Chapter 8 : Salts

SALT

Are classified into Have many

Insoluble Soluble Qualitative

Salt Salt Uses Analysis
Is carried out to identify
Is prepared through

Cations Anions
Double Na+, K+ and NH4+,
decomposition salts
By using
reaction

Can be used to construct Confirmatory tests for NaOH

ionic equation for Fe2+, Fe3+, Pb2+, NH4+ NH3
Other soluble
Continuous salts
variation method Confirmatory tests for
CO32-, SO42-,Cl-, NO3-

Gases Test
O2,H2,CO2, NH3, Cl2, HCl,
SO2, NO2

1
 Chapter 8 : Salts

Chapter 8 : Salts

8.1 Salts
Uses of salts
What is a salts
Solubility of salts in water
Preparation of salts in the laboratory
Preparing soluble salts of ammonium, sodium and potassium
Preparing soluble salts other than ammonium, sodium and potassium salts
Preparing insoluble salts
Constructing ionic equation using the continuous variation method
Physical characteristics of crystals
Solving numerical problems involving stoichiometric reactions

8.2 Qualitative Analysis of Salts

What is qualitative analysis?

Examining the colour and solubility of salts in water

Testing gases

Action of heat on salts
Heating nitrate salts
Heating sulphate salts
Heating chloride salts


Identification of salts by action of heat

Testing for anions in aqueous solutions

Testing for cations in aqueous solutions

Confirmatory tests for Fe2+, Fe3+, Pb2+ and NH4+

Identifying the anions and cations in unknown salts

2
 Chapter 8 : Salts
Chapter 8: Salts

Uses of salts

Type of salt Uses

Chemical fertiliser
Ammonium chloride
Ammonium nitrate
Act as fertiliser in agriculture
Ammonium phosphate
Potassium chloride
NPK
Agriculture
Pesticides
Copper(II)sulphate
Iron(II)sulphate
Kill or destroy insects, pests, weeds and fungi
Mercury(I)chloride
Sodium arsenate
Sodium chlorate(V)
Hydrated calcium sulphate Found in plaster of Paris
CaSO4.2H2O Used to make plaster casts for supporting broken bones
Iron(II)sulphate heptahydrate An ingredient in iron pills
FeSO4.7H2O Used as iron supplement for patients suffering from anaemia.
Used as a substitute for patients who need a low intake of
KCl
sodium salt.
Magnesium sulphate heptahydrate
[Epsom salt]
Medical Used as laxatives
Field Sodium sulphate decahydrate
[Glauber salts]

An ingredient in anti-acids
Sodium hydrogen carbonate
Neutralise the excess acid secreted by the stomach
Make barium meals for patients who need to take an X-ray for
their stomach
Barium sulphate
Helps to make internal soft organs like intestines appear on X-
ray films

NaCl Food additive in the preparation of food

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) As food additive : to enhance the taste of foods

Food Found in baking powder
Industry Sodium hydrogen carbonate
To make the bread or cake rise
Helps to preserve meat : ham, sausage
Sodium nitrite
Helps to preserve tomato sauce and chilli sauce
Sodium benzoate

Bleaching agent and disinfectant

Sodium hypochlorite
Tin (II) fluoride
Industry
Sodium carbonate decahydrate
Cleaning agents contain this compound
Added to toothpaste and water to prevent tooth decay
Making soda lime glass

Silver bromide Used in making of photographic paper and film

3
 Chapter 8 : Salts
Salts
Is a formed
When the ..ion in acid
Is replaced by a . ion or an .ion

Example of salts

Acid Salts
Chloride Sodium chloride NaCl
Hydrochloric acid HCl
Salts Ammonium chloride NH4Cl
Nitrate Potassium nitrate KNO3
Nitric acid HNO3
Salts Aluminium nitrate Al(NO3)3
Sulphate Ammonium sulphate (NH4)2SO4
Sulphuric acid H2SO4
Salts Magnesium sulphate MgSO4
Carbonate Iron (II) carbonate FeCO3
Carbonic acid H2CO3
Salts Calcium carbonate CaCO3
Phosphate Iron (III)phosphate FePO4
Phosphoric acid H3PO4
Salts Ammonium phosphate (NH4)3PO4
Pb(CH3COO)2
Ethanoate Lead(II) ethanoate
Ethanoic acid CH3COOH Cu(CH3COO)2
Salts Copper(II) ethanoate

