CHAPTER 2
RETAIL FACILITIES
General Criteria .......................................................................
Small Stores ..............................................................................
Discount and Big Box Stores ....................................................
Supermarkets ............................................................................
T HIS chapter covers the design and application of air-con-
ditioning and heating systems for various retail merchandising
facilities. Load calculations, systems, and equipment are covered
elsewhere in the Handbook series.
GENERAL CRITERIA
To apply equipment properly, it is necessary to know the con-
struction of the space to be conditioned, its use and occupancy, the
time of day in which greatest occupancy occurs, the physical build-
ing characteristics, and the lighting layout.
The following must also be considered:
Electric powersize of service
Heatingavailability of steam, hot water, gas, oil, or electricity
Coolingavailability of chilled water, well water, city water, and
water conservation equipment
Internal heat gains
Rigging and delivery of equipment
Structural considerations
Obstructions
Ventilationopening through roof or wall for outdoor air duct,
number of doors to sales area, and exposures
Orientation of store
Code requirements
Utility rates and regulations
Building standards
Specific design requirements, such as the increase in outdoor air
required for exhaust where lunch counters exist, must be consid-
ered. The requirements of ASHRAE ventilation standards must be
followed. Heavy smoking and objectionable odors may necessitate
special filtering in conjunction with outdoor air intake and exhaust.
Load calculations should be made using the procedure outlined in
Chapter 29 of the ASHRAE HandbookFundamentals.
In almost all localities there is some form of energy code in effect
that establishes strict requirements for insulation, equipment effi-
ciencies, system designs, and so forth, and places strict limits on
fenestration and lighting. The requirements of ASHRAE Standard
90 should be met as a minimum guideline for retail facilities.
The selection and design of the HVAC for retail facilities are nor-
mally determined by economics. First cost is usually the determin-
ing factor for small stores; for large retail facilities, operating and
maintenance costs are also considered. Generally, decisions about
mechanical systems for retail facilities are based on a cash flow
analysis rather than on a full life-cycle analysis.
SMALL STORES
The large glass areas found at the front of many small stores may
cause high peak solar heat gain unless they have northern expo-
sures. High heat loss may be experienced on cold, cloudy days. The
HVAC system for this portion of the small store should be designed
The preparation of this chapter is assigned to TC 9.8, Large Building Air-
Conditioning Applications.
2.1 Department Stores ..................................................................... 2.5
2.1 Convenience Centers ................................................................. 2.6
2.2 Regional Shopping Centers ....................................................... 2.6
2.2 Multiple-Use Complexes ........................................................... 2.7
to offset the greater cooling and heating requirements. Entrance ves-
tibules and heaters may be needed in cold climates.
Many new small stores are part of a shopping center. While exte-
rior loads will differ between stores, the internal loads will be sim-
ilar; the need for proper design is important.
Design Considerations
System Design. Single-zone unitary rooftop equipment is com-
mon in store air conditioning. The use of multiple units to condition
the store involves less ductwork and can maintain comfort in the
event of partial equipment failure. Prefabricated and matching curbs
simplify installation and ensure compatibility with roof materials.
The heat pump, offered as packaged equipment, readily adapts to
small-store applications and has a low first cost. Winter design con-
ditions, utility rates, and operating cost should be compared to those
for conventional heating systems before this type of equipment is
chosen.
Water-cooled unitary equipment is available for small-store air
conditioning, but many communities in the United States have
restrictions on the use of city and ground water for condensing pur-
poses and require the installation of a cooling tower. Water-cooled
equipment generally operates efficiently and economically.
Retail facilities often have a high sensible heat gain relative to
the total heat gain. Unitary HVAC equipment should be designed
and selected to provide the necessary sensible heat removal.
Air Distribution. The external static pressures available in
small-store air-conditioning units are limited, and ducts should be
designed to keep duct resistances low. Duct velocities should not
exceed 1200 fpm and pressure drop should not exceed 0.10 in. of
water per 100 ft. Average air quantities range from 350 to 450 cfm
per ton of cooling in accordance with the calculated internal sensi-
ble heat load.
Attention should be paid to suspended obstacles, such as lights
and displays, that interfere with proper air distribution.
The duct system should contain enough dampers for air balanc-
ing. Dampers should be installed in the return and outdoor air duct
for proper outdoor air/return air balance. Volume dampers should be
installed in takeoffs from the main supply duct to balance air to the
branch ducts.
Control. Controls for small stores should be kept as simple as
possible while still able to perform the required functions. Unitary
equipment is typically available with manufacturer-supplied con-
trols for ease of installation and operation.
