A Juridical Curse from a Roman Mansion in the City of David

Author(s): Doron Ben Ami, Yana Tchekhanovets and Robert Walter Daniel
Source: Zeitschrift fr Papyrologie und Epigraphik, Bd. 186 (2013), pp. 227-236
Published by: Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/23850435
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 227

A JuRIDICAL CURSE FROM A ROMAN MaNSION IN THE ClTY OF AVID

I. The excavation of the mansion

A large pristyle building of the Late Roman period has been unearthed on the northern part of the hill
in Jerusalem known as the City of David during excavations that were conducted from the years 2007 to
2012 and are still ongoing.1 As the remains of this building were increasingly revealed, it became evident
that they constitute part of an extraordinary architectural complex. What has been excavated of the build
ing so far covers some 1500 sq. m., but it may be calculated that the entire building occupied an area of at
least 2000 sq. m. The building featured two large open courtyards adjacent to each other, one of which is
pristyle, with sris of rooms surrounding them on ail sides.
While the eastern part of this spacious architectural complex was built close to the crest of the hill, its
western part occupies a lower level on the incline that descends into the Tyropoeon Valley. In order to deal
with the natural topography of its actual location the builders constructed the western wing upon sets of
ground-floor rooms while the eastern part was only one level high.
The rooms on the Upper floor had mosaic floors and their walls were adorned with fresco and stucco
dcorations. This may be inferred from the large quantities of fresco and stucco fragments, as well as frag
ments of mosaics that were uncovered in the building's collapse together with a number of architectural
elements. An abundance of Roman tiles found in the collapse, ca. 100 of which bear the Tenth Roman
Legion's stamp impression, point to a large tile roof that originally covered the diffrent units. The archi
tectural wealth of this building, and especially the finds unearthed within its collapse, notably a marble
head of a boxer, carved bones with mythological scenes, a few gems, and other finds, ail attest to its clear
Roman nature.

The archaeological evidence suggests that the structure came to a violent end. The latest coins found
under the collapse in the diffrent rooms are from the year 361 CE, suggesting that the collapse of the
building was a consquence of the earthquake that occurred in Palestine on 18/19 May 363 CE. In this
respect it is worth noting that, without exception, no single coin retrieved from secure loci inside the build
ing is dated later than 363 CE.
The foundation of the building in the 3rd Century CE may be determined by coins found in one of its
walls. Most noteworthy is a provincial Roman coin from the reign of Diocletian (Alexandria mint) of the
year 285 CE. It provides a terminus post quem for the foundation of the building.2 Accordingly, the build
ing was in use for a relatively short period - from its establishment in the late third Century CE to its demise
early in 363 CE.
In view of the building's date of construction in the Late Roman period, its overall plan and architec
tural characteristics, as well as the finds originating in it that bear Roman affinities, it was evidently an
integral part of the Roman city. Its discovery provides firsthand archaeological evidence of the southward
expansion of the Roman occupation over the southern part of Jerusalem in the late third Century CE. The

1 The excavations were conducted by two of the undersigned authors, Doron Ben-Ami and Yana Tchekhanovets, on
behalf of the Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA) and have been financed by the ELAD Association. The area Supervisors were
H. Ben-Dov, S. Cohen, D. Gutreich, F. Kobrin, A. Shatil, D. Tanami and A. Zilberstein. The excavations owe a great deal to
their meticulous and devoted work. D. Ariel provided valuable advice when it came to the numismatic readings. Organiza
tional assistance that made it possible for the tablet to be brought to Cologne for decipherment was provided by H. Cotton
of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, by the Israel Antiquities Authority Artifact Treatment Department and its director
Z. Greenhut, and by W. Eck of the University of Cologne. In Cologne the tablet was studied by R. Daniel, in part but with profit
in a papyrological seminar with the students T. Backhuys, L. Cazzadori, T. Ford, E. Skarsouli, G. Tsompanoudis and N. Vega
Navarrete. The tablet was carefully opened and cleaned by E. Kupershmidt of the IAA metal laboratory and photographed by
C. Amit. To all of these individuals the three authors extend their thanks.

2 This terminus applies only to the construction of the specific wall in which the coin was found. Final analysis of the finds
might possibly produce an earlier terminus post quem.

