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Edison F. DESIGN: Sinus bradycardia with Measurement of heart rate On the other hand, recent
Liu, MD, resting HR over 50 bpm (HR) is fundamental to the findings on the potential
PhD SAMPEL: should not be assessment of an individuals risk associated with low
Limin Commonly considered as abnor- pathophysiological status. Not heart
accepted reference
Chen, mal as discussed above. only for the diagnosis and LIU ET ALSINUS
ranges for heart rate
MD, have been in use Heart rate below treatment for arrhythmias, but BRADYCARDIA
with little change
FALU, 40 bpm, either an individuals heart rate may 109
over many decades.
FLMI Sinus bradycardia symptomatic or indicate whether the person is rate suggest a systematic
con- ventionally
Billy X. defined as ,60 bpm
asymptomat- ic, is likely to be at increased risk for approach to the evaluation

Gao, MD is too common an usually investigated adverse outcomes. The normal of sinus bradycardia should
abnormality.
FALU, because of the risk of range for heart rate in adults cover correctable or
According to recent
FLMI epidemiologic low coronary perfusion was established as 60100 reversible causes, heart rate
studies, reduction of
or SND. For sinus rate beats per minute (bpm) decades variation, underlying
the sinus heart rate
threshold from 60 between 40 to 50 bpm, ago.1 Sinus bradycardia has pathological alteration,
bpm to 50 bpm
distinguishing between long been said to exist in adults coexisting severe
would improve the
specificity of physiologic and with a sinus rhythm of less than arrhythmias and SND. Re-
bradycardia
detection. On the pathologic is the key 60 bpm. A rate above 100 per examination of sinus
other hand, recent
component of minute is called sinus bradycardia should
findings on the
potential risk evaluating sinus brady- tachycardia. These contribute to improved risk
associated with low
cardia and often normal limits (60100 bpm) stratification.
heart
confuses physicians. and terminolo- gies are used in
PEMBERIAN
Possi- ble causes are guidelines or textbooks
TERAPI:
sought in a principally for convenience and
The standard ECG
comprehensive for unifor- mity of designation.
is not a sensitive
investigation of the Evidence underpinning these
mea- surement for
history and physical limits is scarce.
the investigation of
examination.
sinus brady- cardia.
Ambulatory
Since the key to
electrocardiogra- phy is
prognostic
performed when
evaluation lies in
differential diagnosis is
the cause-and-effect
needed.
relationship be-
tween symptoms
and bradycardia,
ambulato- ry 2448
hours
electrocardiographic
recording is
particularly
useful.41
Ambulatory
monitor- ing also
helps with the
diagnosis of SND
and abnormal heart
rate variation.
External or
implantable
intermittent
recorders offer fur-
ther advantage for
subjects with less
frequent symptoms.