Solubility of salts

Type of salt Solubility in water

Ammonium salts
Sodium salts
Potassium salts All are soluble
Ethanoate salts
Nitrate salts

Chloride salt
All soluble :Except PbCl2, AgCl, HgCl2, [PAH-C]
Sulphate salts
All soluble : PbSO4, Ag2SO4,BaSO4, CaSO4, [PABC-S]

Carbonate salts
All insoluble : Except Na2CO3, K2CO3, (NH4) 2CO3
Lead (II) salts
All insoluble : Except Pb(NO3) 2, Pb(CH3COO)2

4
 Chapter 8 : Salts

Mastery Exercise 8.1

State whether each of the following salt is soluble or insoluble in water.

Solubility Solubility
No Formula of Salt No Formula of Salt
( , X ) ( , X )
1 PbCO3 21 MgCO3
2 NaCl 22 KCl
3 CaSO4 23 (NH4)2SO4
4 AgNO3 24 Cu(NO3)2
5 K2CO3 25 SnCO3
6 AlCl3 26 CaCl2
7 Na2SO4 27 BaSO4
8 NH4NO3 28 KNO3
9 CuSO4 29 Ag2CO3
10 PbCl2 30 MgCl2
11 ZnCO3 31 Ag2SO4
12 Ca(NO3)2 32 Ba(NO3)2
13 Na2CO3 33 FeCO3
14 AgCl 34 NH4Cl
15 PbSO4 35 Fe(NO3)3
16 Pb(NO3)2 36 MgSO4
17 (NH4)2CO3 37 BaCO3
18 HgCl2 38 ZnCl2
19 Na2SO4 39 FeSO4
20 NaNO3 40 Mg(NO3)2

5
Preparation of salts in the laboratory

Method of preparation depends on the ..

Preparation of
salts Reaction : .. reaction
Reaction : .. reaction
Procedure
Procedure
Choose a soluble salt solution containing cation of the insoluble salt
NO Choose a soluble salt solution containing cation of the insoluble salt
Soluble Choose a soluble salt solution containing anion of the insolube salt
Choose a soluble salt solution containing anion of the insolube salt
Mix the two solution
salt? Mix the two solution
Filter, wash and dry the precipitate
Filter, wash and dry the precipitate

YES

Reaction : .. [ acid + alkali SALT + water ]

YES Reaction : .. [ acid + alkali SALT + water ]
+ +
Na , K
Procedure
or NH4+ Procedure
Use titration method to neutralise a given volume of acid to obtain the
salt Use titration method to neutralise a given volume of acid to obtain the
salt solution
salt solution
Evaporate to saturate the salt solution
Evaporate to saturate the salt solution
Cool to allow crystallisation to occur
Cool to allow crystallisation to occur
Filter, wash and dry the crystals
NO Filter, wash and dry the crystals

Reaction :
Reaction :
Acid + Metal
Acid + Metal
Acid + Metal oxide
Acid + Metal oxide
Acid + Metal hydroxide
Acid + Metal hydroxide
Acid + Metal carbonate
Acid + Metal carbonate
Procedure
Procedure
Add excess solid to hot dilute acid
Add excess solid to hot dilute acid
Filter off the unreacted solid
Filter off the unreacted solid
Evaporate to saturate the salt solution
Evaporate to saturate the salt solution
Cool to allow crystallisation to occur
Cool to allow crystallisation to occur
Filter, wash and dry the crystals
Filter, wash and dry the crystals
Preparing Soluble salts of ammonium, sodium and potassium