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228 D. Ben Ami - Y. Tchekhanovets - R. W. Daniel

previously accepted view according to which the eastern hill lay out
must be reconsidered in light of new archaeological evidence.
The major question that still remains open is what the nature and
answer will hopefully be provided by fll exposure of its diffrent unit
be provided if more could be known of the activities and/or relationship
text inscribed on a lead tablet that was found in the mansion.
It is a magical tablet and bears the excavation number B.81885. It was found in Room 5027, one of
the north-western rooms in the building. The excavations of the huge collapse in this room have revealed,
among many other finds, fresco and mosaic fragments, roof tiles with the Tenth Roman Legion's stamp
impression, opus sectile marble fragments, Beith Natif figurines, and a large number of carved bone inlays
that appear to have served as dcoration for a box. Like many other finds in this room, the magical tablet
was found high above its floor. Apparently, these objects originated in a room located on the second story,
directly above Room 5027 of the ground floor. When the building collapsed, the rooms on the second story
feil inward and their contents were spread across the entire surface of the accumulated collapse that came
to rest on the ground floor.
The following dition of the magical tablet thus has the benefit of a secure archaeological context, pro
viding it with a cultural and historical setting and solid criteria for its dating.

II. A juridical curse by Kyrilla against Iennys

IAA inv. B.81885 H W: 11.5 6.7 cm. 285-363 CE

Horizontal creases show that the tablet was folded from

edge, which was on the outside of the folded object, is b
are possible traces of border fines, but nothing similar
2-4 mm.

The text on the Jerusalem tablet, henceforth referred to as "J", is a curse of a certain Kyrilla against
a man called Iennys (probably a variant of Ianns). Since the small script is rapid and fluent, suggesting
practice at inscribing leaden tablets, it is likely that J was not written by Kyrilla herself but by a professional
magician. His orthography is generally sound, though he occasionally confused the vowels and , and
, and and .
The curse was probably motivated by a legal controversy. This is not immediately obvious, but is sug
gested by the formula at its core (11. 9-16). Kyrilla writes that she strikes and nails down the tongue, eyes,
wrath, ire, anger, procrastination and opposition of Iennys so that he may not oppose her in word or deed. If
the striking and nailing down are left side, the wording resembles a formula used in the third-century CE
curse tablets from Kourion in Cyprus, in the following referred to as "K" or the "K-curses". These longer,
more elaborate K-curses are ail of a juridical nature and ail based on the same template. The formula in
them that bears comparison with that in J followed a model that will have run as follows:

, ' .

"of my adversary NN, bind and put to sleep the tongue, the wrath and the anger which he NN has
against me NN, so that he cannot oppose me in any (legal) matter."

3 Bahat, Illustrated Atlas, 59,61; Tsafrir, Topography, 161.

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 A Juridical Curse from a Roman Mansion in the City of David 229

The K-curses themselves use the actual names of the parties.4 The formula in the K-curses resembles that
in J in the following ways:

(i) The tongue, the part of the body typically bound in juridical curses,5 is the first item in the lists of
parts of the body, affects and (in J) activities of the persons targeted in J and K.
(ii) Both check the opponent's wrath and anger, his and , to which J adds synonymous 'pic.
(iii) The lists in J and are followed by purpose clauses stating that the adversary may not oppose the
practitioner.
(iv) While curses usually name only the persons targeted, J and contain the names of the persons who
lay the curses.6

Since the formula in the K-curses was based on a handbook model for a juridical curse, it is probable that
actual or potential litigation prompted Kyrilla to write the prsent curse against Iennys. Even without the
parallels provided by the K-curses, one might infer with likelihood that legal controversy motivated the
writing of J from its Cluster of words pertaining to opposition, , and
(for parallels, see 11. 14-16 comm.).
Apart from this formula, two other dtails point to an affinity of J with the K-curses. Both refer to the
gods of the underworld with the phrase instead of the usual (see 1.1 comm.) and both
contain hexameters (see 11.20-21 comm.).
In spite of these similarities, the hammering and the nailing, which figure prominently in the core for
mula of J, are not found in nor are they typical of ancient Greek curses in gnral. In fact the only magical
texts in which these words play a rle are a few thief-detection spells which prescribe that the practitioner
should hammer or pierce with a nail the drawn image of an eye to cause pain in the eye of the thief and so
make him reveal himself (see 11. 9-10 comm.). The prsent curse, however, does not seem to be concerned
with theft or the dtection of a culprit. It seems rather that the hammering and the nailing are special forms
of magical binding. While the words might be purely metaphorical, it seems more likely that Kyrilla actu
ally used a hammer and nail(s) while carrying out a magical rite designed to enhance the efficacy of the
curse. If she hammered and nailed several objects, they might have symbolized the seven items in the list
of Iennys' bodily parts, affects and behaviors. If it was just a single object, then it probably symbolized the
first item in that list, Iennys' tongue, or more generally the person of Iennys. Whatever this object was, it
was probably not the leaden sheet itself. To judge from its physical condition, it was neither pounded with
a hammer nor pierced with nails. Its lacunae do not look like nail holes but seem to be the typical resuit of
the damage that occurs to leaden tablets while laying in the ground or during opening.
The text allows us to say nothing with certainty about the nature of the building or specific room in
which the tablet was found. The juridical curse against Iennys might have been deposited in or close to a
place where he lived or worked or in the vicinity of a courtroom.

