Professional Documents
Culture Documents
by
R . C. FENWICK
1966
ii
ACKNOWLEDGE~$
ABSTRACT
In this project the basic mechanism of resistance of
reinforced concrete beams subjected to flexure and shear has
been investigated o From an examination of the equilibrium
conditions for the shear span of a beam it was shown that
shear can be resisted in two different ways, namely by beam
action and by arch action6 v.fith beam action bond forces are
induced in the shear span and these act on the concrete blocks
lying between the flexural cracks so that bending moments are
induced in the blockso There are three possible ways in which
such moments may be resisted ~ namely~ by the -flexural resist ...
ance of the concrete between the cracks~ by shear trans fer
across the cracks due to aggregate interlock and dowel actions ,
and by truss action which depends on the inclusion of shear
reinforcement in the beam~
To investigate the different actions eight rectangular
beams were tested , and tests were made on numerous small
concrete specimens. In the small scale tests fundamental
aspects of aggregate interlock and dowel action were examined ,
and in several of the beam tests the proportions of t he shear
resisted by individual actions were determinedo The other
beams were tested to observe the way in which deformat i ons
developed in the shear span , and the way the cracks opened o
It was found that prior to diagonal cracking of the
shear span beam action predominates, and only a very small
component of the shear may be resisted by arch actiono In
beams with small a/d ratios arch action may develop after
diagonal cracking of the span , but in beams with higher a/d
ratios the occurrence of this action may lead to immediate
failure of the beam. In typical rectangular beams without
web reinforcement it was found that the bond force moment
acting on the concrete blocks between the flexural cracks
could be resisted in approximately the following proportions;
iv
NQI.ATION
A
s
= area of flexural tension reinforcement
= area of web reinforcement within a distance "s"
measured in a direction parallel to the longitudinal
reinforcement
b = width of the web of a beam
b' = width of concrete at the level of the reinforcement
= bond force per unit length of beam
b e
f
= bond force per unit length of beam resisted by flexural
stresses at the base of the concrete cantilever
s
y = distance between two adjacent cracks measured at a
distance y below t he level qf the neutral axis
T = flexural tension force
= translational displacement (see Chapter 7 Fig 7 o3)
v c;tl.. = shear s t r ess transmitted across a crack by aggregate
interlock action
vn = nominal shear stress (V/bjd)
= average shear stress acting just above the level of
the reinforcement
v = total shear applied t o the span of a beam
= shear resis t ed by concr e t e
= shear resisted by compress i on zone of beam
= shear resisted by web reinf or cement
= transverse component of shear fo r ce transmitted
across a crack
x = distance measured along t he beam from support point
or point of contra- flexure
y = distance measured from the neutral axis of t he beam
= total shortening of t he extreme compression f ibre
above a diagonal crack in a beam
= flexural rotation of a concrete cantilever
= an elastic cons t ant (k 1 /4EI) (see Chapter 5 secti on
7. 4)
= a displacement
= shear displacement causing a dowe l crack to form
in the concrete
= longitudinal component of movement in t he opening
of a crack
= shear displacement , the component of movement in
the opening of a crack measured in the direction
of the crack
ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE PAGE i
ACKNaJLEDGEMENTS ii
ABSTRACT iii
NOTATION v
TABLE OF CONTENTS X
Pag~
Page
CHAPTER F OUR - THE TRANSFER OF SHEAR STRESSES ACROSS
CRACKS BY THE INTERLOCKING OF THE
AGGREGATE 75
1. INTRODUCTION 75
2o FACTORS INFLUEI'lC ING AGGREGATE INTERLOCK ACT ION 75
3o DIRECT TESTS FOR AGGREGA'rE INTERLOCK ACTION 77
3. 1 Influence of Crack Width (Series I) 80
3,2 Influence of Concrete Strength (Series II) 81
3.3 General Observations on the Aggregate
Interlock Tests 81
4o QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF AGGREGATE INTERLOCK
ACTION 83
5o TEST BE AM F A4 91
Page
Page
3. BEAMS hTITH BONDED REINFORCEMENT 169
4. EXPERIMENTAL MEASUREMENTS OF TRANSLATIONAL
DIS PLACE ME NT 171
5. THE DEFLECTED SHAPE OF THE SHEAR SPAN 173
5.1 Translational Displacements 173
6. THE FORMULATION OF COMPATIBILITY CONDITIONS 176
6.1 The Compatibility Conditions for the
Region of a Shear Span of a Beam contain-
ing the Concr~te Cantilevers 177
6.2 Compatibility Conditions for the Region
of the Beam containing the Last Flexural
Crack 181
7> LOCAL ARCHING ACTION OVER THE LAST FLEXURAL
SHEAR CRACK IN THE BEAM 183
8. ARCHING ACTION OVER THE COMPLETE SHEAR SPAN 187
9. BEAM TESTS SCl p l SC2, AND SC3 190
9.1 Beam SCl 190
9.2 Beam SC2 194
9.3 Beam SC3 198
10 . COMPARISON OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS OF BEAM
TESTS SCI., SC2, AND SC3 202
l1 o CONCLUSIONS 206
Page
6.3 Experimental Results 250
7. BEAM F2 252
7. 1 Details of the Beam Construction 252
7.2 Instrumentation 253
7.3 Experimental Results 253
8~ BEAM F3 253
8el Details of the Beam Construction 254
8. 2 Instrumentation 254
8.3 Experimental Re sults 254
9. BEAM FA4 255
9.1 Details of the Beam Construct i on 255
9.2 Instrumentation 255
9.3 Experimental Results 256
10. BEAM CAl 257
1.0.1 Details of the Beam 257
10.2 Instrumentation of the Beam 258
10.3 Experimental Resul ts 259
11 . BEAM TESTS SERIES II (SCl , SC2, AND SC3) 260
l2n BEAMS SCl AND SC2 26 1
12~1 Details of the Beam Construction 261
12.2 Instrumentation 262
12 . 3 Experimental Results Beams SCl and SC2 262
13. BEAM SC3 262
13.1 Details of the .Beam Construction 262
13.2 Instrumentation 264
13.3 Experimental Re sults 264
14. AGGREGATE INTERLOCK TESTS 264
14.1 Test Frame for Ag~regate Interlock Tests 265
14.2 The Aggregate Interlock Moulds and
Preparation of the Test Specimens 265
14.3 Mounting the Concrete Block in the Test
Frame 267
14.4 Test Procedure 271
xvii
Page
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig, Page
Ll Truss Analogy for Design of Stirrups (Ritter) 4
lo2 Redistribution of Internal Forces after Diagonal
Cracking (Morsch) 4
L3 Stress Distribution in a Beam acting by Arch
Action (Faber) 6
L4 Compatibility Conditions at a Diagonal Crack
(Walther) 11
1.5 Formation and Action of the Concrete Cantilevers
(Kani) 11
L6 Influence of the a;d Ratio and the Concrete
Strength on the Shear Strength of Beams according
to Different Investigators 12
L7 Types of Shear Failure in Reinforced Concrete Beams 15
1.8 Influence of M;Vdand a;dRatio on the
Bending
Moment
sustained at Diagonal Cracking and Failure Loads 17
L9 Influence of Concrete Strength on Shear Strength 19
LlO Influence of Concrete Strength on the Shear Strength
of Beams with Differing a;d Ratios 19
Lll Influence of Percentage of FlexUJ::al Tension Reinforce-
ment on Shear Strength 20
Ll2 Influence of Manner of Loading on Shear Strength of
Beams (Beam Tests reported by Taylor) 24
1. 13 Influence of Manner of Loading on Shear Strength of
Beams (Tests reported by Taub and Neville) 25
1.14 Influence of Absolute Size of Beam on Shear Strength 28
1 . 15 Proportion of Shear resisted by Stirrups and by
Concrete 31
1.16 Internal Forces arising from Truss Action 31
2.1 Crack Pattern in Shear Span of Beam 38
2.2 Forces acting on a Concrete Cantilever 38
2.3 Stress Distribution at Base of a Concrete Cantilever 38
2.4 Concrete Plates tested by Lorentsen 41
2"5 Opening of a Crack in a Concrete Block 41
2n6 Internal Forces in Shear Span 48
2~7 Shear resisted by Beam and Arch Actions (Lorentsen) 48
2"8 Beam FADl - Details of Test Beam 51
Page
Fig ~ Page
4.13 Beam FA4 - Shear Forces Transmitted across Cracks
by Aggregate Interlock Action 98
4.14 Beam FA4 - Average Bond Forces in Shear Spans 98
4 . 15 Beam FA4 - Average Values of Shear Stress acting
acr oss Cracks and Bending Moments in Concrete
Cantilevers 99
4. 16 Dimensions needed to calculate Bond Force Moment
resisted by Aggregate Interlock Action 102
5 ,. 1 Free Body Diagram used to Compute Dowel Shear
(Watstein and Mathey) 1.05
Arrangement of Dowel Tests made by Jones, Krefeld
and Thurston, and Lorentsen 109
5.3 Theoretical Model for Analysis of Dowel Action 111
5.4 Displacements causing Dowel Action and Stresses
arising from these Displacements 114
5.5 Dowel Test - Series 1 (Short Dowels) 118
5~6 Load Displacement Curves for Short Dowels 118
5.7 Dowel Tests Series 2 (Long Dowels) 119
5. 8 Load Displacement Curves for Long Dowel Tests 119
5.9 Dowel Action for Short and Long Dowels 127
5 . 10 Theoretical Variation of Dowel Cracking Load with
Length of Dowel 130
5.11 Experimental. Variation of Dowel Cracking Load with
Length of Dowel for Deformed Bars 130
5 .. 12 Dowel Action after Formation of Dowel Crack 134
5.,13 Bond Stress-
Bar (Rehm)
Slip Relationship for a Reinforcing
134
5., 14 Theoretical Load - Displacement Curves for Dowel
Action 140
6.1 Opening of a Flexural Crack due to Flexural
Rotation of the Compression Zone 144
6.2 Displacements arising from Bending in the Concrete
Cantilevers 146
Beam FA4 - Opening of Cracks in North Span of Beam 147
Beams SC3 and CAl - Opening of Cracks in Beams 148
Displacements arising from Flexural Rotations in
Compression Zone and in Concrete Cantilevers 150
xxi
Page
6.6 Positions of Centre- Lines of Concrete Cantilevers 150
6.7 Deflected Shape of Centre - Lines of Concrete
Cantilevers 150
6.8 Beam SC3 - Displacements of Centre- Lines of Concrete
Cantilevers due to Bending of Concrete Cantilevers 151
6.9 Longitudinal Flexural Stresses and Secondary Shear
Stresses in the Concrete 157
6.10 Flexural and Shear Stresses due to Bond Force 157
6.11 Transverse Stresses induced by Differential Curvature
of Compression and Tension Zones of Beam 160
6~12 Crack Shapes found from Bea~ Tests 163
7.1 Crack Pattern and Strain Distributions in a Beam
containing Diagonal Cracks 166
7.2 Arch Action in Beams with Unbonded Reinforcement 168
7~3 Translational Displacement in a Reinforced Concrete
Beam 170
7.4 Beam F2 - Crack Pattern, Translational Displacements
and Arching Index 174
7.5 Beam F~4 - Crack Pattern , Translational Displace-
ments and Arching Index 174
7.6 Beam CAl - Crack Pattern, Translational Displace ~
ments and Arcqing Index 175
7.7 Deflected Shape of Shear Span 175
7.8 Deflected Shape of . a Segment of a Beam containing
Two Concrete Cantilevers 180
7n9 Deflected Shape of a Segment of a Beam containing
the Last Crack in the Shear Span 180
7.10 Location of Neutral Axis in Shear Span 184
7.11 Internal Forces in Shear Span 184
7ol2 Opening of Last Flexural Crack in Shear Span 184
7.13 Failure of Arching Action 189
7~14 Splitting Failure in a Beam compared with Splitting
Failure of a Cube 189
7 .15 Details of Beams SCl, SC2 and SC3 191
7.16 Beam SCl - Strain Distributions in Compression Zone
in East Span of Beam 193
7.17 Beams SCl, SC2 and SC3 - Crack Patterns 195
xxii
F~. Page
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
2 ., 1 Leading Dimensions and Materials u~ed in Beam
FADl 50
2~2 Results of Beam Test FADl 55
3. 1 Leading Dimensions and Mftterials used in Beams
F2 and F3 61
3.2 Test Results Beams F2 and F3 65
I
T.t:tble Page
10 .. 5 Concrete Mix Proportions f or Aggregate Interlock
Tests 271
10 .. 6 Compression Strengths of Concrete used for
Aggregate Interlock Tests 273
J.On7 Concrete Mix Proportions used for Dowel Te~ts 275
10 .. 8 Materials used for Short Dowel Tests 276
THE LIBRARY
UNIVERSITY OF CANTERBURY
CHRISlCHURCH, N.Z.
CHAPTER 0 N E
1. INTRODUCTION
- - - - - - (1.1)
for the design of vert ic a l stirrup s in a beam. This equation
was based on the assumption that a reinforced c oncrete beam
subject to shear forces behaves as a p in jointed truss. In
this analogy the compre ssion zone of the beam forms the
c ompre s sion chord of the truss , and the flexural r einforc ement
forms the tension chord . The concrete i n the web is assumed
3.
l s_ l ~v
N -
- -
-
- - - - - -
----
A
'0
.-,
---+-
,
. -,
c
centroid of the / ,-
/ ,...
compression /
stresses / / ~
/ . ,...
,...
,... - /
/
/
/
/
/
v .::; v
n
bjd = Av fv jd/ s (L2 & L3)
hence v
n = A
v
f /bs
v
and as r. = A /bs
v
vn = rf
v 0
Moretto
7 in 1946 r eported the results of a number of beam
testso From an empirical ana l ysis of the results of these tests
equations were pres ented for the ultimate shear streng th and
diagonal cracking lo ad so The percentage of flexural reinforce-
ment ~ the concrete strength~ and the percentage of web
reinforcement, were the par ameters included in his analysiso
8
Clark in 1951 foll owed a similar approach to that used
by Moretto , but he introduced an additional factor in the
empirical evaluation of the test result s to allow f or the
influence o f the slende rness of the beamo This factor wa s
the ratio of the length o f the shear span to the effective
11
deptho The shear span , (length a 11 ) was defined a s the distance
between the load and support po ints" This slenderness parameter
is commonly referred t o a s the a/d ratio , and it is applicable
only to simply suppo rted beams loaded by concentrated loadso
12 13
Bresher and Pister (1958) , and Guralnick (1960) carried
the concept of shear failur~ as a result of failure of the
concrete in the compression zone , a stage further o It was
assumed that the concrete in the compression zone failed under
the combined action of the compression and shearing forcesc
Equations were derived to predict the strength of plain concrete
subjected simultaneously to compression and shear , These
expressions were applied to the compression zone of the beam~
It was assumed that all the shear force was resisted by the
cpmpression zone~ The size of this zone was taken to be equal
to the size derived from standard flexural theory. These
investigators noted that this assumption was not applicable to
beams with short shear span to depth ratios.
14
Walther in 1957 not ed the problem of determining the
size of the compression zone ~ and he attempted to overcome this
by considering the compatibility requirements of con~ret e and
steel deformations near a diagonal crack. He postulated that
the deformat ions in the region of a beam containing a diagonal
crack could be represented by a rotation occurring about the
end of this cra ck. lt was shown how such a rotation could be
related to the depth of the neutral axis, the length of the
crack, aft6 pull out of the reinforcement, and the shortening
of the extreme compression fibre of the beam (see Fig ~ 1 . 4) o
By considering the postulated mode of deformation, the depth
of the neutral axis could be found. The strength of the
compression zone , and consequently the strength of the beam,
9.
Haugli
19
in 1962 ~ compared a number of equations that had
been deri ved to predict the u ltimate shear and the diagonal
cracking loads, To allow a direct comparison between equations
to be made, they were arran&ed in terms of the bending moment
sustained by the beam ~ These equations wer e then compared
graphically. Haug li 9 s diagrams demonstrate the very large
and disturbing discrepancies between s ome of the theories
that have been advanced .. Similar graphical representation of
a few ultimate load equations are shown in Fig. 1 .6.
v
uniform stress
distribution
v
Cf<
eSt : shortenmg ot fibre A - 8
ob = pun- out of the rein tor cement
6c kd . 0( .
6; = < d _ kd) sm - Com pat tbtltty equatton
- 1
~ _ V _ fc' Sr
V b Sr - 6 h,
.-35
I
.... .30 Se.a m Details
-,::,
Moretto/
I .
.0 / / . p : 2 /o
~v
"'.25
~
~
I
1/ Clark
/
p': 0/o
r : 0 /o
Lv . v
......20
...c: / Laupa /
f.,': 4,2 50 p .s i
flJ: SO;OOO p s.i
41 .
E 15 -- r - -
0
:i:
[j'MooLV . A.ni
Sr: 5 in.
/ d : 12 in.
-"
.~
u
~.OS
.10
h.~sl~r
,,F v
1
& Pister
fr: .15 fc'
.1 2 3
5 6
Ratio of Sh~ar Span to E t fective Depth a/d
.3 5 r---,...--,..---,---,..--""'1-----,
,
.0
~~5~~~~~~--4----+----~~~
~
.... Beam De'ta il's
..... a/d : 2.5
.... .20 p : 2 /t
c:
41
E p.'.: 0 /o
0 .15
::E r.: 0 /o
.-
~
.10 t----+-- - + - ---t----l---==1-'"=-1
t : 50,0 00 p 5 i.
u
41
a.
~ .os~-~--~--~+----+----~---1
0
0 2,0 0 0 4,000 6,00 0
Con ere te Strength tc' p s i
Fiq . 1.6- THE INFLUENCE OF THE a/d RATIO & THE CONCRETE
STREN ~ 'ii-i ON THE SHEAR STRENGTH OF BEAMS
ACCORDING JO DIFFERENT . INVESTIGATORS.
13 ..
between concrete and steel , and hence this may lead to further
The last two types of shear f a ilure are rare , and the vas t
majority of previous r esearch has been concerned with shear
cqmpression ~nd diagonal tension type shear failures.
p
(b) Shear Compression Failure
:1
p
i
i
t
(C) Shear Proper Failure Cube Splitting
~ .15 :
v
/
v. Beam Details
E
Cll
~ .10 :
;/
~
v- fc ' : 3,000 p.s i.
p: 1.6 o;.
b: . s" d: 12''
.~
.;; .o5: I I
GJ
c.
(/)
e--:sc -.l j
OT
tr F
o: 1 1 1 J
0 2 . 3 4 5 6. .7 8
M/Vd Ratio
<a> Continuous Beams - Tested by Bower a. . Vi e st
F: flexural failure
0 l : diagonal tension f ailure.
SC: s he ar compress1on .failure
SP: s hear proper :failure
;,failure
0 = diagonal cracking
/
v
-~ ./ Beam Det~ils
....15
E
o
c:
Ill
.io ~
v fc': 4,000 p.s.i.
P: 1.85 /o
~ 0 / b :E .. d .: 14.5"
0
u
.::. .05
SP+-S.C~OT.
I I l '1 H- F~-
3 4 . 2 6 7 8
a,d Ratio
(b) Simply Supported Beams - Ttsted by Morrow and Viest
Fig. 1.8 - THE INFLUENCE OF M~d & a/d RATIO ON THE BENDING
MOMENT . S.USTt~INED AT OIAG"ONAL CRACKING & FAILURE LOADS
18.
p
I
VI
VI
41
.!::: ...1 200 . ..,...,.... --
0
--1---C - f-~ ~
0
-
'
~ f-- f/
0
V') VI.
//
0 4,5( 0
0.. 0"
150: ~oo
y Seam Details
100 a/d =J, 2
P: 1.85 /o
50
sya ms, reported by Moody b: :6 d = 14. 5
'i I I I 1 I
1.000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000
Concrete Strength (cylinder) ps1.
0
0
300
VI
VI 0
r (>g-~o-
. 0 - -
OJ vi- 0 .
.
'- 250: '
+J
V')
0
~G? I
'- VI
- 200
/~< ~ '--f./ = 4,500 p.s i
tU 0.. //
s::.
41 Beam Deta ils
t/)
Cl.l
'-
1so: a;d = ~.5 , 4.25. f--
o. :a/d 3.5
-
-= ::J p = 4,'?} OJo
tU
c:: nJ 10 o. f-- :Cl;d . 4.2~ f--
-E..,.... b:9 d :: 14.14
z0 nJ so. I I
B ~ams
I
reptrte1 ., by Van d<T
I
s~rg
I I J
2,000 ~.000 6,000 8,00 0 10,000 12,000 .
Concrete Strength. <cube) p.s.i.
Fig.1.9 -THE INFLUENCE OF CONCRETE STRENGTH ON SHE'AR STRENGTH
2.5 . ~~--~--~--~------~~~~
E .....:
- t\1 VI
0 OJ a. 2.o : r-~--~---+---+--~~~~~~
c c C!l
0 0 0
- 0
"0 .... c ..-:. 1 .s : r---r-~---+~Lt~-+=-~--~~
tU '- 0 N
0 0
_, 0.
0 "C II
'- nJ
...
410.
, Ill
0
_,~
'
.25.
1).: s hea r .failure ( fc' ~ 3,000 psi.) /A
.A= shear failur e ( fc ' '! 4 .000. p s-i.> I>
>1 ~ .20 .-
0: D.T. cracking ( fc:' ~
D. T. cracking ( fc ':
3,0_00 psi>
4,000 p s.i >
;
A
~
t
A
It /
-
Ill
Ill .c
(>.
v.v ~
v
/
c:n .15 : v
......
~
.:
tl t>
V) tl
c:
'- .
..- / f.>.
~
;'
""en I> I
"
tl
.c '- .10
/ <t lI .
V) tl
/ 0
- -
-
c:
-"cE u
'1:J
>.
--
~ 10
f.'l !
0
---0 t - - -
r.'l.
~
- 0
"I ~
~
1- -
i
z
0 .05 ..
Continuous Beams
Mtvd : 1.33, b : 7" d : 12"
Simply 5upport e d Beams
a,d =1. 5 2 b : 7. d: 21
.; ,.
.I I J ...1 ...1 ...1 ...1 ...1 ...1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4. 5 6
Perc ent age of Reinf orc ement
(a) B eam Test s Report ed by Moody
~~~
.1 5
II
Ill
"'.c.
z41
V)C
-
C'l
'
10 o - a/d : 3. 5
. Ql
L- - a{t : 4.8
L-
ttVl
41
.c
-
_sJ4 P- c.
_J,0- "'
1>-.
A .- a/d: 6 .0
Vl L-
-u
41 ,0 5
')
-
"' -
- c:
c:>. . Simply Support ed Beams
..
- u
E fc' : 3,000 psi b: 6 d : 10"
0 l I I I
z 0
0 1. 2 3 4 5 6
Perc ent age of Reinforcement
(b) Beam Tests Reported by Kre fe ld and Thurston
Fig. 1.11 - THE INFLUENCE OF THE PE.RCENTACE OF FLEXURAL TENSION
REINFORCEMENT ON SHEAR STRENGTH
21.
.
rectangular beams having the same web width , depth, longitudinal
reinforcement and concrete strength. The margin of strength of
the T beams over the rectangular beams varied from 13 to 60
per cent of the ultimate strength of the rectangular beams.
* Chapter 1 section 1
23 ~
;1S
... .I\ ..
Seam Details
fcu~3.S00psi
>I~
.10
\ b: 6in; d: 1Hn.
p =2. %
.. .."'... .
"'"' s:.
Ql
L.
(/) c: \
~ ::---.
Gl
, ...,
L.
(/) - 0
r- . _
~
Ql
(/)
Cll
05
A ... ~-
- ::::::ia.
5.
...
.._.
-,s .0..
:;,
(,.)
