Internetworking

1
Agenda
Internetworking Basics
Internetworking Model
The OSI Reference Model
Ethernet Networking
Wireless Networking
Data Encapsulation

Computer Network by P.It-arun

Computer Engineering Dept, RMUTT. 3
Possible causes of LAN traffic
congestion are
Too many hosts in a broadcast domain
Broadcast storms
Multicasting
Low bandwidth
Adding hubs for connectivity to the network
A large amount of ARP or IPX traffic (IPX is a
Novell

Computer Network by P.It-arun

Computer Engineering Dept, RMUTT. 4
Network Segmentation
Collision domain
Broadcast domain

Computer Network by P.It-arun

Computer Engineering Dept, RMUTT. 5
 Computer Network by P.It-arun
Computer Engineering Dept, RMUTT. 6
Two advantages of using routers in
your network are
They dont forward broadcasts by default.
They can filter the network based on layer

3 (Network layer) information (i.e., IP

address).

Computer Network by P.It-arun

Computer Engineering Dept, RMUTT. 7
Four router functions in your network
can be listed as
Packet switching
Packet filtering
Internetwork communication
Path selection

Computer Network by P.It-arun

Computer Engineering Dept, RMUTT. 8
Internetworking Model
The Layered Approach
Advantages of Reference Models
It divides the network communication process into smaller and
simpler components, thus aiding component development,
design, and troubleshooting.
It allows multiple-vendor development through standardization
of network components.
It encourages industry standardization by defining what
functions occur at each layer of the model.
It allows various types of network hardware and software to
communicate.
It prevents changes in one layer from affecting other layers, so it
does not hamper development.

Computer Network by P.It-arun

Computer Engineering Dept, RMUTT. 9
The OSI Reference Model
The upper layers

Computer Network by P.It-arun

Computer Engineering Dept, RMUTT. 10
The lower layers

Computer Network by P.It-arun

Computer Engineering Dept, RMUTT. 11
Layer functions

Computer Network by P.It-arun

Computer Engineering Dept, RMUTT. 12
Application Layer
The Application layer of the OSI model marks the spot
where users actually communicate to the computer.
Sample ->
World Wide Web (WWW)
E-mail gateways
Electronic data interchange (EDI)
Special interest bulletin boards
Internet navigation utilities
Financial transaction services13

Computer Network by P.It-arun

Computer Engineering Dept, RMUTT. 13
The Presentation Layer
It presents data to the Application layer
and is responsible for data translation and
code formatting.
This layer is essentially a translator and
provides coding and conversion functions.
A successful data-transfer technique is to
adapt the data into a standard format
before transmission.

Computer Network by P.It-arun

Computer Engineering Dept, RMUTT. 14
The Session Layer
The Session layer is responsible for setting up,
managing, and then tearing down sessions
between Presentation layer entities.
This layer also provides dialogue control
between devices, or nodes. It coordinates
communication between systems, and serves to
organize their communication by offering three
different modes: simplex, half duplex, and full
duplex.

Computer Network by P.It-arun

Computer Engineering Dept, RMUTT. 15
The Transport Layer
The Transport layer segments and reassembles
data into a data stream.
Services located in the Transport layer both
segment and reassemble data from upper-layer
applications and unite it onto the same data
stream.
They provide end-to-end data transport services
and can establish a logical connection between
the sending host and destination host on an
internetwork.

Computer Network by P.It-arun

Computer Engineering Dept, RMUTT. 16
 The Transport layer is responsible for
providing mechanisms for multiplexing
upper-layer applications, establishing
sessions, and tearing down virtual circuits.
The Transport layer can be connectionless
or connection-oriented.
Some of you are probably familiar with
TCP and UDP already.
Computer Network by P.It-arun
Computer Engineering Dept, RMUTT. 17
Flow Control
Data integrity is ensured at the Transport layer
by maintaining flow control and by allowing
users to request reliable data transport between
systems.
The segments delivered are acknowledged back to
the sender upon their reception.
Any segments not acknowledged are retransmitted.
Segments are sequenced back into their proper order
upon arrival at their destination.
A manageable data flow is maintained in order to
avoid congestion, overloading, and data loss.

Computer Network by P.It-arun

Computer Engineering Dept, RMUTT. 18
Connection-Oriented Communication

a call setup, or a three way handshake

Computer Network by P.It-arun

Computer Engineering Dept, RMUTT. 19
Transmitting segments with flow
control

Computer Network by P.It-arun

Computer Engineering Dept, RMUTT. 20
Windowing

Computer Network by P.It-arun

Computer Engineering Dept, RMUTT. 21
Acknowledgments
It guarantees that the data wont be duplicated
or lost.
This is achieved through something called
positive acknowledgment with retransmission a
technique that requires a receiving machine to
communicate with the transmitting source by
sending an acknowledgment message back to
the sender when it receives data.

