02 Feedstocks & Products

RefineryFeedstocks&Products
Properties&Specifications
Gases
Polymer- Sulfur
ization Plant
Sulfur
LPG
Sat Gas
Gas Plant
Butanes Fuel Gas

Alkyl
Feed LPG
Alkylation
Gas Polymerization
Separation & Naphtha
Stabilizer Isom-
erization
Light Naphtha
Alkylate
Aviation
Isomerate
Gasoline
Automotive
Gasoline
Reformate
Naphtha Solvents
Heavy Naphtha
Hydro-
Naphtha Reforming
treating Naphtha
Atmospheric
Distillation
Jet Fuels
Kerosene
Crude
Desalter Kerosene
Oil
Distillate Cat Solvents
AGO Hydro-
Naphtha Distillate
cracking Treating &
Hydro-
Blending
Heating Oils
treating
Gas Oil Fluidized
Cat Diesel
LVGO Hydro- Catalytic
treating Cracking Distillates
Vacuum
Distillation
Fuel Oil
HVGO
Cycle Oils
Residual
Fuel Oils
DAO
Solvent
Deasphalting SDA
Coker Asphalts
Bottoms
Naphtha Naphtha
Visbreaking Heavy Distillates

Fuel Oil
Coker Bottoms
Vacuum Gas
Lube Oil Lubricant
Residuum Oil
Solvent Greases
Dewaxing
Waxes
Waxes
Coking Light Coker
Gas Oil
Coke
Updated:July5,2017
2
Copyright2017JohnJechura(jjechura@mines.edu)
Topics
Quantity&Quality
Chemicalcomposition
Distillationanalyses
Propertiesofdistillationfractions
Productsasdefinedbytheirproperties&specifications
Composition,boilingpointranges,and/orvolatility
Propertiesspecificforcertaindistillationfractions
Autoignitiontendency octane&cetanenumber
Updated:July5,2017
3
Quantity&Quality
Updated:July5,2017
CrudeOilasRefineryFeedstock
CrudeOil
Complexmixtureofhydrocarbons&heterocompounds
Dissolvedgasestononvolatiles(1000oF+boiling
material)
C1 toC90+
Compositionsurprisinglyuniform
Element Wt%
Carbon 84 87
Hydrogen 11 14
Sulfur 0 5
Nitrogen 0 0.2
Otherelements 0 0.1
Updated:July5,2017
5
PrimaryHydrocarbonMolecularTypes
Paraffins
Carbonatomsinterconnectedbysinglebond nHexane iHexane
Otherbondssaturatedwithhydrogen
Naphthenes
Ringedparaffins (cycloparaffins)
Allotherbondssaturatedwithhydrogen Cyclohexane Methylcyclopentane Decalin
Aromatics
Sixcarbonring(multiplebonding)
Bondsinring(s)areunsaturated
Olefins Benzene Naphthalene
Usuallynotincrudeoil
Formedduringprocessing
Atleasttwocarbonatomsinterconnected
by(unsaturated)doublebond 1Hexene trans3Hexene cis3Hexene
DrawingsfromNISTChemistryWebBook,http://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/
Updated:July5,2017
6
ExampleHeterocompounds
Composition&AnalysisofHeavyPetroleumFractions
ModelingandSimulationofCatalyticReactorsforPetroleumRefining.
K.H.Altgelt &M.M.Boduszynski
byJorgeAncheyta,JohnWiley&Sons,2011
MarcelDekker,Inc.,1994,pg.16
Updated:July5,2017
7
DistributionofCompounds
Carbon Boiling Point Paraffin

No. C F Isomers Examples
5 36 97 3 Gasoline
8 126 259 18
10 174 345 75
12 216 421 355
15 271 520 4347 Diesel & jet fuels, middle distillates
20 344 651 3.66E+05 Vacuum gas oil
25 402 756 3.67E+07 Atmospheric residue
30 449 840 4.11E+09
35 489 912 4.93E+11
40 522 972 6.24E+13
45 550 1022 8.22E+15
60 615 1139 2.21E+22 Vacuum residue
80 672 1242 1.06E+31
100 708 1306 5.92E+39 Nondistillable residue
Composition&AnalysisofHeavyPetroleumFractions
K.H.Altgelt &M.M.Boduszynski
MarcelDekker,Inc.,1994,pp.23&45
Updated:July5,2017
8
CrudeOilAssay
Indicatesdistributionquantity&qualityofcrudeoilfeedstock
Definitionsbaseduponboilingpointtemperatureranges
Representsexpected productsfromcrude&vacuumdistillation
Completenessofdatadependsuponsource
Qualitymeasures
Specific/APIgravity
Sulfurcontent
Octanenumber
Cetane number
Viscosity
Carbonresidue
Updated:July5,2017
9
97.8F
180F
Temperaturesdefinethe
boundariesbetween fractions
330F
520F
Mixedpropertyvaluesforthe
650F
entirefraction
800F
1000F
Updated:July5,2017
12
CrudeOilsAreNotCreatedEqual
Updated:July5,2017
13
CrudeOilProperties
Distillationanalysis/Boilingpointrange
Amountcollectedfrombatchdistillationattheindicatedtemperature
Standardizedtests ASTM2892(TBP),D86,D1160,
MostusefulisTBP(TrueBoilingPoint)
Specificgravity,o ratioliquiddensity@60oF&1atm tothatofwater@60oF

&1atm
Airsaturated: 8.32828lb/gal
PureWater: 999.016kg/m=8.33719lb/gal
APIgravity 141.5 141.5
API 131.5 o
Higherdensity loweroAPI o 131.5 API
Watsoncharacterizationfactor 3 Tb
12 13(paraffinic)to10(aromatic) KW Tb inunitsofR
o
Updated:July5,2017
14
CrudeOilProperties
Classificationbasedongravity Propertiesappropriateforcertainboiling
Light API>38o pointranges
Medium 38o >API>29o Octanenumber
Heavy 29o >API>8.5o Cetane number
Veryheavy API<8.5o Viscosities
Carbonresidue
Sulfur,nitrogen,&metalscontent
Allcanpoisoncatalysts
Sulfur
Sourvs.sweet ~0.5wt%cutoff
Restrictionsonsulfurinfinalproducts
Nitrogen
Usuallytolerateupto0.25wt%
Nickel,vanadium,copper
Tendtobeinthelargestmolecules/highest
boilingfractions
Updated:July5,2017
15
DistillationAnalysisTypes
TrueBoilingPoint(TBP)
ASTMD2892
14to18theoreticalstages
Nearinfinitereflux(5:1reflux
ratiomin)
Nohotterthan650oFto
minimizecracking
Maxvaportemperature410oF
Pressurelevels
760mmHg(1atm)
100mmHg
2mmHg(min)
ASTMD289213,StandardTestMethodforDistillationofCrudePetroleum(15
TheoreticalPlateColumn)
Updated:July5,2017
16
ASTMD86
Lowresolution nopacking,
refluxfromheatlosses
1atm;nohotterthan650oF
minimizecracking
CorrelationstocorrecttoTBP
basis 600
500
400
TBPTemperature[F]
300
200
100
http://www.koehlerinstrument.com/products/K45601.html
0
0 100 200 300 400 500
D86Temperature[F]
Updated:July5,2017
17
ASTMD1160
Usedonresids (650oF+)
Relativelylowresolution
Vacuumconditions 10to40
mmHg;nohotterthan1000oF
AEBP
Correlationstocorrectto
atmosphericpressure&TBP
basis
http://www.lazarsci.com/d1160.htm
Updated:July5,2017
18
ShortPathDistillation
Singlestageflash
Extremelylowpressures
0.1mmHgorless
Characterizedeepcutresids
http://www.chemtechservicesinc.com/shortpathdistillation.html
Updated:July5,2017
19
SimulatedDistillation ASTMD2887,D6352,D7169
Relativelylowresolutiongaschromatography
Severalthousandtheoreticalstages
EssentiallyTBPtemperatures wt%basis
Temperaturesinferredfromelutiontimes
Calibratedwithnparaffinmixture
Updated:July5,2017
20
CrudeOilAssay Hibernia(fromChevronsite)
Whole Light Medium Heavy Kero Atm Light Heavy Vacuum Atm
Crude Naphtha Naphtha Naphtha Gas Oil VGO VGO Resid Resid
TBP Temp At Start, C Start 10 80 150 200 260 340 450 570 340
TBP Temp At End, C End 80 150 200 260 340 450 570 End End
TBP Temp At Start, F Start 55 175 300 400 500 650 850 1050 650
TBP Temp At End, F End 175 300 400 500 650 850 1050 End End
Yield at Start, vol% 2.3 8.0 20.8 30.0 39.5 54.0 73.2 85.8 54.0
Yield at End, vol% 8.0 20.8 30.0 39.5 54.0 73.2 85.8 100.0 100.0
Yield of Cut (wt% of Crude) 4.4 11.5 8.5 9.1 14.6 20.0 13.7 16.7 50.4
Yield of Cut (vol% of Crude) 5.6 12.9 9.2 9.5 14.6 19.1 12.6 14.2 46.0
Gravity, API 33.5 81.9 54.8 47.3 40.2 33.9 27.3 20.2 10.0 19.6
Specific Gravity 0.86 0.66 0.76 0.79 0.82 0.86 0.89 0.93 1.00 0.94
Sulfur, wt% 0.53 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.05 0.27 0.57 0.91 1.46 0.96
Mercaptan Sulfur, ppm 0 0 0 1
Nitrogen, ppm 1384 0 0 0 1 56 579 2050 5860 2729
Hydrogen, wt% 16.2 13.9 14.2 13.7 13.2 12.9 12.5
Viscosity @ 40 C (104 F), cSt 6.73 0.48 0.67 1.04 1.72 4.10 19.04 3.05E+02 4.E+05 2.89E+02 Simpleanalysis
Viscosity @ 50 C (122 F), cSt 5.17 0.45 0.61 0.92 1.48 3.33 13.42 1.64E+02 1.E+05 1.62E+02
Freeze Point, C 51 -122 -96 -68 -39 -2 30 53 78 63
Freeze Point, F 125 -188 -141 -90 -39 28 87 128 172 146
Pour Point, C 7 -128 -101 -71 -42 -7 26 48 35 36
Pour Point, F 44 -198 -151 -96 -43 20 79 119 95 96
Smoke Point, mm (ASTM) 7 35 32 27 22 17 11 5 2 4
Aniline Point, C 77 71 53 55 61 70 84 95 106 94
Aniline Point, F 171 160 127 131 142 159 183 204 222 201
Total Acid Number, mg KOH/g 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Cetane Index, ASTM D4737 40 47 56
Diesel Index 57 131 70 62 57 54 50 41 22 39
Characterization Factor (K Factor) 12.0 12.6 11.7 11.8 11.8 11.8 12.0 12.0 12.1 12.0
Research Octane Number, Clear 71.8 64.1 37.3
Motor Octane Number, Clear 70.3 62.5
Paraffins, vol% 84.9 48.8 45.4 38.6
Naphthenes, vol% 15.1 32.4 39.5 40.9
Aromatics, vol% 0.0 18.8 14.9 20.0
Thiophenes, vol%
Molecular Weight 244 102 115 144 175 226 319 463 848 425
Gross Heating Value, MM BTU/bbl 5.88 4.84 5.37 5.55 5.72 5.87 6.04 6.23 6.50 6.24
Gross Heating Value, kcal/kg 10894 11589 11212 11121 11009 10896 10765 10595 10310 10582
Gross Heating Value, MJ/kg 45.6 48.5 46.9 46.5 46.1 45.6 45.0 44.3 43.1 44.3
Heptane Asphaltenes, wt% 0.1 0.6 0.2
Micro Carbon Residue, wt% 2.6 14.8 5.2 http://crudemarketing.chevron.com/cr
Ramsbottom Carbon, wt% 2.3 13.2 4.6
Vanadium, ppm 1 5 2
ude/north_american/hibernia.aspx
Nickel, ppm 1 4 1
Iron, ppm 1 3 1
Updated:July5,2017
21
CrudeOilAssay Hibernia(fromExxonMobilsite)
Vacuum
Hvy GasOil Vacuum
Whole Butane Lt. Naphtha Kerosene Diesel 650 Residue
HIBER11Z crude and Naphtha 165 330 480 1000F 1000F+
200to Lighter C5165F 330F165 480F330 650F480 650to 1000to
1499 200to60 60to165 to330 to480 to650 1000 1499
Cutvolume,% 100 1.51 5.68 14.83 14.76 17.03 28.89 17.29
APIGravity, 33.9 121.42 81.02 54.91 43.1 34.04 24.71 12.65
SpecificGravity(60/60F), 0.8555 0.5595 0.6658 0.7591 0.8104 0.8548 0.9058 0.9816
Carbon,wt% 82.43 83.95 85.88 86.21 86.51 86.39
Hydrogen,wt% 17.57 16.05 14.12 13.77 13.23 12.81
Pourpoint,F 37 62 17 103 103
Neutralizationnumber(TAN),MG/GM 0.095 0.054 0.116 0.212
Sulfur,wt% 0.54 0.0011 0.0213 0.2431 0.6814 1.4428
Viscosityat20C/68F,cSt 12.49 0.35 0.41 0.75 1.79 6.88 120.83 472934.04
Mercaptansulfur,ppm 1 1.5 2.1
Nitrogen,ppm 1350 0 0 0 0.2 88.5 1196.1 4868
CCR,wt% 2.45 0 0.26 11.9
NHeptaneInsolubles(C7Asphaltenes),wt% 0.3
Nickel,ppm
Vanadium,ppm
1.3
0.7
0
0
0
0
6.5
3.5 Simpleanalysis&
Calcium,ppm 0.5
ReidVaporPressure(RVP)WholeCrude,psi
HeatofCombustion(Gross),BTU/lb
3.4
19429 comparison
HeatofCombustion(Net),BTU/lb 18222 19288 18852 18626 18567
HydrogenSulfide(dissolved),ppm 0
Saltcontent,ptb 0.1
Paraffins,vol% 100 84.28 51.64 47.08 41.83 26.36
Naphthenes,vol% 0 14.13 31.88 32.71 34.07 37.12
Aromatics(FIA),vol% 16.48 16.9
Distillationtype,D 1160 86 86 86 86 86 1160 1160
ASTMIBP,F 17.9 127.8 95.9 208.1 363.8 506 690.6 1038.8
5vol%,F 135.3 94.6 101.4 213.7 368.2 510.8 695.2 1043.4
10vol%,F 201.5 52.1 106 216.6 370.4 512.9 706.3 1055.3
20vol%,F 306.9 10.5 110.9 223.6 375.5 518.9 728.3 1081.3
30vol%,F 403.1 29.8 114.6 231.7 381.8 526.3 752.6 1111.3
40vol%,F 497.7 35.9 117.1 240.8 389.1 535.3 778.5 1145.4
50vol%,F 597 35.8 121.9 249.1 396.4 543.8 806.4 1183.7
60vol%,F 705 38.8 129 258.8 405.1 553.8 835.7 1228.7
70vol%,F 806.7 43.7 134.1 269 414 564.5 865.7 1277.3
80vol%,F 925.9 47.3 139.3 279.9 423.8 576 897.7 1330.3
90vol%,F 1082.4 46.1 141.8 291.1 434 587.8 929 1385.2
95vol%,F 1213.2 46.1 144.4 297.4 439.8 594.4 947.8 1419.1
ASTMEP,F 1401.5 47.2 147 302.5 444.5 605 969.7 1458
Freezepoint,F 48.2 29
Smokepoint,mm 21.3
Naphthalenes(D1840),vol% 4.4
CetaneIndex1990(D4737), 33.1 152.4 44.1 29.4 43.8 54.1 56.9 45.5
Cloudpoint,F 54 24 http://www.exxonmobil.com/crudeoil/a
Anilinept,F 138.2 161.3 191.7
bout_crudes_hibernia.aspx
Updated:July5,2017
22
ComparisonofChevron&ExxonMobilAssays
Updated:July5,2017
23
ComparisonofChevron&ExxonMobilAssays
Updated:July5,2017
24
CrudeOilAssay Bakkenvs.otherlightcrudes
Property Bakken WTI