Automatic dampers should be placed in the outdoor air intake to
prevent outdoor air from entering when the fan is turned off.
Heating controls vary with the nature of the heating medium.
Duct heaters are generally furnished with manufacturer-installed
safety controls. Steam or hot water heating coils require a motorized
valve for heating control.
Time clock control can limit unnecessary HVAC operation.
Unoccupied reset controls should be provided in conjunction with
timed control.
Maintenance. To protect the initial investment and ensure max-
imum efficiency, the maintenance of air-conditioning units in small
2.2
stores should be contracted out to a reliable service company on a
yearly basis. The contract should clearly specify responsibility for
filter replacements, lubrication, belts, coil cleaning, adjustment of
controls, compressor maintenance, replacement of refrigerant,
pump repairs, electrical maintenance, winterizing, system startup,
and extra labor required for repairs.
Improving Operating Cost. Outdoor air economizers can
reduce the operating cost of cooling in most climates. They are gen-
erally available as factory options or accessories with roof-mounted
units. Increased exterior insulation generally reduces operating
energy requirements and may in some cases allow the size of
installed equipment to be reduced. Many codes now include mini-
mum requirements for insulation and fenestration materials.
DISCOUNT AND BIG BOX STORES
Large warehouse or big box stores attract customers with dis-
count prices when large quantities are purchased. These stores typ-
ically have high bay fixture displays and usually store merchandise
in the sales area. They feature a wide range of merchandise and may
include such diverse areas as a lunch counter, an auto service area,
a supermarket area, a pharmacy, and a garden shop. Some stores sell
pets, including fish and birds. This variety of merchandise must be
considered in designing air conditioning. The design and applica-
tion suggestions for small stores also apply to discount stores.
Another type of big box facility provides both dry good and
grocery areas. The grocery area is typically treated as a traditional
stand-alone grocery. Conditioning of outside air into the dry goods
areas must be considered to limit the introduction of excess mois-
ture that will migrate to the freezer aisles.
Hardware, lumber and furniture, etc. is also retailed from big box
facilities. An particular concern in this type of facility is ventilation
for material handling equipment, such as forklift trucks.
In addition to the sales area in any of these facilities such areas as
stockrooms, rest rooms, offices, and special storage rooms for per-
ishable merchandise may require air conditioning or refrigeration.
Load Determination
Operating economics and the spaces served often dictate the
indoor design conditions. Some stores may base summer load cal-
culations on a higher inside temperature (e.g., 80F db) but then set
the thermostats to control at 72 to 75F db. This reduces the installed
equipment size while providing the desired inside temperature most
of the time.
Special rooms for storage of perishable goods are usually
designed with separate unitary air conditioners.
The heat gain from lighting will not be uniform throughout the
entire area. For example, jewelry and other specialty displays have
lighting heat gains as high as 6 to 8 W per square foot of floor area,
while the typical sales area has an average value of 2 to 4 W/ft2. For
stockrooms and receiving, marking, toilet, and rest room areas, a
value of 2 W/ft2 may be used. When available, actual lighting lay-
outs rather than average values should be used for load computa-
tion.
The store owner usually determines the population density for a
store based on its location, size, and past experience.
Food preparation and service areas in discount and outlet stores
range from small lunch counters having heat-producing equipment
(ranges, griddles, ovens, coffee urns, toasters) in the conditioned
space to large deluxe installations with kitchens separate from the
conditioned space. Chapter 30 has specific information on HVAC
systems for kitchen and eating spaces.
Data on the heat released by special merchandising equipment,
such as amusement rides for children or equipment used for prepar-
ing speciality food items (e.g., popcorn, pizza, frankfurters, ham-
burgers, doughnuts, roasted chickens, cooked nuts, etc.), should be
obtained from the equipment manufacturers.
1999 ASHRAE Applications Handbook
Ventilation and outdoor air must be provided as required in
ASHRAE standards and local codes.
Design Considerations
Heat released by the installed lighting is usually sufficient to
offset the design roof heat loss. Therefore, the interior areas of
these stores need cooling during business hours throughout the
year. The perimeter areas, especially the storefront and entrance
areas, may have highly variable heating and cooling require-
ments. Proper zone control and HVAC design are essential. The
location of checkout lanes in this area makes proper environmen-
tal control even more important.
System Design. The important factors in selecting discount and
outlet store air-conditioning systems are (1) installation costs, (2)
floor space required for equipment, (3) maintenance requirements
and equipment reliability, and (4) simplicity of control. Roof-
mounted units are the most commonly used.
Air Distribution. The air supply for large sales areas should
generally be designed to satisfy the primary cooling requirement. In
designing air distribution for the perimeter areas, the variable heat-
ing and cooling requirements must be considered.