Computer Network by P.It-arun

Computer Engineering Dept, RMUTT. 22
Transport layer reliable delivery

Computer Network by P.It-arun

Computer Engineering Dept, RMUTT. 23
The Network Layer
The Network layer (also called layer 3) manages
device addressing, tracks the location of devices
on the network, and determines the best way to
move data, which means that the Network layer
must transport traffic between devices that arent
locally attached.
Two types of packets are used at the Network
layer:
Data packets : routed protocol
Route update packets : routing protocol

Computer Network by P.It-arun

Computer Engineering Dept, RMUTT. 24
Routing table used in a router

Computer Network by P.It-arun

Computer Engineering Dept, RMUTT. 25
Here are some points about routers that you
should really commit to memory:
Routers, by default, will not forward any broadcast or multicast
packets.
Routers use the logical address in a Network layer header to
determine the next hop router to forward the packet to.
Routers can use access lists, created by an administrator, to control
security on the types of packets that are allowed to enter or exit an
interface.
Routers can provide layer 2 bridging functions if needed and can
simultaneously route through the same interface.
Layer 3 devices (routers in this case) provide connections between
virtual LANs (VLANs).
Routers can provide quality of service (QoS) for specific types of
network traffic.

Computer Network by P.It-arun

Computer Engineering Dept, RMUTT. 26
The Data Link Layer
The Data Link layer provides the physical
transmission of the data and handles error
notification, network topology, and flow
control.
The Data Link layer formats the message
into pieces, each called a data frame, and
adds a customized header containing the
hardware destination and source address.

Computer Network by P.It-arun

Computer Engineering Dept, RMUTT. 27
Data Link layer with the Ethernet
and IEEE specifications.

Computer Network by P.It-arun

Computer Engineering Dept, RMUTT. 28
The IEEE Ethernet Data Link layer
has two sublayers:
Media Access Control (MAC) 802.3 Defines
how packets are placed on the media.
Contention media access is first come/first
served access where everyone shares the
same bandwidthhence the name. Physical
addressing is defined here,
Logical Link Control (LLC) 802.2
Responsible for identifying Network layer
protocols and then encapsulating them.

Computer Network by P.It-arun

Computer Engineering Dept, RMUTT. 29
Switches and Bridges at the Data Link Layer

Layer 2 switching is considered hardware-based

bridging because it uses specialized hardware
called an application-specific integrated circuit
(ASIC).

Computer Network by P.It-arun

Computer Engineering Dept, RMUTT. 30
The Physical Layer
we find that the Physical layer does two things: It sends
bits and receives bits. Bits come only in values of 1 or
0a Morse code with numerical values.
The Physical layer specifies the electrical, mechanical,
procedural, and functional requirements for activating,
maintaining, and deactivating a physical link between
end systems.
This layer is also where you identify the interface
between the data terminal equipment (DTE) and the data
communication equipment (DCE).

Computer Network by P.It-arun

Computer Engineering Dept, RMUTT. 31
Hubs at the Physical Layer
A hub is really a multiple-port repeater. A repeater
receives a digital signal and reamplifies or regenerates
that signal, and then forwards the digital signal out all
active ports without looking at any data.

Computer Network by P.It-arun

Computer Engineering Dept, RMUTT. 32
Ethernet Networking

Lecture 2-2

Computer Network by P.It-arun

Computer Engineering Dept, RMUTT. 33
The success of Ethernet is due to
the following factors:
Simplicity and ease of maintenance
Ability to incorporate new technologies
Reliability
Low cost of installation and upgrade

Computer Network by P.It-arun

Computer Engineering Dept, RMUTT. 34
802.3 Ethernet in Relation to The OSI Model

Computer Network by P.It-arun

Computer Engineering Dept, RMUTT. 35
IEEE 802.x Standards

Computer Network by P.It-arun

Computer Engineering Dept, RMUTT. 36
Ethernet Technologies Mapped to the OSI model

Computer Network by P.It-arun

Computer Engineering Dept, RMUTT. 37
Ethernet Addressing
We get into how Ethernet addressing works. It
uses the Media Access Control (MAC) address
burned into each and every Ethernet Network
Interface Card (NIC).

Computer Network by P.It-arun

Computer Engineering Dept, RMUTT. 38
MAC Address Format

Computer Network by P.It-arun

Computer Engineering Dept, RMUTT. 39
Generic Frame Format

Computer Network by P.It-arun

Computer Engineering Dept, RMUTT. 40
IEEE 802.3

Computer Network by P.It-arun

Computer Engineering Dept, RMUTT. 41
Ethernet II Frame Format

Computer Network by P.It-arun

Computer Engineering Dept, RMUTT. 42
Ethernet II and IEEE 802.3 Frame Format

Computer Network by P.It-arun

Computer Engineering Dept, RMUTT. 43
Media Access Control (MAC)