APIGravity 41 39
Sulfur,wt% 0.2 0.32
DistillationYield,volume%
LtEndsC1C4 3.5 3.4
NaphthaC5360F 36.3 32.1
Kerosene360500F 14.7 13.8
Diesel500650F 14.3 14.1
VacuumGasOil6501050F 26.1 27.1
VacuumResidue1050+F 5.2 9.4
BottomsQualityVacuumResid1050+F
Yield,Vol.% 5.2 9.4
APIGravity 14 11.4
Sulfur,Wt.% 0.75 1.09
Vanadium,ppm 2 87
Nickel,ppm 7 41
Concarbon,Wt.% 11.3 18.2
http://www.turnermason.com/Publications/petroleum Hill,D.,et.al.
publications_assets/BakkenCrude.pdf NorthDakotaRefiningCapacityStudy,FinalTechnicalReport
DOEAwardNo.DEFE0000516,January5,2011
Updated:July5,2017
25
CrudeOilAssay EagleFordvs.otherlightcrudes
METHODOLOGYANDSPECIFICATIONSGUIDE
TheEagleFordMarker:Rationaleandmethodology
Platts,McGrawHillFinancial
October2012
https://www.platts.com/IM.Platts.Content/MethodologyReferences/Method
ologySpecs/eaglefordmarker.pdf
Updated:July5,2017
26
Productsasdefinedbytheir
properties&specifications
Updated:July5,2017
PetroleumProducts
Therearespecificationsforover
2,000individualrefineryproducts
Tookafullcenturytodevelop
marketsforallfractionsofcrude
oil
Intermediatefeedstockscanbe
routedtovariousunitstoproduce
differentblendstocks
Highlydependentoneconomics
specifictothatrefinery&
contractuallimitations
Ref:Unknownorigin.PossiblySoconyVacuumOilCompany,Inc.(1943)
Updated:July5,2017
28
PetroleumProducts
RefineryFuelGas(StillGas) Lubricants
LiquefiedPetroleumGas(LPG) Wax
Ethane&EthaneRichStreams
Petrochemicals
Propanes
Butanes Sulfur
Gasoline
Naphtha
MiddleDistillates
Kerosene
JetFuel
Diesel,HomeHeating,&FuelOil
GasOil&TownGas
Asphalt&RoadOil
PetroleumCoke
EIA,refineryyielddata updatedApril7,2017
http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/dnav/pet/pet_pnp_pct_dc_nus_pct_m.htm
Updated:July5,2017
29
SourcesofProductSpecifications
State&Federalregulatoryagencies Industryassociations
Environmentallaws AmericanPetroleumInstitute
Reflectneedtoreducepollutionin GasProcessorsAssociation
manufacturing&useoffuels AsphaltInstitute
ASTM(AmericanSocietyforTesting Betweencompaniesbasedon
andMaterials)Specifications& typicalspecs
associatedtestprocedures Negotiated
Specificationsdraftedconsidering Deviationshavepredetermined
positionsofindustry&regulatory priceadjustments
agencies
Updated:July5,2017
30
WhatMakesGasolineGasoline?
WhatMakesDieselDiesel?
Gasoline Diesel
Mustbeagoodfuelinasparkignitedinternal Mustbeagoodfuelinanonsparkignited
combustionengine fuelinjectedinternalcombustionengine
Properatomization&vaporizationwhenmixed Properatomizationwheninjectedinto
withcombustionair compressedair
Boilingpointsofchemicalspecies Boilingpointrangeofmixture
Boilingpointrangeofmixture
Abilitytocompress&notignitepriortospark Abilitytoignitewheninjectedintocompressed
ignition air
Measuredasoctanenumber Measuredascetane number
Minimalcombustionbyproducts want Minimalcombustionbyproducts want
completecombustion completecombustion
Minimizeenvironmentalunfriendliness Minimizeenvironmentalunfriendliness
Volatilityinstoragetanks Volatilityinstoragetanks
RVP ReidVaporPressure Flashpoint
Individualchemicalspecies Individualchemicalspecies
Sulfurcontent Sulfurcontent
Benzene
Updated:July5,2017
31
CharacteristicsofPetroleumProducts
RefiningOverview PetroleumProcesses&Products,
byFreemanSelf,EdEkholm,&KeithBowers,AIChE CDROM,2000
Updated:July5,2017
32
FuelGasSpecifications
Parameter Specification
TemperatureRange 40Fto120F
Pressure 500to1,000psig
GrossHeatingValue 950 1050BTU/scf
HydrocarbonDewPoint1 10F 20F
Water 4or7lbs/millionscf
TotalSulfur 5to20grains/100scf
HydrogenSulfideH2S 4to16ppmv
Mercaptans 1to5grains/100scf
TotalNitrogen&CO2 4mol%
CO2 (alsoTotalN2 +CO2) 2to3mol%
Oxygen 0.1to0.4mole%
1Atpipelinepressure
Updated:July5,2017
33
LiquefiedPetroleumGas(LPG)
Commercial Commercial
Characteristic ASTMTest
Propane Butane
C3&C3= C4&C4= D126702
VaporPressure@100F 208 70 D126702
95vol%@maxF 37F +36F D183764
C4+max 2.5% D216377
C5+max 2.0% D216377
VaporpressurespecisactuallyanapproximateguidelinefordefiningthelightendscontentoftheLPGmixture.
Updated:July5,2017
34
NaturalGasolineSpecifications
Characteristic GPASpecifications ASTMTest

