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Logos is pleased to announce another first in the study of the biblical texts: a discourse analysis of the entire New
Pre-Pub RSS Feed Testament. The Lexham Discourse Greek New Testament brings the insights of discourse analysis to bear on every verse
Article: Making of a of the Greek New Testament, giving you instant access to rich discourse data absent from most commentaries and
Pre-Pub grammars.
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Our understanding of the Greek New Testament is based almost entirely on English translations, but how would our
Community Pricing understanding of the Greek text change if we read it for what it isas Greek? With the Lexham Discourse Greek New
CP RSS Feed Testament, we can now get behind the words of the New Testament writers and discover the particular linguistic tasks that
About Community Pricing inform translation and interpretation. The Lexham Discourse Greek New Testament identifies discourse markers and
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performs complex discourse analysis of the entire New Testament quickly, easily, and accurately, which makes it one of
the most advanced tools for studying the Greek text of the New Testament.
The Lexham Discourse Greek New Testament includes the entire Greek text of the New Testament marked up with more
than twenty discourse devices, making discourse analysis easier than ever! The Lexham Discourse Greek New Testament
comes with a general introduction to discourse grammar, where youll find an overview of each discourse device and
numerous examples from the Greek text of how various New Testament authors used these devices to communicate. The
Lexham Discourse Greek New Testament also includes a built-in, easy-to-use glossary. By simply hovering over a
discourse device, the glossary appears, allowing you to quickly access information about the device and about the text
youre looking at. With the Lexham Discourse Greek New Testament, its also possible to search for all instances of a
particular device, such as all cataphoric references in 1 John or all temporal frames in the Gospels. The search tool aids in
discourse analysis of entire bookstextual analysis that once took hours can now be done with a click of a mouse! The
Lexham Discourse Greek New Testament makes this all possible.
Titles Included
Lexham Discourse Greek New Testament
Lexham Discourse Greek New Testament: Glossary
Lexham Discourse Greek New Testament: Introduction
When you buy the Lexham Discourse Greek New Testament, you also get all the resources from the Lexham High
Definition New Testament!
Lexham High Definition New Testament: ESV Edition
Lexham High Definition New Testament: Glossary
Lexham High Definition New Testament: Introduction
Note: The Lexham Discourse Greek New Testament requires an unlocked copy of the English Standard Version, which is
included in all of our base packages.
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8. Historical Present
9. Meta-Comment
10. Redundant Quotative Frame
11. Tail-Head Linkage
Emphasis
1. Emphasis (Main Clause)
2. Emphasis (Main Clause-Other)
3. Emphasis (Subordinate Clause)
Thematic Highlighting
1. Athematic Demonstrative
2. Thematic Demonstrative
3. Changed Reference
4. Overspecified Noun Phrase
5. Thematic Address
6. Right Dislocation
Framing Devices
1. Comparative Frame
2. Conditional/Exceptive Frame
3. Dative Circumstantial Frame
4. Genitive Circumstantial Frame
5. Nominative Circumstantial Frame
6. Pendens Frame
7. Reason/Result Frame
8. Spatial Frame
9. Temporal Frame
10. Topical Frame
Propositional Markers
1. Complex Clause Hierarchy
2. Continuative Relative Clause
3. Topic of Verbless Clause
4. Parenthetical Comment
5. Reported Speech
Propositional Annotations
1. Proposition
2. Principle
3. Sub-Point
4. Bullet
5. Support
6. Development Unit
Once the scene is set and I begin to tell you the story, I must:
help you see who is doing what to whom,
clearly communicate changes in time, place or participants,
decide what information I want to group together in a single sentence, and what I want to break into separate
sentences
Regardless of whether I am speaking or writing, I still need to accomplish all of these tasks, as well as many others. We
can use each of these tasks as a descriptive framework for the overall story. The choices we make about whether to
follow these sets of tasks or depart from them all contain meaning. For example, if I choose to break the expected pattern
in my storyby failing to note my fear of heightsthen I must have done so for a reason. Once you determine my reason
for breaking the patternfor example, you are aware of my vertigo and wonder why I didnt mention ityou will better
understand the story, my motives for telling it, and meaning behind it.