Because of the store requirement to maintain high, clear areas for
display and restocking, air is generally distributed from heights of
14 ft and greater. Air distribution at these heights requires high
velocities in the heating season to overcome the buoyancy of the hot
air. The velocity of this discharge air creates turbulence in the space,
and induces air from the ceiling area complete mixing of the air.
The designer should take advantage of stratification to reduce the
equipment load. By introducing air near the customers at low veloc-
ity, the air will stratify during the cooling season. With this method
of air distribution, the set-point temperature can be maintained in
the occupant zone and the temperature in the upper space can be
allowed to rise. However, this strategy requires equipment to
destratify the air during the heating season. Space-mounted fans,
and radiant heating at the perimeter, entrance, and sales areas may
be required.
Control. Because the controls are usually operated by person-
nel who have little knowledge of air-conditioning, it should be
simple, dependable, and fully automatic systemsit should be as
simple to operate as a residential system. Most unitary equipment
has automatic electronic controls for ease of operation.
Maintenance. Most stores do not employ trained maintenance
personnel; they rely instead on service contracts with either the
installer or a local service company. For suggestions on lowering
operating costs, see the previous section on Small Stores.
SUPERMARKETS
Load Determination
Heating and cooling loads should be calculated using the meth-
ods outlined in Chapter 29 of the ASHRAE HandbookFundamen-
tals. Data for calculating the loads due to people, lights, motors, and
heat-producing equipment should be obtained from the store owner
or manager or from the equipment manufacturer. In supermarkets,
space conditioning is required both for human comfort and for
proper operation of refrigerated display cases. The air-conditioning
unit should introduce a minimum quantity of outdoor air. This quan-
tity is either the volume required for ventilation based on ASHRAE
Standard 62 or the volume required to maintain slightly positive
pressure in the space, whichever is larger.
Many supermarkets are units of a large chain owned or operated
by a single company. The standardized construction, layout, and
equipment used in designing many similar stores simplify load cal-
culations.
It is important that the final air-conditioning load be correctly
determined. Refer to manufacturers data for information on the
Retail Facilities
total heat extraction, sensible heat, latent heat, and percentage of
latent to total load for display cases. Engineers report considerable
fixture heat removal (case load) variation as the relative humidity
and temperature vary in comparatively small increments. Relative
humidity above 55% substantially increases the load, while reduced
relative humidity substantially decreases the load, as shown in Fig-
ure 1. Trends in store design, which include more food refrigeration
and more efficient lighting, reduce the sensible component of the
load even further.
To calculate the total load and percentage of latent and sensible
heat that the air conditioning must handle, the refrigerating effect
imposed by the display fixtures must be subtracted from the build-
ings gross air-conditioning requirements.
Modern supermarket designs have a high percentage of closed
refrigerated display fixtures. These vertical cases have large glass
display doors and greatly reduce the problem of latent and sensible
heat removal from the occupied space. The doors do, however,
require heaters to prevent condensation and fogging. These heaters
should be cycled based on some kind of automatic control.
Design Considerations
Store owners and operators frequently complain about cold
aisles, heaters that operate even when the outdoor temperature is
above 70F, and air-conditioners that operate infrequently. These
problems are usually attributed to spillover of cold air from open
refrigerated display equipment.
Although refrigerated display equipment may be the cause of
cold stores, the problem is not due to excessive spillover or improp-
erly operating equipment. Heating and air-conditioning systems
must compensate for the effects of open refrigerated display equip-
ment. Design considerations include the following:
1. Increased heating requirement due to removal of large quantities
of heat, even in summer.
2. Net air-conditioning load after deducting the latent and sensible
refrigeration effect (Item 1). The load reduction and change in sen-
sible-latent load ratio have a major effect on equipment selection.
3. Need for special air circulation and distribution to offset the heat
removed by open refrigerating equipment.
4. Need for independent temperature and humidity control.
110
100
PERCENT LOAD
90 LOW TEMP.
80 MEDIUM TEMP.
70
60
30 40 50 60 70 80
ABSOLUTE HUMIDITY, grains/lb
Fig. 1 Refrigerated Case Load Variation with Store
Air Humidity
2.3
Each of these problems is present to some degree in every super-
market, although situations vary with climate and store layout.
Methods of overcoming these problems are discussed in the follow-
ing sections. Extremely high energy cost may ensue if the year-
round air-conditioning system has not been designed to compensate
for the effects of refrigerated display equipment.
Heat Removed by Refrigerated Displays. The display refrig-
erator not only cools a displayed product but envelops it in a blanket
of cold air that absorbs heat from the room air in contact with it.
