Drrilled Pier Foundations PDF

Practice 000.215.
1231
PubLication Date 08Apr94
Page 1 of 21
FLUOR DAMIEL
DRILLED PIER FW)WATIOWS
This practice establishes guidelines and reconmends procedures for design of driLLed
pier foundations.
A drilLed pier is also referred to as a driLLed shaft

1 beLIed pier, and underreani
foundation.
ScOPE
This practice incLudes the foLlowing:
a Feasible areas of application of driLLed piers.
a Minimijii requirements from a GeotechnicaL Report and points out the inportant
role of a GeotechniceL Consultant.
Suggested end reconinended pier detaiLs.
Methods for conputing axial and Lateral capacities of driLLed piers.
Brief discussion of settlement, group efficiencies, special requirements in

high seismic areas, and potential pier buckling.
Sanple conputations.
APPLICATIOW
Drilled piers should be used when reconinended by the Geotechnical Consultant for a
particular site or when they are the most economical of several alternatives alLowed
by the Geotechnical Consultant. The Lead Structural Engineer will decide when and
in which areas drilled piers wilt be used for a specific Project.
GEOTECHNICAL
COWSULTANT
The design of driLLed piers is a very coaplex subject. Successful design of deep
drilled piers requires close collaboration with the Geotechnical Consultant.
Report
The Geotechnical Report should address or provide the foLLowing:
Feasibility of using drilled piers.
a Suitability of soil for drilling and a subsurface soil profile.
Recommended methods of construction and a discussion on potential problems.
Suitability for underreams and recommended bell to shaft diameter ratios.
Suitable diameter of piers.
SuitabLe depths of straight piers and underreams.
Axial capacities, both conpression and uplift, for suitable diameters and
Lengths. These axial capacities should list separately end bearing and skin
friction capacities and factor of safety used. Estimated settlements for
these capacities, spacing, and group efficiency factors will be given. Group
effects of adjacent foundations will be addressed. Methods to conpute axial
capacities will be given.
Lateral capacities for different pier diameters

0 depths, and eccentricities
such as moments at top of shaft. Group effects can significantly reduce
allowable Lateral capacity. The report will provide recommended spacing and
group effect factors. The soil Lateral capacity will be given for a maximum
allowable deflection of 0.25 inches at working loads at the top of pier.
Deflection at ultimate soil resistance will be greater.
STRUCTULP ENGINEERING
Practice 000.215.1231
PbL icat ion Date 08Apr94
Page 2 of 21
FLUOR DANIEL
DRILLED PIER FCJJIDATIOWS
Recoamiendations for Lateral toad anaLysis using nonUnear corputer program and
P-y curves if appLicable.
KoduLus of Lateral sigrade reaction, k,.
Soil modulus CE,), density (y), Poissons ratio (i), 50 percent strain (c50),
and undrained shear strengths (C,) for cLays.
Adhesion coefficient (a,) for cohesive soils for coaputation of skin friction
if appLicabLe.
Angle of internal friction for sand and pier () for cohesiontess soiL for
conputation of skin friction.
For cohesiontess soils, uncorrected field vaLues on standard penetration

tests, N.
GENERAL
Single piers may be used to support individuaL coLLIIrIs such as pipe racks,
structures, and T supports. In seismic areas, UBC (Uniform BuiLding Code) pier cap
interconnection requirements wilt be reviewed.
A group of piers with a pier cap or grade beams may be used to support structures or
vertical and horizontal vessels similar to driven piers.
Advantages
DriLLed piers are economicaL since no forming and very Little excavation and
backfiLL are required.
Drilled piers can be designed and constructed to support large axial and
lateraL Loads. The diameter can be Large and the pier extended to great
depths requiring fewer piers. Pier caps may be eliminated.
DrilLed piers can carry Large Loads with minimaL settlement.
Larger diameter driLLed piers aLLow direct inspection of bearing area and soil
at base.
a DriLLed piers eLiminate imich of the vibration and noise associated with pier
driving affecting nearby existing instaLLations.
a DriLled piers can go through a boulder soil where driven piers might be
defLected. BouLders can be removed directly or broken with speciaL tools and
then removed using teoporary casing.
Disadvantages
a UnsuitabLe soil may cave in during underream operation.
a Bad weather conditions may make drilling and concreting difficult.
Need to dispose spoils from driLLing, belting, and slurry operations. In

envirorinentaL sensitive areas, cost may be prohibitive due to locaL
regulations.
a SLurry method of construction in an existing plant area is messy and increases

cLeanup costs.
a For large diameter piers in weak soiLs, there may be ground Loss in the
vicinity of the drilled hole if adequate precautions are not taken.
DriLled piers in groups require special sequencing for drilLing and concreting
and may result in additionaL costs.
Successful coaptetion depends on drilling operator skills.
0
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
Practice 000.215.1231
P.bLication Date 08Apr94
Page 3 of 21
FLUOR DANIEL
DRILLED PIER FOUNDATIONS
Because of their Larger diameters