4 So, e.g., I. Kourion 129 (= DT 24).14-16 xrjc [ ]

[ , ] .
The same formula survives in another eleven of the sixteen K-curses published to date: 7. Kourion 127,131, 133-140 and 142
(= DT 22,26,28-35 and 37).
^ See Ogden, Binding Spells, 27.
6 As noted, for example, by Drew-Bear, Imprcations, 85.

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230 D. Ben Ami - Y. Tchekhanovets R. W. Daniel

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 A Juridical Cur se from a Roman Mansion in the City of David 231

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232 D. Ben Ami - Y. Tchekhanovets - R. W. Daniel

1 [] , , []
,
, " , ,
4 , ,
,

,
8
.
,
,
12 []

,
,
16
[], '
]
, '
20 . ,
[] . 3 ~
U.X17XSZCI
[ ]
24 []

3 : ex 6-7 : ex ? 8 1. 10 18

Translation:

Corne to me, you who are in the earth, chthonic daemon, you who rule and bind, Abrasax; come,
Hecate, three-form queen, Ereschigal; come to me, king Pluto, by your great name Yesemmigadon;
come to me, chthonic Earth and chthonic Hermes and Pluto and queen Persephone. I strike and
strike down and nail down the tongue, the eyes, the wrath, the ire, the anger, the procrastination,
the opposition of Iennys, whom the womb bore, so that he in no way oppose, so that he say or
perform nothing adverse to Kyrilla, whom the womb bore, but rather that: Iennys, whom the womb
bore, be subject to her. Lady Phersephoneia, fulfill this perfect spell. (magical signs and letters) ne
euia [ ]a ath Iabth lath Iabch amabth Jabch.

Commentary:
1-2 [] , , [] I : this invocation has several elements in common with PGM
V 248-49 , , (), I , , . The phrase
in that papyrus is presumably identical in meaning not only with of the prs
ent tablet but also with in the hexametric frst lines of the juridical curses from Kourion,
' (7. Kourion 127, 130, 131, 134, etc. = DT 22, 25, 26,
29, etc.). The use of in the sense of is difficult to parallel elsewhere. In view of other
similarities between the prsent curse and the Kourion curses (see introduction and 1. comm.), the fact
that they share / in this meaning is probably not mere concidence.
[] : also in 11. 4, 7 and (without ) 3. For magical prayers beginning with and repeating
, or , cf. PGM III 339-41 [, ][ ],
, [] ; I 26-29 , , []
, [; VII 961-66 , ,
, ' , . For such elements

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 A Juridical Curse from a Roman Mansion in the City of David 233