Computer Network by P.It-arun

Computer Engineering Dept, RMUTT. 44
MAC Rules and Collision
Detection/Backoff

Computer Network by P.It-arun

Computer Engineering Dept, RMUTT. 45
MAC Rules and Collision
Detection/Backoff

Computer Network by P.It-arun

Computer Engineering Dept, RMUTT. 46
Ethernet Timing

Computer Network by P.It-arun

Computer Engineering Dept, RMUTT. 47
Interframe Spacing

Computer Network by P.It-arun

Computer Engineering Dept, RMUTT. 48
Backoff

Computer Network by P.It-arun

Computer Engineering Dept, RMUTT. 49
Error Handling

Computer Network by P.It-arun

Computer Engineering Dept, RMUTT. 50
Types of Collisions

Computer Network by P.It-arun

Computer Engineering Dept, RMUTT. 51
The effects of having a CSMA/CD network
sustaining heavy collisions include

Delay
Low throughput
Congestion

Computer Network by P.It-arun

Computer Engineering Dept, RMUTT. 52
Ethernet Errors

Computer Network by P.It-arun

Computer Engineering Dept, RMUTT. 53
Ethernet Errors

Computer Network by P.It-arun

Computer Engineering Dept, RMUTT. 54
FCS Errors

Computer Network by P.It-arun

Computer Engineering Dept, RMUTT. 55
Parameters for 10 Mbps Ethernet
Operation

Computer Network by P.It-arun

Computer Engineering Dept, RMUTT. 56
Manchester Encoding Examples

Computer Network by P.It-arun

Computer Engineering Dept, RMUTT. 57
Parameters for 100-Mbps
Ethernet Operation

Computer Network by P.It-arun

Computer Engineering Dept, RMUTT. 58
MLT-3 Encoding Example (100Base-TX)

Computer Network by P.It-arun

Computer Engineering Dept, RMUTT. 59
NRZI Encoding Examples (100Base-FX)

Computer Network by P.It-arun

Computer Engineering Dept, RMUTT. 60
Parameters for Gigabit Ethernet
Operation

Computer Network by P.It-arun

Computer Engineering Dept, RMUTT. 61
Actual 1000Base-T Signal
Transmission

Computer Network by P.It-arun

Computer Engineering Dept, RMUTT. 62
Gigabit Ethernet Layers

Computer Network by P.It-arun

Computer Engineering Dept, RMUTT. 63
Gigabit Ethernet Media
Comparison

Computer Network by P.It-arun

Computer Engineering Dept, RMUTT. 64
Parameters for 10-Gbps
Ethernet Operation

Computer Network by P.It-arun

Computer Engineering Dept, RMUTT. 65
10GBASE LX-4 Signal Multiplexing

Computer Network by P.It-arun

Computer Engineering Dept, RMUTT. 66
Wireless Networking

Computer Network by P.It-arun

Computer Engineering Dept, RMUTT. 67
Benefits of WLANs

Computer Network by P.It-arun

Computer Engineering Dept, RMUTT. 68
Evolution of Wireless LANs

Computer Network by P.It-arun

Computer Engineering Dept, RMUTT. 69
Unlicensed Frequency Bands

Computer Network by P.It-arun

Computer Engineering Dept, RMUTT. 70
Wireless Technologies

Computer Network by P.It-arun

Computer Engineering Dept, RMUTT. 71
Distance Versus Speed

Computer Network by P.It-arun

Computer Engineering Dept, RMUTT. 72
Wireless Technologies

Computer Network by P.It-arun

Computer Engineering Dept, RMUTT. 73
In-Building WLANs

Computer Network by P.It-arun

Computer Engineering Dept, RMUTT. 74
The IEEE 802 Standards

Computer Network by P.It-arun

Computer Engineering Dept, RMUTT. 75
IEEE 802.11 Protocols

Computer Network by P.It-arun

Computer Engineering Dept, RMUTT. 76
IEEE 802.11 Standards

Computer Network by P.It-arun

Computer Engineering Dept, RMUTT. 77
Data Encapsulation

Computer Network by P.It-arun

Computer Engineering Dept, RMUTT. 78
Data Encapsulation

Computer Network by P.It-arun

Computer Engineering Dept, RMUTT. 79
 Computer Network by P.It-arun
Computer Engineering Dept, RMUTT. 80
 Computer Network by P.It-arun
Computer Engineering Dept, RMUTT. 81
Summary
OSI modelthe seven-layer model used to help application
developers design applications that can run on any type of system
or network. Each layer has its special jobs and select responsibilities
within the model to ensure that solid, effective communications do,
in fact, occur.
Remember that hubs are Physical layer devices and repeat the
digital signal to all segments except the one it was received from.
Switches segment the network using hardware addresses and break
up collision domains.
Routers break up broadcast domains (and collision domains) and
use logical addressing to send packets through an internetwork.

Computer Network by P.It-arun

Computer Engineering Dept, RMUTT. 82