1 spacing wilt generalLy be greater than for
driven piers resulting in Larger pier caps when used in groups.
PIER DETAILS
Shaft diameters wilt be sized to agree with equipment available to the
Drilling Contractors in the vicinity of the jobsite that are likely to be
doing the work.
On a specific site, the ni,rber of different shaft diameters wiLl be reduced

to a minieun to speed construction.
Belts wILL be sized in 6 inch increments. The belL to shaft diameter ratio
wiLt be a maximiin of 3. Quite often soil conditions wiLl restrict this ratio
to 2.
The mininun toe height of the belL wiLL be 6 Inches.
According to ACI (American Concrete Institute) 336.3R -72, for shafts Larger
than 30 inches, the mininun slope of the side of the bell wilt be 55 degrees.
Use of this criteria requires a 60 series underreamer. A 60 series

underreamer for shafts Larger than 30 inches does not fit on a rig without
jacking and is not preferred by contractors. Also, the time required to form
a 60 degree belt is Longer; therefore, the cost is increased. Use of 45
degree belL slope is permitted provided concrete stress in unreinforced belL
is less than aLLowable for pLain concrete and provided the soiL can stand the
flatter slope without caving. Use of 45 degree slopes requires approvaL by
the Lead Structural Engineer. Details of stresses in plain underreams are
found in Plain Concrete Iinderream for Drilled Shafts, by J.S. Farr, L.C.
Reese, ASCE (American Society of Civil Engineers) StructuraL Journal, June
1980.
Mininun vertical reinforcement in shafts is 0.005 times the gross area. The
reinforcement will preferably extend fuLl Length of the shaft. For very deep
shafts without tension, reinforcement may not be necessary for Lower section.
Mininun clear distance of vertical reinforcement wiLt be 3 inches.
Mininun cover to verticaL reinforcement is 3 inches and 4 inches in cased

piers where casing is to be withdrawn.
At pier caps, the shaft will extend a mininun of 4 inches into the cap. The
shaft is considered free headed for this condition.
Pipe cap edge distance from the shaft will be at least 6 inches.
For high seismic areas (Zones 3 and 4), the upper part of shaft and the cap
wilt be subjected to high moments and shear. The reinforcement splices at
this interface and the cap reinforcement require speciaL spiral and hoop
reinforcement. For additional details, refer to the Latest ACI code.
L(DING
Drilled piers wilt be designed for axial and lateral loads, including group effects.
Static
The design procedure presented herein is for static loading and repeated loading.
Live and wind loads are usually considered as static equivalents in analysis.
Seismic
In high seismic areas, cyclic loading has a severe effect on soil behavior. In
particular, the lateral capacity could be drastically reduced. The lateral subgrade
modulus could be reduced to 30 percent of the initial value. Cyclic Load cdoined
with group action may reduce the initial lateral subgrade modulus to 10 percent of
its value. Close collaboration with the Geotechnicat Engineer is required in high
seismic areas. Field tests may also be required.
STRUCTLAL ENGINEERING
Practice 000.215.1231
PibLication Date 08Apr94
Page 4 of 21
FLUOR DANIEL
DRILLED PIER FCJJ)ATIOWS
CCII1UTER DESIGN
Soil pier interaction is nonlinear and semi-espiricaL. For sites with high wind
speeds or high seismic areas, some structures may require use of very deep drilled
piers. These structures may require use of nonLinear conputer programs. Use of
conputer programs, although easy to use, should be with close collaboration with the
Geotechnical Engineer. The Lead Structural Engineer wilL decide which structures
require detailed conputer analysis.
Note! I I A thorough understanding of the conputer programs and method used is

