designcd by a weU-known architect.
f 1 have ali my suts made by a local lailor.
g Dave had his bike repaired ata shop in the High Street.
h I am h aving my hip replaced next week.
i Tony had one of his fingers broken wbile h e was playing
cricket.
Maria is going to bave her flat redecorated by a local firrn.
Ex3
a One of the players got tlis leg broken.
b Andy wants to have bis nose altered.
e Auna got arreste<.I a~ she was leaviug the shup.
d Thc paticnt had his leg amputated after the accident.
e J usually ltavt: m y sltoes rt:pai rt:<.I i11 tht: sltop uu tllt' wmer.
f I got Tom to check all the Windows before h e l eft.
g Jim says ltt:'11 bt: lal~ b~caus~ lle is gt:tti11 ls lt air wt.
h Have you got your work startcd yct ?
i Sue has had h er car stolen.
Ex4
a had b have e had d done e d idn'L f gol
g having h got i had ) h ave k having I get
Unit 10
Ex 1
a .. . you press that button on thc kcyboard, you'll losc what
you've w rit ten
b ... lose your work if you make a back-up copy.
e ... have virus protection you'll have problems wi th your
computer.
d ... hack and arms will ache if you sit too long at the
computer.
e ... r.ould have proh iems if you tum off the computer before
dusing ali programs.
f ... you don't save your work hrfori, closing t hr word-
JJruc.:essi11g progrmn, yuu'll lose it.
g ... you lcarn thc kcyboard short cuts, you can save a Jot of
Lime.
h ... probably crastl if you run too many programs at thc samc
time.
Ex2
aA b ll cA dA e B f C gB hC iC jA
Ex 3
ac b B CA dA e ll fC ge hC
Ex4
a disapprarrcl b wou ld begin e polluted
d would soon become e were f would soon begln
g wou ld take h rnmpet!'cl i wou ld hi,nl'fit j ca11ght
k wou ld eventually increase I vanished
m would not necessa rily recover n would have o took
p .,uiso11~<.I q wuu Itl go by r <.lisapp~are<.I s <:t'ase<.I
t would not absorb u landcd v would find
Ex 5
Suggested answers:
a stopped, would a.lways b~
b mclt, wm risc or mcltcd, would risc
e recyde, will be d feU, would happen
e don't stop, wI.11 eventuaUy grind f wIII h appen, run out
g ti nai ly start, will neecl or tinally startrd, wouid nercl
h wasn't, would the world be
i don't stop, wi lI hecome j jumped, would he
a It Mrs Allen's neighhour hadn't srarchi,cl his garclrn shecl, he
wouldn't have found the mlsslng ca t lnslde.
b If one of them hadn't had her mohiie phone w ith her, the
ltikers wuultl11't b ave l.>e~n restue<.I qukkly.
e Tf th c boy hadn't bccn wcaring a lifc jacket, he wouldn't havc
survived.
d lf Mr Andcrson hadn't wokcn up beca use he hcard thc smokc
alarm, lhe family woulrui'Lbave managed to escape Lhe fire.
e lf rcscuc workcrs had scarchcd thc car properiy thcy would
llave noUced Lhe injured man .
f If most of thc staiff badn't lcft thc room, more than onc
person would have been in jured.
g lf ch e goa lkeepe r hadn't made a mist ake, United would have
won.
h [f a puli<.;e officer hadn't stopped Pratt for drink-drivlng, an d
taken a DNA samp le, I'ratt wouid not have heen charged
with t ite pr~viuu:sly unsolved murcler uf Mrs .Tunes.
Ex 7 Ex4
a would have happened b had lllissed a would b were e time d it e made f were g dcove
e would llave continued d would probably not exist h could i were j wou ld kas I were
e would be f would not have been able
g would bave developed h would bave gJown
i existed j would not have changed k wou ld look Unit 13
1 had not colllded m would probably not be
n woulcl not hav" stoocl Ex 1
a mnstn't b <lid not have to reac1 e we'rl hetter not
d I cl icln't nel.!d to have e shouldn't have tolcl me
Unit 11 f shouJd not g shouldn't h should not llave attemptcd
i w ustn't j do11't havt! to be
Ex 1
a pcovided b Supposing e but for d otherwise Ex 2
e were to f if you happen to be g even if a have b must e have d beuer e sbould
h as long as i unless j If it hadn't been for f are g cou ld h should i had j necd
Ex 2 Ex3
aC bB ce dA eC fB gB hC iA jB a ... bctter take an umbrclla.
b ... have to go to school on Saturday moming in your
Ex3 cow1try?
a We will only refund your booking fee if you cancel 48 hou rs e ... to hand in a typed copy of their firsl lab report.
in advance. d ... needn't have changed ...
b U only you'd told me about the cheap lligh ts to Italy. e ... think you ought ...
e lf it hadn't been for the sklll of the surgeon, t he child would f ... sl1ouldn't llave le.h the windows open whlle lt was ral nlng.
not have surviVf'cl. g ... cl idn't have to pay.
d lf you should l1ave second choughts, let us know. h ... don 't have to ...
e l\ut for your hrlp, 1 wonld have maclr a complrte m!'.ss ot i ... ahlf' to stop the car hefore it crashed into a wal l.
thls. j ... dldn't have to connect lt to a phone Une.
f lt l might tak!' your ma t?
g Even lf you offer me more money, 1stUJ won't sell the house Ex4
to you! a should b have e able d had e h ad f liave
h L~t 1111! g~t a wur<l iJ1 <.!<lg.:way,, a11<l l'll lt!ll yuu what 1 g should h have i heen j wi ll k shou lcl I ough t
discovcrcd. m have n better o have
Jf you were lo change your m ind abou l the job, we'd be
in tcrcstcd in hearing from you.
Unless we are delayed, we'll be Lhere by six. Unit 14
Ex4 Ex 1
a unless b wil l e were d would e provided f even aA bB ce dA ee fe ge hB ic JA
g otherwtse h not i Supposlng j would Ex 2
a 3 b 8 e 7 d 10 e 1 f 5 g 6 h 2 19 j4
Unit 12 Ex 3
Ex 1 a ... could / mlglll h ave an acciclent.
a llad b had lstcncd e would d would stop b ... can't be safe.
e didn't leave f had nol bougbt g h acl spen l h kn ew e ... must have klckecl a ball against it.
1 paid j wish d ... can be a clangemus p lace.
e ... must be safe to touch these wires now.
Ex2 f ... might / cou ld have tolcl me that piec-r nf metal was hot!
ae bA CA d A eB fB ge hB le e g ... shuul<l have arcivecl by now.
h ... can't havc clcancd lhis bowl properly.
Ex3
a ... if more ancl more young people will go into h ighcr Ex4
educatioo in fuhHe. a 4 b 5 e 10 d 2 e 7 f 8 g 6 h 9 i 1 j :i
b ... their chlld1en studied a useful subject lead.ing to a good
job.
e ... thelr parents would let them mal<e their own choices. Unit 15
d ... they had chosen their coursrs morl' rarefully.
e ... not to ch oose a subject simply because they thlnk they are
Ex 1
good at il. a couldn't b shall e shouldn't d needs e can'l
f ... I were you, ['<l tltink al.iout what ki nd of work I want / f could g could h I'll do it I might j cou ldn't
wantcd to do in thc futurc. Ex 2 Suggest ed answers:
g ... tbey wt!re only i.u tereste<l in havi.ng a guo<l time.
h ... tbey had worked harder. a cao't be b sball we do e might just d might have known
i .. . if they will never repay their student loans . e could you f C:ould g n !'ecls h ca n't hf'
... time that unlversities paid more attention to students'
finanrial problems.