The same principle applies when we study the Bible. We can study the linguistic tasks in the Greek text to better
understand the story. These linguistic tasks are called discourse markers, and they help us determine the meaning of the
Greek text. Normally, this process requires lengthy and tedious textual analysis. But now, the Lexham Discourse Greek
New Testament helps us identify these discourse markers in the New Testament quickly, easily, and accurately. We can
now get behind the words of the New Testament writers and discover the presence or absence of particular linguistic
tasks, which makes the Lexham Discourse Greek New Testament an indispensible tool for studying the Greek text of the
New Testament.
Lets take a look at four of the discourse devices the Lexham Discourse Greek New Testament helps us identify.
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Forward-Pointing Devices
Forward-pointing devices slow the flow of the discourse by creating a break. They add the linguistic equivalent of a speed
bump. These grammatically-based speed bumps typically occur just before something surprising or important. An added
speed bump attracts more attention to the break than it otherwise would have received had the device not been used.
Some of these devices point forward very generically. Other devices work as part of a paired set, with one part referring
ahead and the second part marking the intended referent.
For example, the writers of the New Testament use forward-pointing devices to highlight a contrast, like the / set in
Matthew 9:17.
Without the use of , the initial statement about the harvest sounds like a complete thought on its own, rather than a
discourse device that indicates a great need. Jesus call for more laborers conveys greater urgency because is found
at the beginning of the statement. Unfortunately, the forward-pointing device is obscured in the English translation.
Other forward-pointing devices indicate the presence of meta-comments, attention-getters, redundancy, quotative frames,
and tail-head linkages. Remember, these discourse devices are often obscured by English translations and can take hours
to find for the most advanced Biblical scholars. Now, with the Lexham Discourse Greek New Testament, these discourse
devices are readily apparent, allowing you to work quickly and easily with the text and saving you hours of research and
textual analysis. The Lexham Discourse Greek New Testament does it all for you!
Thematic Highlighting
Other discourse devices attract the readers attention to added information. For instance, in Matthew 22, the Sadducees
ask Jesus a question about resurrection.
Matthew 22:23 The same day Sadducees came to him, who say
that there is no resurrection, and they asked
him a question,
This additional participial clause does not distinguish to which Sadducees Jesus is referring. Rather, the overspecified noun
phrase is included to provide crucial thematic information about the participants.
The same thing happens in the parable of the prodigal son, when the eldest son uses an overspecified noun phrase to refer
to his brother in his speech to his father.
Luke 15:30 But when this son of yours came, who has
devoured your property with prostitutes, you
killed the fattened calf for him!'
These discourse devices are clearly marked in the Lexham Discourse Greek New Testament. When the writer draws your
attention to particular participants in a discourse, youll be able to spot them more easily with the Lexham Discourse Greek
New Testament. Remember, these discourse devices are obscured by English translation and require extensive research
and textual analysis to find in Greek.
Emphasis
Working with the Greek text requires the ability to identify main clauses and subordinate clauses, and determine the
relationships between these and other clauses. The task of identifying the writers emphasis in the text can become lost in
clausal outlines. Fortunately, the clause outline in the Lexham Discourse Greek New Testament breaks the sentences of
the Greek text into more manageable portions for consideration of the annotated discourse features. In fact, the Lexham
Discourse Greek New Testament places each individual clause on its own level in the outline, so that subordinate clauses
are indented to represent their subordination. The Lexham Discourse Greek New Testament provides you with the
powerful tools to identify and understand clausal relationships, so you can understand the text more accurately.
For example, James 1:23 contains a conditional clause placed before the main clause, thereby establishing a new frame of
reference for what follows. The frame of reference is in brackets, and emphasized elements are bolded.
James 1:23 [ For [if anyone is a hearer of the word and not a
] doer], he is like a man who looks intently at his
natural face in a mirror.