essential. The Geotechnical Engineer should provide all the necessary
data and review results in some cases.
NOTATIONS
Base area.
Bell or underrearn diameter.
C, Cohesive soils cohesion determined from undrained triaxial, direct shear, or vane
tests. (This is also called unconfined conpressive strength or undrained shear
strength).
C,, Cohesion at depth z.
COb Cohesion 1 to 2 bell diameter below base.
D Pier or shaft diameter.
E Modulus of elasticity of pier material.
E, Modulus of elasticity of soil.
F, Reduction factor for bearing resistance for Large bells.
Moment of inertia of pier section.
Cohesionless soils rankine coefficient of passive lateraL earth pressure.
I Ethenent depth such as from grade to bottom of pier or bell.
Unfactored moment capacity of pier section. This should be obtained from ultimate
pier section capacity.
Unfactored maxinun negative moment in a short fixed headed pier.
Unfactored maxinLln positive moment in a short or intermediate fixed headed pier.
N Cohesionless soil - standard penetration nither.
P Actual lateraL load at top of pier.
Ultimate lateral load at top of pier at which soil failure occurs. This is ultimate
soil resistance. It is not ultimate load for concrete design.
Pa AlLowable (service load) Lateral load at top of pier.
Ultimate soil corpression capacity in base resistance.
Os Ultimate soil side or skin resistance (friction).
TC
0 Ultimate soil conpression capacity of drilled pier foundation. This is total of side
and base resistance.
STRUCTtAL ENGINEERING
Practice 000.215.1231
Pibtication Date 08Apr94
Page 5 of 21
FLUOR DAIHEL
DRILLED PIER F(XJ)IDATIOIS
Ultimate soil tension capacity of driLLed pier foundation. This is a totaL of side
and base resistance.
BELL Ultimate beLt pulL out capacity.
Sc Cohesive soils shape factor for end bearing.
Weight of concrete and soiL above belt.
Deflection at grade at aLLowable or actual appLied Load.
a Used in computation of base resistance reduction due to Large beLL diameter.
b Used in computation of base resistance reduction due to large belt diameter.
d, Cohesive soil - depth factor for end bearing.
e Lateral Load eccentricity (Refer to Attachment 4).
f,, ULtimate toad transfer in skin friction at depth z.
k Cohesive soils . moduLus of subgrade reaction.
k Cohesionless soils - coefficient of horizontal subgrade reaction.
ri Cohesiontess soiL coefficient of lateral subgrade reaction for a Long pier with a
-
width of unity at a depth of unity. This coefficient is independent of pier Length

and stiffness. It depends on soiL reLative density and ground water table.
q Surcharge such as soil density times depth.
Ultimate soil end bearing stress.
qb, Reduced uLtimate soiL end bearing stress. This reduction is due to Large beLt
diameter.
z Depth below ground surface.
a Cohesive soiL for Alpha method of skin friction, this is an empirical factor that
-
varies with depth. Refer to Attachment 14.
Cohesive soiL - a parameter to compute dimensionless Length.
Cohesionless soiL - a factor in computation of side resistance using Beta method.
y Soil density.
Soil angle of internal friction.
Cohesionless soil - a parameter to compute dimensionLess Length.
Cohesionless soil. - vertical effective stress at depth z. (This is soil density

times depth).
Poissons ratio of soil.
50 50 percent strain of soil.
AXIAL
CIWRESSIOW
LOAD
Allowable axial compression Load strongly depends on allowabLe settlements.
Short term settLements should be restricted to 1 inch. For some piping

systems, it may be necessary to restrict short term settlement to 1/2 of an
inch.
STRUCT1AL ENGilIEERING
Practice 000.215.1231
Plication Date 08Apr94
Page 6 of 21
FLUOR DANIEL
DRILLED PIER FOUNDATIOMS
Methods presented here are based on corputetiori of ultimate soiL resistance

and application of safety factors. For good, dependabLe soil data, the factor
of safety wiLL be 2.5 to 3 for coapression Load.
The generaL equation for corputing the uLtimate coapression capacity of a

drilLed pier is:
ULtimate coapression capacity of driLLed pier fo.mdation.

= ULtimate capacity of the base resistance.
ULtimate capacity in side or skin resistance.
For short rigid piers, a substantiaL portion of the Load wiLt be resisted at
base.
For intermediate and Long piers, a substantial portion of toad wilt be

resisted by skin friction or side resistance. Usually, at a relatively smaLL
downward movement, the fulL skin friction resistance is mobilized. For piers
in cLays, a vertical movement on the order of 0.25 inches will mobiLize fuLl
skin resistance. In sands, vertical movement on the order of 0.4 inches wiLl
mobilize full skin resistance.
a The amount of dispLacement necessary to mobilize full base resistance is a

function of the base diameter and is on the order of 10 percent of the base
diameter. Settlements may be too excessive for devetopaent of fuLl base
resistance.
Cohesive SoiLs
(Clay)
Side Resistance
(Skin Friction)
a For skin friction resistance, the Alpha (a) method is used beLow.
=aCs5.5ksf
1
f
where
f,. = Ultimate load transfer in skin friction at depth z, ks