Ex 3
Suggested answers:
a Thanks, but you rcally shou ldn't havc brought me flowcrs!
b ShaU J carry th ose books for you?
e You can't be serious!
d You might be tal ler than rne, but you're not better at
basketbaUl
e Could l open thc window, picase?
f I couldn'l care less what yuu ~ayl
Ex4
a 8 b S e 3 d 10 e 1 f 7 g 9 h 6 i 4 j 2
Ex 5
a Could I lry lhal shol again?
b Beforc wc start playing, thc nct nccds adjustin g.
e $hall .1 hold Lhe lag while you lake your shol?
d Try as I may, I can't skatc propcrly.
e I won't Jet the team down.
f I co uldn't care less whether you run in this racc or not.
g You never know, United might just win all their matches!
h No member o f the club shall use insulting language to any
ot her me mher.
i Now the wea ther has lmproved, thlngs couldn't be better.
j That's kinn of yon, hnt yo11 neen n't h~ve bo11gh t my ticket.
Ex 6
a c b B CA d B e A f C g A h B i H j B
Ex7
a Do wc havc to takc thc final test?
b You ,houlu11'l lwve ul ,u 111ud1 le111u t1 in tite cake.
e Tim's computcr craslct1, but h e was ablc to save thc pagcs he
was working on.
d Passengers are n ot to pass bcyond this point.
e I think you had beller see ao eye specialist about lh is
problcm.
f Paula slarted the class immedialely, as she didn't have to take
an en trance test.
g We didn't have to pay for our tickets.
h Dave h ad to leave befare the end of the performance.
i We needn't have bought a second tin of paint.
j Kate should have taken her umbrella.
Ex 8
a By the time they leave school, most studems should have
uncterstood the importancc of regula r cxcrcisc.
b Wbeu Uttey start a juu, ur hixlter stuies, sorne eu le can j ... s!Je wuukl let me k11ow if ~he hau auy mure rublt'lll S.
forgct tbat time n ccds to be set asidc for this.
e Those who don'L find lhe lime for exerclse, ace bound lo
regret this in the future.
d When lhey feel lired or ove!-stressed, fo1 example, Lhey think
U1is must ha11e happcned because they have been working
loo h ard.
e 111ey don't realize that this might also be the result of failing
to keep fit.
f When they do h ave any free time, they feel they mlgh t as
well relax in Front of the tPlevision, as in the gym or on the
runnlng crack.
g Perhaps they think that thr people who tin<1 timr lm l'xl'rC'iSI'
must be taklng time away from dolng thelr Job properly.
h l lowever, rrse~rrh shows that this rn111<1n 't he further trom
the trurh
Most people cou lct easi ly fi nct the time to keep fit if they
urganizetl their tiu1e wu re ttffe1;tively.
ln U1e end, we h ave to / must remember that someone who
feeJs fit and well must be able to work more easily and with
more energy.
Unit 16
Ex 1
a 6 b 3 e 9 d 1 e 4 f 7 g 10 h 5 i 8 j 2
E.x 2
a Wo11 1<1 it be ali righJ if I teft now?
b The computer wouldn't work properly.
e You wou ld say thc wrong U1ing!
d Il wouid be really xreat tu see yuu agaiu.
e Woutd you mind opcning thc door for me?
f Wh al l did lhen would Lurn out to be a m.istake.
g Would you li ke sti11 o r sparl<ling water?
h lf you would follow me, 1'11 take you to the meeting room.
i We would hope to deliver the finished prot1uct in six weeks'
titnc--.
I wouldn't worry about th e resu lts.
EX 3
a would lend b does e refuset1 d l'll be
e usen to work f wo11lrln't hi> g will h wo11 ld I rlo
i prefer j would you belp
Ex4
a woultl b wuuld e - d would e wuul<l f wuuld
g would h wouldn't i - j wouldn't k wouJd 1-
m- n - o wuul<l p- q wuu ltl r - s wuul<l t wuultl
Unit 17
Ex 1
a had already left b was e was d wuultl
e did11't know f cras hecl g was h had heen waiting
i wuul<ln't j is / was (L,uth acceJt,1l>le)
Ex 2
a ... he woutdn't len<l his car tu just anyone.
b ... he wasn 't very satisfied with his job.
e ... she wasu't guiug tu wurry abuul th e money unlil she
lleard om the banlc
d ... she didn 'l know where Bill was living al that moment.
e ... told me shc hactn't had her o peration yet.
f ... if I ale loo much, I'd feel iU.
g ... they would be writing to her later that week.
h ... the prices wouldn't rise befare the end of the year.
i .. the police had noticet1 Jack's car. they would have arrested
h im.
Ex 3
a 'Aeruvlanes are interesting tuys, l;ut uu u ut have auy miHlary
va lue' 8
b 'Wlrntevi:r yuung Ei11steit1 <lo~, he will a111uuul lo 110Lhing.' 4
e ' lt will be ycars, and not in my lifctimc, bcforc a woman will
becuute Brilish pri me miJthler.' 5
d 'I t11ink there is a worlt1 market for pcrhaps five computcrs.' 7
e 'Television won'L slay popu laI for more Lh an six months,
bccausc pcoplc will soon get ti red o f staring ata wooden box
every n igh t.' 2
f ' We don' t like your sound, and guitar music is on the way
out.' 3
g 'The teleph one has too many shortcomings and is of no
value to us.' 6
h 'The horse is here to scay, but the car is o nly a novelty.' 1
Ex4
a huw long it touk to get cu the l.:ity centre.
b if I had visiten the Nationa l Museum.
, wha t she thuught of the hotel fuou.
d if I would he travelling hy train.
e if she knew t he way to the Opera House.
f how much 1 had paid to stay ln the student hostel.
g whet her / if she was thinking of changing hotels.
h whetber / J J had ro leave ar 10.00.
i to go witl1 me to fue station / if she would go with me to the
sration.
Ex 5
aB bA cC dA e B fC g B hA
Ex 6
a say b asked e was d hlm e whal f me g knew
h said i had j me k if I wottld m would n not o lo
Unit 18
Ex 1
a wugratulated b d1mit!u e co11fessed d remiml
e rcgrcttcd f apologizcd g volw1tccrcd h pointcd out
i ,1~u rcd j wamcd
Ex 2
a B, e b A e e d B, e e A te g B, e h A, e
i C jA
Ex 3
a on b me e tbat d cntcring e me f if / whether
g oul h if / whelher i o j lm k lo l lo
Ex4
a ,ui11tt!d uul that b of faiJJ11g e slluation on a d ,1
e that high blood pressure
f Lhat Lhey should make / to make g-,/
h added tlm smoking i concluded rhal j ,J
Ex 5
a invited b announced e thanked d begged
e reminded f agreed g poi.nted out h persuaded
1 volu nreered j swore k declded I ordered
Unit 19
Ex 1
a thcy should givc him b her planc arrives e isn't it
d Hasn'l she? e t-Je is, isn'l he?
f w t1at exactly are you waiting for
g w here the Astoria Ho tel is
h There isn't, is there? 1You won't be long, will you?
j when the next train leaves
Ex 2
a ... really !ove to know how old she is.
b ... you rell me how much lh ls shln costs?
e ... suppose you know where the projc-c-tor is.
d ... not clear whlch room is whlch.
e ... woncler what time the lecture finishe~.
f ... not sure where l have to go.
g ... you explain how this works?
h ... lht!y luid yuu I.Juw luux Wt! haw lo wail?