Reaction : Neutralisation : acid + alkali SALT + water

Example
Acid + Alkali SALT + water
HCl(aq) + NH3(aq) NH4Cl(aq)
HNO3(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaNO3 (aq) + H2O(l)
2KOH (aq) + H2SO4 (aq) K2SO4(aq) + H2O(l)

This method involves four stages

A titration is carried out to determine the exact volume of an acid

needed to neutralise a fixed volume of an alkali solution with the help
of an indicator.
This volume of acid is then added straight to the same volume of alkali solution
without any indicator to obtain a pure salt solution
Crystallisation is carried out to obtain crystals of the salt
Recrystallisation is done to obtain pure crystals of the salt

Example :To prepare a pure sample of sodium chloride

Step 1 : Titration

1 A clean pipette is used to obtain 25cm3 of 2 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide solution.
The solution is transferred into a conical flask

2 2 to 3 drop of phenolphthalein are added to the alkali solution

3 A clean burette is filled with 2 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid. The initial burette
reading is recorded.

4 The hydrochloric acid is slowly added, with shaking, from the burette into the
conical flask.

5 The addition of hydrochloric acid is continued until the indicator just changes
colour from pink to colourless. The final burette reading is recorded. Based on
the burette reading, volume of hydrochloric acid required to neutralise 25cm3 of
sodium hydroxide is calculate.
 Step 2 : Obtain pure salt solution
3
1 25cm of the sodium hydroxide solution is pipetted into a clean conical flask.
No indicator is added.

2 From the burette, Vcm3 of the hydrochloric acid is added, with shaking, to be
alkali in the conical flask. The conical flask now contains a pure salt solution

Step 3: Crystallisation
1 The salt solution is poured into an evaporating dish.

2 The salt solution is gently heated to evaporate the solution to one-third its
original volume, producing a saturated solution.

3 The hot saturated salt solution is allowed to cool for crystallisation to take place.

4 The crystals formed are filtered out, washed with a dilute cold distilled water and
dried between sheets of filter paper.

Step 4: Recrystallisation
1 The crystals obtained in step 3 are placed in a beaker.

2 Distilled water is added to just cover the crystals. The mixture is gently heated
while stirring with glass rod. More distilled water is added a little at time until
all the crystals are dissolved.

3 The solution is filtered to remove impurities. The filtrate is collected in an

evaporating dish.

4 The solution is evaporated to one-third its original volume to obtain a saturated

salt solution.

5 The hot saturated solution is allowed to cool for crystallisation to take place

6 The crystals formed are filtered out, washed with a little cold distilled water and
dried between sheets of filter paper.
Mastery Exercise 8.3: Describe the preparation of soluble salts of Na, K and NH4+

Soluble salt Sodium Chloride, NaCl

Name two chemical
substances to prepare the 1. ....
salt
2.

Chemical equation
Procedure: (Diagram) Description
Preparing soluble salts OTHER THAN ammonium, sodium and potassium

Acid + Metal
Acid + Metal oxide
Acid + Metal hydroxide
Acid + Metal Carbonate

For the reaction between dilute acids and metals

Avoid using nitric acid : because it can act as oxidising agent, giving complicated mixture of products
Unreactive metals such as copper and silver do not react with dilute acids
Never attempt to react acids with very reactive metals such as sodium and potassium
[ reactions are very vigorous and may explode]

This method involves four stages

Add excess solid to hot dilute acid
Filter off the unreacted solid
Evaporate to saturate the salt solution
Cool to allow crystallisation to occur
measuring
1 A Filter, wash and dry
cylinder the crystals
is used to measure 50cm3 of 2 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid
into a beaker. The acid is carefully heated

2 A spatula is used to add copper(II)oxide powder bit by bit with stirring to the
hot acid until some Example :To dissolves
of it no longer prepare a pure sample of Copper(II)sulphate

3 The unreacted copper (II)oxide powder is removed by filtration . the filtrate is

poured into an evaporating dish
Step 1 : Add excess solid to hot dilute acid
4Step
The2 salt solutionoff
: Filter is gently heated tosolid
the unreacted evaporate the solution to one-third its
original volume to obtain a saturated solution.
Step 3 : Evaporate to saturate the salt solution
5 The hot saturated salt solution is allowed to cool for crystallisation to take
place.