= Undrained shear strength at depth Z, ksf
a EapiricaL factor that varies with depth
Refer to Attachment 14.
Q f dA
where
dA = Differential area of the perimeter, square feet.
L = Entecinent depth below ground surface, feet.
For Lateral defLections greater than 0.2 inches, the skin friction down to the
point of zero deflection is negLected.
Base Resistance
(End Bearing)
For end bearing resistance, the general bearing capacity equation is used
here.
,Sd+g
1
qb=5.14
0
Practice 000.215.1231
Ptication Date 08Apr94
Page 7 of 21
FLUOR DMIEL
where
- Ultimate soil end bearing stress, ksf.

= Average undrained shear strength 1 to 2 bell
diameters below base, kaf.
6
S - Shape factor - 1.2 for circular base.
Depth factor = 1 + 0.2L/Bb; but not greater than 1.5.
L Embedment depth of pier, feet.
Ecu diameter, feet.
Total unit surcharge (Soil density x L). ksf.
For a pier at least 2.5 beLL diameters beLow grade and using net capacities
(weight of drilled pier not considered as load).
g = 80 ksf
q, will be reduced when the base diameter Bb is greater than 75 inches to

reduce excessive short term settlements.
Reduced q, = F, q,
where
F
1 2.5
r F 10
[i2aB, + 2.5b
a=0.0071+0.0021(L/Bb) a0.015
b 0.45f 0.5b1.5
Note!!! Above reduction equation is from tests in very stiff cLays, soft clay
shates, and restricts a, to a settLement of 2.5 inches. If end bearing
constitutes more than 50 percent of design Load, a minimtin factor of
safety of 2.5 wiLL be used to restrict settlements at alLowabLe Loads
to 1 inch.
where
Ab Base area, square feet
Cdiesiontess SoiLs
()
Side Resistance
(Skin Friction)
For skin friction, the Beta method is used here.
= 4.0 ksf
where
= ULtimate toed transfer in skin friction at depth Z, ksf.
z = Depth beLow grade, feet.
= Vertical effective stress at depth z, ksf (soil density x

depth)
Practice 000.215.1231
Piblication Date 08Apr94
Page 8 of 21
FLUOR DANIEL
1.5 0.135 1.2 P 0.25
f P dA
where
dA = Differential area of the perimeter, square feet.
L = E,rbedoent depth below ground surface, feet.
For lateraL deflections greater than 0.2 inches, the skin friction down to the
V point of zero deflection is negLected.
Base Resistance
(End Bearing)
a For end bearing resistance, short term settLements are the governing criteria.
Sand tends to Loosen at the bottom of an excavation. Also there appears to
be some densification beneath the base. Since a Large amount of settLement
cannot be tolerated, the Limiting values for end bearing resistance is
restricted to a downward base movement of 5 percent of base diameter.
Note!!! Bells are not recomnended in cohesionLess soils. They are

difficuLt to construct.
UlZimate end bearing stress, a,, is a function of the uncorrected field vaLues
on standard penetration tests, N.
Fr 5 percent base diameter settLement:
0N75 q=1.2Nksf.
(Z
V
NTh o=90.0ksf.
q, wiLl be reduced when the base 1

diameter Bb, is greater than 50 inches.
Reduced q
= l2Bb
where
Ab = Base area, square feet.

V
Bb = BeLL diameter, feet
Note!!! A mininun factor of safety of 2.5 will be used to restrict

settLement to 1 inch.
AXIAL
TENSION LOAD
For axial tension Load or uplift, field test results are limited. A higher
factor of safety wilL be used.
a The general equation for coffputing the uLtimate tension capacity of drilled
pier is as foLLows: V
= Q+Qi+Wc
a
.TRUCThRAL ENGINEERING
Practice 000.215.1231
Pi.blication Date 08Apr94
Page 9 of 21
FLUOR DANIEL
where
= ULtimate tension capacity of drilLed pier fowidation.
= Ultimate capacity in side or skin resistance.
ULtimate belL puLlout resistance
= IJeight of concrete (shaft and belt) and soiL above belt.
To obtain service Load aLLowable, a gLobal factor of safety of 3 to 4 wiLl be

applied. Alternatively individual factors of safety could be used.
- Safety factor skin resistance = 4.