Approximately 80 to 90% of the heat removed from the room by
vertical refrigerators is absorbed through the display opening. Thus,
the open refrigerator acts as a large air cooler, absorbing heat from
the room and rejecting it via the condensers outside the building.
Occasionally, this conditioning effect can be greater than the design
air-conditioning capacity of the store. The heat removed by the
refrigeration equipment must be considered in the design of the air-
conditioning and heating systems because this heat is being
removed constantly, day and night, summer and winter, regardless
of the store temperature.
The display cases increase the heating requirement of the
building such that heat is often required at unexpected times. The
following example is an indication of the extent of this cooling
effect. The desired store temperature is 75F. Store heat loss or
gain is assumed to be 15,000 Btu/h per F of temperature differ-
ence between outdoor and store temperature. (This value varies
with store size, location, and exposure.) The heat removed by
refrigeration equipment is 190,000 Btu/h. (This value varies with
the number of refrigerators.) The latent heat removed is assumed
to be 19% of the total, leaving 81% or 154,000 Btu/h sensible
heat removed, which will cool the store 154,000/15,000 = 10F.
By constantly removing sensible heat from its environment, the
refrigeration equipment in this store will cool the store 10F
below outdoor temperature in winter and in summer. Thus, in
mild climates, heat must be added to the store to maintain com-
fort conditions.
The designer has the choice of discarding or reclaiming the heat
removed by refrigeration. If economics and store heat data indicate
that the heat should be discarded, heat extraction from the space
must be included in the heating load calculation. If this internal heat
loss is not included, the heating system may not have sufficient
capacity to maintain the design temperature under peak conditions.
The additional sensible heat removed by the cases may change
the air-conditioning latent load ratio from 32% to as much as 50%
of the net heat load. Removal of a 50% latent load by means of
refrigeration alone is very difficult. Normally, it requires specially
designed equipment with reheat or chemical adsorption.
Multishelf refrigerated display equipment requires 55% rh or
less. In the dry-bulb temperature ranges of average stores, humidity
in excess of 55% can cause heavy coil frosting, product zone frost-
ing in low-temperature cases, fixture sweating, and substantially
increased refrigeration power consumption.
A humidistat can be used during summer cooling to control
humidity by transferring heat from the condenser to a heating coil in
the airstream. The store thermostat maintains proper summer tem-
perature conditions. Override controls prevent conflict between the
humidistat and the thermostat.
The equivalent result can be accomplished with a conventional
air-conditioning system by using three- or four-way valves and
reheat condensers in the ducts. This system borrows heat from the
standard condenser and is controlled by a humidistat. For higher
energy efficiency, specially designed equipment should be consid-
ered. Desiccant dehumidifiers and heat pipes have also been used.
Humidity. Cooling from the refrigeration equipment does not
preclude the need for air conditioning. On the contrary, it increases
the need for humidity control.
With increases in store humidity, heavier loads are imposed on
the refrigeration equipment, operating costs rise, more defrost
2.4 1999 ASHRAE Applications Handbook

periods are required, and the display life of products is shortened. 1. Return Ducts in Floor. This is the preferred method and can be
The dew point rises with the relative humidity, and sweating can accomplished in two ways. The floor area in front of the refrig-
become profuse to the extent that even nonrefrigerated items such erated display cases is the coolest area. Refrigerant lines are run
as shelving superstructures, canned products, mirrors, and walls to all of these cases, usually in tubes or trenches. If the trenches
may sweat. or tubes are enlarged and made to open under the cases for air
There are two commonly used devices for achieving humidity return, air can be drawn in from the cold area (see Figure 2). The
control. One is an electric vapor compression air conditioner, air is returned to the air-handling unit through a tee connection to
which overcools the air to condense the moisture and then reheats the trench before it enters the back room area. The opening
it to a comfortable temperature. Condenser waste heat is often through which the refrigerant lines enter the back room should
used. Vapor compression holds humidity levels at 50 to 55% rh. be sealed.
The second dehumidification device is a desiccant dehumidi- If refrigerant line conduits are not used, the air can be
fier. A desiccant absorbs or adsorbs moisture directly from the air returned through inexpensive underfloor ducts. If refrigerators
to its surface. The desiccant material is reactivated by passing hot have insufficient undercase air passage, the manufacturer
air at 180 to 230F through the desiccant base. Condenser waste should be consulted. Often they can be raised off the floor
heat can provide as much as 40% of the heat required. Desiccant approximately 1.5 in. Floor trenches can also be used as ducts
systems in supermarkets can maintain humidity in the lower for tubing, electrical supply, and so forth.
ranges of the comfort index. Lower humidity results in lower Floor-level return relieves the problem of localized cold areas
operating costs for the refrigerated cases. and cold aisles and uses the cooling effect for store cooling, or
System Design. The same air-handling equipment and distri- increases the heating efficiency by distributing the air to the areas
bution system are generally used for both cooling and heating. that need it most.