Ex 3
a Can'l you finish your wuck on lime?
b What are we waiting for?
e Do you know whal heI llisl name is?
d Thls isn't your sca t, is it?
e C.ould you tell me the lime? CouJd you tell me what Lhe Lime
Is?
f Good heavens, it isn't really 8 .00 already, is if!
g You understancl tl1e second example, don't you?
h You haven't seen Chris, by any chance, have you"t
Ex4
a No, they don't. They call it Republika e Shqiperise.
b No, it doesn'r. lt lies between France and Spain.
e Yes, that's right.
d No, lt Jsn't. Canberra Is the capital.
e No, it isn't. Dominica is a small island repu hlc, hut the
Dom in lean Republic is the eastem half uf the island of
Hispaniola, so they are not lhe same.
f Yes, they <.lo. ln<.lians make up about 38% of the populatiun.
g No, it didn't. lt used to be called Hasutoland.
Ex 5
a don't b are e haven't d what e don'l f IJon'l
g Dun 't h tht!rt! i Wt! j fur
Unit 20
Ex 1
a the, - , - b the, the, e - , -, the d the, tlle, the, tlle
e the, the, the f - , -, - , - g - , the, -, the
h the, th e, - , the I the, the, the, - j - . -
Ex 2
a Tlle b an e the d - e the f rile g rile h - i -
j - k the I the m a n - o a p a q a r the s the
t a u the v the w a x a y a z a 1 - 2 - 3 the
4 the 5 a 6 a 7 t ht' 8 - 9 1he 10 - 11 the
Ex 3
a the, an, tht' b a, a, 1he e the, a, a d 1hr, a, a
e a, a, the, a, the, a f the, the, the, a, the
g the, a, the, the, t he h t he, the, the, the i the, an, a
j the, a, the, the
Ex4
a a b - e a d - e The f - g tl1e h the i th e j a
k a 1- m the n a o - p - q the / - r the s - t -
u - v - w a x ,1 y - z a 1 - 2 the 3 the 4 the
Unit 21
Ex 1
a Th e, a, Lhe, the b the, a, the, a . the e - , -, a, thc, the
d the / -, tl1e, - , the, the, t he e -,-, an
f -, a, t he, the, - g the, a, a, the h The, , an, the, -
Ex 2
a Thc b - e tlle d t he e a f - g the h the i a
j - k Thr I the m t he n a o - p the q the r The
s the t the u th e v the w the x the y the z a
1 - 2 an 3 a 4- 5 -
Ex 3
a The, the, - b a, the, the e - the, a d The, a, the, -
e a, a, - f the, t he, the g - an, - h The, - , rhe
i -, tllc, a, thc j -, tl1e, a
Ex4
a thc b a e lhe d the e - f the g the h r he
i Lht! j tite k - 1Thc m the n tlle o - p the
q tllc r Thc s - t fhc u the v - w The
x the y - z- 1 Tht! 2- 3- 4 th~ 5- 6-
Unit 22
Ex 1
a hardl y any b cnough e lots of d very few
e o nly a lillle f nol enough g a few h a lot o f
1 Too many J too much k as mucb as I cnough
Ex2
a B bA CA dC ec fA gB hC IC Ji\
k ll I A
Ex3
a many b much e of d less e hardly f lot g as
h quite i how j amown k much
Ex4
a There's not enough time to fln lsh now.
b Non e of my amwers wa.s / Wf're wrong .
e There is no money In yollr wal let.
d There were very few cmtomers this morning.
e There w4.!re fewer crimes last year.
f Toe green one costs twice as mueh as the red on e.
g There was a large 11U1J1uer uf peup le queui11g at the fruut
entrancc.
h There is more lhan enough food for six people.
i There isn't any papcr i11 thc cupboard.
j Th ere was hardly any snow lasl nigh l.
Ex 5
a ... is too much traffic today.
b .. . roo much sugar in thJs coffee.
e ... twice as n111d1 as til at one.
d ... amount of money has been spent o n thls proect.
e ... than enough money to huy the tickl't.s.
f ... ma ny as a thousand football fans were arrested.
g ... few taxis at this timt> of night.
h ... very few people know about it.
J ... of the paintings was / were damaged.
j ... is no water iu the tauk.
Ex6
a uf b mauy e every d larxe e as f times g fow
h man y i vcry j largc k lots I no m cvcry / cach
nas
Ex 7
a 2 b 12 e 5 d 6 e 11 f 1 g 8 h 3 i 10 j 9 k 7
14
Unit 23
Ex 1
a is b .smroundings e is d card.s e havt> f is
g trousers h stairs i is j are
Ex 2
a t'Ustoms b manner e damage d works e expenses
f custom g glass h damages i manners j work
k glasse~ 1t:xpeuse
Ex 3
a <.:rowd b flash e dom! d team e pa<.:k f shower
g piece h hunch i item j gang
Ex4
a seat helt b bookshelf e water softener d coffee pot
e toothbrush f shop window g mountain cmbing
h office eq uipment l pencil sharpener
j computer network
Ex 5
Hamlel's falh er the Kiug uf Deuu rnrk h as d ied, a11d h is
mothcr has marricd hJs fUb.cr'.s brothcr, Claudius. Dcnmar k
is under th rea l of invasion by a foreign ~ army. Two
soldiers on du ty on th e ramparts of the castle see Hamlet's
~ ghost. La ter, the ghost speaks to Hamlet and describes
hls brother's method of murdering J1im. Harulet promises
to avenge his mmder, hut pretends to he mad to e.scapt> hi.s
Lu1dt!'s sllspi<.:ious. Clau<lius asks Hamlet's friends to fin<l out
th e reasons for his stra nge beh aviour. Claudius's / C:laudius'
adviser, Poluuius, the father of Hamlt:t'~ gi.rlfriend Oph elia,
suggcsts that hs madncss is causcd by lovc. Hamlct's friends
invi le a Lroupe oI acLors Lo l1y Lo make Hamlet less unhappy.
Hamlet asks th em to put on a play he has writtcn in which his
father's murder will be acted. His ~ guilt becomes clear
when he stops t11e play and Jeaves with his courtiers. Harnlet
kills Polonius io error and is sent to England with his friend.s as
parr of the klng'.s attempt to 1<111 Hamlet.
Unit 24
Ex 1
a anythmg b cach e mysclf d eithcr e anywhere
f else g Lhe olhet ones h Lhemselves i each 0U1er
Ex 2
a B bC cA d B eC f B gB hA
Ex 3
a Thc people who picked the correct number won tSOO each.
b Sorne children in U1e class were throwlng pieces of paper at
one anothf'r.
e !'ve looked everywh ere else.
d I lave you hurt yoursflf?
e I blame myselJ for what h appened.
f lt doesn't matter if you can't get here hy eight.
g E11joy yourse]vt,s a t th" utead1 1 cl1ildrte11!
h A Jot of people wcrc drivmg too fast, but l was thc onc thc
pollee slopped.