- Safety factor belt pultout= 3 to 5.
Safety factor weight of pier= 1.5.
Q = + +
UpLIrr 4 3to5 1.5
Straight Pier
The uLtimate capacity is coaputed from skin resistance and weight of pier.
The coapitation of skin resistance is the same as for coppressive Loading.
Betted Pier
Fotmdation
One coninonly used method is the assLJition of a vertical fictitious cyLinder
of soil of belt diameter 8
b above the belt and then copputirig skin (frictional)
resistance along this surface. The copputation of skin resistance is same as
for conpressive Loading. By this method,
= Q+Ws+W
where
SB
0 = Ultimate capacity in friction or skin resistance using
belt diameter Bb aLong entire cylinder Length.
= Weight of soil within the assuned fictitious cylinder.
= Weight of concrete.
A minimun factor of 3 wilL be used with no increase in allowable for transient

loads.
Note!!! Axial resistance due to skin friction must neglect any skin
friction for the depth of frost. Frost causes jacking forces on
piers. The minimun depth to prevent this must be 2 1/2 times
the frost depth.
LATERAL L(1)
General
The analysis of lateralLy loaded piers is a copplicated soil structure
interaction problem. Closed form solutions to predict deflection and reaction
are available. However, these solutions assi.sne a Linear elastic soil response
which may resuLt in erroneous results. In order to correctly model the soil
response, a nonlinear Load transfer method is required. One such method is
the P-y curve method.
STRUCTURAL ENGI ERING

Practice 000.215.1231
PiELicaticn Date 08Apr94
Page 10 of 21
FLUOR DAJIIEL
DRILLED PIER FOUNDATIOIIS
Pier behavior (Attachment 4) jider Lateral Load is governed by the fLexureL

stiffness of the pier relative to the stiffness of the soiL surrounding the
upper portion of the pier. A stiff or a short pier, rotates as a rigid
element around a fixed point beLow grade. Failure for a stiff or short pier
occurs when the uLtimate passive resistance of soil is exceeded. For a
flexibLe or Long pier, the fLexuraL capacity of the pier is the Limiting
criteria. Failure for a Long pier occurs when the bending moment in the pier
is equal to the moment capacity of pier. The fulL passive resistance in the
soiL along the entire Length of pier is not deveLoped for Long piers.
The Lateral capacity of a pier also depends on the fixity at the top of the
pier.
At working Load Levels, belLs, or jderreams have no infLuence on aLLowabLe

LateraL capacity. At uLtimate soil resistance, bells have a marginaL and
insignificant effect on LateraL resistance.
Cooputation of pier Lateral capacity is based on uLtimate soiL resistance with

a factor of safety applied for aLLowable Loads. The miriins.sn factor of safety
is 2. Also, a Limiting factor in co1putation of LateraL capacity is the pier
deflection at grade. This should be Limited to 0.25 inches at working Loads.
(Higher values will reduce axial skin friction capacity).
Brc Method
(Hand Calculations)
This is a sinple but conprehensive method for coffputing the LateraL capacity
of piers by hand. This method uses the Linear theory of subgrade reaction and
gives an approximate solution that is good for substantiaL portion of driLled
piers designed at Fluor Daniel. The method uses uLtimate soiL resistance and
application of a factor of safety. The results are corparabLe to nonlinear
conputerized solution at Loads of one-third to one-haLf of the ultimate soiL
resistance. At these Loads, deftections at the ground Line are small and the
linear theory of subgrade reaction (P = ky) is valid.
This method characterizes pier behavior as short or Long and faiLure modes
depends on pier head fixity according to Attachment 4.
P-y Curve Method

(NonLinear
Cuteri zed
CaLcuLations)
The P-y curve is a mathematicaL representation of the soil reaction versus
pier defLection.
SoiL reaction is a function of pier defLection and pier deflection depends on

soiL reaction. Therefore, the soLution invoLves equations of equilibrhjn and
cocpatibility that need to be satisfied. This solution is difficult to soLve
by hand and requires use of conputer programs.
Attachment 13 shows a modeL of LateraLLy Loaded deep pier. SoiL is replaced

by a series of mechanisms that models soil response. Soil response, P, is a
function of Lateral defLection, y and depth, x.
P-y curves for soil will be obtained from the GeotechnicaL Report. From
experimental results and theory, P-y curves, both for static and cyclic
Loading are available for the folLowing situations:
- Soft Clay BeLow Water (Matlock, 1970).