The entrance area is the most difficult section to heat. Many 2. Fans Behind Cases. If ducts cannot be placed in the floor,
supermarkets in the northern United States are built with vesti- circulating fans can draw air from the floor and discharge it
bules provided with separate heating equipment to temper the above the cases (see Figure 3). While this approach prevents
cold air entering from the outdoors. Auxiliary heat may also be objectionable cold aisles in front of the refrigerated display
provided at the checkout area, which is usually close to the front cases, it does not prevent the area with a concentration of refrig-
entrance. Methods of heating entrance areas include the use of (1) erated fixtures from remaining colder than the rest of the store.
air curtains, (2) gas-fired or electric infrared radiant heaters, and Control. Store personnel should only be required to change the
(3) waste heat from the refrigeration condensers. position of a selector switch to start or stop the system or to change
Air-cooled condensing units are the most commonly used in
supermarkets. Typically, a central air handler conditions the
entire sales area. Specialty areas like bakeries, computer rooms,
or warehouses are better served with a separate air handler
because the loads in these areas vary and require different control
than the sales area.
Most installations are made on the roof of the supermarket.
If air-cooled condensers are located on the ground outside the
store, they must be protected against vandalism as well as truck
and customer traffic. If water-cooled condensers are used on
the air-conditioning equipment and a cooling tower is required,
provisions should be made to prevent freezing during winter
operation.
Air Distribution. Designers overcome the concentrated load at
the front of a supermarket by discharging a large portion of the
total air supply into the front third of the sales area.
The air supply to the space with the vapor compression system Fig. 2 Floor Return Ducts
has typically been 1 cfm per square foot of sales area. This value
should be calculated based on the sensible and latent internal
loads. The desiccant system typically requires less air supply due
to its high moisture removal rate. In most cases, only about 40% of
the circulation rate passes through the dehumidifier.
Being more dense, the air cooled by the refrigerators settles to
the floor and becomes increasingly colder, especially in the first
36 in. above the floor. If this cold air remains still, it causes dis-
comfort and serves no purpose, even when other areas of the
store need more cooling. Cold floors or areas in the store cannot
be eliminated by the simple addition of heat. Any reduction of
air-conditioning capacity without circulation of the localized
cold air would be analogous to installing an air conditioner with-
out a fan. To take advantage of the cooling effect of the refrigera-
tors and provide an even temperature in the store, the cold air
must be mixed with the general store air.
To accomplish the necessary mixing, air returns should be
located at floor level; they should also be strategically placed to
remove the cold air near concentrations of refrigerated fixtures.
The returns should be designed and located to avoid the creation
of drafts. There are two general solutions to this problem: Fig. 3 Air Mixing Using Fans Behind Cases
Retail Facilities
Fig. 4 Heat Reclaiming Systems
Fig. 5 Machine Room with Automatic Temperature
Control Interlocked with Store Temperature Control
from heating to cooling or from cooling to heating. Control systems
for heat recovery applications are more complex and should be
coordinated with the equipment manufacturer.
Maintenance and Heat Reclamation. Most supermarkets,
except large chains, do not employ trained maintenance personnel,
but rather rely on service contracts with either the installer or a local
service company. This relieves the store management of the respon-
sibility of keeping the air conditioning operating properly.
The heat extracted from the store and the heat of compression
may be reclaimed for heating cost saving. One method of reclaim-
ing the rejected heat is to use a separate condenser coil located in the
air conditioners air handler, either alternately or in conjunction
with the main refrigeration condensers, to provide heat as required
(see Figure 4). Another system uses water-cooled condensers and
delivers its rejected heat to a water coil in the air handler.
The heat rejected by conventional machines using air-cooled
condensers may be reclaimed by proper duct and damper design
(see Figure 5). Automatic controls can either reject this heat to the
outdoors or recirculate it through the store.
DEPARTMENT STORES
Department stores vary in size, type, and location, so air-condition-
ing design should be specific to each store. An ample minimum quan-
tity of outdoor air reduces or eliminates odor problems. Essential
features of a quality system include (1) an automatic control system
properly designed to compensate for load fluctuations, (2) zoned air
distribution to maintain uniform conditions under shifting loads, and
2.5
(3) use of outdoor air for cooling during intermediate seasons and
peak sales periods. It is also desirable to adjust indoor temperature for
variations in the outdoor temperature. While the close control of
humidity is not necessary, a properly designed system should operate
to maintain relative humidity at 50% or below with a corresponding
dry-bulb temperature of 78F. This humidity limit eliminates musty
odors and retards perspiration, particularly in fitting rooms.