0
diagonal c rack ing beam
shear failure beam "a"
fa"
E 4 fa il~re , beam
0
.z 0
1s hear I I
"b" I
0 l 3 4
t-- ~
r-
r-
t--
..
_.;;;
I
t--
1---
......._ r-
1--. '--
De t a il s ot Beams
t t t 9
. 156 .210
t! I 9
.144 ' 194
It t Q
.116 .1 8 9
II I e . 11 6 .189
32
4.9 The Size of the Beam. Chang and Kresler found that the
magnitude of the nominal shear stress sustained by a beam at
diagonal cracking, and at failure, was influenced by the
effective depth of the beam. In particular it was found that
the nominal shear stress increased as the size of the beam was
reduced. To correlate the results obtained from beams of
diff~rent sizes they introduced the following expressions
for diagonal
cracking load
.o6:
~
.~1~ . "'
.os :
~0
~
-- ~
0 0
\:)
Beam. Deta1ls .
;Of ,__ b':
&-
ttl 5/. d
. 41 .,
.I:. .a 7
V1 ::;, 1.6 5 /o
u .. P =::
- .01 . - fc' ~ 6,000 pSi.
ttl .I:.
c: u
aid : 3.0
~ .: o
z ~ a 3 6 9 12
Effect ive Depth - inches
<Tests report e d by Leonhardt and Watt her>
* Chapter 1 Section 1.
30 0
"' Gl
"'
~ Gl
'- '-
..... u
-
c -
o
1-----+-----;~ Shear _
resisted
_ -r-~---"1
~
>.(.) by
concrete
'
'
Shear resi sted
truss action "v; ,
" I ""
Applied Shear
Fig.1.15- PROPORTION OF SHEAR RESISTED BY STIRRUPS AND
BY CONCRETE
t t
-,
..?
>
<(
W\U
h 0 c:
1
Polygon of Forces
Stress Distribution tn Concrete
C HAP T E R T W0
1. INTRODUCTION
(3) The application of further load, provided that the fai l ure
load is not reached, causes only short extensions of these
cracks. Short horizontal cracks may be observed just above
the level of the reinforcement.
16
Kani assumed that the strength of the concrete cantilevers
was due only to the flexural action of the concrete section at
the top of the concrete cantilevers~ and from this assumption
he deduced that the maximum bond force was given by the
expression -
f b s
2
r r
= b
f
sr = 6h ( 2 1 ). 0
c
The fundamental weaknesses of this equat i on have been discussed
.
prev~ous 1 y 18 , b ut f or comp 1eteness t h ey are sta t e d b e 1ow.
(2) The Eq. 2.1 was based on the assumpt ion that a linear
strain d istribution could develop directly above the level of
the cracks, (see Fig . 2.3), This assump tion violates compatibil-
ity requirements 9 as it implies that a discontinuity. in strain
occurs directly above the cracks. The actual distribution of
strain must be similar to that shown in Fig. 2.3b.
(a) (b)
b f = ka b H (i"f + kb b d /n pf~ ,
The first term on the right hand side of this . equation made an
allowance f o r dowel action , and the second term for the flexural
and shear resistance of the concrete at the top of the concrete
cantileverso Lorentsen sug~ested tentative values of o94 and
o60 for the factors ka and kb _r~spectively. The second term was
based on theoretica l stress investigations, and on tests on
blocks of concrete i n t ended to represent the flexural actions
of the concrete cantilevers. The loading arrangement for these
tests is shown in Fig . 2o4. The approach is interesting, but
neither the tests nor the theoretical stress calculations
conform to the strain continuity requirement that the vertical
strains in the concrete directly above the crack be zero.
Furthermore aggregate interlock is neglected.
c : cracl( width
Os : shear displacement
Fig.2.5- OPENING OF A CRACK IN A CONCRE TE BLOCK
Measurements made on beams tested in this project have
indicated that the shear displacements necessary to induce
aggregate interlock action develop when an initially vertical
crack i n a beam propWgates in an inclined direction. The
opening of the flexural cracks in a beam, and the actions
inducing shear displacements across these cracks, are considered
in chapter 6. The results of tests made on aggregate interlock
action are reported and analysed in chapter 4.
In the region Iof the beam between the last crack and the
support point it is possible for the compression force to
become appreciably ~nclined. The actual inclination of this
43 ,
where Vcz 2 and Vcz 1 are the shears resisted by the compression
zone above crack 2 and 1 respectively.
and v = vcz + vt )
M = Vx = Cjd = Tjd (2 . 4) .
should be noted that the e rror assoc i ated with this equation
increases as the ratio of d /x increases.
ev
From Eq. 2.4 the following deductions may be made -
Vx= Tjd
v = J'd dx
dT + T gj
dx
J' d = ~
v X
0
where T is the tension force in the steel.
0
41
Lorentsen considered that inan actual beam the shear
in the region of the beam containing the concrete canttlevers
could be resisted by a combination of both beam and arch action,
and in such a case the compression force c ould become inclined
above the tops of the flexural cracks (see Fig. 2.7).
Lorentsen 1 s equations for the actions in a simply supported
beam,based on this hypothesis~are given below. It was assumed
that the shear strength of the tension zone was limited t o
some value K (ioe. bf = K). Substituting th~~ value in Eq.2.5-
V = KJ'd + T djd
dx
l l
V..
Vt : vertical component of shear fore~ tran sm itted
across crack
H, : horizonta l component of shear force transmitted
across crack
- --
0
0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
I 0 0
0
0
0
I 0
0
0 I 0
0
0
0 I
0
0
0
0 I l 0
0
0
0
!IIll ~~:a~:;:i~:;rjl
qrurma=w 11
1"'"""'"'"'11::::,.~l~:~ 1~11
~ stirrups ]
11 11
Ill
l==~nrjp
electrical resistance strain gaug~~ I Bars covered with rubber !
initiator
Strain gauge covered with water
--1-
.-t- -A ~-ltr-~=---
1 _______,
proofing. small piece of rubber and tape
.""1 _, II I 1a''diameter
_i~
bond plates
--~ It" I, r X 2" X 311 ~'
I
Pattern
PI ,.. ~I In IP
r-
I
II I""
51s ~~s
9
sw l.,rd 7
~~ ~
..,
~ /.J'"1~ Ir 6- \..6 - ~ SE
I
p Crack Pattern p =10.60 p
0 ' . I
ln~re~ent
1
"'
.~
10 I . L. ?=3.26
.::c
p :4.89
20
p: 5.71 ..
"u
'-
0
30
lL. P : 6.53 II
~0
c
0
"'
c: 50
"
~
I
p: 8.9 6 II
60 U1
w
Fig. 2.9 - BEAM FAD1 - CRACK PATTERN AND TENSION FORCE DISTRIBUTION
54
Gauge Row 3 2 1
E
~ 1
U_ .1 J/ v Jj_/_L
m
~
... 3
f7 $trains plotted for
l.oad i.'ncrem ents lff ill v
-_, 5
0
/;
.I 2 P : 3.26 kips
4 . P: 6.S4 "
6 P : 9.81 " / .
W' IW...
t7l
1 8 . P:13.08 .. I
/__ vj_
"0
w
/VJ I
"/ ~ v:/
. 0. 9 v
....0 . -11
. 7 I )
E I If / /7 I l j
-~ 13
_,
u .
C . { '/ JL V8 2
Y"
1:_
.
y1/ 2! l
~/s, 2 4
/
c / /'
/
4.
~v- \
I
_,
u
L-
0
u. / ii.xternal j
., ~t irru p s fitted
r.
0
m
., [7
~
;:J
"'q,
IV
~ 0.
1.
_0. - 1
v
2 3 4 5 6
Theoretical Bond Force for Beam Act.ib.n - in kips
Fig. 2.11 - BEAM FAD 1 -AVERAGE BOND FORCE ACTING ON THE
CONCRETE CANTILEVERS IN THE SHEAR SPANS
Table 2.2 RESULTS OF BEAM TEST FAD1
"
9 17,000 232 - 8,380
2. DISTRIBUTION OF STRESSES
{a) 1 lh.'<tl:lJ3PA1
{b) 1 ~1
(c) 1 ~
"QflY
1 ----
1
~
across the cracks~ and the relative rotations between the bond
plates. The calculated shear displacements are shown in Fig.
3.3. As the deflected positions of the bond plates were
known, the bending moments and shear forces resisted by the
reinforcement in the North span of the beam could be calculated
on the basis of the following assumptions ~
p p
N s
p p
Bars covered with Bars left bare
foam plastic etc.
0
"'41
.c:.
u 1
c
...0 2
......
)(
.."'
c
41
3
E 1..
41
u
nl
.-J
a.
s.
.~
Cl 6
L
~ ' ~----+-~~---+-~~-----4---+---+---r----_,
.c:.
.Vl
8
Fig.3.3- BEAM F3- SHEAR DISPLACEMENTS AT LEVEL OF REINFORCEMENT
Beam F2
2 3 5 6
Theoretical Bond Forc.e for . Be.a-m Act ion kips
Fig.3.1.- BEAMS F2 & F3-AVERAGE BOND FORCES IN THE SHEAR SPANS
p
i~Pil r "
N s
~ 0~ CI )~ /Cl) 0 fp
~"-...... - ~
~
E
41
u 10 3 ""- s--.-__ r--....._ v /
~~ ~"'-- ~/ /~
-
'-
0 4 P:3.2Q6
c 15
5 """" ~~ 0 ~/vv
c 6 ~ ~~" ~
QJ f---- .
0:: / / /
20
"'~ ~, "~~ P~4s-p ,/vvv v
--
~
. ."~~'--,"" ~
- QJ - !
.t:=
c:
25 - .I p 5.700 v/ vv
"""' ,
QJ
30
- 7 ~ ~r--- ~ - P:6.!?.3 / __.V /
u
'-
0
8 r---......._
. . .t---.-
~'---r--.....
"'~ p =7.3 4
"
,__.. ~ ~
. /
v -~-
LL. 35 ............ ._ --........ P:8.f5 V ~,._--
c .... ~
0
lA
c:
40 L-----~~~+-+--r---r~~~~~~~ . - en
41 L __ _---l.---l-!..--..;...._
1 ---- -- - .. '---
"...:1
t-
Fig.3.5-BEAM F2-THE CRACK PATTERN AND THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE TE NSION FORCE IN THE
RElNFORCEMEN T
p
N
6
5 +
6 s
l
"'
0.
0
-v0
,:,: I . .
-I
c
41
E
5 2
3
1 1---
~ ~
----h ~
p
p
In kip~
=1.63
~-- ~
~
__..-'
~
&I 10 4 v -
~ v (::: v
f---- -
F;:Kr--
u
~ 5
- -Y v
L.
0
15 ~- 6 ~ ....... ~ p :: 3.26 ~ I
c
~~ "' ~ v / ~
~ v v ~
-
~
!
&I
0::
'-
u
c ~ ~ !t.... r--......_ 1 ? = ~. 07 .
/ /
v~v v
/
20 lP :: 4.89o ,__
""~
.......
7 ~ ........... /
-41
.c
-c
25
~ t---.
......_
~ "'
~
~
r-....
~
. p =5.70
p =6.53> /
/
vv
~
/
30
41
u ~
'---.. p ::7.34 /v
L.
0
LL 35 -
c p ::8 . 9 ~
0 Span Failed
"'c
40 T- I en
41
I-
co
Fi g. 3.6 -SEAM F3 - TH E CRACK PATT ER N AND THE DI S TRI B U~ION OF THE TENSIO N FORCE IN THE
REIN FORC EMENT
aggregate interlock action acro ss the cracks o
The maximum average bond forces that were susta i ned by
the concrete cantilevers in both shear spans on beam F2 9 and
in t he North shear span of beam F~were 2,450 lb., and 2 9 350 lb .
respectively. In the N-.orth span of beam F3 dowe l action of the
reinf orcement accounted f or a difference of 500 lb~ between the
maximum measured bond force 9 and the bond f orce resisted by the
.
flexural resistance of the co~crete between t he preformed cracks~
(see Fig ~ 3~4) Q The corresponding difference for beam F2 was
a ssumed to be 520 lb. ~his value was deduced from the a ssumption
t hat the magnitude of the dowel action was proportional to the
tensile strength of t he concrete; this i n turn was taken t o be
proportional to the square r oo t of t he compression strengt h of
the concrete. Hence t he flexural resistance o f the concret e
cantilevers in beams F2 and F3 a ccounted for bond f orces of
1 ,9 30 lbe and 1,850 lb~ respectively. These forces would induce
average shear stresses in t he concrete in the tension zone of
the beam of 53o5 p si~ and 51.5 ps i., which are approximately
28% of the magnitude that could be expected in a normal beam
with the same extern~l dimensions~ percentage of rein forcement
and concrete strength.
and at failure pt = f~ o
~f = bf 8
r he= Qbs/ /cu [1 - ( ~ 3 /cu/]
and hence b'
_f=
b [1 - < rtrc/J - - - - -(3 .. 3)9
/ /
,
/
~ crack imt"tator
CHAP T E R F 0 U R
1 lNTRODUCT ION
of the crack~
For each aggregate i nterl ock test block two four inch
control cubes were cast and t e sted to determine the compress -
ion strength of the concrete.
concrete
keyed sides .of
I I
l_ _ _j
15 . 0 6 4 , 930
Av .. 4 in.
cube No. of Standard Coefficient
Strength A. 1''( Deviation Variation
psi. Tests psi . %' Remarks
* Aggregate Interlock.
280 .
-J
5.0 x 10 Crack -m.
240 . -+-----1
3
7.5 X 10-
. ..: 200 :
II\
c.
II\
160
II\
-
Ql
L..
( I) 120 .-1---+-+---+-+-/------11--..~-7'---+--~ Shear dis pta c em en t
L..
e uals 5% cr.ack w'dth
nl
Ql
,/:; 80 -
(I)
Cube strength -4.810 ps.i.
40
0
0 30 40
10 so
20 so 70 ao 9o . 100
Shear Displacement x 10+ inches
Fig.4.2 -AVERAGE SHEAR STRESS -DISPLACEMENT CURVES FOR AGGRE-,
. ATE INTERLOCK ACTION FOR DIFFERENT CRACK WIDTHS.
280 I
psi.
cr:ack widths
$
- 7. 5 X 10 ln.
2.40 :
200 :
II\
c.
II\
160
II\
Ql
....
L..
(I) 120
51
40.
Shear displacement equals
~.,.._ _ t_f_ l:lfo crack width
0
20 0
30 10
40 50 60 70 80
Shear Displacement x 10+ inches
Fig.4.l-AVERAGE SHEAR STRESS- DISPLACEMENT CURVES FOR
AGGREGATE INTERLo'CK ACTION FOR DIFFERENT CONCRETE
STRENGTHS.
83.
,..-- - - - ,
diagonal cracks
300
"'I' r
I
I
200
' ~ ,,f r
1 so - -
at
Ill c: 100
Ill -
CLI .::,c
L.. u
- '-
U) co flexural cracks
(..) ~0 :---
'-
o diagonal cracks
co
CLI
.s:;
U) 0 l J l
0 5 10 15
Crack Width x 103 in.
Crack Concrete \
Intercept
Width Strength Factor. Factor on displ. Correla-
10' 3~n.
4 in. cube sxis tion Coef.
psi. A B 10 in.
' '
15.8 4,930 19,726 .94- 4.6 .875
1Z.5 4,640 29,466 -14,66 4998 ,920
10.0 4, 790 32,415' -
9 .. 73 30.0 820
7.5 4,850 55,285 -14.,10 25,5 .957
5.,0 4.,880 78,651 7. 75- 9.8 .877
2. 5 4,770 184~028 - 24,32 13.2 .956
7.5 ~' 120 77,654 - 34.97 45.0 .928
7.5 6,530 70,414 -:-26.26 37 .. 2 .955
7 ;'5 2 ; 700 36,614 . .- 17/82 48.5 .953
-e
c:
41
7.5
tl
u .
- -
tO
Q.
tA "'
- 0
c: 5.0
a-
)(
2.5
"0
IV
0
..J
0
0
z 0 5 10 15
3
Crack Width X 10 inches
200
"''o
150 /
-" i/
., )C
c
100
v I
/
l
t
<t .e
Ill
Ill
~ ~ 50
.!! g' V
-co::
nl
'-
C)
0
0
/ 100 200 300 400
Inverse of Crack Width - inches- 1
Fig . 4. 7- INFLUENCE OF CRA CK WJOTH ON GRADIENT OF SHEAR
STRESS -SHEAR DISPLACEMENT RELATIONSHIP
"'
.,o I
80
I
I
+ /
v
-
-
IU ..-
"0
0
:l:
)C
Gl
s
60 ---1-
I
A : 1,120 /f;u -22,080 - /
_.J
/
- 40
/
0 c
' 0
t <( -
Ill
Ill
..., IU
c '- . /
.!! Z' 20
"'cr
nl
....
l!)
o:
0 20
v 40
Square Root of 6" Cube
60
Strength -
80 1
(psi )
12
100
/
;'
J
I
90.
( 4 5 ).,
0
Width = 6 in.
Effective depth = 14 in.
Total depth = 16 in.
Shear span = 56 in.,
~uo~nlnl,~! I . 1,,l,,,l,.l, ,~
I~
- Bars covered with foam plastic etc. J
,. 4.. ,.
-~
B
foam plasti: l r~ 1. r
c...
bond
plate d c b a
initiator
3..
~8 deformed bars
't\ Shape of Crack
lnrtiators
B
CD
B 8 w
N s
+.
,~J~
., :I ,-i '\1
l.(z. ~'i.t
"' 5 ~ z
1
1
9 10 . 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
,p p
Cr ack Pattern at p: 13.06 kips
"'
.9- 0
- I I I I /'---.....0
.JC
I L --'1\. \ Increment P ki ps V ,
....c r- I"- I ./~ . ./ /
., 10
~~~ "'-,._ 2 3.2~ -~ ,.,.. y/'/~
.,uE ~~ ~~~ 9 r. 4Bg ' ~~ ~ L~
-'-
0
20
~~ ~ ~ ~ . ". / ///:V
c
~~~~"---- 5 . s.s /////
/v
. tl
30
~'- ~ ~~ 8J~
0::
., 7 //
'
I
-.,
.c
c
! '\ ""
40 .._---+---+---t-~ ""' :---! 9 j
--+-.:....l:"" 9.1~ / / //. .
u ~ . ! (v i
If so .___---+---t--t---+---+-~t.::..,
'-. . ,....-l
. . _ lQ
'- 1::41 .// 1
c I
0
60 .
.,"'c
1-
U)
Ut
Fig. 4.1 0-: BEAM FA4 -THE CRACK PATTER N AND THE DI STRI BUTION OF THE TENSION FORCE I N THE
REIN FORCE MEN T.
96
N s
Ill p p
~ 3 . ~--------~----.-~~~-----+--~----~----T-----r-~--,
u
c
- )(
1.
Ill
X
P:4.89
v 0 P: .
tO
I..
(.) Vertical . Displa~eme~ts 6" above the Reinforcement
4 . r-----.--.---.--.---.---r--.---+--.-~k~.-.
tps
Ill
Ill 3. 1----~- _7'f--4~-t---t--Jr-t~t~P:t1~1-
0
I..
v
1'0
-.,
c
E
Ql
v
tO Vertical Displacement 3" above the Reinfortement
0.
Ill
0
.....
1'0
v
.... p
~ 2 . ~---~~~~~~A4-
N s
p p
7~--~--r--~~---r--~~,--.--,-----,
11.41
9,78
..... 8.15
ro
c:
0
1 6.53
3,26 4.89
aN
o '-------1-----'--..I..------1.---'-- ...L..
X Horizontal Displacements 3" above the Reinforcement
10
Ill
4t
.&:.
u
c
9
8
I I
.lJ --.I\
~ '\
"o
-.. i ( /
c
)(
4t
E
7
6
/lb_
/; v /.,/ ~--
,__.
-..
----.
f\
1\ ' \\
~
"'\\'.
' 41
u s / 1\
V;V/ /
1'0
~ \ 1\~1\ P-kips
_.
a.
Ill (')---( -'0>-..
a 4
vjV~v ~ '\ ~ . \ 11.41
-..
ro 3 L
c
0 ~ ~v~ v 1\. ~ :\\r'0 9.78
.~
L.
0
:I:
2
1
IS'.s3 j) IV I \ ~\ f0:..
8.15
0
3.26 ;y 1"-r-" \V\ ~4.89
~
N .S
p
Q.
~\
til
P-kipsJ
Q. 11 .44
7.
~. ~\\
~
...u S.
9.78
L
/ ~\\\ X!J ~:
8.1 5 L./.
'-
& 5.
~
6.53 Vr t\'\~~~ v.Vr ~
0
_.
~
...'-
c:
i..
3. t-
4.89
3.26 ' 1\\ ~\~.._ ~ VL
v
~1
...... N~ ~ ~ - ti ~
"...en
'-
2.
" ...
~~ ~W/
I
1.
en
en
<
'~~,,
~~
I
I
t/'
/~/
v
(j
Fig. 4.l3- BEAM FA 4- SHEAR FORCES . TRANSMITTED ACROSS CRACKS
BY AGGREGATE INTERLOCK ACTION
6 167
c:
0
II\ 5. 139 u; . ..:
cQJ til
Q.
X
._ Q.
dead
4' 111. -~
QJ
u II\
II\
E
'- IV
QJ QJ
& 3 83.
-
~(])
Ul
~
c
0
.... 0
IV
(]) 2 56 QJ
.&:. QJ
Ul c
...'-
~
... 0
:::J
II\
1. 28 enN,
....
ro QJ
QJ >
~ a <(
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Theoreti~al Bond Fo rce tor Beam Action - kips
Fig.4.14 - BEAM FA4 - AVERAGE BONO FORCES IN SHEAR SPANS
:- 5.0 -2.5 0 '
10 I F~l'..... I I I I ~-I
9 ! I I ~ I I I I I
1 ~61 I I :;...__, y /:
:rOr-
c.,.,c;;
::on"'
I
~
m ss,
-
_..,_ ............ ~ . e,
1
I
I
m
n:;.>
'051 I Jl y ?II':>7' I . I 1 I
~zm
~~
0
1 J g4.S I I II i 10' I I
.
c"' 1 E I U HI I I I I
~ ~ 35 I
!'I
"'-< I i. I I I 2!4 I I I
1 ~ E 251
~- ~ ;6 I
I I
.li
-
o
L..
I ~ ~ r' - ........... t= ... 1 3 I I I
I
E l lfl~~ I I
0 100 200 300 400 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.S 15.0
Concrete Cantilever
Shear Stress -p.s.i. Bending Moment -inch kips
<clockwise + ve) (0
U)
Fig.4l S -BEAM FA4- AVERAGE VALUES OF SHEAR STRESS ACTING ACROSS CRACKS ( 5. 6.7. 8, \6, 17. 18.- see
ftg. 4.9 ), AND BENDING MOMENTS IN CONCRETE CANTILEVERS (56. &-7, 7-8. 16-17. 17-18)
TABLE 4 6
0
-EXPERIMENTAL-- - - - -
RESULTS BEAM FA4
Bond Force Aggregate
Shear Beam Ex peri - Interlock Dowel Flexural
Load Stress Action mental Action Action Action
Inco psi. lb. lb. lb. lb, lb.
1 22 800 - - - 1630
2 44 1600 2230 1825 13 1420
3 67 2400 2540 2250 35 1370
' 4 78 2800 2930 2625 50
5 89 3200 3250 2780 60 1330
6 100 3600 3550 3040 73
7 111 4000 3990 3240 91 1270
8 122 4400 4370 3510 108
9 133 4800 4580 3580 124 1200
10 155 5600 5250 3980 160 1130
11 178 6400
Note - Bond force due to dead load of beam is about 160 lb.
average per cantilever. Measured Bond forces do not
inc l ude this value but aggregate interlock~ dowel and
flexural action do include it.
