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Chap # 6

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A linear amplifier provides amplification of a signal without

any distortion so that the output signal is an exact amplified
replica of the input signal.

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The sinusoidal source voltage causes the base voltage to vary

sinusoidally above and below its dc bias level, . The resulting
variation in base current produces a larger variation in collector
current because of the current gain of the transistor.

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As the sinusoidal collector current increases, the decreases.
varies in phase with
varies 1800 out of phase with

Transistor produces a phase inversion between the base

voltage and the collector voltage.

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To visualize the operation of a transistor in an amplifier

circuit, it is often useful to represent the device by a model
circuit.

A transistor model circuit uses various internal transistor

parameters to represent its operation.

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The five r parameters commonly used for BJTs are given in

Table

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The effect of is usually very small can neglect (short ckt)

The effect of is usually several hundred Kilo Ohm open ckt

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The is most important of r parameters

At 200
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The output signal is 1800 out of phase with the input signal.

As the input signal voltage changes, Base current changes.

Resulting in a change in collector current.

Base current increases

Collector current increases
Causing increase voltage drop across

This increase in the voltage across RC means that the voltage

at the collector decreases. So, any change in input signal
voltage results in an opposite change in collector signal
voltage, which is a phase inversion.

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To analyze the amplifier, the dc bias values

must first be determined.

To do this, a dc equivalent circuit is

developed by removing the coupling and
bypass capacitors because they appear
open as far as the dc bias is concerned.

This also removes the load resistor and

signal source. The dc equivalent circuit is
shown in Figure

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Theveninizing the bias circuit and applying

KVL to the base-emitter circuit.

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To analyze the ac signal operation of an amplifier, an ac

equivalent circuit is developed as follows:

1. The capacitors C1, C2, and C3 are replaced by effective shorts

2. The dc source is replaced by ground.

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An ac voltage source, Vs, is connected to the input.
If the internal resistance of the ac source is 0 then all of the source
voltage appears at the base terminal.
If, however, the ac source has a nonzero internal resistance, then
three factors must be taken into account in determining the actual
signal voltage at the base.

1. Source Resistance( )

2. Bias resistance (1 ||2 )

3. AC input resistance
(() )

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Input resistance at the base

Output resistance

Actually = || , but since the is

typically much larger than , the approximation is
usually valid.

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= =

As
& =

= =

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Attenuation is the reduction in signal voltage as it

passes through a circuit and corresponds to a gain of
less than 1.

For example, if the signal amplitude is reduced by

half, the attenuation is 2, which can be expressed as
a gain of 0.5 because gain is the reciprocal of
attenuation.

This attenuation is produced by the source resistance

and total input resistance of the amplifier acting as a
We know that
voltage divider and can be expressed as
()
+ () =
= = + ()
()

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The overall voltage gain of the amplifier, , is the voltage

gain from base to collector, , times the reciprocal of the


attenuation, .

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The emitter bypass capacitor, 2 , provides an effective short to

the ac signal around the emitter resistor, thus keeping the
emitter at ac ground.

=
+
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Gain without capacitor

= = 1.76
+
Gain with Capacitor

= = 152

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()
() = =
+
When () < , because of , the voltage gain is reduced.
However, if then () and the load has very little effect on the gain.

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1 5
() = =
+ 6

() = 833

() 833
= = = 127
6.58
Note: When there was no load
resistance, the gain was = 152

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Stability is a measure of how well an amplifier maintains its design

values over changes in temperature or for a transistor with a
different
Although bypassing does produce the maximum voltage gain,
there is a stability problem because the ac voltage gain is
dependent on

=

depends on and on temperature gain unstable
With no bypass capacitor, the gain is decreased, however the gain
is much less dependent on .
If , the gain is essentially independent of

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Swamping is a method used to minimize the effect of

without reducing the voltage gain to its minimum value.

In a swamped amplifier, is partially

bypassed so that a reasonable gain can
be achieved, and the effect of on the
gain is greatly reduced or eliminated.

Both resistors (1 + 2 ) affect the dc bias

while only 1 affects the ac voltage gain.

If 1 > 10 , =
1

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What would be the voltage gain without C2?

What would be the voltage gain with C2 bypassing both

1 + 2

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When completely bypassed

() =

When emitter resistance is partially bypassed

() = + 1

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 a) Determine the dc collector voltage 36
b) Determine ac collector voltage
c) Draw the total collector voltage
waveform and total input voltage
waveform

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