Ex4
a It Lhere b ll, lhere e 111ere, il d ll, lhere e There, il
f It'. it, it g Thcrc, Thcrc h Thcrc, it i Thcrc, it j lt, it
Ex 5
ac bA CA dB ec fA gB hA
i e jB kB IA me
Unit 25
Ex 1
a bad b two-hour , sleeping d soaldng e lost
f targe g com plete h fresh ly haked i heavy
j worried
Ex2
a - b very e - d v"ry e vt!ry r- g- h- i vtery
j - k vcry I vcry
Ex 3
a wi nter clothes b silk sh irts e torch hattcries
d spring sal~ e a leather oven.:oat f offkte tetui.,111e 11t
g football supporters h a glass bowl i summcr holidays
j compuler sofLwaie ka silve1 bracelet I autumn leaves
Ex4
a a neglecled masleipiece b lhe closing headl1es
e frcczing tcmpcraturcs d an unlockcd door
e mixed feelings f an arranged marriage
g a rcspcctcd author h a damaging attacl(
i an unsolved crime j a leakmg roof
k the opening scene I an acquired taste
Ex 5
a [tallan speakln g b freshly baked e fast-flowlng
d newly married e open-minded f wind~wept
g earth-shattering h chocolate-coated i h eartbreaklng
j tree-covered k timl'-savi ng I newly d i~c.overec1
Ex 6
aB bA ce dB ee f A ge hB ie j B
k A IC
Ex 7
a light b open e hcavy d long e small f short
g wide h Cine i greal j high k n arrow I iow
Ex 8
a ho111i,-prutluci,tl b m uch-ri,tluci,tl e [ri,sl1 ly pri,pari,tl
d rcady-madc e time-saving f hard-workng
g so-called h home-cooked i Iar-reaching j locaUy grown
k traffic-clogged l large-scale
Unit 26
Ex 1
a to help b to flnd out e to !cave d that you wan ted
e lo u11der~ laml f 10 ~"" g xelliu~ h lo go
i to uodcrstand J to find out
Ex2
a lt's odd (that) you should be J1crc at thc same time.
b ll makes me angry lha l you should Lalk to me l.ike lha t.
e It right (that) Maria should wi n first prizc.
d lt's unfair (that) we should have to work u nlil 10.30!
e l'm determined (that) there should be no repetition of
today's 11 n fortunate eveots.
f lt's alarmlng (th at} there shou ld be no se.curity at aU in the
hnilding!
g lt's only natural (that) the employees should fee.l badl y
treated.
h Jt's stwuge (that) you should have the sarne inltlals as me.
Ex 3
a obvious b essenlial e poi11Lless d beller e aware
f make g important h careful I impossible J vital
Ex4
a lt's best to put on plenty of sun-cream be.fore you go out.
b I was sorry to hear your bad news.
e This bad weat11er makes me feel miserable.
d lt's obvious that somethlng wW hat1e to be done.
e l'm busy revtslng for my exams at tlle moment.
f lt wa~ wonderhil to meet Davic1 Rowie.
g I felt terrible lyiJ1g to her.
h I am determined that tbis should not happen agai n.
i ll'~ good o you to givt 1111;: a lifl.
Ex 5
a iu1possil!le b u11usual e surprised d clear
e unwilling f un wise g aware h he ahle i possihle
j hopeful
Unit 27
Ex 1
a soon b partic11larly e quite/ really d hard
e Technlcally / Apparently f quite / reaUy g completely
h t"llrly i tm ly l.11ckily / FnrhmMf.'ly
Ex 2
a real ly b incrf'dih ly e wic1ely d mmplPtely, uttPrly
e completely, pel'feclly, 1ea1Jy f awfully, li,rril!ly, vt!ry
9 cntirely h grcatly i cspccially, particularly
j Lolally, l<llerly
Ex 3
a l qu ile understand l:tow you fod.
b Unfortu natcly, nobody camc to thc party.
e T fow1d the ma tch cather unexciUng.
d The decision was financially disastrous.
e This result was en tirely unexpected.
f Mrs Burns has klndl y agreed to provide sandwiches.
g This printer is completely useless.
h I can hard ly see t he end of the road.
i The answec is perfectly obvious.
j Loglcally, the mtsslng money must be in this room.
Ex4
aB bA c A de e B fB g A hB iC j B kA
le
Unit 28
Ex 1
a the b as e probably d too e too f 1ru.1
g more and more h every bit I a lot j like
k a lot mnrl:' I the best
Ex2
a most b enough e better d as e probably / easily
f about g blt h tbem i away j lot k as I away
Ex 3
a as b enough e llke d too e like f as g eoough
h a.~ i like like k too I enough
Ex4
a e: b n e e d n e D f B ge he i A B
k e IC
Unit 29
Ex 1
a at b down e to d towards e on f to g within
h upon i along j at
Ex2
a Jim put a sheet over his head and preten ded to be a gh osl.
b Anna walked across the street.
e J wish I were far away From here.
d When do you thlnk Alan wlll be back?
e fhe dog was running round il nc1 ronnc1 anc1 hark ing
fu.ciously.
f I firs t visitcd Moscow over lorty years go.
g Thi, lt'm.,eratur<e is l!elow average for this time of the year.
h Th e clcphant was com ing towards l'eter at high ~peen.
i When he's away Jrum h is frientls, David stops showing off.
j Wc pa id undcr CZ00,000 for this flat.
Ex 3 Unit 32
a out b through e away d ahroad e hy f a.~hor<' Ex 1
9 Among h backwan.ls
a om b of e With d about e ot f of g fnr h in
Ex4 i of j for
a in b o n e Under / In d i11 e at f un g in
Ex 2
h under I at j O n
a p urpose b effect e practice d d11u1<.:e e detaU f da te
Ex 5 g person h room I time j fault
a down b tluough / above e over / across d through Ex 3
e rlnwn f between g a long h in i backwards
j umler k between I ahead a In busiJless b aware of e wrong about d by mJstakc
e d ifff'rl"nt from f annoyed by g an efiect on
Ex6 h at fault i better at j witt10ut exceptioo
a iuto b through e On d a long e t0 f aheact g on Ex4
h at i through j in k 1hrnngh l bl"tween m far
a r was unaware of the problem.
Ex 7 b The ctri nks mac:hine is out of order.
a out b fro e up d ro11nrl e on f far g backwards e You damaged thls chalr 0 11 purpose!
h abroa<.I d IJavid was ahsorhed in his wnrk.
e Mr Gurdon h as a good relatlonshlp wlth hls employees.
Ex 8 f Many pcoplc in thc crowd were in tears.
a i11 ludia b in <.langer e through the reglon g Se nd in your applica liou wi thuut delay.
d on thc plains e below average f 11 nrler mnstrnc-tinn h Harry is addictcd to computcr gamcs.
g 011 th e isla nd h alung tite western side i between i We don't have this book in stock, bu l we can ur<ler une.
j along th c routc j Roben is an authority on gcnctic cnginccring.
Ex S
Unit 30 a aware b rlsk e responslble d facect e control
f addicted g theory h 11serl i room j average
Ex 1
a already b later e by d nn tim<' e onc-e f until
g Once h duriJ1g i At the eml j next Saturday Unit 33
Ex 2 Ex 1
a u11til 5.30 b During the nJght e for weeks d at last a to kick b worrying e to open d pick up e ua 11giHg
e in ha lf an hour f hy now g In thl" l"nrl h ever si nce f appearing g to stand up h clcaning i wonctcring
i in time j at once j to thin k
Ex3 Ex 2
a agu b bd'ore e already d at last / flnally e For a involve b mind e deny d avoid e risk f imagine
f Dunng g by h Sncc i in / during j until g stop h regret i consider j bear
Ex4 Ex 3
a for b later e in d a lready e sinr.P f yN g o nc-1" Suggested answers:
h by i finally j since a spent b begin / start e considered d meant / involved
Ex 5 e persuaded / encouraged / advisedf continued
g appcars / sccms h allowed i involved j tried / attempted
a C b A ce d B e B f A g A h B iC j B k gone
Ex4
Unit 31 a ll appears lhat th e match will be cancelled.
Ex 1 b Thc burglars 1umpcd out of the window to avoid heing
caught.
a of b at e to d In e wlth f with g from e lJlysscs is considcrcd to be Joyce's greatest work.
h hl"twef'n i on d They are pla1ltl1g lo read c lite 1uuuutains by the enu uf the
Ex 2 week.
e l prefer not to wasle lime walching lelevision.
a on b aga imt e wi th d to e on fo n g from
h for i from f Do you f3ncy going skati ng on Friday?
g We can't go on ignoring this problem.