ReidVaporPressure 10to34psig D323
Evaporationat140F 25to85% D216
Evaporationat275F >90% D216
EndPoint D216
Updated:July5,2017
35
AviationGasolineSpecifications
Updated:July5,2017
36
MotorGasolineSpecifications
Updated:July5,2017
37
MotorGasolineVolatilityClasses(ASTMD481413)
Updated:July5,2017
38
OtherGasolineConsiderations
Reformulatedgasoline(RFG)blendedto Benzenecontent
burncleanerbyreducingsmogforming Conventionalgasolinecouldhave1.0
andtoxicpollutants vol%benzene(max)pre2011
CleanAirActrequiresRFGusedincities NewregulationsJan1,2011reduced
withtheworstsmogpollution benzeneinallUSgasolineto0.62vol%
CleanAirActrequiredRFGtocontain2 HadbeenproposedbyEPAunderMobile
wt%oxygen SourcesAirToxics(MSAT)Phase2
MTBE&ethanolwerethetwomost Creditsystemforrefinersthatcouldnot
commonlyusedsubstances meetthe0.62%limit
MTBElegislatedoutofusebecauseof
healthconcerns Sulfurcontent
Oxygenatecontentregulationsuperceeded EPAcallingforultralowsulfurgasolineby
bytheRenewableFuelStandard 2017 from30ppmw (Tier2)to10
ppmw (Tier3)
RBOB ReformulatedBlendstock for
OxygenateBlending
LowerRVPtoaccountfor1.5psiincrease
dueto10vol%ethanol
Updated:July5,2017
39
WhatareOctaneNumbers?
Tendencyforautoignitionupon
compression
Gasoline bad
Tendencyofgasolinetocause
pinginginengine nHeptane 0 2,2,4trimethylpentane 100
(issoctane)
Higheroctanenumberneededfor
higher
compressionratios
Differenttypes(typicallyRON>MON)
RON ResearchOctaneNumber
Partthrottleknockproblems
MON MotorOctaneNumber
Moresevere highspeed&
highloadconditions
(R+M)/2 RoadOctaneNumber
AlsoknownasAKI(AntiKnockIndex)
ReportedatthepumpintheU.S.
Updated:July5,2017
40
WhatisReidVaporPressure(RVP)?
Specifictesttomeasurevolatilityat Relativelyeasytomeasure
100oF(37.8oC) Directpressuremeasurement
insteadofobservationofbubble
Pressureat100oFwhenliquidin formation
contactwithairatvolumeratioof1:4
Relatedtothetruevaporpressure ProcedurescontrolledbyASTM
Similartovaporformationinan standards(ASTMD323)
automobilesgasolinetank A:Lowvolatility(RVPlessthan26
psi/180kPa)
Usuallyjustreportedaspsi B:Lowvolatility horizontalbath
Actuallygaugepressuremeasured C:Highvolatility(RVPgreaterthan
subtractoffthecontributionofthe 26psi/180kPa)
atmosphericpressure
D:Aviationgasoline(RVP
approximately7psi/50kPa)
Updated:July5,2017
41
WhatarealternateRVPliketests?
ASTMD5191 StandardTestMethodforVaporPressureofPetroleumProducts(Mini
Method)
Expandliquidfrom32oFto5timesitsvolume(4:1volumeratio)at100oFwithoutaddingair
ReferredtoastheDVPE(DryVaporPressureEquivalent)&calculatedfrommeasured
pressurevalue:
DVPE[psi]=0.965(MeasuredVaporPressure[psi]) 0.548[psi]
ASTMD6378 StandardTestMethodforDeterminationofVaporPressure(VPX)of
PetroleumProducts,Hydrocarbons,andHydrocarbonOxygenateMixtures(Triple
ExpansionMethod))
Expandliquidtothreedifferentvolumeratios
Nochillingofinitialsample sampleofknownvolumeintroducedtochamberat20oC(76oF)
orhigher
Threeexpansionsatacontrolledtemperature 100oFequivalenttoASTMD5190
Allowsfortheremovalofthepartialpressureeffectsfromdissolvedair
RVPE(ReidVaporPressureEquivalent)calculatedfromcorrelationtomeasuredpressure
minusdissolvedaireffects
Updated:July5,2017
42
MiddleDistillates
Generalclassifications Properties
Kerosene Flashpoint
Jetfuel Cloudpoint/Pourpoint
Distillatefueloil Anilinepoint
Diesel Cetane number
Heatingoil Viscosity
Water&sediment
Updated:July5,2017
43
DieselCetane Number
25
Onekeytodieselquality
RONExpression
Measurestheabilityforautoignition(essentiallythe 20 MONExpression
Cetane Number(CN)
oppositeofoctanenumber)
References:
15
nhexadecane(cetane) 100
Isocetane (2,2,4,4,6,8,8heptamethylnonane) 15
10
Maybemeasuredbytestenginebutfrequently
approximated
5
ASTMD976 StandardTestMethodsforCalculatedCetane
IndexofDistillateFuels
ASTMD4737 StandardTestMethodforCalculatedCetane
0
IndexbyFourVariableEquation 70 80 90 100
OctaneNumber(MONorRON)
Trends
Cetane numberhaddeclinedsincethemiddle1970s
Bowden,Johnston,&Russell,OctaneCetane Relationship,
heaviercrudeswithhigheraromaticcontent FinalReportAFLRLNo.33,March1974,
PreparedbyU.S.ArmyFuels&LubricantsResearchLab&SouthwestResearch
Trendstartingtoreversebecauseoftightoilfromshale Institute
formations
Morestringentemissionsrequirementsnecessitate
highercetane numbers
Updated:July5,2017
44
WhatisFlashPoint?
lowesttemperaturecorrectedtoapressureof101.3kPa (760mmHg)at
whichapplicationofanignitionsourcecausesthevaporsofaspecimenofthe
sampletoigniteunderspecifiedconditions
ProcedurestrictlycontrolledbyASTMstandards
D56TagClosedTester
D92ClevelandOpenCup
D93PenskyMartensClosedCupTester
D1310 TagOpenCupApparatus
D3143 CutbackAsphaltwithTagOpenCupApparatus
D3278ClosedCupApparatus
D3828 SmallScaleClosedTester
D3941 EquilibriumMethodwithClosedCupApparatus
Updated:July5,2017
45
OSHAFlammableLiquidDefinitions
GHS FlammableandCombustibleLiquidsStandard
(GloballyHarmonizedSystem) (29CFR1910.106)
FlashPoint BoilingPoint FlashPoint BoilingPoint
Category Class
C(F) C(F) C(F) C(F)
Flammable1 <23(73.4) 35(95) FlammableClassIA <22.8(73) <37.8(100)
Flammable2 <23(73.4) >35(95) FlammableClassIB <22.8(73) 37.8(100)
FlammableClassIC 22.8(73)&37.8(100)
Flammable3 23(73.4)&<60(140)
CombustileClassII 37.8(100)&<60(140)
Flammable4 >60(140)&93(199.4) CombustileClassIIIA 60(140)&<93.3(200)
None CombustileClassIIIB 93.3(200)
Source:OHSARIN1218AC20
https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2012/03/26/20124826/hazardcommunication#t8
Updated:July5,2017
46
WhatareCloud&PourPoints?
Indicatethetendencytoformsolidsatlowtemperatures thehigherthetemperature
thehigherthecontentofsolidformingcompounds(usuallywaxes)
CloudPoint
Temperatureatwhichsolids
starttoprecipitate&givea
cloudyappearance
Tendencytoplugfiltersat
coldoperatingtemperatures
PourPoint
Temperatureatwhichtheoil
becomesagel&cannotflow MeltingPointsofselectedlongchainnormal&iso paraffins
typicallyfoundinmiddledistillates
Solidificationofdieselfuelinafuelfilteringdeviceaftersuddentemperaturedrop
Considercatalyticdewaxing asatooltoimprovedieselcoldflowproperties,
Rakoczy &Morse,HydrocarbonProcessing,July2013
Updated:July5,2017
47
AdditionalSpecifications
Sulfur
Controlofsulfuroxidesuponcombustion
Threelevels,reductionforthetraditionalfivecategories
AnilinePoint
Minimumtemperatureatwhichequalvolumesofaniline(C6H5NH2)andtheoilare
miscible
Thelowertheanilinepointthegreaterthearomaticcontent
Viscosity
Fluidityduringstorageatlowertemperatures
Sediment&watercontent
Controllingcontamination
Updated:July5,2017
48
KeroseneSpecifications
Parameter Specification ASTMTestMethod

FlashPoint 100F ASTMD56
10%distilled,max 401F ASTMD86
FinalBoilingPoint 572F ASTMD86
0.04%(No.1)
No.1sulfur,max ASTMD1266
0.30%(No.2)
Burnquality pass ASTMD187
Updated:July5,2017
49
JetFuelSpecifications
Updated:July5,2017
50
StationaryTurbineFuel&DieselClasses
0GT Includesnaphtha,jetfuelB&othervolatilehydrocarbons
1GT ApproximatesNo.1FuelOil(D396)&1Ddiesel(D975)
2GT ApproximatesNo.2FuelOil(D396)&2Ddiesel(D975)
3GT ApproximatesNo.4&No.5fueloils
4GT ApproximatesNo.4&No.5fueloils
Mostlyfromvirginstock.Superdiesel.Usedforautos&high
No.1
speedengines.
Widerboiling&containscrackedstocks.Verysimilartohome
No.2
heatingfuel(w/oadditives).
Traditionallylargestvolumeproduced.Usedformarine,railroads,
No.4
&otherlowtomediumspeedpowerplants
Updated:July5,2017
51
DieselSpecifications
Updated:July5,2017
52
DieselSulfurContent
Sulfurlevelsdroppingbecauseofairqualityregulations
Since1993dieselfuelformulatedwith85%lesssulfur
LowSulfurDieselhadbeen500ppmsulfur
ULSD15ppm&requiredfor
onroadusagesince
January2007
Worldwide,sulfurspecs
continuingtodropto
meetU.S.&European
standards
Globalstatusofmaximumallowablesulfurindieselfuel,partspermillion(June2012)
SaudiArabiasplanfornearzerosulfurfuels,HydrocarbonProcessing,March2013
Updated:July5,2017
53
DistillateFuelOil
Onlygrades1and2haveboilingrange
specs(max)
No.1FuelOil minorproduct
No.2FuelOil domesticheatingoil
Similartomediumqualitydiesel2D
Madeinthewinterseasoninrefineries
whenautomotivefueldemandislower.
No.3FuelOil notproducedsince1948
No.4FuelOilforindustrialburner
installationswithnopreheatfacility
Sometimesamixtureofdistillate&
residualmaterial
Lowerviscosityheatingoil http://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/index.cfm?page=heating_oil_use
Updated:July5,2017
54
ResidualFuelOils
No.5FuelOil premiumresidual
fueloilofmediumviscosity,rarely
used
No.6FuelOil heavyresidualfuel
oil
Vacuumresid &cutterstockmix(to
decreaseviscosity)
Commonuse
Boilersforsteamturbinesof
stationarypowerplants
Marineboilers variationofBunker
C
Industrial&commercialapplications
Leastvaluedofallrefineryproducts
Historicallyonlyliquidproductworth
lessthanrawcrude
Updated:July5,2017
55
ResidualFuelOils
No.6FuelOil Markethasbeendeclininginlast20years
Morepowerplantsusecoalornaturalgas
Shipsusedieselformarinedieselsorgasturbines
Environmentalreductionsinsulfurlevels
Emissioncontrolareas(ECAs)willshifttolowsulfur(0.1wt%)marinegasoil
(MGO)ormarinedieseloil(MDO)
startingJanuary1,2015 U.S.,
Canada,Caribbean,&northern
Europe
Otheroptiononboard
emissionsscrubbingsystems
MethanoltakesonLNGforfuturemarinefuels,HydrocarbonProcessing,May2015
Updated:July5,2017
56
ASTMFuelOilSpecs
Updated:July5,2017
57
ComparisonKerosene/Jet/Diesel/HeatingOil
ASTMSpecificationsforMiddleDistillates
Property No.2Kerosene JetA JetB No.2DS15 No.2DS500 No.2HOS500