at the beginning of magical prayers, see also the examples cited below on 11. 5-6, and those cited and
discussed in Graf, rayer in Magic, 189-93.
[]: the top of the first , which was apparently written large, is still visible.
[] or, with the spelling in 1. 8, [],
2-3 : the same pair of epithets in a circus curse from Carthage, DT 253.34-35
ce [ ] .
3 : for Abrasax, one of the most conspicuous gods of the magical panthon throughout the late
ancient world, in magical texts from Palestine/Judaea, cf. e.g. CIIPII 1680.9 and 1699 with comments
and literature; also Youtie-Bonner, Curse Tablets from Beisan, no. I i 18 (p. 55).
3 , : the writer first wrote by haplography and after correcting to continued with
. The obliques of in cross, making the letter look like a small .
3-4 , , : for Hecate as , cf. DT 242.39, PGM XXXVI 190,
Athenaeus VII 235b, and see Kraus, Hekate, 102-12. Since the title "queen" suits Hecate7 as well
as Ereschigal8, one might also punctuate , . But the diffrence
is negligible, since Hecate is identified with Ereschigal in this text as, for example, in the title of
a charm against fear of punishment, PGM LXX 4 , or in
Michel, Magische Gemmen Br. Mus. I, no. 60, on which three-form Hekate is depicted on its front
and inscribed on its back. On Ereschigal, an originally Babylonian goddess whose name
appears frequently in late ancient magical texts and who is often identified with Kore/Persephone/Hek
ate/Selene, see Brashear, Introduction, 3585; Michel, loc. cit.
5 : the well known king of the underworld is addressed as such also in Suppl. Mag. I
42.35 and 40 .
5-6 cou : perhaps, with the preceding (1. 4), "corne to me with your great
name". But there is no close parallel. Perhaps a here omitted ce or
accounts for the dative, cf. PGM IV 1784-86 ce, , cou
, VII 559-60 , ,
(). For following or , cf. PGM IX 11-13
cou , , XIII3-5 ,
ce, .
6-7 : corrected from or vice versa. There is a similar correction of the at the end of
in 1. 18, and appears to be written instead of in 'Ivvuc for (11. 10 and 19). On the
confusion of the two letters, see Gignac, Grammar 1,262-65.
The magical name is common in late ancient magical texts, see Brashear, Intro
duction, 3600, also the remarks in P. Mich. XVI, p. 39.
8 for : the confusion of ai and (cf. Gignac, Grammar I, 278-86) is found also in 1. 22 ,
if it is for .

: most of the has been obliterated by corrosion.

9-10 : the hammering and nailing recall the wording and practices
prescribed in several ancient and mdival spells designed to detect a thief. They prescribe that an
image of an eye be drawn. According to two magical papyri the practitioner should strike ( or
) the image of the eye with a hammer () to affect the thief's eye and so make it pos
sible to identify him; cf. PGM V 70-95, esp. 90-95 ocov () ,
, .
and similar Suppl. Mag. II 86 ii 1-8. Several Byzantine thief-detection formulas, on the other
hand, prescribe the piercing of the image of the eye with a nail (). Cf. Delatte, Anecdota Atheni
ensia I, 611.1-7 (oculi
figura) - , , (charaktres).

7 C.Hymn. Orph. 1.5 , PGM IV 2607 .

8 SEG XLVIII 1306.2-3 xc ()aciAiccac , cf. A. Mastrocinque, ZPE 120 (1998) 112.

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234 D. Ben Ami - Y. Tchekhanovets -R.W.. Daniel

.
, -
; cf. also 67.11-17 and 625.17-22. The prsent curse combin
detection spells in the papyri and the nailing found in the Byzantin
diffrent, and the drawing of an eye plays no role at all. See above,
10 : a personal name spelled (the nominative in 1.
ably an orthographie variant of the Semitic name , gene
.9 There are apparently two misspellings, for (cf. G
(see above on 11. 6-7). Furthermore, instead of the expected ge
tablet has (for ). The dental ending may have
sion of personal names such as , or ,
Semitic with its genitives in - and -.11 Possibly
century P. Lond. IV 1430.85, if is for genitive () w
(cf. Gignac, Grammar 1,118-19). For in early Byzantine d
XX 14189.2 (Nablus) and SEG LV 1696 (Tyre).
10-11 6v I : also in 11. 17-18 and 19-20. Persons in
identified by / plus the name of the mother (see C
but the prsent text belongs to a small group of spells that use who
occurs with or without the name of the mother in the genitive; on
160 (comm. on 1. 9).
11-14 I [] I
number of items is seven might have magical significance. Many
among the parts of the body or soul that are singled out in oth
combination (or vice versa) is common in wrath
Sappl. Mag. II 57.4, DT 22.28) and, together with , in juri
rion referred to in the introduction. Hitherto unattested in such lis
. No problem is posed by , which suits and
home before and in 11. 14-16. But the diff
vi are almost totally obliterated) calls for special attention, since the
this rare word is Comm. in Arist. Graeca XX1.2, 176.29, where
in Aristotle Rhet. .3, 1406a37. Since the prse
influence a legal dispute, probably means "delaying, proera
14-16 , '
opposition (, , also in 13-14) r
K-curses cited above in the introduction, but also PGM 15c.2-4
. For similar , , in juridical cu
also SEG XLVII 1442B.1-3 [ ] []
32, a spell for victory over a legal adversary ( [][]
the legal adversary of the great god himself, who is commande
[ ] (), (r. ) [ ] []
: the letters are certain, though most is lost in a small h
its edges.
: usually middle, but cf. active in just-
: also in PGM III 7 and XIa 25.
9 Editors of papyri and inscriptions often rectify () to (). On t
pp. 55-56, and cf. nos. 997 and 1008 in refere
For , -rytoc, see Gignac, Grammar II, 22 (further examples in the
third-century Dura Europos, see R. N. Frye et al., YCS 14,1955,188 no. 191 an
no. 9.