Ex 3 h My pa rems clidn't !et me stay out late.
a C b A cC d B e A fC gC h B i A jC Ex S
Ex4 a continued to b stopped e ctccidcd to d involvcct
a concenrrate b provlde e boast d blame e tamper e expected f seemed to g persuade h warned
f refer g sper.ia lizP h benetit apply j advise i urged j forcect k regretted I demand

Ex S
a mvoJvcd b ctistinguish cd e differed d approve
e specialize f i.ushl g re~ulle<l h forced
i rcliccl / ctcpcnctcct j objcctcd k associated
Un lt 34 Unit 36
Ex 1 Ex 1
a wh ic-h b What c. w ho d w hkh e who f I a~kt>d for Suggested a nswers:
g what h wh lch i whlch j w ho a ,J
Ex 2 b Atter I han lett t he room, the telephone rnng.
e As l had lost my muney, t he conductor would n't gve me a
a whose b whose e wh o d whlch e whom f whom ticket.
g wh ic-h / thl t h w hkh / t hat i whic-h j where d Whilt: 1 wa~ falliug a~lt:t:p, tht:rt: wa~ a luud knock at the
Ex 3 frontdoor.
a w hich b - e w hich d who e wh1ch f Wh at g - e-./ f ,J
h whid1 1tl1at j that k wltid1 1 lha l m wltu n where g When I opened the box, it turned out to be ernpty.
o they p wh1ch h-./
i After I had been asked for my narne, 1 was take n to meet the
Ex4 prime min.ister.
a ... thc ma n who jumpcd ovcr thc countcr and took thc When r arrived at the station, th e train had already left.
Uluuey. Ex 2
b ... up late, which wasn' t un usual.
c. ... man y people, some of wh om gave us good descriplions of
a Although b 13eing e Without d lt e Wllile
f Aba nd oned g Though h There i U' j l\y
thc robber.
d ... lhe house where my aunt and unde live. Ex 3
e .. . who meets Angela likes her. Suggested a nsw ers:
f ... of whom were half an hour late.
g ... found a shepherd's hut where we sheltered from the rain. a Located b dlscovered / found e shown / IIJustrated
h ... which was extremely crowded, stopped at every station. d hei ng / hemming e l laving f ca11ght / captm ed
i ... lsn't t he bulldlng [that] I thought the bus stopped outslde. g fa<.:ing h Vlsited i being
j ltealizing / Discovering / Finding k protected
Ex S
Ex4
a whuse b whu e whuse d which e whom f whkh
g what h wh ich / that i - j - k who I w hich a lt bcing a public holiday, thcre was a Lot o f traffic on thc
mwhat n what o - p - q whu r wlwse roads.
b On open ing the 1.etter. 1 rcaUzcd it was from Profcssor Alton.
e 'fhough destroyed by fire during Lhe war, Lhe palace was
Unit 35 later reconstructed.
d Caro\ walked from the room, tears streaming from her eyes.
Ex 1 e In trylng to remove the memory ca rd, l broke tlle camera.
a even though b Seeing th at e tl1e way d in case f Sin ee using (.ilosso shampoo, rn y hair has become sott and
e Muchas f The moment g No matter what sh lnlng.
h although i Everywhere j Conslderlng t hat g Jan was ta kc>n to hospital after being kn ocked down by a car.
h Havlng been shown to h1s room, George lay down on the
Ex 2 hed and slept.
a Whenever you're In the a rea, drop In and see us.
b As soon as J saw you, 1 knew I liked you!
Ex S
e Fiuua starti11g trni11i11g a~ a ball<:t dancer when she was six. aA bA Cll dA ec f K g A h C i l\
d I won't lcavc / l' U stay until you come back.
e You ca11 .,ar k yuur c.:ar a11ywh<ere you likt: uursi<.lt:.
f Now you' rc hcrc, you'd bcttcr sit down. Unit 37
g Once lhe exams are uul of tlie way we c.:a11 start leam.iug Ex 1
something new.
h The memorial ~hows wherP t he plane crashed. ac bA ce d C e A f B g B hC iA j C

Ex 3 Ex 2
a Al though b C:onsidering c. As d 11 nt il e After / Once a6 blU c4 d 9 e J f l g S h 8 i 7 j2
-f way g su h When i case Ex 3
Ex4 a break o ut b come off e come about d fall back on
a lt suunds as lf rhey are h avln g a good tlrne. e break off f get off g come into h come o ut
b Th is isn't t he way yo11 are ;npposN1 to he c1oing t his. i do awa y with j hring round
e He luuketl as if ht! was carrying sumet hlng. Ex4
d I took up jogging, as you suggcstcd.
e He behaved as though lle owned tlu, hice. a lt's gett ing on tor 8 .00, ~o you'c1 hetter get ready to leave.
f The mcat ~asted as f t hadn't been cookcd propcrly. b I wu l<l11 't really untlerstand what she was gettlng at.
g Peter d1dn t conducl the experimen l Lhe way he was e J don' t tllink wc can count o n Johnson to fpport 11s.
instructed to / told to. d There's au importa11t punt I think I shoulcl brlng up.
e In 1939, Jim was calJed up.
Ex S f 'fhe dir.,clor i~ drawi11g u a list uf suital>le camlitlates fur the
a B bC ce dA eA fs gA he iC jS job.
g The sla tement of lhe accused was 1.>urue out \Jy uther
wltnesses.
h ( :arol ha~ come 11[> with a real ly goo<i soluVion to the problem.
 Th e stranger offcred to sell Harry the Elffel Towcr, a nd Ha rry
ft>II for it.
A lack of marketing expertise eventually brought about the
downfall 01 the entire motor indmtry.
Unit 38
Ex 1
a ll bA ce dA eA te gA h ll iC jB
Ex 2
a 6 b lO c2 d 4 e9 f 1 98 h5 i 7 j3
Ex 3
a look into b go round e givl' out d p lay up e pack in
f poin t out g make up for h keep to i go about j glve away
Ex 4
a The govemment expects the econom y t0 plck up In the later
part o l the year.
b You've missed out the quest!on mark at the end of the Une.
e There a re a lot of people hanging around In the srreet ou tside
our house.
d I thin.k it's time we pa id him back for all the awful lhi ngs he
has clone!
e Ann was supposed to look after my dog, bur she let me down.
f Wbat on earth is going on hece?
g Frankie nearly won bot h races but 1ust mlssed out.
h I didn't like the film M first, but thrn it ,tartecl to grow on mr.
i Don 't Jet on lhat I pur that notlce on the door!
j Ton y made upa story ahout meeting Hob Uylan in a caf.
Unit 39
Ex 1
aAbA ce de eA fe gA hC in e e The work we had done on our hotL~e was carried out by a
Ex 2
a 6 b 2 e 10 d 4 e 8 f 1 g 9 h 3 i 7 j 5
Ex 3
a put clown b track c.Juwn e set al,ou t d put out e set o ut
f step u p g work out h turn down i stand for j scc off
Ex4
a The local planning office ha~ turned down thc company's
application to l>ui h.J flati. o u Lite site.
b Tiie lawycrs madc notes as thc judgc rnn through thc dctai ls
u f tJ10., (:ase.
e Thc sccurity guard was takcn in by the th ief's disguise.
d Carol tumed up al Lhe pacty una1111ounced, much to
everyone's surprise.
e l larry has very good icle~$, hut he pu t them across toan
audlence.
f I clon't thin k you shou ld keep running yomself down.
g Someone has to see to the children's lu nch at 12.30.
h Mr Joh nson will be stepping down as company spokcspcrson
at tlw end u f the muu tl 1.
i A gro u p of forcjgu in ves toes has takcn o ver thc company.
j Jhn was sel upon by tl1reo., mugger~ in the sLreel.
k ESOO for that? 1 thin.k you'vc bccn rippcd off.