Stiff CLay Below Water (Reese, 1973).
Stiff Clay above Water Table (Welch and Reese, 1972).
- Sand (Cox, 1974).
Unified Criteria for Clay (SuLLivan, 1979).
The Geotechnicat Report should cLarify if the above P-y curves are applicable.
C
Practice 000.215.1231
PiELicaticn Date 08Apr94
Page 11 of 21
FLUOR DANIEL
DRILLED PIER F(XJN)ATIONS
The P-y method wiLL be used for structures carrying significant Loads. The
Lead Structural Engineer wilt decide the structures that require detailed
Lateral Load analysis. CLose coLlaboration with the
Geotechnical ConsuLtant is very essentiaL. Coaputer progr allow
investigation of the influence of a Large n4.Iiter of parameters such as
Loading, geometry, pier penetration, soil properties, pier/superstructure
interaction, and buckLing with miniasri difficulty.
LATERAL L(D
DESIGN USING
SRMS *TH
Linitatione
This method assunes a uniform soiL profile.
This method uses the Linear theory of s.tgrade reaction and is applicable to
isolated piers such as 6 to 8 pier diameter spacing.
This method wiLl be used on existing sites where previous Geotechnicat Reports
have not adequately addressed allowable lateral toad capacity.
This method will be used with cLose collaboration with the Geotechriicat
Consultant. The required parameters will be obtained from the Geotechnical
Report.
This method does not give shear, moments, and deflections along the pier
Length at allowable Loads. The method uses the concept of ultimate soil
resistance at failure and an application of factor of safety to obtain
aLLowable Lateral load. Concrete design is on the conservative side. For
additional discussion, refer to sanpLe corputations.
Cohesive SoiLs
(Clays)
General
Broms assi.anes soil and pier as elastic materials and the forimitation is based
on results from saturated cohesive cLays that are over consoLidated. The
method assi.res ultimate soil resistance as 9 times the undrained soiL shear
strength (C,) times the pier diameter CD) such as 9 C,D, regardless of depth.
Soil resistance at top 1.5 pier diameters is negLected. (Refer to Attachment
5).
The ultimate shear strength of fissured clays is less than 9 C,; hence, this
procedure may lead to sLightly unconservative answers for such soils.
The behavior of pier depends on the dimensionless Length L:

O.2S
A
r
(
k = Modulus of subgrade reaction for cohesive soil, Lbs/ct*ic inch.
D = Pier diameter, inch.
E = Pier modulus of elasticity, Lbs/square inch.
I, = Pier moments of inertia, inch
.
4
L = Pier eobednent length, inch.
Practice 000.215.1231
PubLication Date 08Apr94
Page 12 of 21
FLUOR DANIEL
DRILLED PIER FOUNDATIOWS
Terzaghis recceriendations for k are as foLLows:

I ()
Unconfined
Conressive
Strength k
(Tons/Square Feet) (Tons/Cubic Feet) (Lbs/Cubic Inch)
1-2 75 87
2-4 150 173
>4 300 347
For Free Headed Piers:
- Short If L < 1.5 (Refer to Attachment 5, Figure 2)

- Long If L > 2.5 (Refer to Attachment 5, Figure 3)
- Transition between L 1.5 to 2.5.
For Fixed Headed Piers:
- Short If L < 0.5 (Refer to Attachment 5, Figure 4)

Intermediate 0.5 < < 1.5 (Refer to Attachment 5, Figure 5)
- Long If L > 1.5 (Refer to Attachment 5, Figure 6)
The capacity of short pier depends on soiL shear strength, whereas capacity
of Long pier depends on uLtimate concrete capacity of pier section.
Pier behavior is governed by soiL properties at the top. Average vaLues at
Free Headed

the top wiLL be used.
Refer to Attachments 5, Figure 2 (short) and Figure 3 (Long).

(E)
Short Pier
For a short pier (Refer to Attachment 5, Figure 2) faiLure takes pLace when
the pier rotates and uLtimate soiL resistance has deveLoped aLong entfre pier
Length.
Point of maximun moment and zero shear is at distance (1.5D + f) beLow grade.
From statics:
9CD
- (e
1
? + i.5D + 0.5f)
2.25 CDg
2
L = 1.5D + f + g
Substituting wiLL produce a quadratic equation in PULT which can be soLved.