Load Determination
Because the occupancy (except store personnel) is transient,
indoor conditions are commonly set not to exceed 78F db and 50%
rh at outdoor summer design conditions, and 70F db at outdoor
winter design conditions. Winter humidification is seldom used in
store air conditioning.
The number of customers and store personnel normally found
on each conditioned floor must be ascertained, particularly in spe-
cialty departments or other areas having a greater-than-average
concentration of occupants. Lights should be checked for wattage
and type. Table 1 gives approximate values for lighting in various
areas; Table 2 gives approximate occupancies.
Other loads, such as those from motors, beauty parlor and restau-
rant equipment, and any special display or merchandising equip-
ment, should be determined.
The minimum outdoor air requirement should be as defined in
the ASHRAE Standard 62, which are generally acceptable and ade-
quate for removing odors and keeping the building atmosphere
fresh. However, local ventilation ordinances may require greater
quantities of outdoor air.
Paint shops, alteration rooms, rest rooms, eating places, and
locker rooms should be provided with positive exhaust ventilation,
and their requirements must be checked against local codes.
Design Considerations
Before performing load calculations, the designer should exam-
ine the store arrangement to determine what will affect the load and
the system design. For existing buildings, a survey can be made of
actual construction, floor arrangement, and load sources. For new
buildings, an examination of the drawings and a discussion with the
architect or owner will be required.
Larger stores may contain beauty parlors, restaurants, lunch
counters, or auditoriums. These special areas may operate during all
store hours. If one of these areas has a load that is small in propor-
tion to the total load, the load may be met by the portion of the air
conditioning serving that floor. If present or future operation could
for any reason be compromised by such a strategy, this space should
be served by separate air conditioning. Because of the concentrated
load in the beauty parlor, separate air distribution should be pro-
vided for this area.
Table 1 Approximate Lighting Load for Department Stores
Area W/ft2
Basement 3 to 5
First floor 4 to 7
Upper floors, womens wear 3 to 5
Upper floors, house furnishings 2 to 3
Table 2 Approximate Occupancy for Department Stores
Area ft2 per person
Basement, metropolitan area 25 to 100
Basement, other with occasional peak 25 to 100
First floor, metropolitan area 25 to 75
First floor, suburban 25 to 75
Upper floors, womens wear 50 to 100
Upper floors, house furnishings 100 or more
2.6
The restaurant, because of its required service facilities, is gen-
erally centrally located. It is often used only during the noon hours.
For control of odors, a separate air-handling system should be con-
sidered. Future plans for the store must be ascertained because they
can have a great effect on the type of air conditioning and refriger-
ation to be used.
System Design. Air conditioning for department stores may be
of the unitary or central-station type. Selection should be based on
owning and operating costs as well as any other special consider-
ations for the particular store, such as store hours, load variations,
and size of load.
Large department stores often use central-station systems con-
sisting of air-handling units having chilled water cooling coils, hot
water heating coils, fans, and filters. Air systems must have ade-
quate zoning for varying loads, occupancy, and usage. Wide varia-
tions in people loads may justify consideration of variable volume
air distribution systems. The water chilling and heating plants dis-
tribute water to the various air handlers and zones and may take
advantage of some load diversity throughout the building.
Air-conditioning equipment should not be placed in the sales
area; instead, it should be located in ceiling, roof, and mechanical
equipment room areas whenever practicable. Maintenance and
operation after installation should be considered in the location of
equipment.
Air Distribution. All buildings must be studied for orienta-
tion, wind exposure, construction, and floor arrangement. These
factors affect not only load calculations, but also zone arrange-
ments and duct locations. In addition to entrances, wall areas with
significant glass, roof areas, and population densities, the
expected locations of various departments (e.g., the lamp depart-
ment) should be considered. Flexibility must be left in the duct
design to allow for future movement of departments. The prelimi-
nary duct layout should also be checked in regard to winter heat-
ing to determine any special situations. It is usually necessary to
design separate air systems for entrances, particularly in northern
areas. This is also true for storage areas where cooling is not con-
templated.
Air curtains may be installed at entrance doorways to limit or
prevent infiltration of unconditioned air, at the same time providing
greater ease of entry.
Control. The necessary extent of automatic control depends on
the type of installation and the extent to which it is zoned. Control
must be such that correctly conditioned air is delivered to each zone.
