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    Jour101 PDF

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    IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 45, NO. 3, JUNE 1938 3 Letters to the Editor. PWM Converters with Resistive Input ‘Sam Ben-Yaakov and Iya Zeltser Abstract —An average modeling methodology is proposed for deriving pulsewidth modulation (PWM) programming rules that cause de-de converters to look resistive at the input terminals. The method can be useful in the design of active power factor correcors that do not need to sense the input voltage. Index Terms—Power factor, modeling, simalation. 1. ItRopucTION ‘The current interest in active power factor correction (APFC) (1}+{5] prompts investigators to look for improved methods to shape the input current of pulsewidth modulation (PWM) converters. To groups of solutions have been proposed hitherto: 1) those that rely fon direct current feedback {2] and 2) those that apply indirect input current control (3}-{5]. Here, we present an average modeling ‘methodology that can help to derive indirect contol schemes for input curent shaping of PWM convenrs, 1. Tae Boost ToroLocy ‘The proposed methodology will fist be described in relation to the Boost convener (Fig. 1(a)]. Its assumed thatthe converter is driven by a duty cycle Day and that it operates under contiquous current ‘mode (CCM) conditions. As showin previously (6), (7), the function of the converter can be represented by the behavioral model of Fig. 1(b). One can now apply a power circuit theory corollary, i., under stable conditions, the average voltage across a power inductor must be zero (otherwise, the current will rise to infinity). Assuming that the ciruitis stable (see below), this implies (Fig. 1(b)] Vin = Daa Vo O) where Dosis (1-Don). Vie is the average input voltage, and Vs isthe average output voltage. Averaging is over one switching cycle under the assumption thatthe switching frequency is much higher than the bandwidth of Uj, and of Vs. Since the average input current I is equal (othe average inductor current [,, (1) can be manipulated to the form —< Via _ D. Ta Te ° ‘To make the input resistive with an input resistance Re. we require Dats pena = Oa ° ‘That is, a resistive input will be observed if Dox is programmed according to the rule Dost he 0< Dag ct 4 Manuscript received September 30.1997; revised February 17, 1998 ‘The authors are with the Power Electonics Laboratory, Department of| Electrical and Computer Engineering. Ben-Gurion University ofthe Negev, Beer-Sheva, 86105 fal ‘Publisher Item Identifier S 0278-0046 98035436 “dome” Soms” éoms © Fig. 1. (a) The Boost conver, (b) its behavioral average mode! afte (5) and {6), and (c) results of average simulation when applying this behavioral model, while D, is programmed according 0 (4) which implies that the input signal to the PWM modulator, used to generate Dag. should be proportional to the average current of the inductor. It should be noted that this relationship introduces negative feedback and, hence, helps to insure stable operating conditions. ‘The control concept of (4) was tested by manning a behavioral SPICE simulation (6) {7] on the model of Fig. 1(b), For the results presented in Fig. 1(c), Dor was set according to (4), (R,/Vs) was 0.127 A!.Viy = [310sin(27508)|(V), where £ is time (5). Other parameters were Fy = 144 9.C, = 1000 yF.andZ = 1 mH. The ‘equivalent circuit used in the simulation included an independent source and two behavioral depended sources and all the passive components (Fig. 1(b)]. The definition of the behavioral voltage depended source was (11 -0.127-V.), while that of the current source was (17-0.127) where Iz isthe sensed current ofthe inductor, and ¥, is the voltage ofthe output node, respectively. Dusing the simulation run, the system reached a steady-state output voliage of 380 V, while the input current clearly demonstrates the resistive nature of the converter’s input terminals (Fig. 1c). In APFC systems, V, needs to be stabilized and Re adjusted as a function of the load and input voltage. One possible way to achieve this is proposed in Fig. (2). The voltage error amplifier (E/A) should hhave a slow response, so as not 10 react within the mains cycle, The ‘multiplier () generates the programmed voltage thats modulated by the PWM modulator to obtain Do. This control scheme was tested by a PSPICE (Microsim Company) cycle-by-cycle simulation. The parameters of the power stage and modulator were as given above. ‘The bandwidth ofthe £/A was 10 Hz, the switching frequency was 50 ktiz, and the bandwidth of the low-pass filter (Fig. (a)] was 80 kHz, IIL. Exmession To OraeR PWM ToroLocres Following the same derivation progedure, the programming rules for other PWM topologies are easy to develop. For example, in the (0278-00469851000 © 1998 IEEE. so IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 45, NO. 3, TUNE 1998 “doms_ Sams Time o) oA, ‘Some ams Fig. 2. (a) Possible realization of proposed control method ant () rests of ecle-by-cycle simulation ofits performance Buck topology, the average voltage across the inductor is (Vig = Don + Vs), while the input current to the converter is (Iz. » Dog) ‘Manipulating these expressions, the programming rule for Buck is found to be fe Pow =Vip 0S Pee sh 3 For Buck-Boost, the programming rile is V+ FSR Dag = SAME AES, 0c Dn <1. VSO. © Clearly, out ofthe three basic PWM topologies, the Boost program- ming rule isthe simplest. For the other topologies, a more elaborate modulator will have to be used. ‘The generic methodology presented above for deriving program- ming rules to obtain resistive inputs applies the average inductor current as a control signal. However, since the average switch current and average diode current are a function ofthe inductor's current, the ‘programming rules can be made dependent on the average diode or switch current. For example, since the average switch turrent (3 ) is related to the average inductor cureat [6 {7] by sw Tn = o the programming rule for the Boost converter can be modified to _ Wet Woda ee This programming rule [3] and the one that applies the average diode current [4] can, thus, be considered private cases ofthe generic input current shaping methodology presented here. O

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