James wants to talk about a specific kind of person. The conditional frame of reference introduces this person, reiterating
him using the redundant thematic demonstrative that could be rendered something like, If anyone is a hearer of the
word and not a doer, this guy The most important quality of this guy is that he hears without doing. The words
are fronted for emphasis and function as the point of a point-counterpoint set, while functions
as the counterpoint in the set and is also emphasized. As important as a hearer of the word and not a doer are, what
James says about this kind of person is more important in the larger context of the verse. The scope of the emphasis
regarding the qualities of hearing and doing is limited to the fronted conditional clause. This textual analysis can be
accomplished quickly and accurately with the Lexham Discourse Greek New Testament.
Frames of Reference
A frame of reference sets the scene for the clause that follows by providing a starting point. It also provides relates what
follows the frame to what precedes the frame. A frame of reference accomplishes two primary tasks, according to
Levinsohn (2000: 8):
"it provides a starting point for the communication"
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it "cohesively anchors the subsequent clause(s) to something which is already in the context."
The most frequently utilized frame of reference is the topical frame, which typically involves fronting the grammatical
subject of the clause. Fronting the topical element draws attention to it, but since it is not the most important element in the
clause the fronting does not result in emphasis. Here is an example from 1 Peter.
1 Peter The grass withers, and the flower falls, but the
1:24b-25 word of the Lord remains forever. And this
word is the good news that was preached to you.
The first clause uses the normal order, placing the subject after the main verb. The second and third clauses front the
subject to create topical frames of reference, which have the effect of sharpening the contrast by attracting extra attention
to the switches of subject.
Other frames of reference are easily discernable with the Lexham Discourse Greek New Testament as well, such as
temporal frames, spatial frames, conditional frames, comparative frames, and reason/result frames.
Whats more, with the Lexham Discourse Greek New Testament, you will be able to easily distinguish circumstantial
participles by using discourse markers to identify circumstantial frames of reference. For example, nominative
circumstantial frames have the same grammatical subject as the main verb of the clause. The use of the participle
backgrounds the action in order to ensure that primary attention remains focused on the main action. Several actions are
backgrounded in Acts 9:1-2 to provide introduction to the main action of 'asking.'
All of the major translations render as though it were a main verb, whereas in Greek is the only main
verb of the complex clause that spreads over the two verses.
Using the Lexham Discourse Greek New Testament, you can accomplish the same analysis for circumstantial frames in
other cases. Here are examples in the dative case:
Matthew 8:23 And when he got into the boat, his disciples
followed him.
Since the subject of the participle is different from the subject of the main clause, nominative participles are not an option.
Since the same person participates in both the main clause and the participle, the participle takes the case that is used to
refer to the person in the main clause. However, the backgrounding effect of the participle remains the same, regardless of
the case that it occurs in.
Remember, with the Lexham Discourse Greek New Testament, you can accomplish complex discourse analysis of the
entire Greek New Testament with the click of a mouse. The Lexham Discourse Greek New Testament enhances your
exegesis, interpretation, sermon preparation, and research pursuits.
I believe that Steve Runge's Lexham Discourse Greek New Testament will be one of the
most important helps to students, teachers and pastors in the past ten to fifteen years.
This is a tool that will be of great help to those who are at work in the service of the
kingdom. Anyone who teaches, preaches, or studies the Word of God should not be
without it!
Sam Lamerson, Associate Professor of New Testament, Knox Theological Seminary and
Interim Preaching Pastor, Coral Ridge Presbyterian Church
Thank you for responding to our Lord's call to work through all that relevant literature on
behalf of us who are strung out along the way between none, little, and quite a bit of
language study who truly need access to what you have been discovering way up the trail.
Steve Maling
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Additional Information
Title: Lexham Discourse Greek New Testament
Author: Steve Runge
Logos Research Systems, Inc., 2008
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Waiting for the Next Shoe to Drop, Part 2
Stylistic Variation or Intentional Shaping? A Look at Characterization in John 11
Making of the Lexham High Definition New Testament
Who Cares About Participles? I Do!
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