CetaneNumber min 40 40
Aromatics [vol%] max 25 25 35 35
Sulfur [wt%] max 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.0015 0.05 0.05
FlashPoint [C] 38 52 52 38
Distillation(D86)
T10 [C] max 205 205
T20 [C] max 145
T50 [C] max 190
T90 [C] min 282 282 282
[C] max 245 338 338 338
EP [C] max 300 300
DistillationResidue [vol%] max
DistillationLoss [vol%] max
FreezingPoint [C] max 40 50
PourPoint [C] max 6
CarbonResidue [wt%] 0.35 0.35 0.35
KinematicViscosity
@40C mm/s min 1.9 1.9 1.9
mm/s max 4.1 4.1 4.1
Updated:July5,2017
58
ComparisonofBoilingRanges
Updated:July5,2017
59
GasOil&TownGas
Historicalusage
Gasoilsusedtomaketowngasforillumination
Decomposedoveraheatedcheckerwork
Composedofcarbonmonoxideandcarbondioxide
Lowheatingvalue
Burnedcleanly
Easilydistributedforilluminationfuel
Displacedkeroseneinthecities electricityultimatelyeliminateditsuse
Gasoilnolongeraconsumerproduct
Tradedbetweenrefineries
Feedstockforcatalyticcracking&hydrocracking
Updated:July5,2017
60
LubricantTerminology
Phrase Meaning
Lubebasestock Lubeproductthatmeetsallspecifications&issuitable
forblending
Lubeslate Setoflubebasestocks,usually3to5
Neutrallubes Obtainedfromasidecutofthevacuumdistillationtower
Brightstocklubes Processedofvacuumresid fromthevacuumtower

bottoms
Updated:July5,2017
61
Lubricants
TerminologybasedsolelyontheViscosityIndex independentofthecrude
sourceortypeofprocessing
Paraffiniclubricantsareallgrades,bothbrightstock&neutral,withafinished
viscosityIndexmorethan75
NaphtheniclubricantsareallgradeswithaviscosityIndexlessthan75
Importantproperties
Kinematicviscosity(viscositydividedbymassdensity)
Color
Pourpointforcoldweatheroperation
Flashpoint
Volatilityforreducedevaporation
Oxidationstability
Thermalstability
Updated:July5,2017
62
SAEViscositySpecifications
Kinematicviscositymeasured Min
incentistokesbut Grade
MaxViscosity MaxViscosity Viscosity
specificationsarelabeledin (SUS)@0oF (SUS)@210oF (SUS)@
210oF
Saybolt Seconds(SUS)
Specificationsareestablished 5W 6,000
bytheSocietyofAutomotive 10W 12,000
Engineers 20W 48,000
SAEviscositywellknown
motoroilspecification(e.g., 20 58 45
10W30) 30 70 58
40 86 70
50 110 85
Updated:July5,2017
63
Asphalt
Importantproductintheconstructionindustry
Comprise20%oftheOtherProductscategory
Asphaltcanonlybemadefromcrudescontainingasphaltenic
material
Numerousdetailedspecificationsonthemanyasphaltproducts
AsphaltInstitute,LexingtonKentucky
Industrytradegroupforasphaltproducers&affiliatedbusinesses
AmericanAssociationofStateHighwayandTransportationOfficials
SponsorstheAASHTOMaterialsReferenceLaboratory(AMRL)attheNational
InstituteofStandardsandTechnology(NIST)
AmericanSocietyofTestingandMaterials(ASTM)
Updated:July5,2017
65
PetroleumCoke
GreenCoke Calcined Coke

Fixedcarbon 86% 92% 99.5%
Moisture 6% 14% 0.1%
Volatilematter 8% 14% 0.5%
Sulfur 1% 6% 1% 6%
Ash 0.25% 0.40%
Silicon 0.02% 0.02%
Nickel 0.02% 0.03%
Vanadium 0.02% 0.03%
Iron 0.01% 0.02%
Updated:July5,2017
66
SulfurSpecifications
Purity 99.8weight%sulfur,basedondryanalysis
Ash 500ppmwmaximum
Carbon 1,000ppm(weight)maximum
"Brightyellow"whensolidified.
Sulfurrecoveredbyliquidreductionoxidationprocesseshavecolordueto
Color
metals somepurchaserswillincludearequirementexcludingsulphur
recoveredfromtheseprocesses
H2S 10ppmw max(Importantforinternationaltransport&sales)
State Shippedaseitherliquidorsolid.Internationaltransportspecifiessolid.
Updated:July5,2017
67
Summary
Updated:July5,2017
Summary
Manyofthepropertiesarebasedupondistillation/evaporation
specifications
%DistilledatspecifiedTBPtemperature
Temperatureforspecified%distilled
Reidvaporpressure(RVP)
Manyspecificationsarespecificforcertainproducts
Octanenumber
Cetane number
Overlapofboilingpointrangesallowsflexibilityofrouting
intermediatestreamstomultipleproducts
Updated:July5,2017
69
SupplementalSlides
Updated:July5,2017
StandardConditions(Temperature&Pressure)
Standardconditionsmayvarybetweencountries,stateswithin
theUS,&betweendifferentorganizations
Standardtemperature 60oF
Mostothercountriesuse15oC(59oF)
Russiauses20oC(68oF)
Standardpressure 1atm (14.696psia)
Othertypicalvaluesare14.73psia (ANSIZ132.1)&14.503psia
Normalconditions
Almostexclusivelyusedwithmetricunits(e.g.,Nm)
IUPAC: 0oC&100kPa (32oF&14.50psia)
NIST: 0oC&1atm (32oF&14.696psia)
Updated:July5,2017
71
StandardLiquidVolumevs.StandardGasVolume
Standardliquidvolume volumeofastreamifitcouldexistinthe
liquidstateatthestandardconditions
Massflowrateconvertedtostandardliquidvolumeflowrateusingthe
specificgravityvalues
U.S.customaryflowrateunitsusuallybbl/day,bpd,orsbpd
Standard/normalgasvolume volumeofastreamifitcouldexist
intheidealgasstateatthestandardconditions
Molarflowrateconvertedtostandardidealgasvolumeusingmolar
volumeatstandardconditions
U.S.customaryflowrateunitsusuallyscfd
MetricflowrateunitsusuallyNm/day
Updated:July5,2017
72
StandardLiquid&GasVolumetricFlowRates
Standardliquidvolumeflow(sbpd): Specific
Gravity Rate Rate
lb Compound MolWt (60/60) [lb/hr] [lb.mol/hr]
m 100
hr Ethane 30.07 0.3562 19.0 0.632
VL
oW* lb Propane 44.10 0.5070 47.2 1.070
0.4941 8.3372
gal
Isobutane 58.12 0.5629 4.3 0.074
NButane 58.12 0.5840 19.0 0.327
gal hr bbl Isopentane 72.15 0.6247 2.1 0.029
24.4 24 NPentane 72.15 0.6311 8.4 0.116
hr day 42 gal Total 44.47 0.4919 100.0 2.249
bbl
13.9
day
Standardidealgasvolumeflow(scfd):
lb.mol ft 3
hr
VG nV
2.249
*
379.5 24
lb.mol day
IG
hr
ft3
20,480
day
Updated:July5,2017
73
CrudeOilAssay TenSectionField(Textpg.416)
IncrementCumulative Corrected Corrected Mid-Cumulative

Fraction mm Hg F vol% vol% SpGr F Cumulative Amount API
756 82 IBP 82.3 1.8 0.9
1 756 122 2.6 2.6 0.644 122.3 4.4 3.1 88.2
2 756 167 2.3 4.9 0.683 167.3 6.7 5.5 75.7
3 756 212 5.0 9.9 0.725 212.3 11.7 9.2 63.7
4 756 257 7.9 17.8 0.751 257.3 19.6 15.7 56.9
5 756 302 6.2 24.0 0.772 302.4 25.8 22.7 51.8
6 756 347 4.9 28.9 0.791 347.4 30.7 28.3 47.4
7 756 392 4.6 33.5 0.808 392.4 35.3 33.0 43.6
8 756 437 5.2 38.7 0.825 437.4 40.5 37.9 40.0
9 756 482 4.9 43.6 0.837 482.4 45.4 43.0 37.6
10 756 527 6.2 49.8 0.852 527.4 51.6 48.5 34.6
11 40 392 4.3 54.1 0.867 584.0 55.9 53.8 31.7
12 40 437 5.2 59.3 0.872 635.0 61.1 58.5 30.8
13 40 482 5.3 64.6 0.890 685.5 66.4 63.8 27.5
14 40 527 3.2 67.8 0.897 735.7 69.6 68.0 26.2
15 40 572 5.4 73.2 0.915 785.4 75.0 72.3 23.1
Residuum 25.0 98.2 0.984 100.0 87.5 12.3
Total 98.2 0.858