(Note that thi s equation gives the maximum value that can
develop.). The dowel action was found in the same manner as
was used in the North span of Beam F3 (Chapter 3 S ection 3).
The aggregate interlock action was found by considering the
moment these shears induced about the mid _point of the
uncracked concrete section between the tops of the cracks,
(see Fig. 4.16). The values of
x , xb and h that were
a c
required for these calculations were measured from the crack
pattern.
CHAPTr:R F I VE
1. lNTRODUf!10N
The possible contribution of dowel action to the shear
resistance of reinforced concrete beams has been recognised
1
by many previous researcl). workers In several projects
attempts have been made to measure this action . In the next
section of thi s chapter some of this work is briefly reviewed ,
and in the remaining sections different aspects of dowel
action are studied . The results of a number of tests made
by the writer are also pre sented and examined. From these
resul.ts semi - empirical equations are derived which describe
dowel action "
v
Fig. 5.1 - FREE BODY DIAGRAM USED TO COMPUTE DOWEL
SHEAR < Watste i n and Mathey >
d4y
EI = k Iy (5 . 1)
4
dx
where k1 is the equiva'lent spring constant,. and EI is
106 ~
- - (5.2) 1)
1
Dowel Force (Cracking
Beam Size Reinforc ing Concrete Ultimate Load)
Beam*
Mark
in .
b d
in .
D
in.
bl
in.
co
in . No.
Bars
Diameter f I
Strenath
I f I .!S.
Test IEq . 5 . 2 Eq . 5 . 3 Eq . 5. 7
in . p~i. p~i. c lb. lb . lb. lb.
4 - 1 in.sq. 6,100
a J18 5 9. 19 12 3 2.81 1 - 3 . 10,710 1,180 5,700 (Approx)
- "t: 1.n . sq .
b MD5 5. 6 6. 9 9. 9 4.58 3. 0 1 - 1.02 4,550 660 .19 3,960 3,510 2,580 3,520
b MD6 5.8 7. 3 9.9 4.78 2. 6 1 - 1.02 5,920 775 .09 3,300 4,160 1,950 4,320
c DA2 6 10. 10 112 4.25 2. 38 2 .875 2,650 460 .20 13,575 I 3 , 480 3 , 620 2,320
c DA3 6 . 12 10.06 12 4.38 2.38 2 .875 2,650 460 . 13 I 3 , 150 3,550 3,010 2,400
c DAl 6 10.06 I 12 4.25 2.38 2 .875 2,290 410 . 1o I 2 , ooo I 3 , 240 2,370 2,070
c DA6 8 10.11112 6.25 2.38 2 . 875 2,620 450 .20 13,250 14,610 4,170 3,340
c DA7 8. 12 10.08 I 12 6.38 2.38 2 . 875 2,600 450 .o8 12,750 1 4,680 3,060 3,420
c DA9 6 10.06 15 4.25 5.38 2 . 875 2,390 430 . 45 14 , 500 1 4, 140 4 ,460 2 ' 180
c DA4 6 9.9 12 3. 75 I 2.62 2 - 1,125 2 , 770 460 .11 12,950 1 3,560 3,010 2,640
shear
strain gauges /
(a ) Divided Beams 'test ed by Jon es
I I
u
LJ
2, ...
compress ion
following equation -
d4y Px
4 = EI
dx
= uEI (5 . 1)
,
112
6 DOWEL :IT1..
In this project two different types of tests were made on
114
,_...:_.
J~ . ":~, .
(a) Shear Displ acem ent due to <b> ~l)ear: Displacement and
Bending
. . . 1n Concrete
Rotation between Concrete
Cantilevers Cantile.vers due to Bend ing
of Compression Zone
I
--i --
. - - i- --
- I
(C) (d)
-
Fig. 5.4 - DISPLACEMENTS CAUSING DOWEL ACTION AND STRESSES
ARISING FROM THESE DISPLACEMENTS
115 ..
(a) The concrete was cast and vibrated with the reinforc -
ing bars lying in the horizontal plane .
(b) The mould was removed , and gauge points for a
mechanical strain gauge were added at the positions shown
in Figs. 5 . 5 and 5. 7~
(c) The test was made when the concrete was two days
old . Approximate l y ten load increments were applied to each
block before fa i lure was produc ed . At each load stage a
minimum period of three minutes was allowed to lapse before
the displacement of the dowel was measured and the load
recorded ~
(L e. cf = measured displacement ( 11 r + ~) )
8 r a
117 <
n:s::l
I Q- 1 .- -?
I I compresston s ide ga.uge/
.I I potnt . I
I I I
I I I
I II
I t e nsion s ide I I
loJ - - - - .:.. ..o
l.!!.:f-+-
bar . 3''
1.5' ..----~---,-----.,.-.-------r----r----~-----c
.I I
I
Compression Side
5 10 0 5 10 15 20
Di!H>\ace ment of Dowe l x 1o+ inches
mr
-- --- -
......, o,
_j
-- --
'N
c -- - -- )l.ti 4" gauge
..
--+-
..
I
b
r
tt bJ
Fig.S.7 DO.WEL TE STS - SERIES 2 <LONG DOWELS)
')
1.8
/"' '- ___:_
1.6 -
~
1.4
I
l I
~ --,""-
~ -.......
- -
~~
!------
s -
1---~
IJ\ ~ ~
--- -- - .
c. t2
r ~-
~
"0
1.0 I
ilf:
~:
")
:----...._
..._.:'
---
--~
- - . -- -- --- --
0.8 ----- -
- ... ,, .... - -
"'
0
....J
7
~--
- 0.6.
tl
~
-I-~ -- -- - - -
0
c 0.4
'-- - - .. " ---- -- -- 1----
'
0.
0 1 2 3 ' 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Displaceme nt of Dowel x 1ft inches .
Fig. 5.8 - LOAD DISPLACEMENT CURVES FOR - LONG DOWEL TESTS
TABLE 5.2 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS OF DOWEL TESTS SERIES I
continued ~
N
0
Table 5.2 - continued
i
Mix l>etails of Properties Displacements on both Max. Dowel 0 fc
No. Specimen of Concrete sides at failure Load. _.Dfc-
% and psi. Compr. Tension Sum f r b'
4
x 10 in. x 104 in. x 104 in. lbs. in .
Cube strength "feu" is average strength measured on six to eight four inch cubes.
Modulus of rupture "f " is a calculated value (i.e. f = .1160 f , the coefficient was taken from
reference 34). r r cu
Water in mix given as a percentage of dry weight of aggregates.
In mixes 1, 2, 3 and 4 the moulds were not sealed, and as a result some leakage of fines occurred.
All dowels consisted of 7/8 in. diameter bars.
,...
N
N
TABLE 5.3 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS DOWEL TEST - SERIES II
TABLE 5.4 SUMMARY OF RESULTS OF DO#EL TESTS ~ITH DEFORMED REINFORCEMENT - SERIES II
l.n.
. -1
l.n. % x104in. x10 4 in.
.
%
4
x104in. x10 in %
I
5 ,6 bottom :iowels
sr = 3 . 875 in.
.67 .04 ~ 7 .o 7.1 .9 13 11.0 3. 3 30 !
bottom dowels 1.01 .075 7. 4 8.5 1.5 18 11.8 3.0 25
7,8 sr = 7.875 in.
9,10,11, bottom dowels 1.04 .144 13.8 8.2 1.4 17 15.8
I
I
I 2.5 16
12,13,14 sr = 5 . 875 in.
16 , 17,18 top dowels 6.8 42 11.5 3.4 I 30
19,20,21 sr = 5 . 875 in.
.6 .064 10 . 7 16.3
bottom :iowels
22
sr 9 in. 1.03 .130 12.6 '
':. - - 15.1 3. 9 36
-
~=standard deviation CF coefficient of variation 1-'
N
w
124.
bars used in the first four mixes . This implies that for the
range of reinforc ement in common u s e the differences in bond
characteristics have little effect on the dowe l cracki ng load .
This simplifies to -
Dr of o, ( ....
A
fb
,
b
.V ___/jh
= ~ - - - - - - ( 5 . 1) o
EI
d'a k 1
= b'fr= 2 Dfc ~
D = ~ f r 4J4C ' E s 1. ,
fc 2 k~
- - - - - ( 5 . 4).
1k
J_ ~to~ barl
equat ions for I
bottom /
-0
1.t
short dowels
v ~
barsV
. .- bottomI bars
I
~v /
'
Ill
"' 0
en
c: ....
,
...Jm
.8..
f
v .? ~
:top bars
/ v
"'0
"t::
o- E
. .6' ....
I
....J 0 I
I /
_;: ....J m D1f 1 of concrete
u
~--
e t he ba~: k; _
abov_
tr.:
v
"' 0')
below the ba r : k2
_.J
<1.1
~
.X:
u
ru
....
I"' Sr: .,I I. ; ~ 2.9kt .
ou 1 2 .3 4 s s 7 a 9 10
0
' Length
Block "s; of Concrete x f<4E,Ir.C/k~> .
Fig.5.10- THEORETICAL VARIATION OF DOWEL CRACKiNG LOAD WITH
LENGTH OF DOWEL
Ill
(IJ
.:. 1.4 I
u
c: o top bar
1
:: bottom bar
~ 1.2 ~---r---+----r---1----+----
or----r----~----;----o
::
(IJ ~ ~
._ ~ 0 to Eq. 5.
. Z 1;0 1-----+----+----+---+----+-----..,:!-'-"'---t--=~o;;t----t---;
. a. A :1 0
/v
o =---~--~----~--~~--~-----~------~----~--~
1 .J
.. 2 3 40 5 6 7 a. -13 18
L.ength of Concrete Block - in inches "s;
Fig. 5.11- EXPERIMENTAL VARIATION oF DOWEL CRACKING LOAD WITH
LENGTH OF DOWEL. FOR DEFORMED BARS
13L
-
0
c
o .
.s
.4 ....... ~
...
..... ~ ~
~
0
a. ...
. 0
.s::.
0\ .3 f-.- - ~
..... c ~,
Deta il s of Bar
a.. QJ
..... 1-- -
- ;;:;-~ diam eter :24 mm ..
,
VI. ci) II
VI
Vl.ll
...~a
QJ
.2
.1 .
-x [7'
I I
rib spaci ng::17 mm.
r i b height : 2 mm ..
Ul
.,c ~.)-1 . I .a .a I
I l
I J .
feu : 31 20 0 pS.,I.
l
0 . 6
0 0 2 4 8
m
Relat i ve Disp l acem ent be t wee n Cone r ete
3
and Bar x 10 in.
.Dfc = 0.174 s
r
bg f
r
when O<s
r
< 5.875 in.)
5-(5c s).
and D
fc
= 1.02 b' f
r
when sr > 5.875 in. )
fr b 1
D
f
= 2
Df c = b I f D ~; o(
where o< = 0. 25 ~
, . and N is the number of bars.
Substituting the values derived from the experimental results 9
for bottom bars ~ is 1 ~ 14 , and for top bars is 0.80.
in . )
Df -- 87 - - - ( 5 .. 11)
9. CONCLUSIONS
In this chapter dowel action of the flexural tension
reinforcement i n a concrete beam has been examined, and a
number of equations have been derived to describe this action.
It appears from this analysis that dowel action cannot resist
a very significant portion of the shear. For example , in a
beam where -
'-
"
Ql
&:.
(/)
-Ql
~
0
cracks form 1. end of dowel crack
c
I dowel
and extend above support point
I...-- ------ ~
I
c5c
Displacement of Dowel
(a) Theoretical Load - Displacement Relationship for Dowe l
Action at Last Crack 1n Shear Span
I
I
~-
1 Eq.s.a
-
41
I
flexural strength of un-
~
0 I cracked concrete at level
0
I of reinforcement critical.
Displacement of Dowel
<b> Theoretical Load - Disptacement Relationship for Dowel
Action between Concrete Cantilevers
CHAPTER S I X
1. INTRODUCTION
Shear displacements , which are associated with the
transfer of shear across a crack by aggregate interlock and
dowel actions , arise in two ways. They are induced f i rstly by
the flexural rotation of the compress i on zone in the region of
the beam containing inclined cracks ~ and secondly by the bending
within the concrete cantilevers . The factors i nf l uenc i ng t he
magnitude of the displacements ~ which result from these t wo
actions,are discussed in this chapter .
6 = st Qc +Ll e sy Qc
v 2 y c 2
(st - s )
= gc C - -z .x. +Ay) C6. 21) ~
The dimension ~y is shown in Fig. 6.1c. In a similar manner
the longitudinal movement 8h between H and H g may be found
from the equation -
oh = y oc -- --..-_ __.... ( 6. 3 ).
A F A F
I
I "'0
X
?' I
~
I E
.!!I_ 9
",.
~!r
. '
.\ '~
\ H
t.O
t- G Hu_
c .J &h .,\
I
1
(d ) Displacement s Across a
Cra ck
A 0
8 E
c F
~
.
co
79 c-
10
-~
-~
10
....
~
Seale , .. : 4 x 1d"' in.: ".J
1
Load Point
9
Fig. 6..4- BEAMS SC3 &: CA 1=- OPENING OF CRACKS IN BEAMS.
149 .
they are inclined, as they are in the shear span of a beam, the
displacement "Td " is caused by -
In beam SC3 df ' t h~~ ~ ptoj e ct, numerous long i tudinal strain
measurements were made so that displa c ements arising from
bending of the concrete cantilevers could be found . The posit -
ions of the centre - lines of the concrete cantilevers,whi ch were
found from the crack pattern , are shown in Fig . 6 . 6 a s the
lines lE - 3E and lW - 3W. The lines 4E and 4W correspond to
the last vertical line of gauge points in each shear span . To
find the rotation of the compression zone , the displacements
of the gauge points above the level of the tension cracks were
examined in a regression analysis. The position of the regress -
ion line rep~ents the displacement of the centre-line of the
cantilever caused by the rotation of the compression zone .
Hence the departure of the gauge points from this line
corresponds to the movement induced by bending in the concrete
cantilevers (see Fig . 6.7) . In this manner the deflec ted
150
I
r-
1
4E 3E 2E lE 1W 2W 3W t.W
NE NW
. 1E 2E
\ \.
\ \
'level of the t'ops \ \
of the cracks - \. / regression
1\ \\ /'Y line
f.:value plotted \.\ \~
fig. 6.8
+--\~\
rn
\\
1E 2E
Flg.6.7- DEFLECTED SHAPE OF CENTRE-LINES OF CONCRETE
CANTILEVERS
l Sl
Line 1W 2W 3W I.W
Ill
.so
01
.c
u 1.75
.E
I 3.00
E
I'll
01
4.25
ID
-0
a.
5.50
6.75
West span
I
1 ~
I--
I
0
..... fatled at
~
increment 7
-
r\
0 9.50 9
cv
.a
cv
u
c 12.00
....I'llVI ,~
7 7 Increment 7 71
Cl I I 1\
14.00
3 2 1 0 3 2 0 2 0 2 0
3
Displacement x 10 inches Lf >
4E 3E 2E 1E Line
.50
VI
cv .__
1.7~ ~ -L--.
.c East span
u
c
I 3.00 -dE - - o. P-- fail ed at
increment 10
-
E 4.25 -
~ -
I'll
cv
ID
5.50
\\ ~ --- I--
....0
~
6,75
~ \\\
~\ ~ '""'1\ ~!\, \~
a.
....0 ,
~ 1\ .
0 9.50
\
\
a;
.0
' CII i\ [\ 1\
1/ 1\ \1\
~ 12.00 f-
....VI
Cl
I'll
14.00
0
~ ~ 1 2 0
7
1
Increment
2 3 0 2
9
0
8 . ~ /7 \a
2
\9 3
1
Displacement x 10 . inches <f)
.
Fig.6.8- BEAM SC3- DISPLACEMENTS OF CENTRE-LINES OF CONCRETE
CANTILEVERS DUE TO BENDING OE CONCRETE CANTILEVERS
152.
Initially, when the flexural cracks in the beam are short and
vertical nearly all the bond force moment acting on the
concrete cantilevers is resisted by the flexural resistance
of the concrete. Aggregate interlock and dowel actions cannot
157
.,
.:A:
1 1
~ -...::::---
secondary shear
-
"0
~
.,...I
stresses
.....
1 ~ 1 Shear Stress
l
\UYAfl't Flexural Stress
agg regate
in terloclt and
dowel actions ---,....J
~ T . -~~-----
'initi'al positio n
c . .,
__
-
0
... u;
- - II\
Cll
1..
.~
II\
Cl. c
E Cll
~
. 8
~ tensio~
.
.1 '<U ++:~ l
compression
te n s ionj~
.2 DJY' ..--:::= ' * . 2
col'!'pression _:::9J
Fig. &.j1.- TRAN SVERSE STRESSES INDUCED BY . DIFFE RENTIAL
CURVATURE OF COMPRESSION AND TENSION ZONES
OF BEAM
161..
B. ~YD_fRACK SHAPE~
/ / ~7 7 / / I /
. .
/ / : '/ . 7 I/ .. I . I
. I
.
~ -
-.
- -
/ _;_ f - 0- 7_- 11_ _ - .-. -- If
.. - - - - - --
IT . .
--- - -- ~-- --
- - - - - --
.
---
.
.75 1.25 . l.75 225
MJVd ' ratio at .the crack
Beam Details
d .: 10.6M bt: 7.5"
Sr: 5''
fciA:
p.::2.1/o
. .
CHAP T E R S E VE N
ARCH ACTION
1. INTRODUCTION
- Sca l e
0 . 30 60
deformea Strain x 105 .
56 28
Evans , and Leonhardt and Walther , have both tested
concrete beams reinforced with polished or coated bars that
were incapable of developing bond . The reinforcement in the:
beams was anchored to the concrete beyond the support points.
In these tests no diagonal cracks formed in the shear span
of the beam, as there were no bond stresses, and hence no
shear stresses in the tension zone. Cracking was limited to
the formation of a few wide cracks in the centre and above
the support points of the beam.
167.
1.00
/
v \
.75
v
.so L_ \
/~ ~
.25
0
v
Slip between Reinforcement and Concr:-ete
\
(a) Beam Loaded by Two Point Loads
2 p
---
IV
....0
..... 1
~------~------~~
Js"
-0 a.
-
a. c
c0 (./) "'
~
Vl
1.00
.75 /
~
~
't 0 v \
0
g. 0C!:
L-
L.
"'
a. .so /
a.. .....
VI
ro~c
C
.t:.
VI(/)
.25 /
~IJJ
-_,
(./)
)( -
Q ~
Slip between Reinforcement and Concrete
{b) Beam loaded by Central Point Load
Fig. 7.2- ARCH ACTION IN BEAMS WITH UN BONDED REINFORCEMENT
(p :20fo )
(b) In these beams large slips must develop between the
reinforcement and the concrete. For the two prototype beams
the magnitude of these was approxim&tely equal to the total
extension of the reinforcement in the shear s pan.
b
1
[1 - -xJ
K
(1 - /V)
a
the term K;v is not constant . (i.e . the bond force d istribution
is not constant in the shear span of the beam) .
=
For complete arch action (i.e. no bond) the value of vt is
zero, and hence the arching index is unity, while for beam
action the shear resistance of the tension zone is equal to
the nominal shear stress, and consequently the value of the
index is zero .
~J 1:2
c: /
..____,
.... [ 1.0
c:
Ql
(/) /. - \
1.0
..a/
E L.
;8 I )( :75
! .....__..,
I'd \
f
Ql Ql
-u . .c (11
rd V> Increment 7. \ "0
Q. ,
VI
0 ' c:
c
;6
/
'/ r\
\
\
E ;S
en 5 . v
:4~
- =
.c :25
~
0
~ ?---'
., \
-, -
VI u
c: c
:2' / o........ S 1... _.....
0 Ql
....-:---:- / ---- -....... <( .00
~ ~ 0 ~ . NominSt raless Shear
)( 5. . . . . . 44 89 132
I'd UJ .......
-'
VI
c .....Ql 0
. p.s.i.
... .... .
1... Ql
(/) '
Fig. 7.4- BE)\M F2- CRACK PATTERN. TRANSLAT IONAL DISPLACEM ENTS.
AN D ARCHING INDEX '
10
'I +
.6 )( .50
Ql
"0
.4 E 25
Increment 10 ---
. !:'"'iut"' 4 --..... ~
en ~
.2 =.cu 0
" ./
t:>-<:-: ~
>-
,__ -- - - .... _..... ~, ~
. '
,/ 1... 4
0 <(~25
44 89 133 117
Nominal Shear Stress p.s.i.
Fig. 7. 5 - BEAM FA 4 - CRACK PATTERN, TRANSLATIONAL DISPLACEMENTS
AND ARCHING INOI;X
175
? -
~c: c:
[ 1.0
t 1.0
cv (/)
E
cv '-
u nJ .a ,K
~.75
nJ cv c
g.(/)
-.~:.
Increment
. .s
.- c: .s:
0 -
c: / i\?
01
c
6/
1?7
~ .~
.c:
0
II\
.c:
cv
........
nJ )( ..l
.4
v
v ~\
6
"' ~
-5.25
'-
<(
LV
4 ~"'
ij\LU
c: 0
1-
~ ~ ..~
50
Nominal
100 150 200
Shear
~~cv ~
Stre"Ss p.s. 1.
~.~
Ul
Ftg. 7.6 - B.EAM. CA 1.- CRACK PATTERN, TRANSLATIONAL DISPLACEMENTS
AND ARCHlNG INDEX
T d = ec ,d ( 1~~ i ,
then the depth of the neutral axis can be pred i cted by the .
familiar equation
k = j p 2 n 2 + 2 pn - . pn - - - - -- (7 . 1)..
and (2) that the stresses in the concrete and the steel
. remain in the elastic range ,
C =T - Ht
b kd f c
C = T = -2- = f
s p b d }
from which =
Substituting this value in Eq . 7.3, this equation may be
reduced t o -
( 7. 4).
0 - o' F
T
9~ 1
__.,
- c'
- :.L -
/- / C- -
E
/ I II
I / /,
A .< I I
Initial Shape
~~Lt
Deflected Shape
_Fig:7.8- DEFlECTED SHAPE OF A SEGMENT OF. A . BEAM CONTAINING
TWO .CONCRETE CANTILEVERS
- D
.t
I
I
D
. ~
' /;
J./j,t
/;
' Initial shape
B / I
.A I ,
8,
Deflected Shape
A
L-ls
=-6"c +Q
c
d+f (7.5)
(7.6),
where Vczis the shear resisted by the compression zone
1
of the beam at this crack, and vt is the vertical component
1
of the s~ear transmitted across the crac k .
1
values of the compression force C , and the shear Vcz . 9
v
__. ----
' ""'
T
~
.v~
g
C A. .
I
.
- -r- ;V u
~~- ---
>v >
ttl
~~~t-U
1 2
"
<a> Low Ratio of Vc.r./c (b) High Ratio of Vcz./c
vc z 1 = v - vt 'I I
1:::===::;~~-----~=====......--;=t====~ /
7f d b f~
v= 2
and the nomi nal shear stress corresponding to thLs critical
value is -
.. f' = 1 8 f ~
7 t 0
~~10~-
~.---------~3~
6-" ----------~H2P
Gauge row
'.....
~
'N
mitiator
~[ - -
sM s v; \ 12"
anchorage
Beam SC1
ct
plate
2P
rubber Gauge row
strip
18"
Beam SC2
I
2P
Gauge row a
0
0
0
0
0
0
p I I
1s ~ II' . s .. ~ s....
longitudinal gauges shown onty
Beam SC3
Age at
Testing 7 7-8 7-8
Days
".r-
..c
2.5 v
c
~~ ~ l
3.5 I
l 4.5 E
.\ . J . .1.
s.s CD
nl
Ql
-
I <1.1
v
Strain distributions plotted for I
8.5 nl
load mcrements 4 and 7 ....___~ _________jj '-
9.5 ::!