6 The crystals formed are filtered out, washed with a little cold distilled water and
dried between sheets of filter paper
 Dissolving copper (II) oxide powder

Filtering the mixture

Step 4 : Cool to allow crystallisation to occur

Step 5 : Filter, wash and dry the crystals
1 The crystals obtained in Step 1 are placed in a beaker.

2 Distilled water is added to just cover the crystals. The mixture is gently heated
while stirring with a glass rod. More distilled water is added a little at a time
until all the crystals are dissolved.
Heating the salt solution
3 The solution is filtered to remove impurities. The filtrate is collected in an
evaporating dish.

4 The solution is evaporated to obtain a saturated salt solution

5 The hot saturated salt solution is allowed to cool for crystals to form

6 The crystals formed are filtered out, washed with a little cold distilled water and
dried between sheets of filter paper

Washing the crystals formed

Mastery Exercise 8.2: Describe the preparation of soluble salts (not Na, K, NH4+ salt)

Soluble salt Copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4

Name two chemical substances to
prepare the salt 3. ....

4.

Chemical equation

Procedure: (Diagram) Description

Preparing Insoluble salts

Method : Precipitation method through a double decomposition reaction

Example :

Lead (II) sulphate

Pb 2+
2+ SO2-42-
SO
Pb 4

2+ 2-
Cation = Pb Anion : SO4
Choose any soluble lead (II) salts Choose any soluble sulphate salts
Example : Lead (II)nitrate Example : potassium sulphate
Pb(NO3)2 K2SO4

Chemical equation : Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + K2SO4 (aq) PbSO4 (s) + 2KNO3(aq)

Choose a nitrate salts cation solution
Ionic equation[all nitrate
: Pb salts
2+ soluble in water]
(aq) + SO42- (aq) PbSO4 (s)

Choose a sodium/potassium salt anion solution

[ all sodium/potassium salt soluble in water]
Procedure

1 About 20cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 lead (II) nitrate solution is measured into a beaker.

2 About 20cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 potassium sulphate solution is measured and mixed with the solution in
the beaker. The mixture is stirred with a glass rod

3 The precipitate formed is removed by filtration. The precipitate is then washed with distilled water and
dried between sheets of filter paper
Mastery Exercise 8.4: Describe the preparation of insoluble salts

Soluble salt Lead(II) iodide, PbI2

Name two chemical substances to
prepare the salt 1. ....

2.

Chemical equation

Ionic equation
Procedure: (Diagram) Description
Constructing ionic equations using the continuous variation method

The ionic equation for the formation of an insoluble salt can be constructed
IF we know the number of moles of cation and anion
Reacted together to form 1 mole of the insoluble salt

Example :
(a) 1 mole of silver chromate (VI) is formed from 2 moles of Ag+ ions and 1 mole of CrO42-.

2 Ag+ (aq) + CrO42- (aq) Ag 2CrO4 (s)

the number of moles of cation and anion which combine to from 1 mole of the insoluble salt can be
determined from the experiment by

a continuous variation method

The method involved the following steps

1 Carry out a reaction between a fixed volume of reactant A with varying volumes of a second
reactant B

2 Determine the volume of reactant B required to react completely with the fixed volume of
reactant A

3 Use the results of the experiment to calculate the number of moles of reactant A and number of
moles of reactant B which reacted completely with each other.

4 Determine the simplest mole ratio of reactant A to reactant B which combines to form one mole of
the insoluble salt.

5 Use the ratio to construct the ionic equation

Exercise

10.0 cm of 1.0 mol dm-3 sodium iodide is poured to 8 different test tubes.
Different volume of 1.0 moldm-3 lead(II) nitrate are added to each test tube.
The height of precipitate formed in each test tube is measured.
The graph below is obtained when the height of precipitate is plotted against the volume of lead(II) nitrate solution.

Height of
precipitate/
cm

Volume of lead(II)nitrate / cm3

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

(a) Name the precipitate formed.