Loss 1.8
Reported 0.854
Stepsforthisexample
Updated:July5,2017
74
CrudeOilAssay WTI(fromOGJarticle)
Steps
Updated:July5,2017
75
SAE902098GasolineBlendStockAnalyses
Table 7 Analyses of Blending Components
Light Cat
Blending Cat Cracked Cat Cracked Cracked Light Heavy Full Range Light St C6 Light Mid Cut Heavy
Component Naptha #1 Naptha #2 Naptha Alkylate Alkylate Reformate Run Naptha Isomerate Reformate Reformate Reformate
Gravity, API 52.1 51.9 66.8 72.3 55.8 44.2 81.8 83.0 72.0 32.8 29.8
Aromatics, vol% 35.2 35.9 17.6 0.5 1.0 61.1 2.2 1.6 4.8 94.2 93.8
Olefins, vol% 32.6 25.4 44.9 0.2 0.9 1.0 0.9 0.1 1.5 0.6 1.9
Saturates, vol% 32.2 38.8 37.4 99.3 98.1 37.9 96.9 98.3 93.7 5.1 4.2
Benzene, vol% 1.06 1.23 1.24 0.00 0.01 1.17 0.73 0.00 4.01 0.00 0.00
Bromine Number 57.1 41.7 91.4 2.3 0.3 1.2 0.5 3.8 3.1 0.6 0.9
RVP, psi 4.3 4.6 8.7 4.6 0.3 3.2 10.8 8.0 3.8 1.0 0.3
Distillation, F
IBP 110 112 95 101 299 117 91 118 138 224 313
T05 143 142 117 144 318 168 106 131 169 231 326
T10 158 155 124 162 325 192 113 134 174 231 328
T20 174 171 130 181 332 224 117 135 179 231 331
T30 192 189 139 196 340 244 121 135 182 232 335
T40 215 212 149 205 345 258 126 136 185 233 339
T50 241 239 164 211 354 270 132 136 188 234 344
T60 270 269 181 215 362 280 139 137 190 235 350
T70 301 302 200 219 373 291 149 137 192 237 358
T80 336 337 224 225 391 304 163 138 194 240 370
T90 376 379 257 239 427 322 184 139 195 251 391
EP 431 434 337 315 517 393 258 146 218 316 485
RON 93.2 92.6 93.6 93.2 65.9 97.3 63.7 78.6 57.6 109.3 104.3
MON 81.0 82.1 79.4 91.2 74.5 86.7 61.2 80.5 58.5 100.4 92.4
(R+M)/2 87.1 87.4 86.5 92.2 70.2 92.0 62.4 79.5 58.0 104.9 98.4
Carbon, wt% 86.94 85.88 85.60 84.00 84.39 88.11 83.58 83.44 84.41 90.87 89.62
Hydrogen, wt% 13.00 13.56 14.20 16.09 15.54 11.60 16.29 16.49 15.54 9.32 10.34
Nitrogen, ppmw 46 37 27 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Sulfur, ppmw 321 522 0 15 15 9 325 10 7 10 8
Heating Value,
BTU/lb (net) 17300 17300 18700 18400 18100 16800 18400 18500 18200 15500 17300
Updated:July5,2017
76
SAE902098GasolineAnalyses
Table 10 Blended Fuel Analyses
Fuel A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R A Z ZZ
Code Avg Cert 2211 1122 2222 1111 2121 1221 2112 1212 2111 2122 1222 1211 2221 1121 1112 2212 M0 M85 M10
Gravity, API 57.4 58.8 50.2 59.2 50.2 64.1 53.4 62.2 51.9 58.2 53.4 50.6 59.1 62.6 51.7 64.2 59.6 49.1 57.4 47.9 56.8
Aromatics, vol% 32.0 29.9 43.8 20.7 43.7 20.0 44.3 20.2 42.9 21.4 45.7 47.8 18.0 21.4 46.7 20.3 21.5 46.0 32.0 5.0 28.0
Olefins, vol% 9.2 4.6 3.3 22.3 17.2 3.2 17.4 20.2 4.1 4.0 4.9 17.7 21.8 5.7 19.3 18.3 4.8 4.0 9.2 1.0 6.8
Saturates, vol% 58.8 65.5 37.5 57.0 24.3 76.8 38.3 45.0 53.0 59.7 49.4 34.5 45.7 59.0 19.4 61.4 73.7 34.8 58.8 8.4 55.5
MTBE, vol% 0.00 0.00 15.40 0.00 14.80 0.00 0.00 14.60 0.00 14.90 0.00 0.00 14.50 13.90 14.60 0.00 0.00 15.20 0.00 0.00 0.00
Methanol, vol% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 85.60 9.70
Benzene, vol% 1.53 0.52 1.33 1.49 1.38 1.52 1.42 1.52 1.30 1.28 1.45 1.42 1.51 1.44 1.38 1.53 1.47 1.41 1.53 0.42 1.16
Bromine Number 21.3 12.2 9.2 44.3 32.5 10.0 35.7 41.1 11.5 10.0 13.3 38.7 42.6 16.2 35.0 38.9 12.2 10.8 21.3 3.0 18.6
RVP, psi 8.7 8.7 8.7 8.5 8.7 8.8 8.8 8.5 8.9 8.6 8.8 8.5 8.7 8.8 8.6 8.5 8.6 8.4 8.7 8.8 12.0
Distillation, F
IBP 91 87 89 87 90 89 92 93 87 89 90 89 91 93 92 90 92 89 91 110 89
T05 114 112 118 111 113 110 116 116 110 112 114 110 111 114 116 113 117 114 114 134 105
T10 128 127 136 128 128 125 130 125 127 125 127 127 125 124 130 126 134 129 128 141 113
T20 151 152 165 153 151 144 153 135 156 143 146 152 139 134 151 140 161 151 151 145 122
T30 174 180 185 176 172 162 175 143 182 159 166 178 152 142 168 155 186 170 174 146 129
T40 196 205 200 197 192 180 196 154 208 178 188 205 170 152 185 171 209 192 196 147 139
T50 218 220 213 218 220 197 214 168 239 208 208 236 193 164 204 190 234 225 218 147 202
T60 243 230 226 238 253 212 228 186 266 259 226 263 233 181 223 208 260 263 243 147 232
T70 267 242 236 265 281 227 240 214 291 294 238 294 283 211 237 227 289 293 267 147 259
T80 295 262 250 307 318 245 254 247 324 322 253 328 323 253 250 248 321 326 295 148 287
T90 330 300 288 357 357 279 286 286 353 356 294 357 356 292 283 284 357 354 330 148 324
EP 415 410 399 430 429 370 386 367 437 447 404 436 436 374 397 361 442 428 415 347 405
RON 92.0 96.7 100.0 93.7 98.9 90.5 96.9 95.4 97.1 92.7 93.5 97.1 96.6 91.5 100.4 92.7 90.2 99.4 92.0 107.1 95.7
MON 82.6 87.5 88.0 83.2 85.6 84.2 84.6 83.9 86.9 85.1 83.1 84.5 85.0 83.6 86.0 82.7 83.8 87.5 82.6 103.1 84.4
(R+M)/2 87.3 92.1 94.0 88.4 92.3 87.4 90.8 89.6 92.0 88.9 88.3 90.8 90.9 87.6 93.2 87.7 87.0 93.4 87.3 105.1 90.1
Carbon, wt% 86.74 86.64 85.34 86.29 85.09 85.05 87.79 83.53 87.71 83.51 87.88 87.87 83.65 83.36 85.44 86.11 85.85 85.50 86.74 44.25 81.48
Hydrogen, wt% 13.22 13.35 11.92 13.73 12.20 14.12 12.17 13.56 12.26 13.70 12.10 12.07 13.60 13.92 11.94 13.82 14.08 11.84 13.22 12.61 13.17
Nitrogen, ppmw 29 12 1 46 31 4 15 10 3 12 1 26 16 6 9 13 8 11 29 2 25
Sulfur, ppmw 339 119 284 316 267 290 317 312 261 297 318 266 301 294 288 333 310 279 339 27 242
Oxygen, wt% 0.00 0.00 2.72 0.00 2.69 0.00 0.00 2.88 0.00 2.76 0.00 0.00 2.67 2.68 2.60 0.00 0.00 2.63 0.00 43.13 5.33
Heating Value,
BTU/lb (net) 18300 18300 17500 18300 17800 18500 18100 17900 18200 17900 17500 17600 17700 18100 17100 18600 18100 17000 18300 9600 17400
Updated:July5,2017
77
ASTMD323RVPProcedures
ProcedureA(AtmosphericallyStableLiquids)
Apparatus Liquid&vaporchambers.Vaporchamber4.0 0.2 timessizeofliquidchamber
LiquidPreparation 1Lsamplecontainerfilled7080%withtestliquidsample.Samplecontainercooled
inacoldbathat0 1C(32 34F).Samplecontaineropened,allowingairtoenter
container.Containershakenvigorously(tosaturatetheliquidwithair)&returnedto
coldbath.
LiquidTransfer Theliquidchambercooledinthesamecoldbath.Coldliquidsampletransferredto
thecoldliquidchamber,entirelyfillingliquidchamber.
AirPreparation Vaporchamberfullofairisplacedinahotbathat37.8 0.1C(100 0.2F).
Assembly Vaporchamberremovedfromhotbath&coupledtoliquidchamber.Thecoupled
apparatusisinverted,shaken,&putintohotbath.
PressureMeasurement Apparatusshouldremaininhotbathforatleast5minutesbeforetheapparatusis
removedfrombath,shaken,&returnedtohotbath.Shakingprocedureshouldbe
repeatedatleast5timeswithnolessthan2minutesinbetween.Shakingprocedure
shouldberepeateduntil2consecutivepressurereadingsindicateequilibriumhas
occurred.Pressuremeasuredasgaugebutreportedwithreferencetogaugeor
absolute.
Updated:July5,2017
78
ASTMD323RVPProcedures
ProcedureC(VolatileLiquids)
LiquidPreparation Samplecontainerofabout0.5Lcapacitycooledinacoldbathat0 4.5C(32 40F).
Thissamplecontainerisnotopened&contactedwithair.
LiquidTransfer Liquidchamberiscooledinthesamecoldbath.Coldliquidsampletransferredtothe
coldliquidchamber,similartoProcedureA.However,sincethisliquidisunder
pressure,extracaremustbetakentoensurethatgasisnotflashedoffandlostand
thattheliquidchamberisactuallycompletelyfilledwiththeliquid.
Updated:July5,2017
79
ASTMD56FlashPointbyTagClosedTesterFlash
PointsBelow60oC(140oF)
Apparatus TagCloseTester testcup,lidwithignitionsource,&liquidbath.
Preparation Transfersshouldnotbemadeunlesssampleisatleast10C(18F)belowthe
expectedflashpoint.Donotstoresamplesingaspermeablecontainerssince
volatilematerialsmaydiffusethroughthewallsoftheenclosure.Atleast50mL
samplerequiredforeachtest.
ManualProcedure 1.Temperatureofliquidinbathshallbeatleast10C(18F)belowexpectedflash
pointatthetimeofintroductionofthesampleintotestcup.Measure50 0.5mL
sampleintocup,bothsample&graduatedcylinderbeingprecooled,when
necessary,sothatspecimentemperatureattimeofmeasurementwillbe27 5C
(80 10F)oratleast10C(18F)belowtheexpectedflashpoint,whicheveris
lower.
2.Applytestflamesizeofthesmallbeadonthecover&operatebyintroducing
theignitionsourceintovaporspaceofcup&immediatelyupagain.Fulloperation
shouldbe1secwithequaltimeforintroduction&return.
3.Adjustheatsotemperaturerise1C(2F)/min 6s.Whentemperatureof
specimeninis5C(10F)belowitsexpectedflashpoint,applytheignitionsource.
Repeatapplicationofignitionsourceaftereach0.5C(1F)riseintemperatureof
thespecimen.
Updated:July5,2017
80
LinearBlendingRules
Valuesforindividualblend Volumeblending
stocksaveragedeitherwith Specificgravity(essentiallymass
volumefractionsormass perunitvolume)
fractions Aromatics&olefinscontent
(vol%)
Somepropertiesblendbestwith
molefractions,butmolar X mix v i X i
V X i i
amountsnottypicallyknown V i
Massblending:
Unitsonthequalitymeasure Sulfur&nitrogencontent(wt%
maygiveanindicationasto orppm)
volumeormassblending. Nickel&vanadium(ppm)
mi X i v i oi X i
X mix wi X i
mi v i oi
Updated:July5,2017
81
HowDoWeBlendSpecificGravities?
Assumeidealliquidmixing volumesareadditive
Shrinkagecorrelationsavailable,mostlyusedforcustodytransfer
Liquiddensitiesatfixedconditionsblendlinearlywithvolume
Mass&volumesareadditive
V V v
o ,mix i o ,i i o ,i
V
i o ,i
V i
Canalsoblendwithmass&molaramounts
Volumesareadditive
1 wi M xi Mi