(f)
20 0
G~uge Row a b c d e 0
a.
1-
~ ~""
"-..~ 7~\4 ~~ 7~[~ 7~~
"' ......---- r - - \_ ').. " \ """"""' 5 ~
7 0
. ~ ~ l.S 41
""'" \' . I\\ .0
~ \~ . \ \ ~r- 2.5 Ql
v
~ I . '\ \ . \ I r-r-3. 5 c
....
nl
\!:!
'\. . " \ \\ \\ 4.5 Cl
5.5
60 40 20 0 40 20. 0 40. 20 0. 40 20 0 40 . 20 0 ,j
<D
Strain x lOS' w
Fig. 7.16- BEAM S~1- STRAIN DISTRIBUTIONS IN COMPRESSION ZONE rN EAST SPAN OF BEAM
194 0
the reinforcement ~
Gauge Row
sw
Beam SC1
Gauge Row
S~-
Beam SC2
Beam
.
sc3.
..,
.....
T
15 ...
BEAM SCl
Load Shear Vertical Crack Dowel Shear in Tension
Stage Displacement Width Shear l~m~t-ession Force
v
n
psi v lb. x 105in. x 1Q5in. lb. on,S_ lb. lb.
E* W* E. w. E. w. E. w E. w.
1
2
26
52
1,630 4
27
- 18 - 60 - 1,570 - 2,800
3 , 260 31 52 61 410 470 2,850 2,790 5 , 500 5,400
3 78 4 , 890 83 80 93 93 1,260 1,220 3,630 3,670 7,600 7,600
4 91 5, 705 143 116 119 117 2,180 1,760 3,525 3,945 8,600 8,900
5 104 6,530 242 196 163 160 3,080 2,980 ~,450 3,550 9,600 9,600
6 118 7,345 - East Span Failed - - - - -
7 104 6,530 - 311 - l 189 - 3,080 - 3,450 - 9,600
8 118 7,345 - West Span Failed - - -
BEAM SC2
1 26 1,630 I
9.3 . Beam SC3. The crack init.iators included in this beam (see
Fig. 7 . 15), were used only to locate the positions of the main
flexural cracks. This was achieved by using two 3/4 in . wide
Gauge Row d e . .f g h r. J
"- 7 '\ 1'\. ' \.V / ./
.5
Na r-.,4.
~-
s\~\fa 6
~v. ~ 's Ys srTa s\ 4
1.5 II\
- Z_"" \ '
~
'' )\\ 1\ \
- / ~! ~
(I)
~--
I
2.5 -5
- r-./-.. \ ./ ; . \ \\ c
. i - .:.... .. \[\
\
l""
r.z.= \. -; - f- \ '\\ l
35 -
.. _
-~
- \:" ~ .
r--..._ ~t-.
'"\
L . \
rr-n
~\\
- . I ~\
-
. ....._
45 I
E
5.5 nl
(I)
6.5 D
~
~
,
iO 40 20 0 40 20 0 40 20 0 20 0
7.5 0
Strain x 10
5
20.. 0. ,..
JJ '\
8.5 (I)
u
9.5 ~
. 20 0 L..
I~,1Q.S ~
Gauge Row a r e b c
' a.
8
.5 10 0 ....
0
1.5
~
0
' I
2.5 ~
41
- -Strain distributions 3.5 .J:J
~. ~lotted
L__ rncrements
for load
4,6 & 8
4_5 ..
.c.
a.
(I)
5.5 Cl
6.5
100 80 60 40 20 0 80 60 40 20 0 60 40 20 0 ...
(Do
Strain x 105 CD
Fig. 7.19- BEAM SC2- STRAIN DISTRIBUTIONS IN COMPRESSION ZONE IN EAST SPAN OF BEAM
200
0t6p
crad< in east
span
( r .(
~
jJ
/ l / / /r
/ /~-r
s,. 0
~
crack In west
._o ,f ~, _
span
_ 0 ,0
--
-,- r-
. (
~ crack initiator I
r I
I
c - 100.
0
'iii
~
"' -so
<V
L..
0.
0
E
0
)oC
<..>
0
-c
.......
Ol
(/) c 50
0 6
"'
c
<V
1-
7
100
8
West Span
' iii
"'0.
<V
-
L.
.vo -s o
E
0
)( u.
0
c:
.......
Ol
(/)
c: 50
0
"'<Vc: 100
1- '\ 8
East Span \.
when the last crack extended suddenly to the top surface of the
beam. This occurred while load increment 8 wa? being applied.
The shear that caused this failure was 12 , 900 lb.~ and the
corresponding nominal shear stress was 205 psi. The span was
repaired by fitting external clamp-on stirrups, and the test
was continued. The East span failed in a very similar manner,
but at a considerably higher load when the shear was 15 , 850 lb.,
and the corresponding nominal shear -stress was 252 psi.
Load Shear Nominal Vertical Crack Dowel j Aggregate Interlock Shear in Tension
Stage Force Shear Dis pl. Width Shear : Shear Force Compr. Force
Stress 5 5 ' lb. Zone
lb. psi. x 10 in. x 10 in . lb. Ht I
vt lb . lb.
1 E*W* 1,630 26 -
2 E W 3,260 52
3
w 4,890 78 13 42 220
E 6 41 100
w 22 63 370
4 6,530 104
E 11 65 190
5 w 8,150 129 54 106 ' I 920
IlI
E 51 113 870
w 178 150 3,020 560 ' 2,250 4,510 17,000
6 E 9', 780 155 124 166 2,110 320 1,560 6', 110 18 , 000
7
w
E
11,410 181
352
203
293 i
3,440
227 . 3,450
820
550
2,770
2,310
5,200
5,650
20 , 000
20,000
- 12,900 205 West Span Failed
8 E 13 , 060 207 377 318' . 3,440 1,070 3,680 5,940 23,000
9
10
--
E
E
14,670
15,850
233
252
625
East
I
Span
430
Failed
I
~ ,440 1,420 4,530 6,700 26,000
~
~\ '\ ,\ \\ \\ 1. 75 =c:
u
50
9l5"'
\ \~ ~- \\ l \...- \ \ .75 0 \~
lncremen ____ 9\e-y _________9l~ -- __ 9~15 -=- ~ _s_ __ -- ~ s____ 9\~ cu
-
- --
u
-40. -20 0 -40 -20 . 0 -40 -20 0 -20 0 -20 0 -20 0 -20 0 (\1
1-
::J
Gauge Row a b c (/)
....__
-
~ .............
"'-... '.. 50 g-
~ -~ ""'-..
------- r--._ ~ ~ -...... '\ 1.75 ~
~ ~ ,"'- ~\
3.00 Qi
0
"'""" ~
.............
~
~
~
~
I~ 425 CD
cu
~ ~ r\ 5.50 ~
~~ -
t ""' ~"'
111
6.75 -~
5~ ~ --__ _ _ ,; _ ____s'L __ ~.- _____9;~ 9 s1
0
lncre ne rt ~ _____l_ ______
- 100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 -80 -60 -40 . -2.0 0 . .
. 5 1\,)
Stram x 10 0
t--
Fig. 7.21 - BEAM SC3 - STRAIN DISTRIBUTIONS IN COMPRESSION ZONE EAST SPAN OF BEA M
205
10
Ill
Be am
a.
c -
.2 .X 8
Ill
Ill I compete span -
OJ
L.
a. c
'
E .2 6.
0 ....u
Compression
0 zone --~""*'-
<t
>-
.0 ..J
OJ
4:
-o ~
Q) 0
....
Ill
a 2.
Ill -o
OJ c
a:: nl
L.
0
nl
c
OJ 0 2 .4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8 10
Ql
.c 0 Applied Shear - kips
(J)N
BEAM SC1 BEAM SC2
16 : .
-o.
Beam failed
,
c
Ill 14:
-~
OJ'-
~.X
0
0 12:
Q)
c
N
0
Ill
. 10 1----+---~!---+---+----:K--~~ '----'--"<c-\"<~
c
oc -~
.... .
~ ~ 8 r---~---1-----r---*----~~~~~~~~
OJ
L.
a..x
~ g 6 r--~--1----~---+----~~~~~~7-~
Oi::
OJ
>- ...
.0 c 4 1----~--~~-;----
-o
Q)
t; OJ
~ ~ 2 r---~---1----~---+--~~~~~~~~HI
OJ 0"1
a:: ~
L. 0)
nl 0"1
11.1<(
.c
(/)
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Applied Shear- kips
BEAM SC3
Fig. 7.22- BEAMS SC1. SC2.& SC3- SHEAR RESISTED BY COMPRESSION
ZONE, DOWEL AND AGGREGATE INTERLOCK ACTIONS AT THE LAST
INITIATED CRACK IN THE SHEAR SPAN
this depends on the rate of change of shear resisted by t he
compressi on zone . Unfortunatel y insufficient strain readings
were made to determine this critica t value. ~
In Fig. 7.23 the crack widthSlisted in Tables 7. 2 and 7. 3
are plotted against the tension force carried by the reinforce=
ment . Although the bonding conditions were the same for the
three beams, there appears to be no simple relationship
between the crack width and the tension force . The shear
displacements across the crack 11 which are indicated in this
figure , appear to have a c ons i derable influence in the crack
width.
A~Ja
e:. 240
.A S C2 -
west span
east span
6~
0 ~6
388
o SC 3 - west spa n
.c:.
.... 0iW
o SC3 - east span ,
-
"0
~
2 I
u~
et.,.1. 2Y u 0
. 2.0 0
u A 15
nJ
'- 0 1t x12.
(.)
1 7 .A +s
~ .. Numbers indica.t.~ . dowe l
1-lS .A 16
()
d ispl acem ent X t O~ inches
00
+
I I I
5 10 15 20 25 30
Tension Force - tn kips
Pig. 7.23 - WIDTH OF LAS T INHIA TEO CRACK VER SUS TENSION
FORCE IN RE INFORCE MENT AT CRACK
(1) above a major diagonal crack 9 and
(2) in the immediate vicinity of the load pointo
For arching action to develop over the complete shear span
these two regions must overlap; a situation that exists when
the diagonal crack extends to the load point. At this stage
an inclined compression force acts on the concrete remaining
above the diagonal crack. This force induces both flexural
and compressive strains in the concrete. When the shear span
to effective depth ratio is. greater than 2o5 , the flexural
stresses appear to predominate~ causing a flexural tension
failure of the concrete in the compression zone 9 and consequent
collapse of the beam immediately after the crack has extended
to near the load point (a diagonal tension failure). In
beams with a shear span to effective depth ratio of less than
2o5, an increase in the load carrying capacity above the load .
cati's'.~ng the extension of the diagonal crack to the load point
may be expected. In this case arch action can develop as the
concrete above the diagonal crack can resist the inclined
force. In such cases failure ultimately occurs by either
a flexural tension failure of the compression zone 9 or a
compression failure of the concrete above the diagonal crack
(a shear compression failure).
It was shown that the occurrence of arching action over
a short section of the beam, 'for example . above a major
diagonal crackd induces vertical tensile stresses in the
~
CHAPTER E I GHT
_T did
v =
beam action
+ . dx
arch action
-----<2. n~
This equat ion is not exact owing to the fact that in its
derivitation the bending moment resisted by the shear force
transmitted across the crack was neglected . The error
21L
1.5
-----1 ~--
- v ~I
5 I
Rat io of Crad~ Spa dny cat Leve t of Reinforcement t o that
the Top of the Cta ct< s
.0 - I
.1 -
.2 I
I
..:.c .3 . I
. ~
.4
/
/
/
- ....-
I ~ ~
.5
J
Variat i on of Depth of Neutral Ax is
"0
D""'
>- 1.0
II . / '.l_j ~ /~
-
-;1
Ill 0
~
0
c
.g
o8 -
theoretical "shear
stress for beam
act ion v -- vlbjd
arch action~ ~LL
~:;; .7
L..
0
a.
0
L..
6
a. Shea r Stress an Tensi on Zone
3. BEAM ACTION
the magnitudes. o.f the ..bond force, the shear stresses , ~nd
~
~bond .
1- (j force
~g I c
~
1 .e
I
1:
dowel
1 action
t1 L__-----+--===~
o,
H i ~~o~
-
Bl
+ +
--...
+
Stresses in Concrete Bending Moments Induced Resultant Lateral Deflection
Cantilever, and Forces by the Bond Force, and by Bending Moment of Centre - line
Acting on the Concrete Dowel and Aggregate Distribution tv
Interlock Actions ~
U1
Fig. 8.2- BENDING MOMENTS IN, AND DEFLECTED SHAPE OF, A CONC.RETE CANTILEVER
216
aggrega \i n:erlock
The same situation does not arise with dowel cracking from
the last flexural crack in the shear span. Experimental work
reported in Chapters 5 and 7 shows that in this situation the
dowel force only decreases slightly ~ if at a ll~ with the
formation and extension of dowel cracks . In this case the
main detrimental influence of the cracking appears to be due
to the destruction of the bond between the concrete and steel~
ion zone of the beam (at the diagonal cracking load) was
caused by vertical tension stresses which developed ot ~he
a,
B~ .
~~------~~-..;..._--*--. ---+- C0 . : bond force reststed by
cantilever action
Polygon ot .Forces
v . = l/F ft
a~
v o( fi
n t
(2) When the shear span fails at the diagonal cracking load
(i;e. diagonal tension failure) , with increasing concrete
strength there should be an increase in the shear strength of
the beam, but this rate of increase in strength should be less
than the corresponding increase in the t ens ile strength of the
concrete.
the inclined compres s ion force accompanyi ng arch action deve l ops
between the load point and the support point , and hence at the
point of contra- flexure the compression force is at the mid -
depth of the beam. For simply supported beams the compression
force also arches between the load point and the support point ,
but in this case the point of contra- flexure is above the
support point . Hence, if all the shear i s resisted by a r ch
action, in a simply supported beam the compression force is
half the magnitude and inclined twice as steeply as the
equivalent compression force in a continuous beam with the
same M/Vd ratio . Thus, the strength of arch action in
continuous beams may be expected to be less than in equivalent
simply supported beams.
low percentage of
remf()rcement
. r.
Frg. 0.6- PRED ICTEO CHANGE IN POSITION AND SHAPE OF LAST
F LEXURAL CRACt{ IN Sl-iEAR SPAN WIT H REINFORCEMEN T
"'(}
I
---.-2_:_______,.t._J. p~l-r I '
~
A
_!f;f!-b
~---f'-
a __
p ....,.__ _ _ ~
-
0,1
~ (2} increase in p (3) increase in p
Ul
-
0
simply
Ol decrease in f~
-'~ tor region . 1
\
{4) decrease in f~'
-- _,_.;--
--
c:~
Q,l
E
through
beams
0
~
Failure of Failure of Beam Action Flexural Fai"ture
-
u
u
Cll
0..
Ul
Arch Action
0 1 2 . 3 4 5 6 1
Slenderness Ratio C .M/Vd .or a/d. )
"'
w
w
Fig. 8.8 - PREDICTED INFLUENCE OF SOME PARAMETERS ON STRENGTH OF RECTANGULAR BEAMS
. . .
WITH OUT WEB REINFORCEMENT
234 .
CHAP T E R N I N E
CONCLUSIONS
(2) It was found that the shear that can be resisted by beam
action depends on;
the development of arch action over the shear span. The main
parameter which determines whether the beam fails or arch action
develops at the diagonal cracking load ~ is the a/d or M/Vd ratio
of the beam . With the occurrence of arch action very wide
cracks develop in the shear span .
EXPERIMENTAL WORK
1. CONCRETE MATERIALS
(c) Water was added and the materials were mixed for
four minutes. The concrete mixer used was a " Cumflow" mixer .
It had a horizontal mix ing drum with a mix capacity of 300 lb .
but for the second series of beams and the small scale tests
stainless steel locating discs were obtained.
This loading system was used for the first beam test
(beam FADl) , . and in spite .of the care taken in preparing
the beam for test appreciable differences did develop
between the strain distributions measured on opposi te
sides of the beam .
To overcome this problem the writer designed a rigid
portal loading frame, which was built and used for the
remainder of the beams tested in this project. With this
frame the hydraulic loading jack was held against latera l
movement, and consequently the portion of the beam positioned
directly below the jack was forced to deflect in the direct i on
in which the ram of the jack extended . Thus any lateral
deflection of the test beam was restrained in the centre of
the beam.
. , .
. 10 X 5 .X 30 lb. R.S.J.
bearmg plate capped I~ II ~ I
to surface of beam ------ ___-- roller be!lring
tes t beam
box section
s t rong floor N
~
~
stirrups, and the test was continued until the s e cond shea r
span failed. To p revent excessive damage to the shear spans
during failure:l s ma ll sc r ew jacks were p l aced directly under
the l oad po i n ts under t he tension surface of the beam . At
failure the beam dropped about a 1/16 ino onto these jacksQ
If these were not in position the fa ilure was so destructive
that the shear span c ou ld not be repaired~
and from each batch three six i n ch control cubes were c a st.
These were cured under t he same conditions as the beam" The
results of compression tes t s made on these c ubes are presented
in Tab le 10 ., 2.
---------...-
Di mens ions
of beams
I Width
Total depth
= 6 in.
= 16 in.
II
Effect i ve depth = 14 in.
Shear span = 56 in ,
- ----------
Concret e Water to Aggregate . 0854 to 1
proportions Water to Cement . 63 to 1
Beam
FADl F2 F3 FA4
. ~----,.------------ ~
Curing 17 18 19 18
Cond i tions 7 8 8 -
(days) 5 3 6 11
r---------------------------1---------------- -------4-----------
Conc rete s trength
av . of 18 six inch 5, 380 5,910 5 )960
l
cubes - psi .
Coeff . of
Variation - % 5.9 4 I 4 4 .2
~------------------------
*F . R. - Fog room , 100% relative humid i ty, 70 F .
C. T . - Constant Temperature room, 80% relative humidity~ 70F.
Lab . - Laboratory, temperature and humidity not controlled .
The reinforcement consisted of two 7/8 in. d iameter
plain "Q7 comsteel 11 bars. Samples of this steel were tested
to determine the stress-strain relationship (see Fig. lO.L} .
The linearity limit for this steel was approximate ly 70 ~000
All the beams in this series were cast with the centre
of the reinf orcement situated two inches be l ow the top of the
mould.
6. BEAM FAD1
v
80 /
c
.
70
60 . v
/.
c:r ;/ I . .
-
"'
"'0.
50
.;}
r7
J
v
.:It 40
30
l st. run ./"
1: w /v
~~.run I
Ill
"'
Ql
L. Beam FA01
~
en 20 v-
v~
10
I .. I
1/' 1;1
0
0 5. 10 15 20 2~ 30 35
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Strain x 10~
so
c
J I
yield point
v
/
40
-"'
CT
V\ 30
I
0.
.:;1.
I 20
V'
"'
V\
Ql
L.
..... 10
; Beam CA1
(/)
0
[7
0 I 5 10 15 20 25 30
Strai n lt 10"'
(2) The Savage and Parsons bridge had been prev i ously
mod i fied. A system of l eads and p l ugs had been added to
facilitate the connecti on of the strain gauge leads. Many of
the added connect i ons wer e found t o be in poor cond i tion. In
a test carri ed out by Di ck i t was found that the zero shif t on
twenty- n i ne gauges over a period of an hour and a half var i ed
randomly i n magni tude and d i rect i on between the l i mits of 0
and 59 micro - strai n s. The average dr i ft was 23 micro - s t ra i ns.
When the mod i fic a ti ons were removed the drift on the same
gauges over a simi l ar period of t i me varied between 0 and 10
micro-strains.
(3) In changing ranges to measure strains greater than
500 micro-strains it was found that a jump occurred in the
st rain reading. For positive strains the change was - 35
micro-strains, and for negative values it was 22 micro- strains .
It will be apparent from the preceding discussion that
little reliance can be placed in any one of the electrical
resistance gauges used in this projecto
The zero readings for the strain gau~es were made when
the beam was mounted and ready for testingo Consequently the
init~ial strains in the reinforcement due to the dead loads
age zones of the beam coils of No.lO wire ~ and & few 3/8 in.
stirrups , were spot welded to the reinforcement (see Fig. 3 o2).
The arrangement of the reinforcement i n this region was very
similar to that used in Beam FADl.
ments were made on the bars with two inch Hounsfield Extenso-
meters, and between the bond plates with the mechanical strain
gauges. The average gauge factor determined from these
measurements was used to calculate the steel stresses.
8. BEAM F3
8.1 Deta ils of the Beam Constructiono (See Table 10.2). The,
reinforcement and crack initiators used in Beam F2 were reUsed
for this beam 9 but the wrapping around the bars was removed
and replaced with new wr~ppings for the North Span. These new
wrappings were very similar to the previous ones, but a grease
impregnated tape was added above the pol.ythene sheet ~ since in
the previous beam a little mortar was found to have penetrated
to the foam plastic. The reinforcement was left bare in the
South span to a llow dowel action to develop unimpeded .
i n Appendix I~
and (2) the relative movement between the two sets of gauge
points corresponded to the movement at the crack surface.
Flexural stresses in the concrete cantilevers caused
some relative movement between the gauge points situat ed on the
same side of the crack. However, such movements were small
unless an aggregate interlock or dowel crack formed between
two of the gauge points. In such a situation the relative
movement could only be found if the horizontal movement over
the main flexural crack was measured by some other means.
As the displacement measurements across the cracks were
made with two inch gauges ~ the gauge points were situated
approximately 0.7 in. from the crack surface . Consequently
some error may be involved with assumption (2) . In particular ~
if the flexural cracks in the beam were spaced at 6 in . centres,
then the shear displacements arising from flexural rotation of
the concrete cantilevers would be underestimated by approx i mat -
ely 23 per cent.
The experimental measurements made on this beam are
presented in Appendix lo
10. BEAM_.Qg
TABLE 10 . 4
Di mension s Wi dth = 6 in .
Common to all Tota l Depth = 14 in.
beams Effective Depth = 12 in .
Shear Span .:; 36 in .
Mean ptrength
of 12 . six inch 5 , 640 ps i. 5 , 850 psi.
c ubes
Coefficient of . I
~v_a_r_1_a_t___i o__n_________~_ ____2_-,6--%-------L---3_._s_%_________~----~~~
)~ F .R. Fog r oom maintained at 70F and 100% humidit y
~ Laborator y - temperature and hum1dity not control l ed.
The. main aim i n these two tests was to mea s ure t he shear
that could be resisted by the compr ession zone of a beam above
a diagona l crack .
CTI
CTI
9
1" nut
I
th r u st - -.
,LD-' ~ I<
be a r ing d
1
j m
(1) The end plates and the central section of the moul d
were removed, and a ~ in ~ deep saw cut was made around the
centre-line of the exposed concrete.
(2) The tensioning device " k " was bolted to the plates
screwed to the ends of the mould , All the clamps and screws
holding the tray " A" in position were loosened. The %in.
diameter rods, which join the end plates attached to the
concrete mould , were adjusted so that the nuts holding these
rods were finger tight.
268
,, A
'
:I I:
A
'#
~ -1
d c e , c
0 b 0 a 0 1!4 deep b 0 a
0 0 saw cut 0 0
f 0 Ot /
~ ~ tO Ot
gO Og gO q,Og
0 ao 0 ob o ao 0
d c e c
I: '
I I I: :I
Top Surface Bottom Sur f ace
/
/
-
I I
I I
~
thiS end c lamped
~
concrete to lef t of In pla ce
f ree to mov e 1n ~ loa d cell
the direc tion shown ~
(4) The loading arm and the load cell were mounted in
place. The loading arm was attached by two screws to the end.
box of the mould which was fixed to tray "A" o The shear was
applied across the crack by tightening the screw "n" . The
line of action of the force was determined by %in. diameter
ball bearings pos itioned at the ends of the load cell (see
Fig. 10.5). By this means the line of action of the applied
force acted along the centre line of the load cell , and the
projection of this line intersected the cracked concrete
section at the mid height of the crack. With this load ing
arrangement pure shear acted across the crack surface.