1 Tite repo1 t mus lo over Cive hu ndred pages.
Ex 5
a l can'l seem to sh ake off Litis pai11 iJ1 my lefl leg.
b Ti na is rcally good al taking off the accounts manager.
e We can pul you up for a ew days.
d I th lnk someone has sl.Jpped up, beca use l'rn not owecl any
moncy.
e I thlnk thls bacl weather has set In for the day.
f Th e foreign minister p rom ised that his country wou ld stand
by the agreement.
g David h as taken to runnlng up and down the stairs for exerdse.
h That really ~um~ her upl
Ex6
Suggested answers:
a I was wofl'ied abou l Lhe examinaUon and didn'l manage Lo
ctrop off for ages.
b That song is grnwing on me.
e The prime minister and th e finan ce minister llave fallen out
again .
d Three young boys carrled o ut the robbery on tlleir way home
trom school.
e We walted for a bus for ages, ancl we ended up walklng.
f I can't make o ut how much t his is going to cost.
g The Mexican rcstaurnnt we tried c.Jidn't come up to ou r
cxpectation s.
h The spare parts we have l>eeu waiUug for haw heen hdd up
in thc post.
l lelen c.Jidn'l quil<' unders tand / couldn'L make oul wha t
George was gettlng at.
1 don'I like the way he talkecl to you! 1 wou lcl n't pul 11 p with
it, if I were you .
k When the teach er asked who had hroken thc desk, two boys
uwncc.J up.
1 Piona doesn 't really go for camping holidays.
ml'm goi11 tu try out rny Freuch wheu l'rn u u iioliuay.
n l' U try and gct round to calling you latcr 011 today.
Ex 7
a Ma.kc su.re you hang 011 to your ticket. as you' ll need iL later.
b Nick says hc's going to complaln, bul 1 don't thin.k he'll
actually go through with it.
e I don'l think you should impose your beliefs on people.
d I decided to drop in on my old aunr while Twas in rhe area.
firm of local builc.Jers.
f The party linally brokc up aftcr tbc ncighbours complalncd
auoul lh t! uuise.
g fni ly says she'U visir us one day, but I can'L pi n her down .
h Our luxury cru ise holiday didn't live up to our expectations.
i Whe n th c food gave out, the rwo men were torced to eat
insccts.
J Rita is a strange person, T can't make her out.
k George hit il off wit h his motber-in-law.
1 1don't thin.k the gunmen wUJ glve In w!th out a flght.
mT'd like to point out that l'm nol in fart Engl ish, hut Scottish.
Unit 40
Ex 1
a allhough b al leasl e on account of d thus
e As a rcsult f Moreover g on tbe contrary
h Accordingly i dueto j Consequently
Ex 2
Suggested answers:
a result b respects e Above d ex.tent e owlng f Compaced
g I Iowever h account i Furthermore / Morcover
Ex3
a Regular exerdse keeps you fit. FurUJermore, it gives you a
feeling of well -being.
b l!enderson suffered a serious leg inj ury in 200.'i, hut rtespite
thls she has come back to dominare the 400 m this season .
e Pets provicle lonely people with r.ompany, and, what is
rnort!, have ueen pruved to have a beneficia! effect on man y
commoo mcdical conditions. / What is more, they llave been
provec.J ...
d Thete has been \ower consumer demand. However, the
compa ny has increased profiU hy 6%.
e Bicydes are pollution-free and silent. A~ well as this, i\!Y
take up very little parking space.
f The heater has bee11 tested for safcty. Neverthdess, it m u~t he
used according to the instructions.
g I do11't really lke tl1e Ut!~ig11 uf Ulis sufa. Besides, il wo11'l fil
into thc living room.
Ex4
a To sorne cxtc.nt b Howcvc.r e As wcll as d in somc
n,spetts e Auove ali fas a rt!sult of g Fu rlheuuore
h Howcvcr i conscqucntly j as a rcsuJt
Unit 41
Ex 1
a l'irst of ali b
As far a.~ snakes are concemed e such as
d Altemativdy e utterly f si mply g iustead h frorn
i In a way j a kind of
Ex2
a lll bS c2 d e4 fl g3 h9 i8 j7
Ex 3
a concerned b such e kind d so e for f ic g say
h respet.ts / ways i lterally j Ap.u:l kas I sheer
Ex 4
a sheer b simply e mere d litera ti y e utterly f ~heer
g sheer / utter h uttc.r i simply j uttcrly
Ex 5
ac bA CA de eB f B gA hB ie J i\
Unit 42
Ex 1
a I haven't done it yet b neit her do my friends e it
d told h er so e if so he is r more so g doing f h so
i this is thc mosl cxpcnsvc on c j hcrs
Ex2
a onc b vcry mucb c t is d oncs e hcrs f dld so
g neiti1er / n or can Brian h so i no l j so
Ex3
ae bA c.8 de eA fB gA
Ex4
a I don'l have a bike now bul l used lo h ave one.
b - e ... and htllkes playing compu ter games.
d ... bnt my friends aren't worried about it.
e ... but sh e doesn't make her own clothes any more.
f - g ... bu t Theresa hasn't been there.
h ... but h e didn't say who fil \'lOuld bring ro rhe.patt)I.
i - j l've done the shopplng and ~ deaned t he house.
Ex 5
a '[)o yo11 t hink ynu'I I hr late tonighf!' ' 1 clon' t supposr ~o
b Bond started to disconnect the red wre, but as he d i.d so,
something told him he had made a mistake.
e lf you wantc,tl to stay at bum \!, why did11't yuu say su?
d Sue tried to reach the top shelf but couldn't do so/ it.
e I can'l st,111d fol k music, and ncith er / n or can David.
f Helen left her bike outside the Cinema, but sbe didn't
remember doing so.
g Toe robbery was com mitted by two people, or so we believe.
Ex 6
a There is no problem as far as money is conc:rrn!'cl.
b In a way, 1 th lrlk you're absolutely correct.
c Everyone was there a pa rl from Ji m .
d These are my cards and lhose are yours.
e In concluson, 1 would likr to thank the organi1.ers of this
conference.
f This country ha~ high youth unemploymcnt in compartson
with othcr Eu ropea11 1:ou11tries.
g 1om has bccn abscnt from collcgc duc to illn css.
h To11y t hin k, il was a terrible film, a11d ,o do l.
i Unlted playcd badl y, but at lcast thcy won thc match.
j The tennis tournament has been postponed owing to bad
weather.
k 'WUI you be he.re next year7' '1 don't think ~o.'
1 Th e scheme has been successfuJ to a ce.rtain extent.
mAs a resull ot 1hr earthquake, many roads in the area have
been closed.
n Thr two artist.~ appear to he different but are similar in sorne
respects.
o .She was forced to give up driving o n accowlt of h er poor
eyesight.
p lnstead of taking the bus, 1wcnt on foot.
q Fir~t of ali, wrilre duw11 a iisl oI yuur idea~.
r Many animals, such as bcars, slccp for much of the winter.
s No artefacl which is alen, U1al is lo say not from our planet,
has cver been cliscovcred.
Ex 7
ae bA ce de eB fB gA hB i e jA
kA IA me
Unit 43
Ex 1
a Rarely b Should e Never have l seen
d What he is ta lking ahout e managed
f Strange as it may seem g when h into the room ran
i Had wc known j could k Littlc I Wcrc
Ex 2
ae bB cA de eA fB gC hB le )B
k CIA
Ex 3
a Were we lo take no aclion, the si tua lion would only become
worse.
b Rarely does a member o! lhe government admit to making a
serious mstake.
e Under no ci rcumstances are you to l.eave this room .
d Only Jater dld che pollee reveaJ the true ldenclry of the th lef.
e Try a~ Anrtrrw might, he cnu lcln't pass his rtriving trst.
f Had you consu lted me at che outset, 1 could have glven you
t he right advice.
g Were you to offer me a higher salary, l would take the job.
h ShouJd t hc weather worsen, the match will prot,ahty he
1:a111:elled.
