Logos Bible Software Blog: Who Cares About Participles? I Do!

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January 31, 2008

Who Cares About Participles? I Do!

[Today's Guest Post is by Dr. Steve Runge, who is a scholar-in-residence here at Logos Bible Software. Steve is
working on projects to annotate discourse function in the Greek New Testament and Hebrew Bible. More
importantly, he's a really smart guy with a passion for explaining the exegetical significance and importance of
discourse functions in language that non-academics can understand so that sermons and lessons can take
such things into account, resulting in better preaching and teaching. Look for more posts from Steve in the future.
RB]

My name is Steve, and I wanted to give you some ideas about how you can use
some technology you probably already have to enhance your Bible study. One of the
great features of the Biblical Languages Addin is the Morphological Filter (click
View | Visual Filters) that lets you markup Greek and Hebrew Bibles based on their
morphological coding (Click for video demo; here's a blog post with similar
information). And you are probably saying, Steve, I dont know Greek. Why would I
want such a tool? I am glad you asked!

One of the basic tenets of Bible study is to identify the main idea of each verse,
which in turn allows you to build toward understanding the big idea of a passage,
and so on. Believe it or not, the New Testament writers wanted the same thing. Not
every action is of equal importance, and so the writers made choices about which
actions to make the main idea of a sentence. One of the ways they did this was by
using different kinds of verbs for different kinds of actions in order to prioritize them.

If you were to picture a line of soldiers, there are two ways I could make some of them stand out. The first way is
to have the important ones take a step forward. This is essentially what emphasis does, it brings something out
front. The other way to make something stand out is to have the less-important ones take a step back. By
pushing the less-important things into the background (backgrounding them), I can focus your attention on the
ones that are left in their original position. This is exactly what the writers did through the use of participles. Wait,
its okay, dont be afraid! Grammar can be a great friend and ally! Let me show you how.

Every sentence in the New Testament required the writer to make decisions. We make them all the time without
even thinking about it, whether writing or speaking. We choose wording that fits best with what we want to
communicate. The same is true of the NT writers. If they wanted something to be viewed as a main action, they
used a main verb form (technically finite verbs like the indicative, subjunctive or imperative moods for fellow
grammar geeks). If they wanted to describe some action to set that stage for the main action, the writers would
use participles before the main action to push the less important action into the background. Here is a quick
example from English.

1. I was writing a blog post this morning. I spilled my coffee on my keyboard.

2. While writing a blog post this morning, I spilled my coffee on my keyboard.

In the first line, both actions are described as though they were equally important, both use main verbs. The
second line backgrounds the first action using a participle in order to set the stage for the main action that

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followsspilling my coffee (Dont worry, Bob. I didnt really spill, just needed an example).

This same kind of backgrounding happens all the time in the New Testament. And even if you dont know Greek,
you can use the tools available in Logos to find these backgrounded actions. Heres how.

If you have an ESV English-Greek Reverse Interlinear of the New Testament and the Morphological Filter from
the Biblical Languages Addin, you have all that you need to start your study. Open up the ESV English-Greek
Reverse Interlinear in Logos Bible Software, and then click View | Visual Filters. This opens up the Visual Filter
dialogue. Then click on Morphological Filter in the left pane, then click Add.

Click image for larger version

(works for all images in this post)

Then click Details. This opens up another dialog box that lets you choose the grammatical characteristics that
you want to visualize. We want to check Verbs, and then Participles under Verb types. Then click Add on the
lower left, and finally pick a how you want to represent it in the text using the Palettes (I chose the Gray
highlighter pen). This will identify all of the participles.

Now you need to identify the main verbs. All we have to do is repeat the steps. Click Verbs, and then under the

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Tense, Voice, Mood menu click Finite under Verb types, then click Add.

Now pick a visualization from the Palettes (I chose green highlighter pen), and finally click Okay. You are ready
to look for backgrounded actions!

In your ESV reverse interlinear, go to Matthew 28:19 , we can take a look at how Matthew uses a participle to
prioritize the actions of the Great Commission. English does not use participles like Greek does, so a lot of them
get translated into English as though they were main verbs. This is not incorrect translation, it is just a
consequence of Greek not being English. But you can pick out the backgrounded actions from the original Greek
using this Visual Filter in the Reverse Interlinear.

In English, there are two main actions of the Great Commission: Go and Make disciples. But if you look at Go,
youll see that it is a participle. Does this mean it doesnt matter at all? No, it does matter. Matthew used a
participle to make sure that we got the main idea of the verse: MAKING DISCIPLES. Both actions need to
happen, but they are not of equal importance. Using a participle backgrounds the less-important action.

This idea of backgrounding only applies to participles when they precede the main action, not when they follow it.
The participles that follow the main action tend to spell out more specifically what the main action looks like. Here,
making disciples is spelled out as baptizing and teaching them to observe all that Jesus commanded.

Another good example is found in Acts 9:1-2 , where Saul is seeking to arrest the believers in order to keep
The Way from spreading.

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In v. 1 there are two actions described: breathing and went. But we can tell from the Morphological Filter that
both of these actions are backgrounded. That means that these actions are setting the stage for the main action,
and are not the main action themselves. The main action doesnt come until v. 2; it is Saul ASKING for the letters.
Going to the high priest was just something that had to happen before he could ask them for the letters. Lukes
choice to use a participle reflects how he chose to prioritize the action. Understanding how he prioritized the
action will help us better understand the main point of the passage. The other participles in v. 2 function as
verbal adjectives, describing whom Saul is seeking (the ones belonging to the Way) and how he will bring them
(having been bound). The principle of backgrounding only applies to the action participles that precede the main
action.