~-----1
Mean 4 9810
---..x-
ll a 7 5 6 8v120 1.~ ,, 9
b 7 5 5 6~530 3. 2
c 7 .5 5 I
I
2~700
--
_.,_ _____
3 .. 8
* Aggregat e lnterlock
4
of the crack wi dth from t he nomina ~ value_ was 1 .. 1 x 'l0- ir:.~ 11
~
and 90 ~o7/ of all crack wiat'hs were wi ctt~rt . s of +
t he l~m~t - 3 x I(j.J 4 < D
in- of the nominal value. These l imits did not app l y when
extensive diagonal or fl exur-al eracks developed i n the c onc:~E"?.I:e,
However, when t his s tage was reached and the crack wi dth could
not be controlled no further meas ur ements were made .
15 . DOWEL TESTS
_,..------=---.--
Two d i fferent types of dowe l tests were made to study
dowel action . The first series was designed to investigate
the shear that can be trans mit ted by dowel. action between two
concrete cantilevers .. Th,ese are r eferred to as short dowel
tests . The second series, which have been referred to as long
dowel tests 9 were designed to investigate dowel action that
can develop over the last flexur a l crack in the shear span ..
274 .
TABLE 10 o7
Rat io by We i ght
Mix Slump
Av . value Wat,?, Water
-- -
Ca l c i um Chl ori de
~..__..~--
TABLE 10,8 --
MATERIALS USED FOR SHORT DOWEL TESTS
~---1;~---- "" ----~
1 B Pla i n 8 5 . 875
II
2 B Deformed 8
II
3 B (2- Def or med 2
(1 - Plai n
II
4 B (1 - Def or med II
(2=Plai n
5 B Defor med II 3 . 875
II .,
6 B "
7 B II II 7 . 875
II
8 B II
"
9 B " II 5 . 875
II II II
10 B
II II
11 B "
12 c " " "
13 c II
"
II
It II
14 A "
15 B Pol ished " "
16 B Defor med 8 "
17 B II
" "
18 c II
" "
19 c II II
"
20 A " ,," "
21 A " "
-
'"See Tab l e 10 . 7 See Fig ., 5 ., 5 ,
the equivalent magni tudes that would have deve l oped if the
dowel shear had been applied , and the disp l acement measured
2.77 Q
Four l ong dowe l t e sts were made n The d i mens i ons of the
t e st spe cimens are shown in Fig ~ 5 , 6. The reinforcement
consisted of a single 'la i n" diameter deformed mi l d steel bar 9
which was located with its centre 2 in ., above the bo tt om
surface of the moul d during casting., The bLock. was turned
ups i de down for testing, One batch of concrete v1as used t o
cast t he four dowe l blo cks and six f our i nch c ontrol cubes.
Concrete mi x B (see Table 10 o7) wa s used ~ and the curing
conditions were the same a s for the short dowel tests .
The apparatus used for t hese t e sts is shown in Fig..- 10 ~ 7 ..
The dowe l load wa s app lied by tightening the self aligning nut
bearing against the load cel tc This l oading s ystem had little
resilience, and consequently a decr ease in dowel res istance
at dowe l crack i ng result ed i n only a small movement of the
dowel but a considera ble decrease in the load sustained by the
load cell ~ Thus , with t he formation of a dowel crack the
s.pecimen was not destroyed (as i n the case with the short dowel
t ests) , and it was possible to measure dowe l l oads and d i s -
placements after major dowe l cracks had formed ~
The dowe l l oad was app lied in a number of increments~
and a t each load leve l four mi nutes was a l lowed to elapse
before the l oad and displacement of the dowel was measured .
The experi mental r e sults obtained from these tests are
shown in Fig, 5 .7, and t abu l ated i n Appendix 3 ~
27S
ball bearing
I .I
I I
It-compression
D =-0 . sidf
11
1
1 1
tlr t ension side 1 - 1
I . J- _b_ _,...o
I ,
L - -- 2 - 2 /2 x 2 ~2 .angl es
1'' apart l.oa d a ppl ie d ~hrough
sprmg bal ance
wedg e
.
59. V{right, P.} .F. , "Comments on an Indirect Tensile Test
on Concrete Cylindern, Magazine of Concrete Research,
No. 20, July 1955, pp. 87-96.
APPENDIX I
4 6 . 54 89 II
~
0
~
w
0 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 electrical resistance ga.uges/ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0. . o 0 0 0 0 0
0 cr::u~k lniti::ltnr ~ n 0 0 0 0 0 0
All gauges shown above were located on both sides of the beam
sw SE
NE NW
f'V
0)
Fig.A. 1- BEAM FAD 1 - LOCA liON OF STRAI~ GAUGES, AND CRACK PAT TERNS BOTH SIDES o:>
OF THE BEAM
BEAM FAJ!l - TENSIO~ FORCE IN REINFORCING BARS BEAM FAD1 - STRAIN I-ASURE1ln'S ON CONCRETE
(kips)
(strains x 10 5 )
Shear- kips Shear-kips
Gauge Location
No. 1.63 3.26 4.89 6.54 8.18 9.81 11.45 13.08 Row y 1.63 3.26 4.89 6.54 8 . 18 9.81 11.45 13.08
in
1 .2 7 1.7 2.6 4.0 .9.2 10.7 12.0
2 .6 5.5 . 15.8 1 - 10 -17 -25.5 -32.5 -42.5 -54 -66 -80
1.~ 3.8 7.8 12.0 14.2 3 8 -10.5 -15 -19.5 -24.5 -30 -38 -46.5
3 .5 l. 4. 4 7.1 10.1 12.5 18.2 21.0
4 .8 2.8 6.0 8 .3 11.6 14.0 5 - 3.5 - 2.5 - 3 - 3 - 3 - 3 - 6 - 8 .5
20.5 23.7 1 7 .5 .5 1 2.5
5 1. 1 4 .0 7. 1 9.9 13.6 16.7 20.8 23 .8 1 2.5 1.5 3.5
6 2.1 4.8 7.2 9.9 14.4 17.5 20.4 23 .3
9 - 1 .5 1. 5 1.5 2.5 3.5 6 6
7*
8* I 2.3
1.4
6.8
4.1
11.3
6.5
15.7
8.9
22.4
12.7
29.1
15.5
30 . 8
18.9
34.3
22.0
11
13
0
0
2
2
2.5
4. 5
3.5
8.0
5
9.5
7.5
10.5
13
23.5
23
33
I 9
10*
2.6
2 .1
6.8
5 .4
10,6
8.8
14.7
11.9
19.4
15.5
23.7
18 . 3
27.7
21.5
31.3
24. 4
1
3
5
- 6
- 3.5
- 1.5
-12.5
-- 8.5
7.
.5
-18 . 5
- 9.5
1.5
-23.
- 10.S
4.5
-29.5
-13. 5
6
-36
-15
6.5
-43
-18.5
6.3
-49.5
-22.5
1
11 1.8 4.8 8.2 11.6 15.4 18.4 21.8 24.8 2 7 2 16 . 26 32 37 38 31.5
12* 1.0 3.8 6.2 9 3.5 13 23 36 43.5 51.5 63.5 93
.8.5 11.2 13.1 15.2 16.7 ll 5.5 32
13* .3 2.0 2.5 4.1 5.9 7.2 8.9 12.0 52.5 70 86 101 117.5 147.5
14 .7 2.1 3.9 6.6 9 .5 11.4 13 11.5 40 65 87.5 107 130 153 185
13.4 15.8
15 .5 1.9 4.3 6 .2 8.3 11.1 13.2 14. 9
16 .4 1.3 2.9 5.1 6.5 10.5 1 - 2.5 - 5. - 7 .5 -10 -12 -13
12.2 13.8 3 - 2.5
17 .2 .5 1. 5 2.8 5.2 U.6 13.5 15 . 1 - 2 - 3.5 - 4.5 - 4.5 - 5
5 0 0 5 1.5 3.5 24
18 .1 .5 1.3 1.9 3.0 7.0 8 .2 9. 3 3 7 .5 1.5 4.5 12 11.5 34.5
19* .4 1.1 2 .4 3.2 3.4 4.6 6. 2 8. 3 9 2. 5 14 24.5 41 85
20 .5 1.5 3.6 5.8 8.0 10.2 14. 1 17.8 ll 3.5 9.5 24.5 41. 61.5 68
21 .7 2.2 4 .9 7.4 10.5 13.5 19.2 21. 9 13 5.5 15 31 48.5 67 80.5
22 l.2 3. 4 6.8 8.4 u.s 13.8 17 . 1 19.5
-- .5.5
--
23* 1.0 3.2 5 .1 7.1 10 .5 12.8 15 .8 18.4 1 0 0 1 2 2 2 l.S
24 1.7 4. 3 7.6 12.2 15 . 5 18.3 21.4 24.4 3 .5 1 l. 1. 1 1 0
25 2.4 5.9 9.3 12.9 17.0 20.4 23. 9 27.2 4
5
7 0
.5 o
1
1 .
2
1.5
2.5
2
3
1
1.5
0
.5
-- .5
.5
26 2.9 6. 4 9.9 12 . 9 16.5 19.7 23.4 26.7 9
11
0
- 1.
1
0
2
1.5
2.5
2.5
4
4
2
2.5 . -0 .5 - 1
- 1
27* l.7 6.1 8 .5 11.6 15 . 2 18.1 21.1 23.9 13 .5 3 3.5 4.5 7 6 4 3
28
29
30
1.8
l.l
.8
5.3
4.0
3.4
8 .6
6.6
5.8
11.7
9 .4
8.0
15.6
12.5
10. 5
18.6
15.2
12.7
21.8
18. 0
15.1
24.7
21.4
18.6
1
3
1.5
0
- 1.5
- .5
- 1.5
.5 - 1 .5 - 1 .5 0
.5 1
.5 0
0
- .s
31 .6 2.1 4.1 6.7 10 . 6 1l.1 13.1 15.0 5 .5 .5 .5 2 2 1. 5 1.
32 .5 1. 8 3.9 5.6 7.7 . 10.5 12.3 13.0 5 7 .5 0 .5 1.5 2 1 .5 .5
33 .3 1.0 4.3 9 0 .5 1 2.5 3 1.5 .5 0
2.3 6.7 10 . 1 11.9 13.3 ll 1 1.5
34 .'1 .5 1.0 2.0 3.5 9.5 11.1 12.4 2 4.5 5 3 1.5 4
13 1 1. 5 1.5 4.5 5 5 5.5 5
N l o
0 - 0 I
0
o 0 0 0
,.---crack initiator
s
o I 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 o I 0
I 0
I
III
o I
,: ~ I
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
: I
I ~
o I ol 0
I ~
0 0
0 , -o 0
~D II
0
0~ 0 ) 0 o o o
) 0 0 ICJo CJ 10 11 D l o
0
CJ
o loo 0 II::J I CJ DtDI D
0
I I D. D
2 3 Crack no. 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
All gauges shown above were located on both stdes of the beam.
6 6
SE NE
3 3
CJ
NW 8
...,
8
sw
s ,..
I
CJ l CJ
!
Location
Row y
in1
l
3.26
0
! 0.5 1 1
Shear-kips
':89f ;-:;o .,._,., t
1
'-' l -
l
s7is
2
' -"
3
Location
RO<.r y
in.
l -13.5
3 .26
1 -21
4 . 89
- 25
Shear- kios
5.70
- 29
6.53 7.34
-35.5
8.15
. - .. .
-32
;
8 . 96
--
....... ...
a 3
5
0
-o . s I
0
-t.s I
. 1
-3.5
0.5
-t
0.5
-1
0.5
-2
0.5
-2.5
! 3 - 6.5 l - s3 - 8.5 -10 - 9. 5 -19
-33
-23.5
7 II 0 .5 ' !
I I 51
I
. 3 , 4 18.5 ll4 159
'
:
b
l
3 II -2
-1.5
-2 . 5
-2.S I - 2.s
-3
-4.s
- 4.5
-1
-3
1 2
. -2
3.5
-1.5 g
1 , -24
3 I -65
: -21
. - 9
I -24.5
!
-12
' - 31
I - 12.5
- 42 . 5
_ 9
- 54
1 36.5
-65
53
I
5 0
7
I
0.5
o.s
o.5
0
1
- .5
.s
-2.5
-3.5
-6
-9
-6.5
-u.s I I
5 1 - 1.5
7 : 12.5
: 3
26 : 33
4 ; 6. 5
' 40 . 5
21 17 LS.5
I 57 S4. 5 54
9
ll
'
I
0
2
1.
1
1
1 l3
.5 -4 . 5
-1
-U .S
-9.5
-15
-13
iI
I
' 9 I 23
11 1 35
' 39
58
I 47
, 68.5
i 57
so
70.5
93 . 5
71
99 .s
73
104.5
13
1 !
2. 5
-5*
7.5
-7*
10
i -7 *
lS:S
-8*
47
-4*
86.5
4*
120.S
14*
I
I II 13 ; 42
I
: 70 . 83
'
' 96 . 5
i
109 . 5 119 128
c 3
5
I -3.5
-1
-3.5
-1 i -4
-l.S
-4.5
-2
-5
- 6.5
-5
- 14
- 1.5
-18
I
I
i
b
1
3
s I
I
I
-16
- 7
o
I -25
j -11
: 2
. - 30
,
- 14
1
t. 5
: -34 . 5
- 16
3 .s
! - 4 l. S
-18
3
-S2.5
-16 . 5
8
- 65
- 16.5
9
I
I
7 0 l 0. 5 1 -9 -24 -35.5 I
~ 12 S I
l
7 8 5 ' 10 lJ 5 13 19.5 22.5
I l !I 1
9 4 7.5 10 12 16. 5 16. 5 12
11 4 ' u .s 13.5 18 43 . 5 73 . 5 9
ll
14.5
18*
: 22.5
29
25.S
33
29 . 5
4l.S
I 32 38 41
62.5 I I 43.5 49.5 55
13 3.5 : 13 . 5 17.0 20 .5 30.5 so.s 65 ~
l
I -7. 5 i -8*
I
I - 11.5 -12 -10.5 0.5 7.5 I
13
1
24 . 5
I -14.S
37.5 I 42.s 1 so
-23.5 I -28 i I -34
57
-39
64
. -45.S
70.5
-57.5
d 3
5
-LS
0
-4
1.5
I -2
1.5
' 10.5
- 2.5
1 .5
-4.5
-4.5
-8
-20.5
- 9*
-29
i .3
s
I
- 8
0.5
-U.S
0 .
-13.5l
0.5 .
I -160 -19.5
- o.s
; -22
' - 0.5
-23.5
2
7 3.5 8 12 .5 10 . 5 -26.5 -45 7 6.S 10
9 u.s 21
I
26 30 39 -6 -7 12 . s 1 14 13. 5 I 15.5 18
11
13
18.5
23 . S
31
38 I 38.5
47
46.5
57 . s
ss .s
56 . 5
51
27
40.5
20
9
ll
13
12.5
17
21.5
20
29
36.5
2S
34.5
44 . 5
.
I 28
40.5
Sl.S
30 . 5
44.5
58.S
I
; 32
48.5
62.5
38.5
54.5
70.5
i -l4.S
I
1 -10 -13 I - 16 - 18 -20 -12 - 15.5 1 -18 - 25 - 30 . S I -34 . S -4S.5 -53:1- -SO
e 3 - 3* - 4* I -7.5 -8 -9 -14 - 18.5 j 3 - 9 - ll - 12 - l3.S -13
5 -1 2 3 5.S 6 - 14 -19 - 9
v 7 6 13 15 19.5
s l.S s 5.5 s 9.5 10 9
7 12.S 23.5 27 .5 32. 5 37 40.S 44
9 10 18 20.5 27 25 . 5 44.5 44 9 24 40 47.5 54. 5 62 68 71.5
11 11 20.5 25 29 35.5 63 . 5 78 ll 35 58 68 79 87 97 101.5
13 15. 5 25 .5 32 36 49 13 45.5 75.5 87 . 5 101 ll5 127 132
~
"'
BEA.'< F2 - TENSION FORCE lN REINFORCEMENT
(kips)
SE NE
s ,s
z
c::J
NW ,.,. ... sw
:c:::p
Fig.A.3 .BEAM F3- LOCATION OF STRAIN GAUGES, AND CRAC.K PATTERNS BOTH SlOES . OF
il
THE . BEAM
""
BEAM F3 - TENSION FORCE IN REINFORCEMENT BEAM F3 - VERTICAL Dl5PLAcpmS AQOS. t::ltACXS AT LEVEL OF
(kips) REINFORCE~ NT
3
4
37
61
82
113
108
147
(x tO in.)
133
175
168
214
229
257
316 .
387
I
5 68 145 171 2Ll 253 302 400
6
7
8
77
98
. 101
160
190
209
201
235
256
234
285
306
283
328
360
331
388
422
388
451
475
I
9 112 229 285 336 398 558 513
tO 109 2.2.2 275 331 382 442 483
11 98 2.12 271 327 390 454 II s17 625
12 97 2.10 266 320 382 438 499 594
_. t~ ~~ ~5~ ~~2 j~~ j~g ~~; I ~g . ~~~ :
t5 79 11s 219 263 315 37o 441 5 99 ,I
10 1 ; 1 ;; 1 ~ 1
:
~crack .initiator
~l
N 0
~ I
0 I
I :
' s
=~cb
"'
0
I
0
0 I : / :
CJ CII CJ
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 n 14
I
All gauges shown above were located on bot h spans and both
sides of t hej beam
~
3
2.
I t
2. ,
~ 1\
$ln 10 . :'I<
..3 . 5'V 2. .,.
f I "S
NW _ ~- --
,- "--- ,_ - - --.,
.. j. :s ,~,. 3 4 _ - SW
={~(J= ~JJ~:=~o= .
s ., 2 ~ lQ z s 3 ~ '\.z
.. z 2.
z ... 1
N
Fig.A.4- BEAM FA4 - LOCATION OF STRArN GAUGES AND CRACK PATTERNS BOTH SIDES CD
Q)
OF THE BEAM
BEAM FA4 - STRAIN K:ASURMENIS Oll CONCRETE SURFACE ( North Span)
(S~ra in x105 ) . BEAM FA4 - Strain Measurements on Concrete ( North Span)
(Strain x10 5 )
Location Shear-kios Locati on Shear-ki t>s
Row y ~.Zb 4.8':1 b.}3 8.1:> 'L/8 ll.4 'ROY y 3.~6 4.8'1 6.53 8 .15 7 .78 11.41:
j
1
3
-2 '
-2
-1
-1
-3
-3
-3
-2
-4
-3
-3
-4
"d 8
11
18
38
33
61
40
68
52
98
54
121
n l
142 I
5 -2 0 -2 -2 -1 -1 !
8 -1 1 -2 -1 0 0 l - 18 - 26 -38 -49 -58 -70 I
ll 0 1 -1 1 1 1 3 - 9 - 12 -19 -22 -25 -32
14 0 -1 2 0 . -1 -1 c 5 1 5 5 7 8 10
8 9 16 19 26 32 39
1 -2 -2 -5 -4 -4 -4 ll 18 30 39 53 63 76
3 -2 -1 -3 -4 .-3 -3
1 s -1 0 -2 -2 -2 -2 l -21 -30 - 42 -51 -63 -76
8 -1 1 -2 0 0 -1 3 - 10 -13 -20 -24 -30 -37
11 0 1 -1 0 1 b 5 0 2 - 1 0 - 1 - 3
14 -1 -1 1 -1 - 8
11
11
21
17
34
20
42
26
53
32
64
36
75
1 -5 -6 . . -11 -12 , _1: -1 3 Centre of 8eam.2in. gauge"
3 -3 -3 -6 -7 I -7 -7
h 5 -2 -1 -3 -4 -2 -3 1 - 22 - 27 -31 -51 -61 -71
8 2 0 3 - 10 -10 - 20 -28
1
I 2 4 4 -35 - 43 I
ll 2 3 2 8 13 13 a 5 1 l 2 l 1 - 1
14 1 7 14 24 32 50 8 43 7l 92 112 132 146
11 96 145 184 230 268 315
1 -6 -10 - 16 - 18 - 20 - 23 South Span
3 -4 -5 -8 -~ -9 -10
g 5 -3 -1 -2 -1 l 5 1 -20 -30 .-41 -52 -63 -77
8 3
.8
12 17 29 41 so 3 -11 - 14 - 21 -26 -31 -39
11 23 35 45 64 76 b 5 l 2 0 0 0 - 3
8 9 14 18 24 29 33
1 -9 -14 ~21 -25 - 29 - 33 11 19 31 39 51 61 71
3 -6 -9 -ll - 13 -14 -16
f 5 -2 -1 -3 -3 -1 -1 1 -18 - 27 - 38 -50 -60 -72
8 1 ll 13 16 19 21 3 - 8 - 9 -19 -21 - 27 -32
13 3 20 25 33 40 44 e 5 1 3 2 5 8 8
8 ll 17 20 29 35 40
1 -12 -20 -28 . -33 -40 -45 11 22 33 41 55 67 78
3 -7 -9 -14 - 16 -19 - 22
e 5 -1 0 0 1 3 4 l -17 -25 - 34 -41 -51 -60
8 9 14 13 19 23 28 3 - 9 -13 -17 -21 -24 - 28
13 17 24 29 37 46 57 d 5 - 1 - 1 - 2 - 1 1 2
16 47
d
1
3
5
- 17
-9
-2
-24
-11
0
- 32
-17
-1
-41
- 20
0
-49
- 24
1
- 58
- 27
2
. - - - -
8
11
'
35
. 27
54
----- -
35
70
-- - -
94
59
us
70
135
..,
"'"'
BEAM FA4 - Strain Jr.easure=nu on Conc=et:e (Sout:h Spa.n)
ilEA."! FA4 - TENSION FORC IN REl:-tF'Oil.CZ!'EN!"
(St:rain x10 5 ) (kips)
I
3 ll
1.0 44
v 28 58 80 1.05 1 127 158 228
.s 0 94 98 124
115 127 158 141 1.50
8 h 11 26 34 48 68 94 1 U7 138 180 )..5 26 124 1.39 155 1.65 175 207 195 209
v 6 19 30 43 59 79 100 ll9 1.59 2.5 62 150 177 192 204 219 251 249 268
II 14 h
v
56
7
225
68
276
95
312
117
355
142
390 400
166 1 196
470
226
542
282
4 3.5
4,5
s.s
96
128
153
174
196
216
2U
243
271
226
257
285
240
273
303
260
298
330
291
325
355
299
346
385
327
381
425
I 6.5 1.63 234 296 308 329 355 378 412 458
30 164 200 224 258 I 334 378
I 4
11 h
v
b
9
75
70
74
105
100
12~
us
152
141
284
182
164
310
215
184
249
208
312
248
.5
1.5 31
6 25
55
31.
67
49
82
51.
94
66
103
80
117
82
122
93
139
I 8 v - 2 38 63 76 98 U9 . 142 169 224 2.5 sz 83 101 U4 136 140 154 163 189
I 5 3.5 72 109 134 146 177 177 192 206 242
4.5 90 133 166 178 216 214 230 249 295
I
I
14 11
v
227
28
163
300
53
212
354
73
245
396
93
272
447
121
308
499
142
341
547
172
373
606
201
738
284.