Outdoor air intake should be automatically controlled to operate at
minimum cost. Partial or full automatic control should be provided
for cooling to compensate for load fluctuations. Completely auto-
matic refrigeration plants should be considered.
Maintenance. Most department stores employ personnel for
routine operation and maintenance, but rely on service and preven-
tive maintenance contracts for refrigeration cycles, chemical treat-
ment, central plant systems, and major repairs.
Improving Operating Cost. An outdoor air economizer can
reduce the operating cost of cooling in most climates. These are
generally available as factory options or accessories with the air-
handling units or control systems. Heat recovery and thermal stor-
age should also be analyzed.
CONVENIENCE CENTERS
Many small stores, discount stores, supermarkets, drugstores,
theaters, and even department stores are located in convenience
centers. The space for an individual store is usually leased. Arrange-
ments for installing air conditioning in leased space vary. In a typi-
cal arrangement, the developer builds a shell structure and provides
the tenant with an allowance for typical heating and cooling and
other minimum interior finish work. The tenant must then install an
HVAC system. In another arrangement, developers install HVAC
1999 ASHRAE Applications Handbook
units in the small stores with the shell construction, often before the
space is leased or the occupancy is known. The larger stores typi-
cally provide their own HVAC design and installation.
Design Considerations
The developer or owner may establish standards for typical heat-
ing and cooling that may or may not be sufficient for the tenants
specific requirements. The tenant may therefore have to install sys-
tems of different sizes and types than originally allowed for by the
developer. The tenant must ascertain that power and other services
will be available for the total intended requirements.
The use of party walls in convenience centers tends to reduce
heating and cooling loads. However, the effect an unoccupied adja-
cent space has on the partition load must be considered.
REGIONAL SHOPPING CENTERS
Regional shopping centers generally incorporate an enclosed
heated and air-conditioned mall. These centers are normally owned
by a developer, who may be an independent party, a financial insti-
tution, or one of the major tenants in the center.
The major department stores are typically considered to be sep-
arate buildings, although they are attached to the mall. The space
for individual small stores is usually leased. Arrangements for
installing air conditioning in the individually leased spaces vary,
but are similar to those for small stores in convenience centers.
Table 3 presents typical data that can be used as check figures
and field estimates. However, this table should not be used for final
determination of load, since the values are only averages.
Design Considerations
The owner provides the air-conditioning system for the
enclosed mall. The mall may use a central plant or unitary equip-
ment. The owner generally requires that the individual tenant
stores connect to a central plant and includes charges for heating
and cooling in the rent. Where unitary systems are used, the
owner generally requires that the individual tenant install a uni-
tary system of similar design.
The owner may establish standards for typical heating and cool-
ing systems that may or may not be sufficient for the tenants spe-
cific requirements. Therefore, the tenant may have to install systems
of different sizes than originally allowed for by the developer.
Leasing arrangements may include provisions that have a detri-
mental effect on conservation (such as allowing excessive lighting
and outdoor air or deleting requirements for economizer systems).
The designer of HVAC for tenants in a shopping center must be
well aware of the lease requirements and work closely with leasing
agents to guide these systems toward better energy efficiency.
Many regional shopping centers now contain specialty food
court areas that require special considerations for odor control, out-
door air requirements, kitchen exhaust, heat removal, and refriger-
ation equipment.
System Design. Regional shopping centers vary widely in phys-
ical arrangement and architectural design. Single-level and smaller
centers usually use unitary systems for mall and tenant air condi-
tioning; multilevel and larger centers usually use a central plant. The
owner sets the design of the mall and generally requires that similar
systems be installed for tenant stores.
A typical central plant may distribute chilled air to the individual
tenant stores and to the mall air-conditioning system and employ
variable volume control and electric heating at the local use point.
Some plants distribute both hot and chilled water. All-air systems
have also been used that distribute chilled or heated air to the indi-
vidual tenant stores and to the mall air conditioning and use variable
volume control at the local use point. The central plant provides
improved efficiency and better overall economics of operation.
They also provide the basic components required for smoke control.