.......................................................................................................................................................
[ 1 mark ]

3
(b) 10 cm of 1.0 mol dm-3 lead(II) nitrate is added to 1.0 mol dm-3 sodium iodide solution.
Estimate the height of the precipitate formed.

......................................................................................................................................................
[ 1 mark ]

(d) Based on the above graph, what is the volume of lead(II) nitrate needed to completely react with
sodium iodide solution?

.....................................................................................................................................................
[ 1 mark ]

(e) Calculate
(i) the number of moles of potassium iodide in the reaction.

[ 1 mark ]

(ii) the number of moles of lead(II) nitrate that has completely reacted with potassium iodide
solution.

[ 1 mark ]
(f) Write the ionic equation for the formation of the precipitate.
 ......................................................................................................................................................
[ 1 mark ]

(g) The concentration of lead(II) nitrate is changed from 1.0 mol dm -3 to 2.0 mol dm-3 .
Sketch the graph obtained on the above graph.
[ 1 mark]

(h) The mixture in test tube 8 is filtered. State the observation when the sodium hydroxide solution is
added to the filtrate until in excess .

........................................................................................................................................................

.............................
[ 2 marks ]
Paper 3
Structured Question:

1 A student carried out an experiment to determine the ionic equation for the precipitation of
lead(II) iodide by the following steps:

Step I : 5.0 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm3 potassium iodide is poured into each test tube.

Step II: The volumes of 1.0 mol dm3 lead(II) nitrate solution added in each test tube are
shown in Table 1.

Step III: The test tubes are shaken and left for a while.

Step IV: The heights of the precipitate in each test tube are measured and recorded as in
Table 1.

Test tube 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Volume of 1.0 mol dm3 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
3
lead(II) nitrate solution/ cm

Height of lead(II) iodide 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 2.5 2.5
precipitate/ cm

TABLE 1
(a) Based on Table 1, plot a graph of precipitate height against volume of lead(II) nitrate
solution added by using a graph paper.
[3 marks]
(b) (i) What is the observation for the changes of precipitate heights?

_________________________________________________________________
[3 marks]
(ii) State an inference based on your answer in (b)(i).

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________
[3 marks]
Physical characteristics of crystals

Crystals have . faces,

straight edges and
angles.

same angle between adjacent

faces

.geometrical shapes

Crystals of the same substance

have same ... but
may be in different ...
8.2 Qualitative analysis of salts

Qualitative analysis
technique used
to identify present in the salt
by analysing and .. properties

Physical Chemical
properties properties

Colour Testing for gas

Solubility in water Action of heat on salts

Testing for Anion

Testing for Cation

Confirmatory test
Physical Properties
1. Color

Color
Salt
Solid Aqueous

Potassium salts
Sodium salts
Ammonium salts
Aluminum salts
Calcium salts
Lead(II)salts
Zinc salts white colorless
(with colorless anions)

Carbonate salts
Chloride salts
Nitrate salts
Sulphate salts
(with colorless captions)

Iron (II) salts

Iron (II)chloride
Green Green
Iron (II) nitrate
Iron(II)sulphate

Iron (III) salts

Iron (III)chloride
Brown Brown
Iron (III) nitrate
Iron(III)sulphate

Copper (II)salts
Copper (II)chloride
Blue Blue
Copper (II) nitrate
Copper (II)sulphate

Copper (II) carbonate Green Insoluble

2. Solubility in water

Type of salt Solubility in water

Ammonium salts
Sodium salts All are soluble
Potassium salts
Ethanoate salts
Nitrate salts SPA

Chloride salt All soluble :Except PbCl2, AgCl, HgCl2, [PAH-C]

Sulphate salts All soluble :Except PbSO4, Ag2SO4,BaSO4, CaSO4, [PABC-S]

Carbonate salts
All insoluble : Except Na2CO3, K2CO3, (NH4) 2CO3

All insoluble : Except : Na2O, K2O and CaO

Metal oxides
All insoluble : Except : NaOH, KOH, Ba(OH)2
Metal hydroxide
Chemical Properties