485
5.5
6.5
107
126
t57
182
199
232
2U
246
254
287
251
290
269
310
293
336
348
395
Is 405
h
11 v 37 67 95 112 151 167 196 231 329 .5 0 l7 52 so 63 65 70 72 82
1.5 13 48 76 78 91 96 103 106 ll8
h 57 86 109 123 146 166 190 215 282 2.5 39 79 102 107 121 129 137 143 157
8 20 40 63 76 95 116 141 168 248
v 3.5 66 109 127 136 152 164 172 182 200
6 4 .5 93 138 154 167 185 200 210 224 246
205 326 388 436 497 560 625 689 814 5.5 1.22 169 184 200 222 240 251 269 294
14 hv 19 54 84 98 126 151 179 206 272 6.5 155 202 219 238 264 283 295 316 345
J I ------ ----- ---
6 h 124 217 262 291 328 368 409 440 524 Y' ~ disrance ! rom borcom fibre o! be am.
ll 30 95 l1.4 142
v 72 172 201 231 304
h 39 86 113 129 155 183 200 223 284
8 v 18 46 68 82 107 131 1.48 172 239 ...~
BEAM FA4 Horizoneal (h) ane Vereical (v) Displaeemenes SEAM FA4 - Compueed Shear Seres ses erans~iteed
over Cracks (x 105 tn . ) eraeks ( psi)
...i
Crack '( Shear-l<ios Crack Y' 3h a.--k o
No. in. 3 . 21> 4.8<t :J.7U 6.~3 7.34 . 8. 15 8 . 96 9.78 11.41 No. in. 3. 26 4.89 5.70 6.53 7.34 8.15 8.97 . 9 .78 ll. 41 I
14 hv 270 382 446 499 560 620 681 742 841 .5 55 55 64 58 62 71 75 77 97
44 68 93 l OS 128 149 173 198 256 1.5 50 64 77 76 82 88 93 97 114
2. 5 65 74 90 92 102 105 111 117 131
7 ll a 194 273 320 354 385 438 478 516 605 7 3.5 72 84 103 106 123 121 129 136 150
v 39 65 89 100 131 142 166 191 247 4.5
8 v h 105
31
153
52
181
63 177
49 I 222
95
228
83
252
103
282
12.2
352
194
5. 5
6.5
79
89
103
96
109
125
116
129
142
119
128
134
143
163
182
136
150
162
146
162
177
L55
173
189
170
191
216
.5 73
14 h 276 392 471 53o I
595 652 734 BOO 935 1. 5 41
23
18
20
20
18
19
22
25
2
12
25
28
26
30
28
34
v 26 30 40 45 l 58 51 79 89 119 2.5 12 15 21 22 28 21 33 34 42
h 182 275 322 380 f 404 455 500 545 631 8 3.5 0 14 24 25 33 32 39 41 51
8 tl v
h
- 2
95
21
137
35'
168
42 1 53
187 210
65
236
74
258
84
282
ll6
338
4 .5
5.5
0
0
L5
20
30
39
30
39
40
50
44
57
47
59
49
62
62
76
8 5. 5 0 32 54 52 65 74 75 81 94
v 23 26 39 42 1 51 60 72 84 103
I .5 0 ll 5 0 0 0 0 2 2
14 h 263 417 483 541 i 610 677 742 805 934 1.5 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
v 5 19 18 21 I 19 21 21 30 30 2.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
: 10 11 h 193 289 336 374 I 418 462 504 548 629 10 3.5
4.5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
18~ I
I v 1 7 7 10 9 10 14 12 5.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
8 b
v
89
7
140
12
155
14
16 I 205
11
221
16
238
20
259
19
291
28
6. 5
.s
1.5
0
0
0
0
2
8
0
0
12
0
13
l1
0
l
12
0
19
26
20
25
0 0
10
26
0
20
33
14 h 268 392 460 516 585 651 720 764 906 2.5 14 22 42
v tO 26 36 46 47 68 75 89 117 2 26 23 33 33 46
12 3. 5 11 21 32 33 35 41 41 58 59
h 208 287 336 371 418 467 510 552 654 4.5 19 28 39 41 45 4:1 52 72 73
12 11 v 30 42 49 60 70 82 112 135 5.5 25 36 44 50 56 59 66 86 86
18
6.5 28 45 44 61 67 69 86 98 100
h 1l4 161 191 212 238 266 285 308 376
8 v 10 26 19 42 47 58 86 79 105 .5 0 29 44 49 69 61 64 66 75
1.5 7 48 62 67 78 82 88 92 104
b. 210 347 406 457 511 576 637 692 810 2.5 27 68 80 84 89 103 112 117 133
14 v 54 74 107 180 13 3.5 46 88 98 102 100 124 135 141 159
16 88 133 158 238
4.5 64 107 115 ll8 113 142 155 162 182
13 ll ....b. 144 231 277 312 331 392 434 473 554 5.5 83 126 l:ll 134 128 157 171 178 198
v 26 61 77 89 91 131 158 180 236 6.5 102 144 146 147 144 165 180 185 20 1
8 h
v
70
20
123
42
149
51
165
56
I 189
62
226
76
248
89
272
96
333
120
w
...
C)
BEAM FA4 HorLzoncal (h) and Vercical (v) Displaeemencs
over Cracks (x L0 5 in.)
BEAM FA4 - Compuced Shear Scresses cransmicced
cracks (psi) .
Shear-kips
Crack y Crack y* Shear-kios
No. in. 3.26 4.89 5 . 70 6.53 ' 7.34 8.15 8.98 9.78* U.41 No. in. 3. 26 4.89 5 . 70 6.53 7.34 8.15 8.96 9.78 U.41
14 b 215 298 376 429 485 545 599 655 764 .5 8 31 31 43 43 63 86 97 116
v 25 's t 72 91 112. 144 186 223 298 1.5 29 55 61 7l 78 94 116 127 149
h 145 205 245 278 313 356 394 432 501 2.5 48 78 91 101 ll2 126 148 158 183
14 11 v 60 14 3.5 67 100 121 130 145 159 180 190 220
32 88 105 130 159 194
l
213 298 4.5 I 86 122 152 161 179 192 214 223 259
h 51 77 104 121 136 167 191 222 270 145 183 192 210 227 249 256 299
8 v 20 37 56 68 73 106 131 741 215
5.5
6.5
106
129 172 215 225 239 262 286 290 339
14 h
v
182
21
271
67
322
91
366
116
420
136
476
166
525
193
585
221
739
301
.5
l. 5
2.5
36
1 40
37
7'6
97
ll7
I 92
ll4
135
112
132
151
106
131
156
ll2
140
169
116
147
179
108
146
186
101
149
201
15 11
b 116 196 228 256 289 326 357 392 481 15 3.5 48 . 135 156 172 182 198 211 226 256
v 21 68 91 110 135 166 196 235 341 4.5 63 153 178 193 209 228 245 267 3ll
36 79 102 121 143 168 193 5 .5 90 172 201 216 238 259 280 307 363
8 h
v 28 39 5'9 74 95 ll6 144
218
169
298
255 6.s I 142 193 228 244 270 292 317 345 405
16
14
11
b
v
b
v
30
9
18
10
226
60
158
65
270
77
186
84
308
93
214
107
350
112
242
123
397
144
271
151
445
172
303
I 476
200
318
196
590
268
385 16
1.5
2.s
3.5
4 .5
I-
-
*
104
131
158
185
113
142
171
202
117
153
189
225
127
160
193
228
148
181
216
252
158
192
228
265
174
209
244
281
180
228
277
328
8
b 11 62 79 91 111 136
177
157 170
280
224
5.5
6.5
-
*
213
246
237
280
263
304
266
3ll
291
336
304
346
319
356
378
424
v 4 40 60 70 89 112 130 37 207
.5 35 72 141 123 ll9 123 87 47 0
b 121 173 214 249 291 331 357 375 457 1.5 43 81 142 138 143 151 137 176 105
14 2. 5 53 89 145 152 165 178 183 192 205
v 16 35 67 79 98 U9 126 133 160 17 3.5 67 . 99 151 167 188 205 225 248 295
17 b 63 110 152 179 207 238 266 301 . 340 4.5 85 109 161 183 210 233 264 297 374
11 v 14 28 54 95
72 121 154 196 280 5. 5 ll4 121 177 203 234 262 301 340 435
b 13 27 51 64 95 113 138 150 219 6.5 164 139 208 232 261 297 336 379 471
8
v ll 12 35 42 60 83 104 126 192
.5 0 169 152 137 152 172 209 ~ !J
1.5 0 166 159 159 174 195 239 rl rl
14 h 25 67 133 166 214 262 271 315 448 2.5 83 163 168 183 198 219 268 rl !II
v 3 23 46 60 84 ll4 142 140 214 18 3.5 160 161 179 207 223 246 295 304 344
h 14 35 77 95 126 163 191 221 326 4. 5 226 163 194 233 250 275 322 358 414
18 ll v 7 12 32 47 95 5.5 272 169 216 260 281 308 350 404 469
67 128 168 291
J 6.5 269 186 253 293 317 348 379 436 501
8 b 3 11 19 25 41 66 86 111 216 -
3 4 . 89 67 II
4 6.53 89 II
6 9. 80 183 II
0
o
0
j
I
o!o
0
0
0 I
0
o
o. I
0
o
0 I 0 0 0
0
I
0 o I o I o I 0 101010 010 0 0 0
0 0 o 0 0 o 0 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 0 0 0 o 0 0 0 G 0 0 0 0 -- 0 aO o oo 1o - o o
25 23 21 19 17 1S n 11 9 1 5
Reinforcem~nt gauges
All gauges shown above were located on both sides of beam
ct.
,_
SE NE
0 ~~!
t 0
- I +
NW
7 7 '
sw
\JJ~fG~
w
0
Fig. A.S- BEAM CA1 - LOCATION OF STRAIN GAUGES AND CRACK PATTERNS ON BOTH SIDES V1
OF TH.E BEAM
BE.'\.'1 CAl - STRAINS IN REINFORC!-Nr BEAM CAl - CONCRETE STRAINS
(strain xl06) (Strain xt0 5 )
. ......, -Location
Gauge Shear- kios Shear-kips
No. 1.63 3.26 4.89 6.53 . 8 . 16 . 9.80 U.42 Rcn~ '{ 3 . 26 6.53 8.16 9.80 11.42
l - 7 6 - 3 2 22 28 17 1 - .5 -2 0 - .5 -1.5
2 5 19 l3 29 70 60 lll 3 . -2 -4 -2 - 2 .5 - 3.5
3 -14 8 - 4 26 75 64 145 a 5 - 1.5 -2 -1 0 -3.5
4
5
- 6 39
43
19
44
54
100
143
266
95
177
337
510
8
ll
_,
-1 -1
- 2.5
1
.5 - .5
.5 -2.5
-4.5
- 7
'6 18 70 67 143 422 275 628 1 -3 -5 - 3.5 -6 -5
7 5 50 66 177 416 319 520 3 - 2 .5 -4 -2.5 -5 -5
8
9
10
I
I
24
22
32
90
97
us
U3
134
191
279
333
371
529
585
615
413
480
509
640
694
733
b 5
8
11
-1
- .5
- .5
- 2.5
-1
0
- .5
l
1
-2
- .5
l
-4. 5
-5.5
-6
'
I
1 -5 .
ll 36 149 20T 397 667 536 774 - 8. 5 - 8.5 - 10 -14
12 48 U4 210 388 642 532 749 3 -3.5 - 5.5 -5 - 6 .5 - 13 .5
13 52 131 294 444 704 . 568 817 c 5 -2 - 2.5 - 2.5 -4 -12.5
14
15 I 34
60
123
156
280
281
423
453
708
763
571
615
820
879
8
ll
-1.5
l
- .s
3 5
.5 - .5
2.5
-7.5
-10
16 l 63 144 275 454 747 597 847 1
3
-6
-4.5
- 11
- 8.5
-13
-9
- 14. 5
-11
-17
-U
II
17 64 148 . 266 438 704 589 795
18 56 148 260 423 694 578 672 d 5 -3 -5 -4 -5 .5
36 107 222 374 6U 495 728 8 - .5 .5 2. 5 3 49
19
20* 28 2 120 370 642 526 788 11 .5 4.5 6.5 14 88
21* 44 86 160 324 612 . 476 762 1 -8. 5 -18 .5 -20.5 -26.5 - 31
22 57 101 125 244 603 395 724 3 -6 - 10.5 - 10 . 5 -14 -3
23 2.5 63 87 207 588 416 822 e 5 -3 . 5 -4 - 1.5 0 16
24 23 51 74 151 496 317 818 8 -1 6 -17 . 5 29.5 30 .5 i
25 ll 32 48 104 377 214 842 ll 3.5 24 43 59.5 63.5 I
I
w
...
0
308 .
~
glgvolo JoJo lo oto 1 cra~k initiator
crack
~~~
initiator o Io
G 0 0
- - --- k
I G 0 0
NE NW .
sw SE
5
~ 5~
. ~ \5
w
Fig.A.S - BEAM SC1 -THE LOCATION OF STRAIN GAUGES AND THE CRACK PATTERNS ON BOTH SIDES 0
CD
OF THE BEAM
BEAH SC1 - EAST SPAN - CONCRETE STRAI$ BEA..'f SC1 - WEST SPAN - CONCREIT STRAI NS
(Strain x10 ) (Str ain xl0 5 )
Loca t ion Shea - kiPS _j Location Shear- kips
Row '{ 1.63 3.26 4.89 5 . 70 6.53 , Row Y* 1.63 3.26 4.89 5.70 1 6. 53 I 7.34 6.53
.5 - .6 -3. 3 -5.8 - 5.3 - 4. 2 I .5 -2.8 -4. 8 -6.2 - 6.0 - 5.3 -r 1 -4.o
1.5
2.5
- .1
.5
.4
.2
-3.3
- 1.0
-5. 2
- .9
- 5.3
- .7
1.5
2.5
-1.5
-2.1
- 2.8
-2.8
-4.0
-4.5
- 5.0
- 5.2
-5. 3
- 5. 1
1_,
-5.8
3 .5 .2 .1 -2.3 -4.6 -5.3 3.5 -3.0 -4.0 -3.8 - 5.8 -5 .7 - 5 .2
a 4 .5 1.9 -1.8 -2.0 -2.5 -1.4 a 4.5 -5 .1 -6 .1 -7.2 - 8.9 - 8.2 -8.6
5.5 - .2 -1. 8 -4. 3 -4.3 -4.2 5. 5 -2.1 -2 . 2 - 4.3 -7 .4 -5.2 -5.2
2" 6.5 1.0 .6 .7 - 2.1 - .7 2" 6.5 - 1.0 - 2.1 -2.2 - 2.8 -4. 0 - 3.0
gauge 7.5 1.7 1.4 .6 - 1.2 .4 gauge 7.5 1.4 - .8 - 1.0 .l - 1. 0 - .9
8 .5 -1.4 - .4 -2. 6 -3 . 0 -3.1 8.5 1.0 - .4 - .1 -1.1 -2. 0 -1.3
1 9 .5 .7 .4 -1.4 - 2. 2 - 3.0 9.5 .2 - .6 - 1.1 -2.5 - 3.3 -4.3
I
.5 ~4 .4 .5 - 6.7 - 5 .4
b 1.5 -3.4 b 1.5 -5 .0 - 4.7
2 .5 -3.1 2.5 -4. 5 - 5 .3
4" 3 .5 -4.1 4" 3.5 -4. 0 -6.4
I gauge 4.5 - 3.4 gauge 4.5 -2.3 -4.2
i .5 - 3.9 -7. 3 -10 . 8 -13.5 - 12 . 4 .5 - 4.6 -7.4 - 12.7 -13.0 -12.3
c 1.5 - 2.5 - 4.8 - 8. 8 - 10 . 9 - 13.0 c 1. 5 -3.2 -5.8 -9.2 - 9.0 - 9.1 -8. 1
2.5 - 1.8 -3.3 - 6.1 - 7.6 - 7.6 2.5 -2 .5 -3.3 -4.8 - 5 .1 - 5.1
II 2"
gauge
3.5
4. 5
-2.3
- .4
- 2.6
-l. 6
- 3.7
- 3. 3
- 6.7
- 5 7
- 7.6
. - 8.8
2"
gauge
3.5
4.5
- .6
- .8
-1.5
- .6
-2.2
- 2.9
- 3.6
-4.2
-5.1
- 5.8
- 6. 3
-6.8
-8.4
I .5 -18.7 - 19 . 2 .5 - 14.0 -15.6 - 11.2
d 1.5 -13.9 -13.. 6 d 1.5 . -12. 5 -11.7 -10 . 8
2.5 - 8.6 - 12.0 2.5 - 10.1 -ll.5 - ll. O
, 2" 3.5 - 4.9 - 5.4 2" 3.5 - 5 .3 - 9.8 -10 . 3
gauge 4.5 6.2 24 . 3 gauge 4.5 12.2 25.3 40 . 0
.5 -22. 3 - 29 .6 .5 -20 .7 -25:8 - 25 . 2
e 1.5 -19.2 -25.0 e 1.5 - 17.5 - 20 . 0 - 19 . 2
2.5 -11. 3 -16. 2 2.5 - 8.9 -10 . 4 - 8. 1
2" 3.5 - 4.3 .6 2" 3.5 - 3.8 1.5 10.0
gauge 4. 5 - 4. 7 - 7. 5 gauge 4.5 - 4.7 - 8.2 - 8.4
.5 -23.1 .5 -23.2 -30.0
I
1 2"
f 1.5
2.5
3.5
I -15.7
-14 .2
-7.6
f
2"
1.5
2.5 .
3.5
- 15.9
- 7.9
- 6.1
-18.6
-10.0
1 gauge 4.5 j - 6.3 gauge 4.5 - 4 .6 1 - 7. 8
* = Distance below top surface of be~ in inches
~
0
Coned. BEAM SC1 - East Span Concrete Strains Coned. BEAM SC.1 West Span - Concrete Strains
(Strain x10 5 ) (Strain xt05 )
BEAM SCl - EAST SPA.L'I - loASUREMENl'S OVER INITIATED AND BEAM SC1 - WEST SPAN - MEASURE!-ENTS OVER INITIATED Al'ID
DOWEL CRACKS - MOVEMENT (l.x 10-Sin.) DOWEL CRACKS - MOVEMENl' (x 105 in.)
.
**
Vert. 4.5 27
Displacement over crack.
83
. 143 242
Values computed from
Vert ______3_1_._1_ , 79.9 _ 116_.~ __!~.2 __
* Distance from initiated crack in inches
3U.O
~
crack initiator
0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0
o o o l lo o[o l olo l o
0 010 0
crac k o j o o[
v 0 10 I 0 I 0 I 0 I 0
~initiator o0 , o0 I .
0 0 0 I 0 I E) I P 000~~ ~ _o _ 0
r:r.~o 0 0
k l m n
, ~' All gauges shown above were located on both spans
both sides ot the beam
8
~w NE
'
fr
~:+ ,"
6
54+
z
SE SW
s2 :t:F
w
.....
Fig.A.7- BEAM SC2- THE LO CATION OF STRAIN GAUGES AND THE CRACK PATTERNS ON BOTH SIDES w
OF THE BEAM
BEAM SC2 - EAST SPAN - COliCR.Er:: STRAINS BEA."( SC2 - WEST SPAN - CONCRETE STRAINS
(St:uin xtO ) (Str ain x10 5 )
Lo::-a:t i O'"l Shear- kios Locatio:~ Shear-k .os
Rov '{ 3.26 4.()7 4.89 -s-./cr 6~53 7. 34 8. 15 9.78 Rot.t '{ 3. 26 4 .07 4. 89 5.70 6.53 7.34 a. 1s 9.78
.5 - 6. 6 - 7.2 -7.2 -13. 3 -13. 0 -9.3 .5 -4.4 -5 . 8 -7.2 - 11 . 3 - 11.4 -9.2
a l. :S -4.7 - 5 .0 -7.3 - 11.2 -11.0 - 10.9 a 1.5 -3.8 -3.1 -.4.5 - 7.4 - 9 .1 -7.3
2. 5 -4.8 - 4 .5 - 5. 2 - 8. 1 - 9. 9 - 8.6 2. 5 -1. 0 2.8 2.2 - 7.3 - 6 .1 -5. 8
2" 3.5 -5.0 - 3.8 -5 . 5 -ll. 7 -12.8 - 9 .9 2" 3.5 -4.0 -4.5 - 6.1 - 7.2 - 9 .7 -11.7
s auge 4.5 - 3.8 - 3.2 - 4 .5 - 8.8 - 9. 5 - 9 .9 gauge 4.5 - .4 0 - 1.7 - 6 .1 - 5. 2 - 8.2
5.5 -1.5. -1.6 - 2. 2 - 7. 6 -10. 8 - 9 .2 5. 5 -1.6 - 2.0 - 2.0 - 5 .5 - 6.8 - 12. 7
6.5 - 1.0 .4 -2.4 - 6. 3 - 7.4 - 6.9 6.5 -2.4 -1. 8 - 2.5 - 6 .4 - 5. 5 - 7.3
7.5 l.O .4 -1. 2 - 5. 1 - 6. 1 - 8 .4 7.5 - .7 -1.1 -2.6 - 4 .3 - 6. 3 -ll.8
8.5 0 1.1 1.7 - l. 7 - 2. 1 - 4.7 8.5 .9 .9 .2 - 2 .4 - 2. 6 - 9.7
'i 9 .5 - .7 - 1.4 - .9 - 3.1 - 3. 8. - 4.0 9 .5 0 - .1 .2 - 2 .6 - 2. 7 - 8.3
I 10 . 5 1.9 2.3 2.0 - 2.1 - .6 - 1.5 I 10.5 .1 .9 . 5 - 3 .3 - 5 .8 - 9. 3
I
I
.5
1.5
- 5 .6 -9 . 4 -11.0 - 4.5
I
.5 -7.2 - 8.9 -12.9 - 4.3
b - 6.1 -9 .3 -12. 6 - 9 .9 1.5 - 6.4 -7.6 - 12. 5 - 6.6
: 2"
2 .5
3.5
-4.5
- 2.4
-5.8
-5.5
-10.7
-10.8
-10 . 9
- 14 . 0
b
2"
2.5
3.5
-6.2
-3. 6
-7.4
-5. 2
- 13.1
- 8.7
- 11.2
-10.8
l gause 4 .5
5.5
- 3 .5
0
-4.8
- .5
-11.9
- 6.6
-13.9
- 7. 8
gauge 4. 5 -1. 7 --5.5 - 8. 8 -1 2.9
-13.6
5.5 -2. 8 - 2.5 - 7. 6
I 6 .5 0 -1. 4 - 5.9 - 8.4 6.5 0 -1.0 - 5. 2 -12. 2
I 7.5 1.1 .6 - 3.1 - 4. 6 1 .5
I - .2 - 7 - 4. 3 - 10 . 2
8.5 -1.5 -3. 0 - 7.4 - 9. 1 8.5 1. 5 .7 - 3.0 - 6.8
.5 - 8. 3 -10.5 -15.1 - 4. 5 .5 -9 .5 - 14 . 3 -15.6 - 2.2
c 1.5 - 10 . 9 -10.8 -14.8 -12 .4 c 1.5 -6.3 -10.1 ."-14.1 - 9 .9
2 .5 - 5 .5 - 5.6 - 11.2 -1 3. 3 2.5 -5 . 1 - 2. 5 -14 . 5 -15.0
2" 3 .5 - 3. 8 - 4. 6 - 9. 7 -15.1 2" 3.5 - 3.8 - 6 .4 -12.3 -19.5
gause 4.5
5. 5 - 3.5
.1 - .6
- 4. 5
- 6.7
-10 . 8
-15.4
- 20 .1
gauge 4.5
5.5
- 1.9
- .9
- 3.5
- 2.4
- 9.2
- 8.3
-21.0
- 17.0
6.5 - .7 - .2 - 5.7 -10 . 2 6.5 -1. 5 - 2. 4 - 8. 8 - 13.1
.5 - 10 . 9 -15 . 5 - 16. 7 -22.7 - 21.5 7.7 .5 - 11.3 -1 3. 8 -14.6 -20 . 8 -18.7 -13 . 0
d 1.5 - 6 .2 - 8. 1 - 8.4 -12 . 6 -17.2 -11.4 d 1.5 - 8 .7 - 10.2 -11. 7 -17.4 -17.1 -ll.O
2.5 - 7. 2 - 7.3 - 8.5 -13.5 - 11.4 -18 . 8 2.5 - 7.2 - 8.8 - 9.3 -12 . 5 -17.5 . - 24.4
2" 3.5 - 4.6 - 4. 0 - 4.7 - 9 .5 - 15 .7 -26 .9 2" 3.5 - 4.0 - 6 .3 - 5. 9 - 9 .9 -15. 8 - 32 .5
gause 4 .5 - 1.6 - 2.3 - 2.6 - 8 .3 -14.8 -28.0 gauge 4.5 - 3.2 - 4.6 - 6.1 - 9. 7 -14.4 - 48.5
5 . 5* 2. 6 9. 5 30. 1 106.4 5 .5* 3 .4 9.4 27 .3 147.5
e .s - 12 . 8 -18.6 ~23.7 - 23 . 7 -13.4 -10.3 e .5 -13.5 -20.0 -26 . 4 -24.4 14.0 47.6 80 . 6
2"
gauge
1.5
2.5
- 10.9
- 6. 8
-14.9
- 7. 2
- 20 . 5
- 13.5
- 20 .4
- 19. 7
- 1.5. 2
- 22. 4
-18. 4
- 31. 6
2" 1.5
lt11Ul2:.e2 .5
- 7.9
- 5.2
-14.2
- 9.9
-17.4
-13.3
-17.6
-15.9
- 13.0
- 27.2
-- 31.5.6 - 1.5
- 43.6
* 4'' gauge used over erac:k - spans r ows d and e * 4" gauge used over crack - spans rOW's d a:~d e
...