The biggest, hairiest chain of backgrounded actions that I have yet found is in Mark 5:25-27 , where SEVEN
backgrounded actions before we finally get to the main action. Nearly all of these are translated in the ESV as
though they are main verbs. Remember, this is not bad translation, it just reflects that Greek is not English. Take
a look!

Look at all of the actions that are backgrounded! The one main action that is left standing is touched, all of the
rest are simply setting the stage for this action. Mark clearly indicates this by using participles instead of main
verbs. He could have just as easily chosen to make ALL of the actions main ones, but then touched would not
have stood out. They would have all been equal. By backgrounding the less-important actions before the main
action, the writer lets us know which action we need to focus on. There is good reason to focus on touch in this
context, because it is the key action that sets off a whole series of events that follows. Touching Jesus is what
heals this woman (v. 27). Look at how Jesus response is described in v. 30.

Three participles are used to describe the actions that lead to Jesus response (said), and what he says is the
most important part of the verse: Who touched me? Mark has carefully framed his message to make sure that

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we do not miss the main point of the story!

The gospels and Acts by far make the most use of backgrounding through the use of participles before the main
action. Here are a few more examples from Matthew. In Matt 13:46 in the parable about the pearl of great
price, look at which actions have been backgrounded.

There are only two main actions in this verse: selling all that he had and buying. The finding and going set the
stage for the main actions. Do you see how the backgrounding fits with the main idea of the passage?

Another example is found in the description of Jesus preparing to feed the 5000 in Matt 14:19 .

There are three backgrounded actions leading up to one main action in the first sentence. Ordering the crowds,
taking the loaves and fish, and looking up to heaven are all backgrounded, keeping attention on the main
action: he said a blessing. In the next sentence, breaking is backgrounded, keeping attention focused on giving
it to the disciples who in turn give it to the crowds.

By the way, you do not need to use the visual filter to find out if an action is a participle in Greek or not. If you
hover over ordered in v. 19 of the reverse interlinear and look at the display in the lower left corner of the main
window, you will see some information displayed.

The G2753 is the Strongs number; the rest is the grammatical information for the Greek word. You can get the
same information as what we have visualized using the Visual Filter, but it is does not let you see the big picture,
and it is not nearly as cool!

As you may have noticed, not every participle backgrounds an action. Some participles dont even describe
action, but instead function as verbal adjectives to describe a person, place or thing. The participles that follow
the main action usually spell out more specifically what the main action looks like (a topic I will take up in a future
post). But there is hope!

I have been working for the last year in a super-secret department (next to Rick!) on a project that identifies all of
the New Testament occurrences of cool devices like backgrounded actions. There are 15 other devices that are
all explained and marked up using something like the visual filter right in the text to help you better understand
what the writers were trying to draw your attention to. Stay tuned for more details.

Update: Both products are now available for pre-order:

Lexham High Definition New Testament

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Lexham Discourse Greek New Testament

Posted by Rick Brannan at January 31, 2008 06:00 AM

Comments

This is fascinating! Can't wait to use this more often! thanks!

Posted by: Robin at January 31, 2008 07:14 AM

Keep up the good work, this is very informing, looking forward to additional information.

Posted by: Ken Johnson at January 31, 2008 10:00 AM

I liked this article. It shows and reminds us all how important participles are. I wish to know if Logos is planning to
include the participle mode in the verb river feature.

David.

Posted by: David Cortes at January 31, 2008 01:02 PM

Steve:

Great post! As a pastor and Logos user I have been feverishly trying to find someone who can tell me what are
the best reports to send to the wordprocessor in sermon preparation. Reports such as various word studies, etc.
Any suggestions?

Posted by: dh at January 31, 2008 02:31 PM

This is great--about time someone gave greek a pratical spin, especially if you are a solo-pastor.

Posted by: Rev. Msgr. R.J. Friske, C.S., Sp. at January 31, 2008 02:38 PM

Well written article with enough screen shots to make it easy to understand. I'm looking forward to using this
feature more often now that I understand it better. Thank you Dr.Runge.

Posted by: Jay Winter at January 31, 2008 10:10 PM

Thank you for this very informative article. As a non-academic, you have provided me with a another tool of
understanding "how" to view "what" God desired us to focus on as we read.

Looking forward to your future articles, please keep them coming!

Posted by: Larry at February 2, 2008 07:17 AM

This is a great breakthrough for those of us that love the Work of God, but have no training in Greek or Hebrew.

I am Looking forward to future ways to use these great tools that are made possible by this program.

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Thanks,

Roger Scarborough

Posted by: Roger Scarborough at February 4, 2008 10:00 AM

Steve just wanted to echo the same appreciation for such a great job you have done by posting this information.
It will be put to good use.

Thanks

Maurice Collins

Posted by: Maurice Collins at February 5, 2008 09:06 PM

Very helpful for me too.

But how does it apply to Romans 12:6-12 where there are a string of imperatival participles? Are these acting
as finites?

Posted by: Richard L at February 12, 2008 06:07 PM

O man, where have I been?

It's good to have the reminders of the tools built into Logos, whether the morphological search, or the "hover"
feature for determining verb tense. And a good reminder not to wander too far from the original languages. So
many factors go into why translators and publishers choose their final product.

I remember you showing some of your work at a Logos conference about a year ago up in Bellingham. I think it
would be nice to have a component with your teaching on a regular basis.

I'm glad these blogs were referred to in the email about the upcoming publication!

Blessings,
JHD

Posted by: John H Doty at March 15, 2008 09:07 AM

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