Only aftcr cllccking thc accounts did they rcalizc m oney was
mjssing.
In n o way has t he breacl1 of security affected thc
examnation results.
Ex4
a seem b lillle e sooncr d Onto e unUl
f carne/ waJked g Had h Only i couJd j when
k clid I Why
Ex 5 REVIEW
a ... lhe room rau lwo armed pol.ice111e11 .
Unt 3
b ... on a clcar ctay likc toctay can you rcaUy cnoy the view.
e ... the sh ip collicle w il h an icebe1g, Lhe passeuxers wuukl l,t:, a was sitting b had occupied e stood d had red uced
in no danger. e h ad undergone f were rai ning g llad largely evapora ted
d ... though the case may be, such cases are nol completely h ha<I been i looked j had ,riven
u nheard of.
e .. . came / pourect the rain. Unit 4
f .. . h as a govem11umt acteu with such blatant dlsh onesty. a have won dered b have arRu'-'d e havt! ut::t'11 st'ard li11g
g ... you to ask me again, l would give yo11 th!' ~ame an~wer as d havc bccn trying e havc lost f llave bccn looking for
before. g have worked ou l
h ... thc mattcr is I h avc no idea.
... we reaUzecl t hal lhe huiricane wotdd hit lltt: cily, wt:: Unit 8
woul d have evacuated the rcs ictcnts in actvancc. a ... was bellevect to 11ave been stolen .
. . . d id anybocly suspect that th e poli ce inspector was the b ... was t ho11gh t to lrnve crashed in t he mouo tai11s.
m urderer. e ... was known to have rejected the plan.
k ... w heo the accounts were ch ecked was the th eft discovered . d ... was reported to have tle<I to So11th Arnerica .
1 . had Paula sh ut the ctoor than sh e realized she had left her e ... were th ought to h ave found fingerprints at th e scene of
key insi<le. thc crlme.
Ex6 f ... was \Jelieve<l to liav, killeu overa thousanu people.
g ... WilS known to llave visitcd thc murdcrcd m an on thc
a <lo b On ly e <li<I d ha<I e have f did g than a(temoon of his death.
h Untler i when j b ut k has I dld h ... was reported to llave pnid thc singcr $2 miUi.on in
Ex 7 damages.
aB bA ce dA eC f B gC h A iB j A Unit 9
a got b get e is h aving / is getting d get a had f got
Unit 44 g h ad h is hair / got his hair h get i got j having / getti ng
Ex,
a not the slight est bit b notlling wha tsoever e do hope you Unit 11
d t he very last moment e who sent f the very t hing Ex 1
g ro do h Wherever i who j at ali a lf you happen to have a camera with yot1 a t the scene of
Ex2 tlle accident, you can t ake some sh ots of ali the vehicles
involved .
a A be ce dB ec f B g B he iA jB
b Check the weath er reports before rou leave, otherwlse rou
Ex3 might ta ke the wrong clo the.s with yo11.
a The police asked David t he same question again and again / e Ji it were not for the income from aclvertising, newspapers
over a n<I over wou ld not earn enough money.
b There was no ch ance ar all of savi ng the da maged sh lp. d luvestu rs will 110t L,uy sita.res unlt'ss Uu:y h avt: co11[itle.11ce iu
e Tht' ho11se I was looki ng tor was at t he very end o t the st reet. th c markct.
d All l want to do is sleep. e Wt: xuara 11tet> tu gt!l yuu talk iug even if you can 'L speak a
e I want my own hik!'. word of English .
f lt was when I saw smoke coming from under th e uoor that 1 f Permanenl residen ts can vote p1ovided lhey are aged 18 or
became alarmed. ovcr.
g Thanks very much in deed for your help. g Were 1 to accept the job, would I be able t-o work from home
h Wha tever can you m ean? some of rb e rlme?
i lt was what Robert did next that took everyone by surprise. h Supposi ng there were a seriom o uthrea k ot hird tlu in F.urope,
j lt is your own fault. what woultl the EU tlo?
i lf we don't do someth ing now, the situation will get worse.
Ex4
a own b t hat e is d own e what f ar g more h at
i it j very k Whatever I What
Ex 2
a or b if e had d even e bccn f wou ldn' t g were
h .,rovitletl
Unit 12
a I wouldn't make any hasty dccisions, il I wcrc you.
b He behaves as i he wer"' in chaige of lhe office.
e I'd sooncr you didn't bring the dog with you.
d I wish I hadn't sold my old car.
e l hope you have a good time at the party!
f l'd rather you didn't call me again.
g I Wish you weren't leaving in the m orning.
h Jt I were you I wouldn't drink any more.
i I wish I could find the answer to this problem.
Unit 14
a can't be b must be e mght trnvc gon e
d should have gol here e musl have lefl il
f she's bound to be g can't have recognized h can get
i may as wcll j mighl havc told
Unit 16
a In the past, surgeons would operate on patients without any
klnd of anaesthetic.
b They would work as qulckly as posslble to mlnlmlze the
patient 's suttering.
e Such operations would often cake place in the patient's own
home.
d In sorne countries, religious authori ties wouldn't allow
surgeons to study anatomy us ing dead bodies.
e Surg1mns would ofte11 hia m al>out a 11alo 111 y uy t reating
soldicrs in battk.
f Doctors woul d also be expecled lo follow lhe explanaUons o(
ancient writers.
g \.Vhen new medica! discoveries were made in the
Rena issance, trad.ilional docrors wouldn't believe that the olct
metbods were wrong.
h Sorne ancient ideas - such as that of removing blood from
patients (hleed ing} - would survive in medical practice until
the late nineteenth t:entury.
Unit 18
a would you like ro stay to lu nch?'
b ' Don't forget to take your keys.'
e -Why don't we ali meet oucside the cinema?'
d ' 1 didn't have anything to do with the burglary.'
e 'l'm sorry I t0ok so long over the phone call.'
f 'You broke my kitchen wi ndow! / lt was yo11 who broke my
kltchen wlndow!'
g 'No, 1 won' l give yo11 my name!'
h 'Woultl you like (~ome) t<:>a anti rnke~?'
i J'11 rcturn U1c moncy as soon as J can.'
j 'I wish T'd studied hartler al univer:.ity.'
e Sandy is an Australian.
f Toe sports utility vehlcle (SUV) IS becoming less popular.
g The a11swer seems to be two and two thirds.
h Is t here a Steve Jenkl ns here?
i Do you want to come to the cinema"/
j The war ended In 1918.
Unit 21
Ex 1
a Th! b lhte e tht! d a e - fa g a h - i Th e
j t hc k a I thc m - / thc n - o - p a q a r thc
s lli! t - u lhc v - w a x lhe y the z A 1 -
2 3 a 4 the 5 the 6 the 7 the 8 the 9
Ex 2
a /\ b an e d- ea f g the h the / i the
j t he / - k - 1 t he m - n a o A p an q a r A
s a t a u- v a w - x A y a z an
Unit 23
a Sha krsprarr was the .~on o t a town ottic.ial in Stralford on
Avon.
b Shakespeare's plays were puh lished in a collected edilion
aft<:>r his tlea th.
e He is usually judgcd to be England's grcatest playwright.
d He wa~ a shareholder in an acting company known as Lhe
Lord ehamberlain's Men.
e He was also an actor and lhe aulhor of narralive poems and
sonnets.
f He was successful e nough lo become a properly owncr.
g He died at the age of fly-two.
h Theatre audiences have en joyed hs plays for over fom
hundred years.
l lis plays nre nftt-n changed 10 suit thc in tert>st~ of mnckrn
audiences.