~
Contd. BEAM SC2 - East Span - C~ncrete Strai ns Contd . :SEA."! SC2 - Uest Span - Conc:ret:e St:::-ains
(Strain x10 5) (St: r a i n x105 )
Location Shear-ki ps I Loca tion ShPar-lr tn " r
Row '{ 3 . :to 4.07 4 . 89 5.70 6.53 7. 34 8 . 15 9.78 1 Ro"' y 3. 26 4 . 07 4 . 89 5.70 5.53 J 7.34 I 8. 15 ' 9 , 73 I
e 3. 5 -4. 8 -4. 8 - 12 . 4 - 17 . 6 - 33.2 -47.1 e 3.5 -7. 4 - 8.4 - 12 . 5 - 20 . 41 - 35 . : ' - 73 . 2 1 - 94 . 0 !
4. 5 - 1.4 7. 4 37.3 76. 5 184. 2 249 .5 4 .5 3. 1 10 . 0 13. 4 41. 3 i 163 . 6 26 . 5 375. 0 1
I
.5 - 13.3
f
.5
1.5
2. 5
- 16 . 4
-11 .8
- 6.6
- 22.6
- 16 .2
- 10. 4
-34. 2
-25 . 6
-17. 1
-33.7
- 26. 8
- 21.4
- 20 .1
-26 .1
- 30 . 1
-14.9
- 28.1
- 45.0
f 1.5
2. 5
- 13.0
- 9.3
-22. 1
- 20 . 8
- 13.7
- 29 . 2
- 27. 2
- 16 .6
-30 . 8
- 30 . 1
-20 .8 1
I ---104028.7.. 50 13. 1
-19. 1
-51. 6
I 33 . 9
I -19 . 3
, - 66.5 1
2" 3. 5 - 5. 9 - 6. 9 - 5. 3 - 16 . 6 -37 . 8 - 56. 6 2" 3. 5 - 4.5 - 4.3 - 8.1 - 2.8 I 28 .6 63 . 0 I 88 . 6
I
gauge 4. 5
5.5
- 2.5
- 3. 6
- 4.6
- 3.8
- 13. 9
- 11.4
- 20 . 9
- 13. 7
- 22 . 2
- 15.2
- 23.9
-14. 6
gauge 4 .5
5.5
1.5
- 3. 1
1.2
- 4.1
- 1. 4
- 6 .4
4. 8,
_ a.1
3 .5
_ 8.8
- 5. 7
_ s .2 I
. - 7.3 1
s.9
I g
.5
1. 5
- 13 . 5
-11. 5
- 22 . 4
- 17.5
- 40 . 3
- 28 . 8
- 45.0
-42. 5
-29. 6
- 31. 1 g
.5
1. 5
- 16.6
-13. 1
- 24.8
-20.8
i - 43. 9 1 - 26.7
- 31.0
I
-38 . 3
_ 8. 2
- 41.0 I
2"
gauge
2. 5
3.5
4.5
-10.9
- 6.9
- 2. 7
- 13.9
- 7. 1
- 3 . !.
- 19.3
- 2. 1
-10. 9
- 22 . 9
32 . 4
-13.0
-37 . 7
155 . 7
- 11 . 9
2"
gauge
2. 5
3. 5
4 .5
- 7. 6
- 5.9
- 2. 9
- 12.1
- 9. 0
- 4. 8
-18 . 0
_ 8.6
-52 .5
83. 0
-10 . 0
- 72.0
156 .5
- 9 .4
I
5.5 - 2.0 - 2.1. - 7.6 - 10 . 9 - 6.2 5 .5 - 3. 6 - 3 .2 - 7. 8 - 8. 8 - 6.2
I
.5 - 15 . 5 -17 .o - 23 . 2 -40.7 - 55 . 0 -56 .0 .5 -15 . 5 -18. 8 - 24. 2 - 45 .7 - 44 . 9 -45. 2
h 1.5 - 14 . 3 -15 . 8 -20 . 2 -32.4 - 36 . 7 - 45. 9 h 1.5 -14 . 7 -17. 6 - 22.0 - 36. 2 -49 . 5 - 63 . 0
2. 5 - 12.4 - 9. 4 - 15 . 0 - 23 . 8 -15. 4 - 40 . 0 2.5 - 9.2 - u.s -14 . 4 - 20 . 0 97. 4 203. 0
2" 3. 5 - 10 . 8 - 9. 0 -12 . 2 - 16 . 9 - 22 . 3 - 20 . 4 in 3.5 - 7. 6 - 9. 2 -U.O - 15 . 2 -15 . 3 -14 . 6 1
gauge 4.5 - 7 .2 - 5.8 - 7. 8 - 10 . 5 - 13 . 6 - 12 . 8 gauge 4 .5 - 5.5 - 6. 4 - 6 .2 - 12. 8 -10 . 9 - 12 . 9 1
5.5 - 2. 5 - 1.3 - 1.4 . - 3.2 - 4.5 - 5.3 5.5 - 3.8 - 3. 7 - 3.5 - 6. 8 I - s.o - 2. 7 !
I
.5
1.5
-17 .6 - 27 .1 - 46 . 5 -102 .0 .5 -15. 6 - 28 . 8 - 48 . 4 -78.4 - 101.0 j
i -14.7 - 21.6 - 32 . 9 - 23 .1 i 1.5 -13.6 - 22. 2 - 36 . 0 -46.6 -62.0
2. 5 - 11.5 - 16 . 2 - 23. 9 98.8 2 .5 - 11 . 0 -17.6 - 26. 9 - 21.0 - 22.2
2" 3. 5 - 7.2 - 7. 4 -14. 2 - 10 .7 2" 3.5 - 6.6 - 12.2 - 14.1. - 12 .2 - 9 .9
gauge 4.5
5. 5
- 3.6
- 3.8
- 4. 3
- 3.6
- 8.3
- 5.3
- 9 .8
- 2.2
gauge 4 .5
5.5
- 7.1
- 2. 8
- 5.9
- 2. 2
- 8. 1
1. 2
- 8.4
.4
- .7
5. 5
2"
gauge
.5
1. 5
2. 5
3.5
4.5
-14. 1
- 7.4
- 8.4
- 3. 2
- 2.2
-23.3
- 14.1
- 12. 8
- 4 .1
- 4. 6
- 39 . 5
-26 . 0
- 19 . 1
- 8.8
- 2.8
- U l. 9
- 18 . 0
- 10.9
- 1.9
2.5
- 159 . 3
-
- 16.1
-13.3
.7
3. 8
j
2"
gauge
,_,r,_,
. 5 - 14 . 4
1. 5 - 1.1.4
3.5 - 4.8
4 .5 - 3. 8
- 25 . 2
- 17 .s
- u.s
- 7. 4
- 3.5
- 34.8
- 25.4
- 17.0
- 12. 4
- 6.2
- 40 .4
- 27.5
- 20. 3
- 12.1
- 4. 5
- 94.1
9.9
- 17 . 1
- 12. 1
- 3 .1
- 129 . 7
39 .9
- 12.8
- 7.5
1. 2
-172 .9
64.5
- 16. 6
- 11.3
2. 0
5.5 - 1 .9 - .2 5. 3 12.3 17.0 5.5 - 1.6 - .1 - 2. 1 - 1. 1 .6 1.7 t.O
....,.
3EAH SC2 - 1>7-:ST SP.J-1 - G.MiGE X::.!.3URE~Zl'."TS EY: T E:i~: )~
BEAM SC2 - ::: ..;.sr SPAN - GAUGE l1E: ....SURE}ENTS -FROH
- TENS lO:'<
- . Z)NE
- --
~ ~-
k s .~ 6S . s
12.0 30 . 0
! 142.4
90 .0
I
E:<tensi.o::t over gauge x l05in .
222.0
154.4
I 684.a
25 ~ . 0
~ow
k
y
8.5
12. 0
0?
2s:o
4
:.:xtt;!l3i=> "1 o.."'!'~ ~ ~-~.e x 1-:, - ..-: _..:...,---- -1
143 . 6
47.6
27~ ' .,
6~ :~
' -- .
~~~ : ~
1 s. 5 6 .v 3.6 I - .8 20 . 4 8. 5 .4 10.8 s. s 1 57.:!
12.0 18. :> 13.6 .4 - 8. s 12. 0 52.4 44.4 1 150.0 1 1 24? . 5
m 8.5 11. 5
12.0 l64.0
28.4
123 . 6
35. 6
213.2
47.6
351.6 I m 8.5
12. 0
14 . 0
64 . 3
1~.2
131.2
I -203.3.6l
8
- lS . ')
278 . 0 :
n 8.5
,_ _ _ _12_.0
1S. :i
5~_.!._ _
I 32.0
~60. 0
I 68.f
239 .2
100 . 8
I 2S5.2
n 8. s
12. 0
12 . 3
2.S
79 . 2
- 10.0
141 2
- 31.2
201 . s
-- - . - 43 . 3
I
j
0 =''!:1i:-: : of i:tit iat""C c:-ac ': - hotizonte1 anc vertical vpenin~ o~ che . initia ted crack
tO::>in.)
1
Hor iz.l2.0 ~ 8E.O 11~8 . 8
J
Vert. 12. (' ~ 70 . 0 ~42 0 . 0
X" 1
0 .5 i 24 .0 23. 0 51. 4 86.6 1 2.5 491 2040 0
,j~328 .. 98
l.S 21 . 1 39.8 61.2 204.5 2550 . ~1!0
1.5 : 3.0 4.5 16.4 35 . 5 l 8 .0 320 1640
3.0 i
___...____..____..___
0 - 5.7 0 1.5 7.0 139 1053 3. 0 1.2 2.0 7.9 10 . 4 84 . 3 1'9 50. 3610
5 . 0' -4.5 - 3.2 - 3.~ 11. 3
- - 1.0 5 500 ...._ 5.0 6.4 7.7 - 3.2 - 9.2
-- - --- 1230
- 2. 7 .
---- --
25~0
StraL~s on inclL~u c gauges near L~it iatcc c r ack ( x 105 ) StraL~s on L~clined g~uses n~ar initiated
crack ( x lO )
p .5
1.5
- 2. 2
- .4
- 3.0
- l.:l
- S .6
- 2. 8
- 9. 2
- 3.6
I -- )3.0.5 p .5 -1.6 - 1. 8 -5.6 -8. 8 -8.
.
2.5 .4 1.2 2.0 2.2 4.8 1.5
2.5
- 1.2 -1. 4
.6
- 3.4 -4."" '
- ~
4 6 . 53 104 "
5 8 . 15 129 It
NE NW
sw SE
Fig.A.S- BEAM SC3 -THE LOCATION OF STRAIN GAUGES AND THE CRACK PATTERNS ON BOTH SIDES
O.F THE BEAM
-
w
CD
BEAM SC3 - EAST SPAN - CONCRETE STRAINS SEAM SC3 - WEST SP.~
- CONCRETE STRAINS
(Strain x10 ) (strain x10 5 )
Location Shear-kit>s Location I Shear-kios
Row y 4.89 6.53 8.15 9 . 78 ll.41 13.06 14.67 Row y I 4. 89 6.53 8.5 9 ./8 ll:-41 IT.06
.so -S.2 - 7. 4 - 9.0 - 11.9 -12.7 -13.6 - 14.2 .so!-4.5 - 8.0 -8.7 - 10 . 5 - 10.7 SPAN FAILED
a 1.75 - 2.9 -6.2 - 6.4 - 8.8 - 9.7 -10.9 -12.1 a L7S 1 -3.6 - 6.2 - 6.0 - 8.7 - 7.S
3.00 - 2.1 -3.9 - 3.6 - S.5 - 6.1 - 8.0 - 9.1 3.00 -1.8 - S.O -3. 8 - 5.9 - S.5
'"I .
4" 4.2S - .8 -1.9 -1.9 - 3.7 - 3.6 - 6. 4 - 8;4 4" 4.2S - .6 - 2.7 -2.2 - 3.6 - 4.S
gauge s.so
6.75
.6
2. 1
- .2
1.3
.3
2.3
- .8
.9
- l. 7
.6
- 3. 8
- 2.1
- S.6
- 3.6
gauge
6.7S 2.0
- .6
.1
1.8
2.1.
-.3
1.1
- 1.6
0
I .so - 9.6 - 12 . 8 - 1S.O -18.6 - 21 . 3 -17.8 - 19.1 .so - 7.8 - ll . 8 - 13.S -16.1 -14.9
b l. 75 - 8.6 - 9.7 - 12.3 -14.5 - 17.2 - 1S.3 - 16.9 b l.7S . -7.2 - 10.2 - 12.2 -14.S - 1S . 6
3.00
i 2" 4.2S - S.O - 7.9 - 8.1 - 10 . 7 - 12.0 -10 . 8 - 13.8 3.00 , -4.2 - 7.6 - 8.8 . -10 . 4 -11.7
- 3.7 - 4. 5 - 5.8 - 4.7 - 6. 2 - S.8 - 8.4 2" 4.'25 -2.S - 3.7 - 3.8 - 4.6 - 7. 2
I gauge 5.50
6.75
- 2.6
- .9
- 2.9
- l. 2
- 2.6
.4
- 3.6
- .2
- 2.6
- 1.5
- 4.S
- 5.3
- 7.8
- 7.2
gauge 5.50 ' -1.0
6. 75 I - 2
- 2.7
- .s
- 2. 2
- .5 -
- 1.4
.4
- 4.3
- 4. 0
I .50 -9.9 -13.S -16.7 -19.8 -23.3 -22.1 -2'1.7 .so -8.8 -14.3 - 17.4 - 22.7 - 23.3
I c
2"
l. 7S
3.00
4.25
- 8.4
-5.0
- 4.2
-12.2
- 8.1
- 5.5
-14.5
- 9.5
- 6.9
- 16.4
-10.2
- 6.7
-19 . 3
- 12.6
- 6.9
- 17.7
- 10.9
- 8.8
-18.7
- 12.9
- 10.4
. c
2"
l. 7S
3.00
4.2S
- 7.3
-6.3
-2.9
- 9. 8
- 7.6
- 5. 6
- 12.7
- . 8.9
- 4.7
-15.2
-13.1
- S. 8
-17.2
- 13.0
- S.8
gauge 5.50 - l.1 - l. 6 - 2.5 - 3.8 - 4.5 - 3.7 - 8.6 gauge s.so -3.2 - 3.S - 2.S - 2.4 - s.o
6.75 - 1.1 - 1.3 - .7 - .6 - l. O - 2.7 - 6.1' 6.7S - 1.1 - .4 L.2 .4 - 4.6
.so -8.9 - 14. 0 -16.9 -20 . 1 - 24.1 -2S.2 . -26.0 .so -10.8 - 16.9 -18.4 -2S.6 - 29 .0
d l. 75 - 8 .7 -13.1 - 15.5 -18.9 - 22.7 -22 . 4 -22.7 d 1.75 - 8.7 -12. 9 - 15.0 - 20.3 - 22.1
3.00 - 6.0 - 7.4 - ll.2 - ll.4 - 12.9 - 13 . 1 -14.3 3.00 - S.7 - 9.3 - 9.2 -12 . 6 - 12.8
2" 4.2S - 3.2 - 5.8 - 5.0 - 7. 2 - 10.9 - 6. 8 - 6.6 2" 4.25 - 6.9 - 7.2 - 8.8 . -10 . ~ -1l. 7
gauge 5.50 -1.4 - 1.6 - 2.0 - 1.4 - 2.4 - 2.0 - 6.7 gauge s.so - 1.9 - 4.3 - 3.5 - S.2 - 6.1
6.75 3.2 4.3 7. 9 12.9 21.7 44.3 78 .4 6.75 1.4 2.5 s.s 14.3 59.4
I
.so - 18.5 -23.9 - 28.0 -37 . 2 - 42.7 -44.0 -50.9 .50 12.2 - 17.2 - 21.4 -27.0 -32.7
e l. 75 - ll.O -15.9 - 19 .1 -24.2 - 29.0 -29.4 -32.1 ' e l. 75 10.0 -14 . 8 -16.6 - 19.2 -24.9 .
3.00 -10 . 3 -14.9 - 15.S -19 . 7 - 22.3 - 22.5 -24. 4 3.00 8. 1 -10 . 7 - 13.1 -15.9 -17.4
2" 4.25 - 6.6 - 8.9 - 9.5 - 9.8 -12.9 - 9.9 -13.8 2" 4 . 25 5.6 - 7.6 - 9.4 - 9.2 - 8.7
gauge 5.SO
6.75
- 2.0
- 1.1
- 2.2
- 1.1
- 1.2
- .1 -
.1
.9
.2
- 3.2
10.4
- 4.0
18.6
- 6.0
gauge 5.50
5.75
.6.
.2
- ..
.1 -
1.9
.1
5. 2
- 1.4
18.5
- 4.7
.so - 12. 8 - 16.9 - 22.0 -28.2 -34.1 -35.2 -42. 3 .50 13.6 -20.5 -24.9 -31.6 -41.7
f 1.75 -10.0 - 13.3 -17.1 -22.4 - 25.6 - 27.3 -31.2 f l. 75 l- 11.6 -16 . 8 -19 .6 -25.9 -31.8
3.00 - 8.3 - 11.7 - 12.0 - 15 . 0 - 19.4 - 17.0 -20 . 1 3.00 -10.5 -14 . 3 - 16. 1 -20.2 - 22.9
2" 4.25 - 4 . 3
gauge 5 ; 50j_- 2.4
- 5.5
- 2.6
- 6.0
- 2.2
- 6. 2
- 1.6
- 7.3
-40.5
.2
- 4. 6
- .4
- 2.3
-10.8
2"
gauge
4.25 - 4.7
5.50 - 2.6
- 7.3
- 2.2
- 6.7
- 4.2
- 8.6
- 3. 7
- .9
- S.3
.6.75 .5
'
1.9 9.7 23.9 69.6 87 . 0 6 . 75 3.0
I - l. 2 3.6 7. 1 7.4
..,
<0
Co:tcd. BEAM SC3 - Wesc Span - Concrete Strains
Coned. BEAM SC3 East Span Concrete Scrains
(Strain x10 5 )
(Strain x10 5 )
Location She=kios Locacion Shear-kip
R= y 4.89 6.53 8.15 9.78 11.41 13. 06 14.67 R= y 4 . 89 6.53 8 . 15 9 .78 ll.4!. !.3.06 __J
.50 - 14.8 - 20 . 7 -27.0 -33.6 -41.6 -44.7 - 54. 5 .so - 16. 1 -21.0 - 27.5 -34. 3 -43.0
- 31.0 .
SP&'l FAIU:D
g l. 75 -13.6 -19 . 7 - 23 . 6 - 28.4 -35.1 -36.5 - 41.0 g 1.75 -12;9 -17.5 - 21.5 - 25.2
3 . 00 - 9.5 - 13.6 - 15 . 4 - 19.0 -21.1 -22.0 -22 . 7 3.00 - 9.9 - 13.0 -15 . 6 - 18.6 - 21.1
..2" 4.25 - 5 . 8 - 7.1 - 8.2 - 7.5 - 7.8 - 6.2 - 8.6 2" 4.25 - 5.8 - 6.2 '- 7.4 - 8.2 - 9.7
gauge. 5 . 50 - 2.3
6.75 - .4
- 3.1
1.5
.2- .9
- 3.5
4. 8 I
- 6.3
20.8
- 9. 7
43.4
- 10. 5
gauge 5 . 50
6.75
- 2.8
.6
- 2.8
1.9
- 1.7
6.0
- .1
9.3
1.5
9.7
'I
- 1.0
.so -19.1 - 25.6 -32.9 - 40 . 0 - 48.7 - 55.6 -68.8 .so .
1.75
- 19.0 I - 26.7
-14.4 : - 19.2
- 33.7
- 23.3
- 43 . 3 -52.1.
-29 . 4 . - 35.5
h 1.75 - 12.6 - 18.9 -25.8 - 29.8 -36 . 7 -39.5 - 46.4 h
3.00 -11.2 - 14.6 -17.0 - 19.6 -23 . 0 -21.2 -24. 9 3:oo - 10.4 , -14. 6 - 18.0 -20.8 - 22.4
-- ll.S 4.25 - 7.6 - 8.4 - 8.6
2"
gauge
4.25
5.50
6.75
- 8. 3
- 3.3
- .6
-10.5
- 4.0
- .5
- 8.6
- .6
- 2.0
- 9.7
- 2.2
- 3.7
-10.5
- 4. 4
- 5.5
- 6.2
- 3.3
- 9.7
.4
-12.5
2"
gauge 5.50
6.75 -4.1 ,-',
- 6.4 - 7. 7
.9 1.1
- 1.7
- .2
- 2.7
- 1.2
- 2. 8
- 4.1
.50 -18.8 - 27.1 -35. 3 - 46.7 - 57.6 - 68.8 -81.5 .50 -19.5 - 27.3 - 34.8 -46.3 - 56.4
i l. 75 -14. 7 -21.7 - 28.0 -35.1 -41.9 -49. 0 -58.3 i 1.75 :-14.2 -19.6 - 25.9 -34.0 -40 . 4
-13.7 - 16.0 -21.1 - 24.1 :
3.00 - 9.8 - 14. 7 - 17 . 7 - 21.9 -25.2 - 28. 1 -30 . 6 3.00 - 8.0 i
4" 4.25 - 5.0 - 7.1 - 7.5 - 8.1 - 6.8 - 6.4 - 2.8 4" 4.25 - 5.1 - . 6.5 - 6.7 - 8.3 - 7.4
gauge 5.50
6.75
- 1. 3
3. 0
- 1.4
4.2
3.3
15 . 6
6.6
22.4
10.3
30.4
19.5
42.9 51.6
gauge 5.50
. 6 . 75
- .2
2.6
.5
7.0
1.8
13.8
5. 1
21.0
u.7
32.8
(x 105 1n.)