1. Testing for gas

Colour
Smell
Effect on litmus paper
Reaction with special reagents

Procedure Observation Characteristic

Ammonia gas Bring a piece of moist red blue colourless gas

red litmus paper to the pungent smell
mouth of the test tube

Hydrogen chloride gas use a glass rod to bring a dense white fumes are colourless gas
drop of concentrated formed
ammonia solution to the [wasap putih tebal]
mouth of the test tube

Hydrogen gas bring a lighted wooden Gas burns with a pop colourless gas
splinter to the mouth of sound
the test tube
Chlorine gas bring a piece of moist blue red. yellow gas
blue litmus paper to the It is then bleached pungent smell
mouth of the test tube

Sulphur dioxide gas bubble the gas through orange K2Cr2O7 solution colourless gas
acidified turn green pungent smell
K2Cr2O7solution //

acidified KMnO4 The purple KMnO4turns

solution colourless

Carbon dioxide bubble the gas through lime water turn colourless gas
lime water chalky//milky

Oxygen lower a glowing wooden Glowing splinter is colourless gas

splinter into the test tube relighted

Nitrogen dioxide bring a piece of moist blue litmus paper turns brown colour gas
blue litmus paper to the red pungent smell
mouth of the test tube,

observe the colour of the brown gas is evolved

gas produce
2. Action of heat on salts
A colour change
Evolution of a gas
Liberation of water vapour
Examination of the (a) residue [cation]
(b) gas liberated [anion]

Carbonate salts CO2

Nitrate salts NO2 + O2

Sulphate salts NO2

Chloride salts NH3 + HCl
Metal nitrite + H2O
Metal oxide Metal
+ O2 + N2O2
+ O2 + O2
no other
+ NO2 + NO2
residue
3. Testing for Anion

CO32- Cl- SO42- NO3-

1 2 3 4

H+

H+

Ag+

H+

Ba2+

H+

Fe2+

H+

Hajat Hati Agong Balik Haji Hendak Fitrah Harta

4. Testing for Cation
Confirmatory tests for Fe2+, Fe3+, Pb2+ and NH4+

NH4+

Pb2+
Fe2+

Fe3+
UNKNOWN SALT
 3. Add ________ water 1. Physical 2. Observed _______ of salts
properties

4. Effect of ______ 5. Test for gases

Soluble Gas Reagent Inference :

? released
Presence of
Yes
CO2 CO32-
Ion in aqueous
Damp blue litmus paper
solution Cl2

SO42-

6. Confirmatory tests for ions NO2 NO3 -

7. Test for anions 8. Test for cation 9. Test for specific cations

Using NaOH Using NH3 (aq)

SPM 2004

1. The diagram shows the crystalline structure of salt, NaCl

 Which of the following is not a characteristic of the crystal of NaCl?
A. It has sharp corners
B. It has flat surfaces
C. It has an acute angle between the two adjacent surfaces
D. It has straight edges between two adjacent surfaces

2. Which of the following ions form a white precipitate that dissolves in excess sodium hydroxide solution?
I. Al3+ III Pb2+
II Mg2+ IV Zn2+

A. I and II only
B II and IV only
C I, II and III only
D I, III and IV only
SPM 2005

3.Gas X is passed into an acidic dichromate solution.

The colour of the solution changes from orange to green.
What is gas X?
A. Sulphur dioxide
B. Hydrogen chloride
C. Nitrogen dioxide
D. Chlorine

SPM 2006

4.Diagram 9 shows the set up of the apparatus of an experiment

 What is the process shown in Diagram 9?
A. Preparation of insoluble salt
B. Preparation of soluble salts
C. Purification of insoluble salt
D. Purification of soluble salt.