Retail Facilities 2.7

Table 3 Typical Installed Capacity and Energy Use in Enclosed Mall Centersa
Based on 1979 DataMidwestern United States
Installed Cooling Annual Consumption, kWh/ft2
Type of Space Btu/h ft2 Lightingb Coolingc Heatingd Miscellaneous
Candy store 44.8 to 78.0 23.9 to 29.6 7.8 to 23.5 9.6 to 5.7 2.4 to 70.1
Clothing store 37.3 to 45.5 14.1 to 24.9 8.0 to 9.6 8.9 to 5.1 1.2 to 6.7
Fast food 48.2 to 78.0 16.7 to 32.4 9.8 to 23.5 9.6 to 3.8 38.1 to 70.0
Game room 33.8 to 44.5 6.8 to 12.5 7.2 to 7.3 13.8 to 4.7 0.2 to 13.8
Gen. merchandise 32.9 to 43.6 13.2 to 23.3 6.3 to 9.7 6.3 to 5.6 1.4 to 9.3
Gen. service 39.3 to 50.3 15.7 to 17.4 7.8 to 9.2 12.0 to 5.9 7.6 to 8.2
Gift store 36.4 to 51.1 12.8 to 22.9 6.3 to 10.0 7.1 to 4.9 0.4 to 2.2
Grocery 69.5 to 86.2 10.9 to 19.3 5.3 to 8.9 6.0 to 7.0 18.6 to 21.0
Jewelry 53.5 to 66.1 37.2 to 44.9 10.6 to 12.3 5.6 to 3.6 7.6 to 9.3
Mall 30.0 to 48.0 5.4 to 12.0 8.3 to 13.7 11.5 to 5.6 0.2 to 1.5
Restaurant 40.0 to 53.0 5.0 to 22.0 7.8 to 12.3 19.0 to 16.7 17.2 to 21.0
Shoe store 36.9 to 50.6 20.4 to 32.1 7.4 to 11.4 7.2 to 4.6 1.0 to 2.3
Center average 30.0 to 48.0 18.0 to 28.0 8.0 to 15.0 6.0 to 3.0 1.0 to 3.0
aOperation of center assumed to be 12 h/day and 6.5 days/week. cCooling includes blower motor and is for unitary-type system.
bLighting includes miscellaneous and receptacle loads. dHeating includes blower and is for electric resistance heating.

Air Distribution. Air distribution for individual stores should be
designed for a particular space occupancy. Some tenant stores main-
tain a negative pressure relative to the mall for odor control.
The air distribution should maintain a slight positive pressure
relative to atmospheric pressure and a neutral pressure relative to
most of the individual tenant stores. Exterior entrances should have
vestibules with independent heating systems.
Smoke management is required by many building codes, so the
air distribution should be designed to easily accommodate smoke
control requirements.
Maintenance. Methods for ensuring the operation and mainte-
nance of HVAC systems in regional shopping centers are similar to
those used in department stores. Individual tenant stores may have
to provide their own maintenance.
Improving Operating Cost. Methods for lowering operating
costs in shopping centers are similar to those used in department
stores. Some shopping centers have successfully employed cooling
tower heat exchanger economizers.
Central plant systems for regional shopping centers typically
have much lower operating costs than unitary systems. However,
the initial cost of the central plant system is typically higher.
MULTIPLE-USE COMPLEXES
Multiple-use complexes are being developed in most metropoli-
tan areas. These complexes generally combine retail facilities with
other facilities such as offices, hotels, residences, or other commer-
cial space into a single site. This consolidation of facilities into a
single site or structure provides benefits such as improved land
use; structural savings; more efficient parking; utility savings; and
opportunities for more efficient electrical, fire protection, and
mechanical systems.
Load Determination
The various occupancies may have peak HVAC demands that
occur at different times of the day or even of the year. Therefore, the
HVAC loads of the various occupancies should be determined inde-
pendently. Where a combined central plant is under consideration, a
block load should also be determined.
Design Considerations
Retail facilities are generally located on the lower levels of
multiple-use complexes, and other commercial facilities are on
upper levels. Generally, the perimeter loads of the retail portion
differ from those of the other commercial spaces. Greater light-
ing and population densities also make the HVAC demands for
the retail space different from those for the other commercial
space.
The differences in HVAC characteristics for the various occu-
pancies within a multiple-use complex indicate that separate air
handling and distribution should be used for the separate spaces.
However, combining the heating and cooling requirements of the
various facilities into a central plant can achieve a substantial sav-
ing. A combined central heating and cooling plant for a multiple-use
complex also provides good opportunities for heat recovery, ther-
mal storage, and other similar functions that may not be economical
in a single-use facility.
Many multiple-use complexes have atriums. The stack effect
created by atriums requires special design considerations for tenants
and space on the main floor. Areas near entrances require special
considerations to prevent drafts and accommodate extra heating
requirements.
System Design. Individual air-handling and distribution systems
should be designed for the various occupancies. The central heating
and cooling plant may be sized for the block load requirements,
which may be less than the sum of each occupancys demand.
Control. Multiple-use complexes typically require centralized
control. It may be dictated by requirements for fire and smoke
control, security, remote monitoring, billing for central facilities
use, maintenance control, building operations control, and energy
management.