(x tOs1D.)
n
12
9.5
12
4"
4"
7.0
7.4
4" 34.0
4.0
9.2
70.8
1.8
lL.2
121.6
-6.4
25. 0
149 . 6
- 7.2
35.4
1.60.4
n 12 4" 28.0 48.8 106.0 154.8 207.6 267.2 314.4 n 9.5 4" 77.2 136.8 199.2 232.8 265.2
n 9.5 4" 66.0 107.6 191.2 256.0 321.6 372.0 419.6 0 12 2" 66.8 lL7.2 174.0 233.6 306.4
0 12 2" 54.8 1.02.8 175.6 225.6 271.6 336. 4 394.0 0 9.5 2" 111.2 179.6 263.6 345.6 433.2
0 9.5 2" 92.8 166.4 262.8 336.0 410.8 493.2 575.6 p 1.2 4" -3.6 -14.0 -14.0 -16.0 -25.2
p 12 4" -4.8 -11.6 -18.8 -1.8.4 -20.8 -25.6 -27.6 p 9.5 4" -3.2 . 6.0 10.8 17.2 19.6
p 9,5 4" 5.2 4.0 8.4 9.2 11.6 20.8 34.0 'I 12 4" 90.8 148.0 2U.6 259.6 302.8 348.0 400.8
'I 12 4" 77.6 130.4 190.4 234.8 286.4 345.6 391.6 ' q 9.S 4" 149.6 214.0 300.4 367. 6 434.8 498.0 562.8
9.5 4"J1.37_.6 2ll.6 292.8 36L2 440.8 507.2 577.2
' 'I ---- *N Crack No. ..,.. FLg. ** Gauge Lenatb
*' Crck No. ** Gause Lenatb ...
+ Horizontal - Vortic&l. C~onant of Mo:lveleent N
322 .
APPENDIX II
iii
a.
160
I 11+11 t--T
I
.
.
!
;;;
.
a.
160
II
I I
iI
+---~lf----+---___J_ _ _ _ _L "'~
.
"'"'....
-
Ul
120
....
-. Ul
120
0:: diagonal cracks
l
F :: flexural cracks
I
."'
....
.&;
Ul
80
.11
Cl>
.c
Ul
80
I
40
I JHII I crack
I.
Width .:: 2.5 X 10
~---t-
. Inches Crack
3
Width : 5.0 x 10- inches
QO j I +
0 10 10 30 r.o o 10 20 30 r.o so s'o ..,
Shear Displacement x 10 inches N
Shear Displacement x 10 inches
""
Fig. A.9 - EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS OF AGGREGATE INTERLOCK TESTS
mo , .
240 - --
200~---------------
160
I
~ 120
r-----.-t-
"'
"..."'
Vi
.....
"
80 - / / "/ Jll' l . ---i
~ -----
____ . lJ.~
0 :diagonal cr.~cks
.c.
Vl
I j I I F : flexural cracks
10 20 30 40 so 60 70 80 90 100
Shear Displacement x 10+ inches w
IV
,....
Fag. A.10 - EXPERIMENlAL RESULTS OF AGGREGATE INlERLOCl< TESTS
240
200
(5.9
;;;
......
0.
120
Vi
....
~
~ 80
II)
D: diagonal cracks
40
Crack Width : 12.5 x 10-J inches
Concrete Strength : 4,640 psi.
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 HO
w
Di~placement
4
Shear x 10 inches ~
200 ~------r-------+-------,_------~------~-------+-------;--------r-------+---------------~
160 - ____,/- i ,= I ~ I #-
~ ' i '
120 ~
7
.c '
1r
~
I
J.____ -'-:----~
~
"'
111
i
-
&I
....
!
I ll
."
L
.c
Ill
80 I ! I _:::;:> :;?"'=; I .,.(----yC/"""-4-- ~
0 : diagonal cracks
40 I ,'57' I >~
1
Crack Width: 15.0 x 10. -inches
Concrete Strength : ',930 psi.
...,
N
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
Shear Displacement x 10 inches
"'
Fig. A.l2- EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS OF AGGREGATE INTERLOCK TESTS
280 --
.2) l9l
240
~ ~
lll!"
I
160
'
I
160
I "'
Q.
! "'
. ""'
I
~ 120 ~ 120
Vi II) I I I 11 I
0 : diagonal cracks
.. . I f / IJ
!Ill/
'-
I
'- F : flex ural cracks
ell
J:.
II) I "
J:.
II)
80 ... -- ---.....----
401 /~ I
3 1
Width : 7.5 x 10- inches Crack Width : 7. 5 x 10- inches
COncrete Strength : 8,120 psi Concrete Strength : 6.530 psi
0 10 20 30 40 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Shear Displace ment x 10 inches Shear Displacement x 1lt inches ......,
'I
Fig. A.13 -EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS OF AGGREGATE INTERLOCK TESTS
240 I ' - - --
200 200 I ~ 4~
j
I
160 I I
' Vi
Q.
::: 120 I
.._
"
u;
Ill
..~...
~ 80 ~ -------------1~~~~~--_JL
Q.
:::
t.t 80 I )I J
IJI j
I
... I
u;
I I
I .
I i
40 I /> ..--
1
- L
J
- ---+- 1--~,L-++-- -+----r-------j-----l------
3 3
Crack Width : 7.5 x 10' inches Crack Width : 75 x 10- inches
Concrete Strength: 2,700psi Strength :4,850 psi
I
Q ' I I
0 10 20 30 40 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 ...
~
APPENDIX III
l 4 45 14 I
635 99 12 41 l.S 635 78 18 46 19 630 21 -4 50 29 523 33
741. 112 15 so 21 741 97 22 69 36 753 26 -7 66 33 I 613 36 tO 52 : 17
840 131 25 156 86 I 830 F 840 32 -5 71 38 I 700 44 12 55 1!1.
867 F+ i 945 32 0 87 40 760 47 12 70 i 24
Iuo
I I
1056 41 44 835 52 12 79 ' 27
1163 51 02 99 47 925 56 17 91 ' 32
Mix l Mix 2 1271 57 l 1:?4 50 1021 62 21 106 41
97 7 - 1- 97 8 0 7 5 1341 1100 69 23 ll5 !.?
s s 1709
U'
202 18 11 2l.S 38 2 2). 7 deformed bar. i
312 34 6 18 6 312 68 6 32 12 -- ~L.....
plain bar.
418 39' s 29 10 418 l.Sl 8 70 24 Hix
527 53 . 8 43 17 527 F .. 18 Mix 4
~ -6 J lU
! 37
-,j
635
65 I 13 53 21 198 17 18 -1 -4 -1
735
794
75
F
15 72
L _ _,
38
- - -
18 1
Mix 2
1 -3 -3
314
418
527
9
16
19
-6
-5
-4
25
36
48
17
19
25
202
409
635
ll
22
37
0
0
2
ll
34
68
Ill 17
97 20
Mix -4
?
2 0
97
202
8
22
3
8
2
5
1
0
635
741
24
28
0
-2
56
74
27
32
739
845
45
53
5
6
79
92
18
21
s
T'
202 37 lS 1 312 42 tO 12 1 846 31 -1 85 36 I 952 61 24
306 97 10 26 6 365 48 l2 20 0 952 37 2 97 41 I 1060 73 9 126 29
360 185 9 47 14 418 60 13 30 0 1060 46 5 uo 43 1165 81 13 146 33
409 295 1.2 60 3 503 84 13 47 9 1166 50 8 125 49 1280
471 F 552 105 15 47 9 1280 plain bar plain bar
635 130 17 73 21
697 F
Uc 4
4 l
2~g -~
~
4 -l
6 4 15 202 8 -2
312 8 l 21 4 418 20 5
* Tension side Compression side 418 12 4 32 6 635 38 14
+ F = Failure load 473 22 6 40 7 849 44 i 22
635 25 8 51 9 954 52
741 31 9 69 12 1065 56 1 33
24
846 34 14 . 82 12 1172 62 35
957 38 14 195 16 1275 67 1 41
1065 55 25 150 u 1377 70 46
1163 1452
deformed bar. defor:nec bar.
...w
0
Shor~ ~es~s Displacemen~s 5
Dowel - load (lb.) (x 10 in.) Short Dowel tests- load ( l b.) . Disp1acemen~ (x 10 5 in.)
Mix 5 Mix 5 Mix 7 Mix 7
Df c side T side Df . c side T side- c side T side c side T side
Df
{ Df
I
a b a b a b a b a b a b a b a b
18 l l -2 0 18 2 0 l 0 18 2 2 -3 -6 -9 -6 4 5
202 22 7 7 0 18 19
~ll II
202 8 7 14 2 202 13 4 9 3 6 -8 8
312 17 10 26 5 312 20 5 16 6 312 50 . 8 20 1 23 -4 29 12
418 22 10 44 6 418 27 10 . 26 6 365 72 12 22 0 49 -3 29 8
527 28 t7 73 ll 527 34 10 39 10 418 97 11 26 . 4' 418 75 0 38 u
635 35 16 98 16 635 44 14 49 9 527 156 15 41 4 471 109 3 44 15
740 40 19 127 l3 741 55 17 58 12 570 185 . 15 56 7 527 i.JO I 0 52 17
847 47. 23 152 13 850 67 21 73 13 635 J 570 155 -2 59 19
957 52 28 180 25 957 72 25 87 15 635 204 l 16 26
1065 1055 80 26 110 26 Mix 7
1
688 223 I 7 - -
~~ ~ 1~
Mix 5 1162 93 32 142 36 )
Jill_ 10 3 Mix 8
18 2 2 0 202 27 5 5 4
~~
8 25 -2 -2
202 16 6 18 1 l1ix 6 312 50 -5 36 5 ~ -2 3 9
312 23 8 25 3 18 -3 . -6 9 3 365 66 6 44 7 202 7 2 9 ll
418 32 12 33 3 202 3 -3 23 4 418 92 10 55 9 312 12 5 15 15
527 49 23 . 40 -5 312 12 0 35 6 471 112 8 57 12 . 418 22 7 23 16
635 56 25 47 l 418 12 0 47 10 527 140 12 71 14 527 28 7 35 18
741 58 29 71 6 527 19 l 60 9 570 159 12 79 17 635 37 14 45 22
849 68 31 99 8 635 30 6 74 13 635 186 15 90 18 740 48 14 79 37
957 77 38 123 12 735 35 9 96 13 688 205 17 102 19 , 80Q
1065 79 39 144 15 849 43 11 106. 14 741 - - -- -
1172 87 40 162 20 950 53 12 125 19 Mix 8
1280 1060 56 15 152 21 Mix 8 -
~ 18 . -~ -8 ll 11
ll72 18 -1 -3 3 3 97 17 -2 18 14
Mix
- 6 97 1 -1 9 4 202 49 -4 27 16
18 1 1 1 Mix 6 202 15 1 12 6 312 67 -4 38 23
202 10 ~ 7 2 18 2 3 4 312 38 6 20 ll 418 90 -4 .. 54 30
312 14 8 20 4 202 1~ 1 17 7 418 66 7 35 13 471 102 -l 67 36
41~ 22 11 28 6 312 21 0 30 9 471 80 8 42 13 114 2 73 39
520 30 12 38 4 418 26 -1 50 12 527 96 17 56 14 L527.
570 133 3 96 53
635 33 13 49 9 530 33 l 78 16 570 113 14 78 21 635
"741 43 14 59 12 630 38 1 109 19 634
840 47 16 72 13 735 46 2 132 19
950 56 19 89 19 849 -- - - -----
1060 65 22 107 15
U65 69 25 134 31 w
w
1280
5
Shor t Dowel t ests - l oad (lb. ) Displacements (x l0 in.)
Short Dowe l tests - load (lb . ) Displacements (x l0 5 in . )
..Kix .
__.,.. 9 Kix 9 Mix U Hix tJ..
Df c s i de T s i de De c side T side of c side T side Df c side T side
I
a b a b a b a b a b a b a b a b
18 - 1. - 1. 6 2 18 -1 5 -4 -5
97 12 4 14 2 97 2 6 6 1 1.8 -3 -3 0 -2 18 0 -2 -2 -1 '
202 13 4 21 2 202 9 2 14 0 97 1.0 -2 4 4 97 5 0 4 1
312 17 8 31. 3 312 18 5 23 1 202 19 1 13 4 202 22 2 ~4 5
418 31. ll. 39 4 418 30 7 35 3 31.2 35 5 23 8 312 52 7 24 6
471 34 13 44 5 471 42 u 41 5 365 50 7 30 8 ' 365 73 6 30 7
527 35 1.4 52 7 527 51 13 46 ll
4 18 65 9 33 8 418 99 9 32 10
570 42 1.5 67 9 570 59 1.6 53 13 471 so 10 41 7 471 126 9 39 12
630 46 17 86 18 635 68 18 60 17 527 94 15 48 10 527 151 12 45 18
688 56 22 126 28 688 84 21 70 21 570 111 12 52 9 570 182 14 64 23
740 741 97 22 83 29 630 134 15 61 15 635
794 1.13 28 105 50 688 150 1.6 72 19
Kix 9 849 741 174 18 88 23 V.ix
-- -- 12
--
- 794
18 -2 -1 3 -1
---
18 0 1 -6 -3
97 5 -2 7 2 Ml
97 15 6 -5 -3
202
312
8
l.l
4
6
1.5
26
3
1.0
18
97
3
12
2
3
-4
5
g ! 18 2
Mix
2
11
2 4
202
312
28
42
ll
11
0
8
-2
0
418 17 ll 38 18 202 22 4 15 3 97 13 6 3 5 365 so 12 11 0
471 20 11 45 19 312 39 7 23 5 202 20 10 12 12 418 58 17 18 3
527 26 17 54 25 365 52 8 29 5 312 40 15 20 12 471 65 16 21 3
570 31 15 62 29 418 69 8 34 7 ' 365 49 16 27 13 527 79 18 25 2
635 42 1.9 1.15 76 471 82 9 42 12 418 57 18 32 18 570 91 22 36 4
688 527 97 13 52 18 . 471 70 19 37 18 635 101 24 41 9
570 123 15 67 25 527 85 25 48 24 688 109 22 48 14
M X u 635 146 17 77 30 570 99 30 63 29 741 121 23 60 22
1.8 5 2 -1 0 688 635 1.14 30 83 38 794 136 25 73 27
97 12 4 2 -1 688 849
202 33 7 12 l. Mix
-- 10 Mix 12 Mix 12
312 87 10 25 3 18 7 3 -3 -2 18 --z- 1 1 -1 18 5 4 2 2
365 132 12 37 -1 97 18 5 1 -2 97 4 4 2 -1 97 13 3 5 1
418 170 16 43 2 202 26 8 8 -4 202 6 5 12 5 202 29 7 ll l.
471 204 17 58 3 312 36 12 . 18 -2 312 l3 9 19 7 312 61 14 19 4
520 234 20 79 -4 365 42 12 23 -2 365 16 10 21 7 365 79 17 23 4
570 269 21 124 -9 418 53 16 25 0 418 28 ll 24 6 418 1.08 17 29 2
6~ 288 24 155 - 14 471 59 17 32 3 471 37 15 30 4 471 131. 22 34 3
68 527 67 19 40 9 527 49 16 37 6 527 1.55 22 42 6
570 77 21 55 17 570 63 20 54 3 570 1.78 26 55 8
635 88 24 93 55 635 82 22 65 -4 635
_ j~J~o~
31 38
------ - - - -
100
----
688
735
95
124
26
30
80
1.49 - -5
13 l
794
...
w
~
Shor~ D~el ~es~s - Load (lb.) Displace~en~s (x 105 in. ) Shor~ D<me1 ~ests - load ( lb,) Displacemen~s (x t0 5 in.)
Mix 13 Mix 13 l1ix 15 ""' ..
.:LL.h ~ .
L~
-1 -2
'1ix 13 18 2 1 -2 -~ 202 11 3 -l 97 7 4 2 0
1.8 a 202 LL 5 15 0 312 21. 9 6 7 202 1.4 7 1.0 4
202 15 ~ -~
7 ~ . 418 27 9 34 5 418 27 1.5 18 10 312 20 lO 1.6 3
418 30 6 1.9 6 527 36 15 43 2 527 32 18 29 11 418 25 14 24 7
635 39 9 37 10 635 42 18 55 9 635 38 21 35 1.4 527 38 19 34 10
741 49 14 43 14 741. so 1.9 67 LL 741 42 24 45 21. 635 40 15 56 14
849 56 14 51 17 849 56 23 79 13 849 52 28 56 22 741 49 20 68 1.9
957 65 18 57 16 957 61 24 92 14 957 58 28 73 27 849 57 23 88 23
1.065 73 21 6q 20 1065 70 25 109 18 . 1065 64 35 81 34 957 69 28 106 29
1172 77 23 73 23 LL72 79 29 130 15 1172 69 38 98 39 1.065 78 33 149 40
1.280 84 27 98 38 1280 1230 1172
1386 89 25 LL7 50 -
J.4C)Q . 16
..
Hi:-: Mix --
16 Hi:: 1.5
.........
'ti:<
-14
18
97
2
8
2
6 g g 18
97
-5
0
3
5
6
6
3
3
18
97
- 1.
3
3
6
-l
8
5
8
1.8 -1. -1 4 7 202 13 8 1.0 L 202 6 1.2 1.7 9 202 9 6 17 1.2
97 4 0 8 8 312 23 12 18 3 312 12 15 17 -7 312 1.6 8 24 12
202 14 3 1.8 9 41.8 32 1.4 29 8 418 29 21 38 1.2 41.8 22 8 38 1.9
312 18 5 24 1.3 527 42 1.8 36 9 527 36 26 55 16 527 30 1.4 49 24
418 30 ll 36 19 635 47 21. 45 1.2 635 41 29 71 19 635 39 1.7 60 29
44 741 51 36 91 24 741 47 20 71. 34
~75 34
39
13
1.6 52
18
23
741. 44 20
56 1 27
58
65
1.9
20 849 59 43 1.20 34 849 56 24 84 40
la . 1
849
741 52 21. 63 27 957 S2 27 78 22 957 70 50 1.43 ' 44 957 67 35 153 85
849 56 22 77 33 32 84 35 1.065 --- ---- ------
1045
I'
957 61. 27 '7 51 1172 70 37 1.08 40
1.060 70 32 ~ 68 I
1270 77 39 1.29 53
..,...
1LL9 ~ I ___1.1_86 - I w
Shore Dowel eeses - load (lb.) Displacenencs ( x t0 5 in .)
Shore Do~el eeses - load (lb.) Displacemenes ex 105 in.)
t'.ix 17 Mi.'< 17 Mix 19 Mix i.9
II b a b a b a b I
a b a b a b a b
27 3 2 1 5 27 3 10 2 s
73 3 0 8 5 73 5 -2 -8 -3 145 7 3 8 5 145 12 9 9 6
234 i3 7 16 3 234 7 -5 4 7 303 16 9 31 10 303 23 12 21 11
395 34 20 15 -6 395 23 2 18 12 387 25 ll 44 9 387 25 . 13 31 17
540 48 26 28 -3 516 37 6 29 13 468 3~ 15 62 19 468 31 17 40 19
716 59 30 49 3 716 46 7 41 19 548 38 19 83 23 548 37 22 48 23
880 7i 34 65 4 800 49 7 43 23 627 47 22 104 26 627 42 22 62 31
1040 85 38 88 15 880 53 10 49 25 706 so 24 119 3'2 706 45 28 74 35
U50 96 43 uo 16 960 62 13 53 28 780 785 55 32 87 43
1250 1030 65 13 60 32 855 67 35 11.0 54
1123 'lix 19
- 952
Hix l7 27 9 2 ::> 1
Mix .. 13 145 16 4 10 3 Mix 20
73 8 -2 -3 1 303 25 7 36 ll 27 -2 1 3 1
:234 20 1 10 4 1~ -2 -4 10 2 387 3l 8 56 16 145 13 20 14 6
395 28 4 16 2 234 13 4 l5 2 468 38 ll 72 18 290 24 11 24 9
555 41 4 26 8 395 22 5 36 5 548 41 17 96 26 373 32 13 30 14
716 49 7 41 ll 555 30 7 . 54 9. 627 so 20 122 33 454 43 19 41 16
800 51 6 51 l3
14
716
800
39
47
12 89
13 106
15
l7
707 59 27 156 50 548 55 23 so 21
880 57 5 55 785 627 63 29 60 27
960 60 8 65 15 880 48 14 124 22 707 67 31 74 30
1040 71 ll 76 18 960 55 14 142 26 Mix 20 785 72 36 90 37
U23 74 14 87 19 1040 ' 4 3 800
1~;
-3 2
1203 S2 14 99 26 15 6 4 4
1280 '1ix 18 I ~n'\
303 I ?0
29 I 10
1n I ??
22 I 77 I ...
av
--
?Q
~
73 8 -5 -4 387 34 13 34 11 27 3 -1 -J
--
''ix 18
~
234
395
17
28 12
8
19
-6
-2
468 43 17 42 15 145 12 2 1 ~
~
73 7 l -2 548 50 20 54 19 303 20 8 17 10
234 15 6 10 555 38 . 12 35 3 627 56 23 61 19 387 30 6 20 12
395 35 18 11. 3 7L6 so 17 53 s 692 64 26 73 26 468 34 io 30 15
555 44 21 23 8 800 48 18 50 7 785 75 33 104 39 548 41 12 38 17
716 50 26 39 12 880 57 21 69 7 ass 627 50 17 46 20
800 53 27 46 14 960 61 23 81 11. 706 56 17 65 35
880 62 29 61 26 1040 72 26 10 14 785 64 24 92 50
960 68 31 75 34 1123 76 29 103 12 ~~ -
1040 76 34 86 40 1203 84 31 130 7
1123 1270 -
..."'....
Short Dowel tests - load (lb.) Displacements (x t0 5 in.) LONG DOWEL T~ 3TS - LOAD (lb.) DlSPLACE}'NTS (x t 0 5 i:t.)
Mix' 21 Mix 21 of Move- Move-
of
Df c side T side 1
Df c side T side ment ment:
a b a b a b a b U2 l 153 8
18 -5 -7 0 7 18 4 l .3. 0. 262 6 470 24
388 15 676 35
202 3 -6 16 10 97 17 2 23 s . 500 18 848 44
312 11 -4 33 12 202 26 9 52 10 594 27
380 15 -7 48 16 312 36 L3 74 9 1000 54
450 19 62 20 418 47 ~5
700 35 1118 65
-8 13 14 794 45 1220 us
510 20 -7 74 24 527 53 17 125 10 916
c 635 31 -4 105 25 635 66 20 152 16 59 1290 184
z 741 39 -7 125 29 . 741 72 20 182 19 1033 76 1270 333 .
<
m 849 49 -4 149 34 849 85 22 207 25
1120
1217
87
99
1193
U76
638
1032
:;::; 957 62 0 178 39 957
(I)
1065 - 1293 108 U60 1367
:) m~ -- -- 1410
1530
'122
142
1072 2550
Mix 2
.,..o .-
-00 18 -3 2 5 2 1650
1320
-
646 132 4
97 8 0 ll -1 1290
"~ "'~
> > 202
312
14
24
4
8
25
45
2
5 r3SO
1380
766
1060
1272
235
465
668
ll
25
43
,., 418 34 10 66 7 1265 1970 874 64
:;::; 527 47 14 87 u
~ E 635
741
53
66
18
18
112
135
14
20
991
1068
76
96
:;::; .. 162 3 1148 124
-< 849 76 19 164 29
957 87 23 190 37 435 18 1030 438
1065 . 98 25 220 51 730 30 1000 745
U72 970 42 1070 920
- 1123 55 1075 1422
1265 70 1118 1920
1352
1516
-
463
ll77
U90
2800
3880
1065 625 1140 4850
1104 825
1148 1265
U90 1850
1236 2370
1350 3180
1372 4250
1200
-- --
...
......