5.You are asked by your teacher to verify the cation and anion in a sample of ammonium chloride salts
solution. What substance can you use to verify the cation and anion?
Cation Anion
A. Nessler reagent Dilute nitric acid and silver nitrate
B. Nessler reagent Dilute hydrochloric acid and barium chloride
C. Potassium thiocyanate Dilute nitric acid and silver nitrate
D. Potassium thiocyanate Dilute hydrochloric acid and barium chloride

SPM 2007

6.The following equation shows the decomposition of copper (II) carbonate when heated at room
temperature and pressure
CuCO3 CuO + CO2
Which of the following is not true when 1 mol of copper(II)carbonate is decomposed?
A. 1 mol of copper (II) oxide is formed
B. 1 molecule of carbon dioxide gas is given off
C.80 g of copper (II) oxide is formed
D. 24dm3 of carbon dioxide gas is given off

PAPER 2 , Q5

Table 5 shows Experiments I and II in the preparation of salts

(a) State one observation in Experiment I.

.
[1m]
(b) Based on Experiment II:
(i) State the reason why copper (II) oxide powder is added in excess?
.
[1m]
(ii) State how the excess copper (II) oxide powder can be separated from the products?
.
[1m]
(iii) State the chemical equation for the reaction that take pace in Experiment II.
.
[1m]
(iv)Calculate the maximum mass of the salt formed.
Use the information that the relative atomic mass of O = 16, S = 32 and Cu = 64.

[2m]
(c) Experiment I is repeated. Sulphuric acid is replaced by hydrochloric acid of the same concentration.
Predict the volume of hydrochloric acid required for a complete reaction.
..
[1m]

(d) There are several steps in the preparation of salts in each of the Experiment I and II. State one difference
in the steps between the two experiments.

Experiment I Experiment II

(e) (i) State the type of reaction in the preparation of salts in Experiment I and II.
.
[1m]
(ii) State one type of reaction in the preparation of salt other than that in (e)(i)
..
[1m]

SPM 2005, Q4

Table 4 shows the positive and negative ions in three salt solution
 Name of salts Positive ion Negative ion
2+
Copper (II) sulphate Cu SO42-
Sodium sulphate Na+ SO42-
Lead (II) sulphate Pb2+ NO3-

Table 4
Use the information in Table 4 to answer the following question
(a) What is another name for a positively charged ion?
.
[1m]
(b) Name the ions in copper (II) sulphate solution
ion
ion [1m]

(c) Write the formula for sodium sulphate.

[1m]
(d) When 10cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 sodium sulphate solution is added to excess lead (II) nitrate solution, a
white precipitate is formed.
(i) Write the chemical equation for the reaction
[2m]
(ii) Describe the chemical equation in (d)(i)
.
.
[1m]
(iii) Name the white precipitate
.
[1m]
(iv) Calculate the number of mole of sodium sulphate in the solution.
Use the formula : Number of mole = Volume x Concentration

[1m]
(v) Calculate the mass of precipitate formed.
Given that the relative atomic mass of O=16, S=32, Pb=207.
Use the formula : Mass = Number of mole x Relative molecular mass

[2m]
SPM 2003 ,Sec C, Q10
 SPM 2005,Sec B, Q8

SPM 2008 ,Sec C, Q10

(b) Lead(II)sulphate is insoluble in water.

Describe the preparation of lead(II)sulphate in the laboratory.
In your description, include the chemical equation involved.

[10M]
Bonus

1. Figure 2 shows a flow chart summarizing the series of changes for a compound T.

Solid T

Heated
up + dilute
nitric acid

Solid U + Gas V Solution Y + Gas V

+ dilute Heated
hydrochloric up
acid

Solution Solid U + Gas Y + Gas Z

W

+ ammonia
solution

White precipitate
soluble in excess

Solid U is yellow in colour when hot and white in colour when cooled.

(a) What is solid U?

...
[ 1 mark ]
(b) Name the cation and anion in solid T.

...
[ 2 marks ]

(c ) (i) Name gas V.

[ 1 mark ]
 (ii) What is observed when gas V is passed through limewater?

..
.
[ 1 mark ]

(iii) Write the chemical equation for reaction between gas T with lime water.

..
.
[ 3 marks ]

(d) Write the chemical equation to represent the effect of heat on solid T. [ 1 mark ]

.....
[ 1 mark ]

(e) (i) Name solution Y.