o ,mix o ,i o ,mix o ,i
Densityadjustments
Correctionsneededfortemperature&pressureeffects
Updated:July5,2017
82
HowDoWeBlendAPIGravities?
Specificgravityisblended&APIgravityisbackcalculated.
MayhavetocalculateindividualspecificgravitiesfromgivenAPIgravities
Example
IncorrectvaluefromdirectvolumeblendingofAPIgravities
Updated:July5,2017
83
TemperatureCorrectionstoSpecificGravity
ODonnellmethod1
T2 2o 0.000601TF 60
APIVolumeCorrectionTables
T o exp 60 TF 60 1 0.8 60 TF 60
Different60 valuesdependingoncommoditytype
ATables CrudeOils
BTables RefinedProducts
DTables Lubricants
CTables Individual&SpecialApplications
1Reportedslopevalueis0.00108(g/cm3)2/oC,HydrocarbonProcessing,April1980,pp229231
Updated:July5,2017
84
Whatifwewanttoestimatevolumetricshrinkage?
MethodinChapter12.3ofAPImeasurementmanual
VL
S 4.86 10 8 C 100 C GL GH
0.819 2.28
where C 100
VH VL
Example:Blend95,000bbl of30.7oAPI(0.8724specificgravity)crudeoilwith
5,000bbl of86.5oAPI(0.6491specificgravity)naturalgasoline
Byidealmixing:
Vmix VH VL 100,000bbl
LVL HVH 0.6491 5000 0.8724 95000 141.5
mix 0.8612andGmix 131.5 32.8
Vmix 100000 mix
Withshrinkage:
5000
100 5 S 4.86 10 8 5 100 5 86.5 30.7 0.0972
0.819 2.28
C
5000 95000
100 S 100 0.0972
Vmix VH VL 100000 99,903bbl
100 100
V V 0.6491 5000 0.8724 95000 141.5
mix L L H H 0.8621andGmix 131.5 32.6
Vmix 99903 mix
Updated:July5,2017
85
HowDoWeBlendYieldCurves?
Amountsareaddedfor 5.0 100

thesameTBP
4.5 90
temperatureranges
4.0 80
Onaconsistent
Incremental Amount [vol%]
Cumulative Amount [vol%]

volume,mass,ormole 3.5 N'Kossa 70
Ratawi Crude Oil
basis 3.0 Cumulative Amount 60
Onanincrementalor
2.5 50
cumulativebasis
2.0 40
Temperatures
correctedto1atm 1.5 30
basis 1.0 20
Distillationtype
0.5 10
correctedtoTBP
0.0 0
0 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000
Temperature [F]
Updated:July5,2017
86
HowDoWeBlendPropertiesforIndividual
Fractions?
Blendbasedonpropertiesandamountsforthefraction ineach
blendstock,not theoverallamountofblendstock.
Updated:July5,2017
87
HowDoWeCorrectBoilingPointforPressure?
EquationformofMaxwellBonnell charts(1955)
Pvap unitsofmmHg,temperaturesinunitsoR
3000.538 X 6.761560
43 X 0.987672 X 0.002184346forP vap 1.7mmHg

2663.129 X 5.994296
log10 P
vap
0.001201343 X 0.002184346for1817mmHg P vap 1.7mmHg
95.76 X 0.972546
2770.085 X 6.412631
36 X 0.989679 0.001201343 X for1817mmHg P vap
1
0.0002867 P vap
X T & TB TB 2.5 f KW 12 log10
1 760
748.1 0.0002867
TB
1 P vap 760mmHg

f TB 659.67 vap
Min 1,Max ,0 P 760mmHg
200
Updated:July5,2017
88
PressureCorrectionExample
Correcta437oFboilingpointmeasuredat40mmHgtothenormalboiling
point(at760mmHg).
Usingthe2ndof3equations:
2663.129 X 5.994296 0.972546 log10 40 5.994296

log10 40 X
95.76 X 0.972546 95.76 log10 40 2663.129
0.001767618
WithT=896.67oRdetermineTB=1094.98
1
0.0002867
0.001767618 437 459.67 TB 1094.98
1
748.1 0.0002867
TB
IfweneglecttheWatsonKfactorcorrection(i.e.,assumeKW =12)then
TB =TB &thenormalboilingpointis635oF
Updated:July5,2017
89
HowDoWeInterconvertD86&TBPTemperatures?
Methodfrom1994APITechnicalDataBook
ConsistentwiththeAPI94optioninAspenPlus
TTBP,50% 0.87180 TD86,50%
1.0258
(TTBP,50% &TD86,50% inF)
TTBP A TD86
B
(TTBP &TD86 inF)
Vol% A B
100%to90%* 0.11798 1.6606
90%to70% 3.0419 0.75497
70%to50% 2.5282 0.82002
50%to30% 3.0305 0.80076
30%to10% 4.9004 0.71644
10%to0%* 7.4012 0.60244
*Reported100%&0%givebettertrendsas99%&1%.
Updated:July5,2017
90
InterconvertD86&TBPTemperatures
120
90% to 100%
100
10% to 30%
0% to 10%
TBP Temperature Difference [F]
30% to 50%
80
50% to 70%
70% to 90%
60
40
20
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
D86 Temperature Difference [F]
Updated:July5,2017
91
HowDoWeInterconvertD86&TBPTemperatures?
TTBP a TD86
b
T
1/ b TTBP &TD86 inR
TD86 TBP
a
Vol% a b
0%* 0.9167 1.0019
10% 0.5277 1.0900
30% 0.7429 1.0425
50% 0.8920 1.0176
70% 0.8705 1.0226
90% 0.9490 1.0110
95% 0.8008 1.0355
Usewithcare maygiveincorrecttemperaturevs.volumetrends
Updated:July5,2017
92
HowDoWeInterconvertD1160&TBP
Temperatures?
D1160temperaturesat10mmHgareconvertedtoTBP
temperaturesat10mmHg graphicalmethodtointerconvert
D1160temperaturesat50%&higherequaltotheTBPtemperatures
0%to10%,10%to30%,&30%to50%D1160temperaturedifferences
convertedtoTBPtemperaturedifferences
TTBP a TD1160 b TD1160 c TD1160 d TD1160
2 3 4
Vol%
Distilled a B c d MaxT
Range
0% 10% 2.23652561 1.39334703E2 3.6358409E5 1.433117E8 144F
10%30%
1.35673984 5.4126509E3 2.9883895E5 6.007274E8 180F
30%50%
Updated:July5,2017
93
InterconvertD1160&TBPTemperatures
225
Note: ASTM D1160 & TBP 50% distillation
temperatures assumed equal at 10 mmHg
200
175
10% to 30% & 30% to 50%

150
TBP Temperature Difference [F]
50% to 70% & 70% to 90%

125
0% to 10%
100
75
50
Based on API Figure 3A2.1

25 Subatmospheric Distillation &
True Boiling Point Distillation
Relationship
0
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225
D1160 Temperature Difference [F]
Updated:July5,2017
94
HowDoWeInterconvertD2887&TBP
Temperatures?
D2887essentiallyTBPonwt%basis,notvol%
TTBP,50% TD2887,50%
TTBP A TD2887
B
(TTBP &TD2887 inF)
Vol% A B
100%to95% 0.02172 1.9733
95%to90% 0.97476 0.8723
90%to70% 0.31531 1.2938
70%to50% 0.19861 1.3975
50%to30% 0.05342 1.6988
30%to10% 0.011903 2.0253
10%to0%* 0.15779 1.4296
Updated:July5,2017
95
D86ConversionExample
Vol% D86 D86T TBPT TBP
IBP 91 14.3
37 65.2
10 128 79.5
46 76.1
30 174 155.6
44 62.7
50 218 218.4
49 61.5
70 267 279.9
63 69.4
90 330 349.3
85 188.7
EP 415 538.0
Stepsforthisexample
Updated:July5,2017
96
D86vsTBPTemperatures
600
500 600
400
500
TBPTemperature[F]
300
DistillationTem perature[F]
400
200
300
100
200
D86YieldCurve
TBPYield
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 100
D86Temperature[F]
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
CumulativeYield[vol%]
Updated:July5,2017
97
HowDoWeCorrelateYieldtoBoilingPoint?
Neededforinterpolation,extrapolation,andsmoothingofdata
Traditionalmethods
Electronicversionofplottingcumulativeyielddatavs.boilingpointtemperature
onprobabilitypaper
GuaranteesanSshapedcumulativeyieldcurve
Nospecific0%or100%points
Distributionmodels 1 M Mi
1
pM
Whitsonmethod(1980)
Probabilitydistributionfunction.
Cangeneratedistributionfrom
alimitedamountofC6+data
Riazi method(1989) 1
B T T BT
T T0 AT 1 BT
Cumulativeamount(Y) ln Y 1 exp T 0