There are also many famous n lm versions ot the plays.
Unit 24
a Someone b bolb e l here d il e boU1 f himsel
g someone h Thcre I there j it k o ne I thcrc
m Anyone n their o There p lt q it r everyone
Unit 26
a It's hard forme to carry ali these bags on my own.
b I wasn't aware t hat I had 10 hand in my work today.
e l t makes me nervous to think / wben I Lhln k about startlng
my new joh.
d lt'~ easy to miss the turning if you're not carefu l.
e I was shockcd to h ear t hat Kevin was ill.
f Yuu're welcOillt! lu ~lay hert! wht!11ever you Uke.
g l' m sure I Ieft my wa llct on the table.
h lt's n ot worlh going to see lhe new Lauy Joller film.
1 lt makes me happy to know you believe me.

Unit 19 Unit 27
a/\ be ce d B ee fA ge Ex 1
a falrly b rather / falrly e quite d rather / fairly e quite
Unit 20 f q uite/ rathrr / tairly g qu ite/ rnther / fa irly
Ex 1 h quite/ rather / fa irly i rather
a The b a e t he d the e the f the g the h a Ex 2
i l'he j The k the 1- m T he n - o thr p tht> a 8 b 1 e2 d 6 e3 f 4 g 9 h 11 i s j 10 k 12
q - r the s the t the u a v the w the x -
Ex 2
a We use a telescope to view distanl objeLl~.
b Thc rent for th is flat is esoo a rnonth.
e !'ve gol a pain in my righ l arm.
d This is a really wonderful meal.
Unit 28
Ex 1
;i i~ one o f the best books l've reacl
b ... more intc.rcsting to go out dancing than to stay at home
watching televisJon.
e ... feel so mucb sbocked as horrlficd.
d ... alJ~tTat:t a 1:u11cept ro explaln.
e ... far thc besl film thi~ ycnr.
f ... about o:; much 113 1can.
q ... the worst Junc wcather we've ever had.
h ... as ea,sy to speak Frend1 as I thought.
i ... llt:dl d~ :uu d~ lli~ la~t uue.
j ... you tease tite og, the angrler it will get.
Ex 2
a I Uked tlili film lmt it i:,n't nearly as good as the prevlous
fllms ln tllls serles.
b Johnny Oepp gvrs hy far 1he best performance m the film.
r lt's one of the Jongest films on release at the momc.nt.
d lt's [getti ng) hardcr and hardc.r to understand the plol of
lilms like this.
G The special effects o this film are much more impressive
(than thuse uf che last film).
f But I was not so much shockcd ns scarcd out of my wits, by
somc. parts.
g Thi5 is easily the most cntertam1nl( fLlm l've seen this year.
h In sorne ways it's notas funny as lhe lasl flm in lhe sedes.
i Bul Ll.:, film b cvi:ry l.Jil a:, wu11 :,cd11:.
j Thc more you watd1 tbis film tlle more you entoy lt.
Unit 30
11 Dnvid ham't finfahcd his novel yct
b We waitect lora bus Jor hallan hour, but in U1e e.mi we gave
up.
e Nlck cllcln'r ger ro che alrpcm In rime to cacrh 111s plane h nme.
d 1'11 (only) hP hPrP 1111111 Frlrl~y
e J' II tAl k to yoi., nfler thc- l~son.
f I he trams here are very comtortable but they are never on
time / they never run ou time.
g We'II send you the ce, UOcale once we 1eceive / havc 1eceived
the fee.
h l'll be thcrc by 11.00.
1 Pcrcr could hcar loud howlinl( noiscs throul(houl 1hc nighL
Unit 31
a l.uckily the fire officer succeeded in rescuing the c:it from the
top o rhe cree.
b ('J1n 1 <l isc-11ss this pmhlrm wilh yo11?
e My pnrent3 don't npprove of somc of my fricnds.
d How much you pay ctepends on the condition o l tlle vehicle.
e My compuler has a problem, but someone is coming lo see
cu ll comorrow.
f ArP yo11 tnsurPrl agalnst flrP?
g Mr Wilkins h11s d ccidrd ro rcsign from thc c-omp11ny.
h rake a seat, anCJ l'U ask someone to attenCI to you.
i 1he runaway bus collided with a parked car at the bottom of
lhe hill.
j This ice-cream really tastes of strawberries.
Unit 32
ac b u cA d n eu fe gA h B iA e
Unit 33
aR bA (8 de ec 1A ge: hR IC: )R
Unlt 34
aC bt\ cA dB eC 1\ gA ltB i.B jC
Unit 35
a .. . I would likc to help you, l don't reaJly bnvc thc time.
b ... how mud, you offcr me for lt, 1 woo't sell you the house.
e ... house prices cu11linue Lo rise in rnust arl.!as, in sume areas
tucy llave a1..tually :,tall\'.\l Lu foU .
d ... yuu havc not aiu the last six monthly instalments, thls
connact is atan end.
e ... rhe wPatner cnn<11tions were arronous, ali the runners
fini~hed the race
f ... we coutd have a snack first.
g ... case I got cold.
h ... it was rainfog, the match went ahcad.
i ... it's roo late to starl the rneetJng now, 1 thlnk wc shou ld
bold it anothcr day.
j ... ropidly Lhal the guorcb wcrc token by 3urprise.
Unt 36
a ... lost my watch, 1had to borrow my brother's.
b ... prcssing thls button, you con chongc thc sizc of thc pagc.
e ... chcap, thc bikc was In good condition.
d ... reali7Jng the meeting was in a differcnt place, Sue we.nt
stroighl home.
e ... being intercsted in u,e topic, I lcfl Lhe leclure befare lhe
end.
f ... i11:,tru1..Lo::, wdlt: yuur mu.uc.
g ... been arrested and charged with rheft, Tony p hnnf'd hi~
lnv,yer.
h ... rece1vmg the1r letter, 1 phone tlle company.
i ... mlssed Ule last bus, 1 had to take a taxi.
j ... coming to this school, !'ve made a lo t o new friends.
Unit, 37 and 38
Ex 1
a llm has fallen for the girl he sits next to in maths.
b Huw are yuu etting on in your 11ew schuul?
e J a:rt:c LIJal yuu ha a liad uw~, LJur you LJroughr Ir upon
yourself!
d You'U havc to dn wlthout milk in your tea.
e Tlle fllm cl.JCJnt come up to my expecrauons.
f Your explanation just doem't add up.
g There's a point l'd like to bring up before we nish.
Ex2
Suggested answers:
a 1 thia.k it's time you got dowa to sorne serious work.
b 5orry, what CllCI you say? l'm aropp!ng off!
r Tina'~ namP kPpr rrnpping 11p / coming 11p in our
convc.rsation.
e 1n tbe end, the problem comes down to a lack ol proper
plannlng.
h Feelin;s uf resenonent between them bullt up overa long
pcriod.
i Alan can't ahvay3 explain exactly what he i3 ;ettin; at.
j llelen has come up w1th a reaUy good way to cut the cost ot
this project.
h Wt: i1JL UjJUll ttili ilul\!I LUIUJlt::tt:ly l.Jy Ulijlll..1:.
i I think we shoulu push on w1til we get to the top of the hill.
j /\re you gotng In for the Advanccd Frcnch Test this ycar?
k Sorry ro be so late, l)Ut I was hcld up 111 my last meeung.
1 Things have certainly been looldng up since I was promotP.d
mSue promised to come and help me but she lel me down.
n IJon't lel Helea in OD oul' plans, or she'II be jealous.
o Litt-le Johnny owned up to taking PalLla's sweets.
Unit 44
a Wllat b ll e at ali d very e Wllat 1 al ali g very
h it i What j at all k Whal I own