..
.
[ 1 mark ]

(ii) Describe briefly a chemical test to identify the anion in solution Y.

..
.

..
.

..
.
[ 3 marks ]

(f) Name the type of reaction which occurs when solid U reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to form
solution W.

...
[ 1 mark ]

(g) (i) What are gas Y and gas Z ?

..
.
[ 2 marks ]
 (ii) Write the balance chemical equation for the effect of heat on solution Y.

..
.
[ 1 mark ]

2. Figure 3 summarises the series of reactions that involves lead compounds.

Heated up
Lead(II) +
nitrate Solid J Mix of gases K and
L

Add dilute Add dilute nitric

hydrochloric acid
acid

White
precipitate Solution N
M
Figure 3

(a) What is solid J ?

..
.
[ 1 mark ]

(b) What is the colour of solid J when hot and cooled ?

..
.
[ 1 mark ]

(c ) Write a balance chemical equation to represent the effect of heat on lead(II) nitrate to form solid J
and a mixture of gas K and N.

..
.
[ 3 marks ]

(d) (i) Name precipitate M.

 ..
.
[ 1 mark ]

(ii) State a way to test compound M.

..
.
[ 1 mark ]

(iii) Write the ionic equation to show then formation of precipitate M.

..
.
[ 1 mark ]

(e) Sodium hydroxide solution is added little by little into solution N until there is no more change.
What can be observed ?

..
.
[ 1 mark ]

(f) How can you obtain dry crystal salt, N , from solution N ?

..
.

..
.

..
.
[ 3 marks ]

(g) A piece of zinc is put into solution N.

(i) Predict the observation.

..
.
[ 1 mark ]
(ii) Write the chemical equation to represent the reaction which has occurred.

...
[ 1 mark ]
 3. Figure 3 shows a series of process done by a student to identify a compound J.

Gas K
Compound J [Brown
Heat colour and
acidified]

Dissolved in Gas L
water [Colourless]

White
precipitate
Q
Dissolved in Reaction I Reaction II
excess Colourless J White
sodium + NaOH (aq) solution + Na2SO4 (aq) precipitate R
hydroxide
Figure 3

(a) With refer to reaction I, white precipitate Q is formed which is soluble in excess sodium hydroxide
solution. Name all the ions which are probably presence in solution J.
 ..
.
[ 1 mark ]

(b) Referring to reaction I and II, name the cation presence in solution J.

..
.
[ 1 mark ]

(c ) Write down the ionic equation for the reaction forming the white precipitate, R.

..
.
[ 3 marks ]

(d) (i) Name two cations which produced white precipitate that will not dissolve
in excess sodium hydroxide solution.

...
[ 1 mark ]

(ii) State one confirmatory test for one cation presence in (d)(i).

..
.
[ 3 marks ]
Essay questions

1. (a) What is the meaning of salt ? [ 1 mark ]

(b) (i) State four types of preparation reaction for insoluble
iron(II) chloride. [ 4 marks ]
(ii) For each type of reaction in (b)(i), write a chemical equation for salts prepared
through the reactions mentioned. [ 4 marks ]
(c ) You are required to prepare zinc sulphate salt.
Chemical compounds provided are listed as follows:

Dilute sulphuric acid

Sodium carbonate solution
Zinc nitrate solution
 Describe a laboratory experiment how you can prepare zinc sulphate salt that is dry. In your
description, include the chemical equations involved.
[ 11
marks ]

2. (a) What is meant by precipitation reaction ? [ 1 mark ]

(b) Describe how you can use ammonia solution to differentiate the
following solutions.

Potassium nitrate solution

Zinc sulphate solution
Magnesium chloride solution

(c ) A solution contains iron(II) ion cation. Describe briefly three laboratory experiment for you
to confirm the presence of iron(II) ion in the solutions.
[ 6 marks ]

(d) Describe a laboratory experiment to prepare lead(II) nitrate crystal salt in the laboratory. In
your description, write the chemical equations for the reactions involved. [ 9 marks ]