0%point,no100%point
T0 BT 1 Y AT T0
Essentiallythesameequation
formasDhulesias equation(1984)
Updated:July5,2017
98
HowDoWeUsetheProbabilityForm?
DistillationyieldcurvestypicallyhaveanSshape
Traditionaltolinearizeonprobabilitygraphpaper
AxistransformedusingfunctionsrelatedtoGaussiandistributionfunction
FunctionsavailableinExcel
TransformedYield: =NORMSINV(Pct_Yield/100)
Frominterpolatedvalue: =NORMSDIST(Value)*100
Transformed0%&100%valuesundefined
TypicaltosetIBP&EPto1%&99%
Updated:July5,2017
99
LinearizedDistillationYieldCurves
Updated:July5,2017
100
Incrementalvs.CumulativeYield
Incrementalyieldcanbecalculatedasthe
differenceinthecumulativeyieldsatthe
final&initialboilingpoints
Y Ti ,Tf Y Tf Y Ti
Valuesimpactedbymethodchosento
interpolate/extrapolate
Updated:July5,2017
101
HowDoWeBlendDistillationCurves?
Blendthedistillationcurvesforallblendstocks&extractthe
temperaturesfromtheresultingcurve
Steps
ConvertallofthestartingdistillationanalysestoTBPbasis(@1atm)
PickasetofTBPtemperaturesforwhichtheblendcalculationswill
proceed.Extracttheyieldvaluesforattheseselectedtemperaturevalues
forallblendstocks.
Usewhatevertemperaturesseemreasonabletocoverthespanofallinput
values
Calculateayieldcurvefortheblendatthetemperatureschoseninthe
previousstep
Extractthetemperaturevaluesforthespecifiedyieldvalues
Converttooriginaldistillationbasis(ifrequired)
Updated:July5,2017
102
DistillationCurveBlendExample
BlendStockData D86ConvertedtoTBP BlendatSelectedTemperatures BlendatSpecifiedYields
MidCut MidCut MidCut
LSR Vol% LSR F LSR Blend Vol% TBP D86
Reformate Reformate Reformate
API 81.8 32.8 81.8 32.8 54.1
IBP 91 224 1 40.5 200.8 25 0.4 0.0 0.2 1 52.9 120.5
T10 113 231 10 88.1 224.7 50 1.7 0.0 0.9 10 101.0 142.8
T30 121 232 30 109.9 229.6 75 5.8 0.0 2.9 30 144.0 163.6
T50 132 234 50 130.5 234.8 100 19.3 0.0 9.6 50 218.0 217.7
T70 149 237 70 156.3 241.1 125 44.4 0.0 22.2 70 236.0 228.6
T90 184 251 90 200.9 263.4 150 65.4 0.0 32.7 90 258.7 242.9
EP 258 316 99 350.8 384.2 175 80.0 0.0 40.0 99 371.7 305.3
Fraction 50% 50% 200 89.7 0.9 45.3
225 92.6 11.0 51.8
250 94.8 79.6 87.2
275 96.4 91.7 94.0
Steps 300
325
97.6
98.4
94.5
96.5
96.0
97.5
ConvertallD86analysestoTBP 350
375
99.0
99.4
97.9
98.8
98.4
99.1
ApproximateIBP&EPas1%&99% 400 99.6 99.3 99.5
PickasetofTBPtemperatures&
interpolateforappropriateyieldvalues
VolumetricallyblendateachtemperatureforcombinedTBPcurve
InterpolateforappropriateTBPvaluesatthestandardvolumetricyields
ConverttoD86analysis
Updated:July5,2017
103
HowDoWeEstimateLightEndsfromYieldCurve?
Determinetheincrementalamountfromthedifferencein
cumulativeyieldsbetweenadjacentpurecomponentboiling
points
Steps
Chooselightendscomponents
Typicallymethane,ethane,propane,iso &normalbutane,iso &normal
pentane
Determineboilingpointrangesassociatedwithpurecomponentboiling
points
Sometimesextendrangeto0.5oCabovethepurecomponentboilingpoint
Extrapolatedistillationyieldcurvetofindcumulativeyieldsattheboiling
pointranges.Finddifferencestodetermineincrementalamounts.
Updated:July5,2017
104
LightEndsExample
TBP [F] Yield [vol%] TBP [F] Yield [vol%]
Cumulat iv e Cumulat iv e P ure Cumulat iv e Cumulat iv e
Init ial Final Init ial Final Inc rement
@ Init ial @ Final Component @ Init ial @ Final
Whole Crude Methane -258.73 N/A -258.73 0.0 0.02 0.02
Light Naphtha 55 175 1.7 5.6 Ethane -127.49 -258.73 -127.49 0.02 0.17 0.15
Medium Naphtha 175 300 5.6 15.3 Propane -43.75 -127.49 -43.75 0.17 0.53 0.36
Heavy Naphtha 300 400 15.3 21 i-Butane 10.78 -43.75 10.78 0.53 1.03 0.50
Kero 400 500 21 29.2 n-Butane 31.08 10.78 31.08 1.03 1.30 0.27
Atm Gas Oil 500 650 29.2 40.4 i-Pentane 82.12 31.08 82.12 1.30 2.27 0.97
Light VGO 650 850 40.4 57.3 n-Pentane 96.92 82.12 96.92 2.27 2.65 0.38
Heavy VGO 850 1050 57.3 71.5
Vacuum Resid 1050 End 71.5 100 250
Steps
Chooselightendscomponents 0
BoilingPoint(F)
Determineboilingpointrangesassociated C3
withpurecomponentboilingpoints.Useas C2
theFinalBoilingPointforrange. 250
nC5
iC5
C1
Extrapolatedistillationyieldcurvetofind
cumulativeyieldsatallboilingpointvalues. iC4
nC4
Calculatedifferencestodetermine 500
0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00 100.00
incrementalamounts. CumulativeYield[vol%]
Updated:July5,2017
105
HowDoWeEstimateOtherPropertiesofFractions?
Propertiesinferredfrommeasuredtrends
Relativedensity/specificgravity/APIgravity
Sulfurcontent
Carbonresidue
Propertiesfromcorrelations
Molecularweight/molarmass
M 20.486TB1.26007 o4.98308 exp 0.0001165TB 7.78712 o 0.0011582TB o
Criticalproperties&accentric factor
Heatofcombustion(Btu/lb,liquidstate@60oF)
HLHV 16792 54.5G 0.217G 2 0.0019G 3
HHHV 17672 66.6G 0.316G 2 0.0014G 3
Updated:July5,2017
106
WhatHappensWhenWeChangeCutPoints?
Ingeneral
Theamountcanbecalculatedasthedifferenceincumulativeyieldsbetweenthe
newinitial&finalboilingpoints
Interpolatewithintheyieldvs.temperaturecurveusingtheprobabilityform
Thepropertiescanbedeterminedbyinterpolatingthecurveforthepropertyvs.
themidincrementyield
Linearinterpolationusuallysufficient
Specialcases
Slightlysmallerthanagivencutintheassay findpropertiesoftheexcluded
fraction&subtractcontributionfromthegivencut
Slightlylargerthanagivencutintheassay findpropertiesoftheincluded
fraction&addcontributiontothegivencut
Combinationoftwoormoregivencutsintheassay findpropertiesbyaddingall
contributions
Updated:July5,2017
107
RevisedCutPoints Example#1
Whatistheyieldofthetotalgasoil(500 1050oF)?Whataretheproperties?
AddcontributionsfortheAtm GasOil,LightVGO,&HeavyVGO
VGO Y 1050F Y 500F 85.8 39.5 46.3vol%
GO
V 14.6 0.8554 19.1 0.8909 12.6 0.9327 0.8911
i i
VGO 46.3
SGO
V Si 14.6 0.8554 0.27 19.1 0.8909 0.57 12.6 0.9327 0.91 0.58wt%
i i
V i i 14.6 0.8554 19.1 0.8909 12.6 0.9327
Updated:July5,2017
108
WhatistheyieldoftheHVGOifthecutrange RemovecontributionsfromtheHeavyVGOin
is850 1000oF?Whataretheproperties? theassay
Determineamount&estimatepropertiesof VGO Y 1000F Y 500F 83.1 73.2 9.9vol%
1000 1050oFcut.
Cumulativeyield@1000oFfrominterpolation 12.6 0.9327 2.7 0.9564
GO 0.9262
ofyieldvs.temperature 9.9
83.1 85.8
Y 1000F 83.1vol% Ymid 84.4 12.6 0.9327 0.91 2.7 0.9564 1.12
2 SGO 0.86wt%
V 85.8 83.1 2.7vol% 9.9 0.9262
Propertiesfromlinearinterpolationofmid
incrementyieldvs.property
G 84.4vol% 16.5 0.9564
S 84.4vol% 1.12wt%
Updated:July5,2017
109
WhatistheyieldoftheVac Resid ifthecut AddcontributionstotheVac Resid intheassay

pointis1000oF+?Whataretheproperties? VGO 100 Y 1000F 100 83.1 16.9vol%
Determineamount&estimatepropertiesof
1000 1050oFcut.
Cumulativeyield@1000oFfrominterpolation 14.2 1.0001 2.7 0.9564
GO 0.9931
16.9
ofyieldvs.temperature
83.1 85.8
Y 1000F 83.1vol% Ymid 84.4
2 14.2 1.0001 1.46 2.7 0.9564 1.12
V 85.8 83.1 2.7vol% SGO 1.41wt%
16.9 0.9931
Propertiesfromlinearinterpolationofmid
incrementyieldvs.property
G 84.4vol% 16.5 0.9564
S 84.4vol% 1.12wt%
Updated:July5,2017
110
CanWeEstimateGravityCurveWhenNoneGiven?
AssumethatallfractionshavethesameWatsonKfactor
o
Kw from o vi oi vi Kwi 3 TBi
v i
3 TBi Ratawi Crude Oil
1.20
Example EstimateRatawi 1.10
WatsonKfactor&gravity
1.00
curvebasedonoverall
Specific Gravity
gravity&distillation 0.90
analysis 0.80
Curveisestimate,pointsare 0.70
fromtheassay
0.60
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Mid-Increment Yield [vol%]
Updated:July5,2017
111
HowDoWeBlendWatsonKFactor?
Bestmethod
Blendspecificgravity
Determinenewaverageboilingpointfromblendedyieldcurve
Approximatemethod
BlendindividualWatsonKfactorsbyweight
K mix wi K i
v Ki oi i
v i oi
Impliesaverageboilingpointfromvolumetricblendofcuberootofboiling
point
Updated:July5,2017
112
WhatistheAverageBoilingPointforaMixture?
5typesaredefinedintheAPITechnicalDataBook
n
Volumeaverageboilingpoint Tb v viTb ,i
i 1
n
Massaverageboilingpoint Tb w wiTb ,i
i 1
n
Molaraverageboilingpoint Tb M xiTb ,i
i 1
3
n 3
Cubicaverageboilingpoint Tb cubic vi Tb ,i
i 1
Meanaverageboilingpoint Tb M Tb cubic
Tb mean
2
WatsonKfactoristousetheMeanAverageBoilingPoint(MeABP)
Updated:July5,2017
113
EstimateAverageBoilingPointsfromDistillation
Curve
Procedure2B1.1oftheAPITechnicalDataBook usingD86distillationvalues
T10 T30 T50 T70 T90
VABP
5
T T
SL 90 10
90 10
WABP VABP 1
MABP VABP 2
CABP VABP 3
MeABP VABP 4
ln 1 3.062123 0.01829 VABP 32 4.45818 SL
0.6667 0.25
ln 2 0.563793 0.007981 VABP 32 3.04729 SL

0.6667 0.333
ln 3 0.23589 0.06906 VABP 32 1.8858 SL

0.45 0.45
ln 4 0.94402 0.00865 VABP 32 2.99791 SL

0.6667 0.333
Updated:July5,2017
114
HowDoWeBlendHeatingValues?
HeatingValue
Molar,mass,orliquidvolumeaverage(dependingonunits)
H mix xi H i or Hmix wi Hi
Lower/netheatingvalue(LHV) wateringasstate
Fuel + O2 CO2 g +H2O g +N2 g +SO2 g
Higher/grossheatingvalue(HHV) waterinliquidstate
Fuel + O2 CO2 g +H2O +N2 g +SO2 g
H HHV H LHV nH2O HHvap
2O
Tref
Updated:July5,2017
115
VaporPressureCalculations
BubblePoint TVP(TrueVaporPressure)
At1atm,coulduseidealgas&liquidassumptions molarblending
Pi vap T
yi xi K i 1 xi P 1

Vaporpressureapproximationusingaccentric factor
Pi vap 7 Tci
log10 1
i 1
P
ci 3 T
MaxwellBonnell relationshipforpetroleumfractions
EOS(equationofstate)calculationsmorerigorous
SoaveRedlichKwong orPengRobinson
Updated:July5,2017
116
HowDoWeBlendRVPs?
RVPisnearlyequaltotheTrueVaporPressure(TVP)at100oF
Foridealgas&liquidmixtures,TVPblendslinearlywithmolar
fraction
P v
yi i P xi i Pi vap
exp i
dP yi P xi Pi vap
Pvap RT
i
TVP mix xi Pi vap
Approximatevolumetric linearblendingwithRVPBlending
Indices
1/1.25
RVP mix vi RVP i RVP mix vi RVP i
1.25 1.25 1.25