'1 See Bauer-Danker, Lexicon, s.v. 'Icocfjc.

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 A Juridical Curse from a Roman Mansion in the City of David 235

17 []: for the names and in Jerusalem and Caesarea, see CIIP 1.1, Index, 504
and II, Index, 893.
17-18 ]>v : in [ ] [ ]ov the first trace is an ascending oblique,
the next a descending one. The omicron is likely. One might expect here the mother's name, perhaps a
feminine ending in -rov and, in this case, nominative for genitive. But this possibility is challenged by
the writer's otherwise correct inflection of Greek forms and by the fact that a personal name does not
follow ov in 11.11 and 20. So it could be that the unread word is connected rather with
what follows. A possible reading is [][]. Perhaps the writer inverted , which would
be appropriate in this position, cf. DT 235.44-52
, .
18 : correction was involved in the last letter. It seems that the writer first incised a tall vertical for
, then an oblique to correct it to , and then changed his mind again and added the hoop of . For the
writer's confusion of and , see above on 6-7 .
is used similarly in PGM VII 940-69. This spell, headed by the words
, is intended primarily to subjugate: , ,
, (11. 966-68). The wrath-restrainers Suppl. Mag. II
57.43 and 58.11 have / .
19 the letters are badly damaged but certain. The omicron was spotted by G. Tsompanoudis.
20-21 , I [] : a dactylic hexameter. Except for the divine epithet,
it is identical to in the erotic spell Suppl. Mag. II 72 ii
24-25.12 The latter has been metrically reconstructed in another passage of the same papyrus (ii 13-14)
and in PGM TV 2938-39. Non-metrical versions of the same conclude other amatory spells,13 a charm
against headache,14 and another for the gathering of (presumably magical) herbs.15 Since verse is sel
dom inserted into curses (except for erotic defixiones), it is noteworthy that the juridical curses from
Kurion, which show other affinities with the prsent text (see intr.), begin with four dactylic hexam
eters, on which see Drew-Bear, Imprcations, 87-92. On the magical /, see RE Suppl.
IV, coll. 323-44 (F. Pfister).
21-22: For such magical signs, or charaktres, and Greek letters used as magical signs in the curse tablets,
magical papyri, lamellae and gems, see Brashear, Introduction, 3340-43; Michel, Magische Gemmen
Br. Mus. I, p. 374.
22 : printed separately, since a space prcds and a sris of twelve magical vowels seems to follow. Pos
sibly is here an orthographie variant of val. There is no parallel in the magical papyri for val before
a vowel sris, but magical names follow (, in PGM IV 1703-5 , '
. and Suppl. Mag. II 57.14 , , cici .
22-23 I [ ] : the number of vowels in this series apparently amounts to twelve, which might
have magical significance. Since the preceding might be , it could be that the series is treated as
one or more divine names in the vocative. Such vowel series are common in Greek magical texts; cf.,
e.g., PGM IV 528-29 , XIII 879-82
., and see Michel, Magische Gemmen Br. Mus. I, pp. 376-77 with further literature.
23-24 [] : cf., e.g., (PGM IV 3621),
(Suppl. Mag. I 42a.56), (PGM IV 2198) and (PGM XII 263). On , see RAC V, s.v.
Engel V, col. 217 no. 104 (J. Michel); cf. Suppl. Mag. I 49.50. For (or ) on magical gems,
see Michel, Magische Gemmen Br. Mus. I, no. 62.

For the metrical reconstruction of Suppl. Mag. II 72 ii 13-14, see pp. 110-11, and for that of PGM IV 2938-39, see
PGM Vol. 2, Hymn. 22.
13 PGM VII 991-92 ] [ ]; Suppl. Mag. II 72 ii 7-8 [] TIci,
.
14 PGMXX 4-5 [ ] [].
15 PGM IV 294-95 .

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236 D. Ben Ami - Y. Tchekhanovets - R. W. Daniel

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Doron Ben Ami, Israel Antiquities Authority, Jerusalem

dbenami@pluto.mscc.huji.ac.il

Yana Tchekhanovets, Israel Antiquities Authority, Jerusalem

yanatchk@gmail.com

Robert Walter Daniel, Institut fr Altertumskunde, University of Cologne

robert.daniel@uni-koeln.de

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