Updated:July5,2017
117
RVP&TVP APITechnicalDataBookMethods
Intentistoestimate
truevaporpressures
(TVPs)froma
measuredRVP
CanalsoestimateRVP
fromanymeasured
vaporpressurevalue
TVPcouldbe
measuredatany
temperature
coulduseboiling
point
Slopeisofthe
ASTMD86
distillationcurve@
T10
Updated:July5,2017
118
OtherCorrelations
GPSAFig.64makesuseof
Kremser relationship(1930)
forTVP@100oF:
TVP=1.07(RVP)+0.6
Updated:July5,2017
119
Othercorrelations
SantaBarbaraCountyAPCDRule325,AttachmentB,equation25:
TVP=(RVP)exp(Co (IRTEMP ITEMP))+CF
where: Co RVPdependentcoefficient
ITEMP 1/(559.69oR)
IRTEMP 1/(Ts +559.69oR)
Ts oF temperaturestoredfluid
BasedonAPIFigure5B1.2
Updated:July5,2017
120
HowDoWeBlendOctaneNumbers?
Octanenumbersgenerallyblendnonlinearly
Interactionsbetweencomponentsinmixture
ApproximatelinearblendingwithOctaneBlendingIndices
Indicesarefairlycloselyguarded
Inthisclasswellgenerallyassumelinearblendingwithvolume
RON mix vi RON i
MON mix vi MON i
Updated:July5,2017
121
NonLinearOctaneBlendingFormula
DevelopedbyEthylCorporationusingasetof75&135blends
R R a1 RJ R J a2 O2 O 2 a3 A2 A2

A2 A2
2
M M b1 MJ M J b2 O2 O 2 b3
100

RM
"Road"Octane 75blends 135blends
2
Sensitivity J R M a1 0.03224 0.03324
VolumeAverage X
Vi X i a2 0.00101 0.00085
Vi a3 0 0
b1 0.04450 0.04285
b2 0.00081 0.00066
PetroleumRefineryProcessEconomics,2nd ed.,
byRobertE.Maples,PennWell Corp.,2000 b3 0.00645 0.00632
Updated:July5,2017
122
GasolineBlendingSampleProblem
WhataretheAPIgravity,RVP,&averageoctanenumberfora
33/67blendofLightStraightRunGasoline&MidCutReformate?
Steps
for
thisexample
Updated:July5,2017
123
WhatisDriveability Index(DI)?
Orientedtowardstheautoindustry
Needenoughvolatilitytocompletelyvaporizefuelinthecylinder
LoweringRVPmakesthefuelhardertovaporize
Empiricalrelationshipbetweengasolinevolatility&engine
performance(driveability &emissions)
DI=1.5T10 +3T50 +T90 +(2.4oF)(EtOH vol%)
ThelowertheDI,thebettertheperformance
AlkylatesraiseT50
EthanolraisesRVP&depressesT50,butnottheDI
Updated:July5,2017
124
HowCanWeEstimateFlashPoint?
Relatedtovolatilityofmixture.
Assumeidealgassincetestsdoneat1atm.
MethodofLenoir
N
x M P
i 1
i i i i
vap
1.3
MethodofGmehling &Rasmussen
Relatedtolowerflammabilitylimit
N
xi i Pi vap T 25
Li
1 with Li Li 25C 0.182
H

i 1 c ,i
Updated:July5,2017
125
HowCanWeEstimateFlashPoint?
APIProcedure2B7.1forclosedcuptest(usingASTMD86T10)
1987Version(unitsofoR)
1 2.84947
0.014568 0.001903 lnT10
TF T10
1997Version(unitsofoF)
OpenCup
TF 0.68 T10 109.6
ClosedCup
TF 0.69 T10 118.2
Updated:July5,2017
126
HowDoWeEstimate&BlendCetane Index?
Cetane indexisanestimateofthecetane numberbasedon

composition.Itdoesnottakeintoaccounteffectsofadditivesto
improvecetane number.
EstimationmethodoutlinedbyASTMD976
Index=420.34+0.016G2 +0.192G log(T50)+65.01[log(T50)]2 0.0001809T502
whereT50 is50%pointasdeterminedbyD86distillation[oF]&
G istheAPIgravity
FourVariablemethodsoutlinedinASTMD4737
Differentcorrelationsfor15ppmw &500ppmw diesels
Cetane indexcanbelinearlyblendedbyvolume(asan
approximation)
Updated:July5,2017
127
HowAreOctane&Cetane NumbersRelated?
Ingeneralcompoundswithhighoctanenumbershavelowcetane
numbers 25
Correlationdevelopedfrom 20
RONExpression
MONExpression
Cetane Number(CN)
gasolinesamples
15
CN 60.96 0.56 MON
CN 68.54 0.61 RON 10
0
70 80 90 100
OctaneNumber(MONorRON)
Bowden,Johnston,&Russell,OctaneCetane Relationship,
FinalReportAFLRLNo.33,March1974,
PreparedbyU.S.ArmyFuels&LubricantsResearchLab&SouthwestResearchInstitute
Updated:July5,2017
128
HowDoWeConvertSUSviscosity?
1.0 0.03264
SUS 1.0 0.000061T 100 4.6324
3930.2 262.7 23.97 2
3
10 5

500
450
210F
400
0F
350
300
SUS Viscosity
250
200
150
100
50
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Kinematic Viscosity [cSt]
Updated:July5,2017
129
Howdoweadjustviscosityfortemperature?
ASTMD341forviscositiesabove0.21cSt
log log Z A B log T

Z 0.7 C D E F G H
C exp 1.14883 2.65868
D exp 0.0038138 12.5645
E exp 5.46491 37.6289
F exp 13.0458 74.6851
G exp 37.4619 192.643
H exp 80.4945 400.468
Z 0.7 exp 0.7487 3.295 Z 0.7 0.6119 Z 0.7 0.3193 Z 0.7
2 3

Forviscositiesgreaterthan2.0cSt theequationisessentially:
log log 0.7 A B log T
Updated:July5,2017
130
Viscosityvs.TemperatureExample
Est Relative
F cSt log(log(Z)) log(R) EstcSt
log(log(Z)) Deviation
104 4,102 0.5579 563.67 0.5514 3,629 12%
122 1,750 0.5110 581.67 0.5137 1,836 5%
212 115 0.3146 671.67 0.3253 130 13%
275 37.9 0.2005 734.67 0.1934 35.7 6%
Bylinearregression
10,000
A: 1.732
B: 0.002094
r: 0.997 1,000
Steps
CalculatetheZ &temperatureterms
Viscosity[cSt]
100
fromthegivendata
Converttemperaturestoabsolutebasis 10
DetermineA &B parametersfromdata

Thiscaseuseslinearregression&all4 1
points
UseA &B parameterstofindZ atother
0
temperatures 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
ConvertZ tocSt Temperature[F]
Approximateformulausedhere
Updated:July5,2017
131
HowDoWeBlendViscosities?
Viscosityblendinghascomplicatedcompositioneffects
Simpleviscosityblendingequationsaremoreappropriateforgas
phaseviscosity shouldnotbeusedforblendingliquidphase
petroleumfractionvalues
Arrhenius
ln mix vi ln i
Bingham
1 v
i
mix i
Kendall&Monroe
mix xi ln 1/3
i
3

Updated:July5,2017
132
HowDoWeBlendViscosities?
Desiretoblendviscositywitheithervolumeormassamounts
LinearblendingwithViscosityBlendingIndicesofkinematicviscosity
log log mix c vi log log i c where c 0.7
Mayseeanindexbasedonloglogtermswithextracoefficientsand/ornatural
logterms.Giveidenticalresults.
Forheavyfractionsoftenmassblendingissuggestedwithc of0.8to1.0
Refutas equation massblending
VBNblend wi VBNi where VBNi 14.534 lnln i 0.8 10.975
Othertypesofblendingindices
ChevronMethod2
ln mix ln i W
vi W ln mix ln 1000
ln 1000 mix ln 1000 i 1W
Updated:July5,2017
133
ASTMD7152ViscosityBlending
ProcedureCwhenusingviscosityvaluesallatthesametemperature
ASTMBlendingMethod volumeblending
ModifiedASTMBlendingMethod massblending
Basedonloglog(MacCoullWaltherWright)transformationviscosity
Zi i 0.7 exp 1.47 1.84 i 0.512i
Wi log log Z i
WB viWi
WB
ZB 1010 0.7
B ZB exp 0.7487 3.295ZB 0.6119 ZB2 0.3193ZB3
Developedforvolumeblending&kinematicviscositybutcouldbeusedformassblending
Forbasestockblends,nosignificantdifferencebetweenvolumetric&massblending
Forfuelblends(chemicallyconvertedblendstocks),massblendingmoreaccurate
Exponentialcorrectionterminsignificantabove2cSt
Extendstheuseofloglogtermsfromdownto0.2cSt.
Updated:July5,2017
134
ViscosityBlendingExample
Determinetheamountofcutterstockneededtoblendwith5,000bpd80,000
cSt vacuumresid tomakeafueloilwith180cSt @122oF.Thecutterstockhas
8.0cSt viscosity.
100,000
10,000 VolumeAveragecSt
BlendViscosity[cSt]
1,000
VolumeAveragelog(cSt)
100
LogLogBlendingRule
10
ChevronBlendingIndices
ASTMBlendingMethod&Chevron 1
0.1 1 10 100
Method2essentiallythesameresults RatioCutter:Resid[vol/vol]
Updated:July5,2017
135
HowaretheCarbonResiduesRelated?
Carbonresidue cokingtendency
ASTMD524 Ramsbottom (RCR)
ASTMD189 Conradson (CCR)
ASTMD4530 Microcarbon (MCRT)
CCR&MCRTessentiallythesame
RCR exp 0.236 0.883ln CCR 0.0657ln2 CCR
Updated:July5,2017
136

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RefineryFeedstocks&Products

Butanes Fuel Gas

Visbreaking Heavy Distillates

Olefins Benzene Naphthalene

Carbon Boiling Point Paraffin

Specificgravity,o ratioliquiddensity@60oF&1atm tothatofwater@60oF

Property Bakken WTI

Characteristic GPASpecifications ASTMTest

Parameter Specification ASTMTestMethod

Property No.2Kerosene JetA JetB No.2DS15 No.2DS500 No.2HOS500

Brightstocklubes Processedofvacuumresid fromthevacuumtower

GreenCoke Calcined Coke

H2S 10ppmw max(Importantforinternationaltransport&sales)

IncrementCumulative Corrected Corrected Mid-Cumulative

Total 98.2 0.858

Amountsareaddedfor 5.0 100

Incremental Amount [vol%]

Cumulative Amount [vol%]

2663.129 X 5.994296 0.972546 log10 40 5.994296

10% to 30% & 30% to 50%

50% to 70% & 70% to 90%

Based on API Figure 3A2.1

Vol% D86 D86T TBPT TBP

M 20.486TB1.26007 o4.98308 exp 0.0001165TB 7.78712 o 0.0011582TB o

VGO Y 1050F Y 500F 85.8 39.5 46.3vol%

V i i 14.6 0.8554 19.1 0.8909 12.6 0.9327

WhatistheyieldoftheVac Resid ifthecut AddcontributionstotheVac Resid intheassay

Example EstimateRatawi 1.10

ln 2 0.563793 0.007981 VABP 32 3.04729 SL

ln 3 0.23589 0.06906 VABP 32 1.8858 SL

ln 4 0.94402 0.00865 VABP 32 2.99791 SL

Fuel + O2 CO2 g +H2O g +N2 g +SO2 g

TVP=(RVP)exp(Co (IRTEMP ITEMP))+CF

Cetane indexisanestimateofthecetane numberbasedon

log log Z A B log T

log log 0.7 A B log T

DetermineA &B parametersfromdata

ConvertZ tocSt Temperature[F]

RCR exp 0.236 0.883ln CCR 0.0657ln2 CCR

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02 Feedstocks & Products