ALternativeLy, Attachment 6 couLd be used. A factor of safety wiLL be appLied
to obtain aLLowabLe P,.
The LateraL defLection at ground Line is as foLLows:
4Pa(1 + 1.5)
kDL
ALternatively, Attachment 8 couLd be used.
ST.. JCTURAL ENGINEERING

Practice 000.215.1231
PiA,Lication Date 08Apr94
Page 13 of 21
FLUOR DANIEL
DRILLED PIER FOUNDATIOMS
Long Pier
For a Long pier (Refer to Attachment 5, Figure 3), failure occurs with the
formation of a pLastic hinge in the pier (materiaL faiLure) at a depth of
(1.50 + f) beLow ground surface.
From statics:
f = ULT
9C D
p - N_ax
(e+i.5D+O.5f
where
= Moment capacity of pier section, unfactored.
Substituting wiLt produce a quadratic equation in 1 P which can be soLved.

ALternativeLy, Attachment 7 could be used. A factor of safety wiLL be applied
to obtain aLlowabLe P,.
The LateraL deflection at ground line is as foLLows:
2P_P(e+1)

lcD
ALternativeLy, Attachment 8 couLd be used.
Note!!! For 1.5 < < 2.5, coepute ULT as if it were a short pier.
Then coapute maximun moment, M,,_a.,. If this exceeds pier moment
Q Fixed Headed

capacity, then use Long pier equations.
Refer to Attachment 5, Figure 4 (Short), Figure 5 (Intermediate), and Figure

6 (Long).
Short Pier
For a short pier (Attachment 5, Figure 4), faiLure takes place when the pier
moves horizontalLy and ultimate soiL resistance is deveLoped along entire pier
Length. (Except top 1.5 pier diameters).
From statics:
= 9D (L 1.5D)
The maximun moment occurs at the top and wilt be tess than moment capacity of
pier section.
(0.5L+0.7D) SM_ax.
7
H_a,=P
where
= Moment capacity of pier section, izifactored.
A factor of safety wiLt be applied to obtain alLowabLe P,.
The Lateral deflection at ground line is as lot Lows:
a
kDL
Alternatively, Attachment 8 could be used.
STRUCTLAL ENGINEE.. NG
Practice 000.215.1231
Publication Date 08Apr94
Page 14 of 21
FLUOR DANIEL
I DRILLED PIER FOUNDATIOMS
(___
Intermediate Pier
For an intermediate pier (Refer to Attachment 5, Figure 5), failure takes

place with the formation of a plastic hinge at the top (material faiLure)
aLlowing the pier to rotate.
From statics:
DOLT
9Cd
P,,J.(1.SD + 0.5f )
2.25 Dg
2
L 1.5D + f + g
Substituting wiLL produce a quadratic equation in P which can be solved.

A factor of safety will be applied to obtain aLlowable P.
The Lateral defLection at groi.rd Line, can be obtained from Attachment 8.
Long Pier
For a Long pier (Refer to Attachment 5, Figure 6), faiLure occurs with the
formation of a plastic hinge at the maxinun negative moment (top of pier) and
another hinge at the maximun positive moment Located at a distance (1.50 + f)
below grade. This mode of failure is material failure of pier section.
From statics:
UL?
f
SCUD
- 2M
ULT
(1.5D+0.5f)
where
= Moment capacity of pier section, jiifactored.
Substituting wiLt produce a quadratic equation in uLT which can be solved.

AlterativeLy, Attachment 7 could be used. A factor of safety will be applied
to obtain allowable P.
The Lateral deflection at ground Line is as follows:
yo - aP
-
Cohesionless Soils
(Sands)
General
The method is based on the assiJttion that the lateral modulus of subgrede
reaction increases linearly with depth and decreases Linearly with width
(k,, = n, z/D). Also the ultimate soiL Lateral resistance is equal to 3 times
the passive rankine earth pressure.
a The assi.ined distribution of Lateral earth pressure at failure is shown on

Attachment 9.
The uLtimate soiL reaction, Q, per unit length of pier is:
5
Q=3DYZK
Practice 000.215.1231
PLicatian Date 08Apr94
Page 15 of 21
FLUOR DANIEL
DRILLED PIER FOLDATI0iS
where
D = Diameter of pier.
y = Unit weight of soil.
z Depth below ground surface.
K.,, Rankine coefficient of passive earth pressure -
Soil angle of internal friction.
Behavior of pier depends on the dimensionLess Length AL:

I C.2
= Coefficient of LateraL subgrade reaction for a Long pier with a

width of unity at a depth of unity, Lbs/cubic inch.
I,, = Pier moment of inertia, inch
.
4
= Pier modulus of eLasticity, Lbs/square inch.
= Coefficient of horizontaL subgrade reaction, Lbs/cubic inch.
L = Pier ethenent Length, inch.
Terzaghis recoomendation for n, are:
Sand ReLative Density r, (Tons/cubic feet) r, (Tons/cubic feet)

Above Ground Below Ground
Water Table Water Table
Loose,4CN<1O 7 4
MediLin, 10 < N < 30 21 14
Dense, N > 30 56 34
Piers are cLassified as:
Short If AL C 2.0 Attachment 9, Figure 2, Figure 6

- Long If AL > 4.0 Attachment 9, Figure 5, Figure 6
Between AL 2.0 and 4.0, pier behavior is transition for Free Headed and
Intermediate for Fixed Headed. (Refer to Attachment 9, Figure 5).
The capacity of short pier depends on soiL properties whereas capacity of Long
pier depends on uLtimate concrete capacity of pier section.
Pier behavior is governed by soil properties near the top. Average properties
at 3 to 5 pier diameters from top wilL be used.
Free Headed
Refer to Attachment 9, Figure 2 (Short) and Figure 3 (Long).
Short Pier
For a short pier (Attachment 9, Figure 2), failure takes pLace when the pier
rotates and ultimate soiL resistance has developed along entire pier Length.
Point of maximun moment and zero shear is at a distance f below grade.
Practice 000.215.1231
PiLicatian Date 08Apr94
Page 16 of 21
FLUOR DAMIEL
From statics:
I
3
yDL
ULT
2(eL)
I
ULT
f =0 8161
yDK
- PULT(e + f) -
L=f+g
The above equations can be used for conputing and a factor of safety wILL
be appLied to obtain aLLowabLe P. AlternativeLy, Attachment 10 couLd be used.
The LateraL defLection at ground Line:
= 18P.(1 + 1.33)
2h
L
Long Pier
For a Long pier (Attachment 9, Figure 3), faiLure occurs with the formation
of a pLastic hinge in the pier (materiaL faiLure) at a depth f beLow grade.
From statics:
ULT
f=0.816()
1/2
C
+ 0.544(_)
where
= Moment capacity of pier section unfactored.
Substituting wiLL produce a quadratic equation in UIT which can be soLved.

ALternativeLy Attachment 11 couLd be used. A factor of safety wiLL be appLied
to obtain aLLowabLe P,.
The LateraL deflection at ground Line:
- 2.40P
y0
5
h )
1
5
(E
Alternatively, Attachment 12 couLd be used.
Note!!! For 2.0 < L < 4.0, conpute LJU and maxhm.in moment, M,,. as if
it were a short pier. If the maximun moment exceeds moment
capacity of pier, then use Long pier equations.
Fixed Headed
Refer to Attachment 9, Figure 4 (Short). Figure 5 (Intermediate), and Figure
6 (Long).
Practice 000.215.1231
PibLicaticn Date 08Apr94
Page 17 of 21
FLUOR DAIIIEL
Short Pier
For a short pier (Refer to Attachment 9, Figure 4), failure takes place when
the pier moves horizontalLy and uLtimate soiL resistance is developed along
entire pier Length.
From statics:
1.5 y 5
DK
2
L
The maximun moment occurs at the top and wilt be Less then moment capacity of
the pier section.
= 0.67 P L
where
= Moment capacity of pier section, unfactored.
A factor of safety wilt be applied to obtain allowable P,.
The lateral deflection at ground line:
Y =
fl
2
L
Intermediate Pier
For an intermediate pier (Attachment 9, Figure 5), faiLure takes place with
the formation of a plastic hinge at the top (material failure) allowing the
pier to rotate.
From statics:
putr0.5YDL2K+
where
M, = Moment capacity of pier section, unfactored.
The above equation is valid only if the maximuii positive moment at distance
f below grade is less than Mma,
= P (e + 0.67f)
f = 0 (...!9L.)i/2
yDK
The above equation can be used for conputing ULT and a factor of safety will
be applied to obtain allowable P
.
1
The lateral deflection at ground, Y

0 can be obtained from Attachment 12.
Long Pier
For a tong pier (Attachment 9, Figure 6), faiLure occurs with the formation
of a plastic hinge at the maxinun negative moment (top of pier) and another
hinge at the maximun positive moment Located at a distance f below grade.
This mode of failure is material failure of pier section.
STRUCT1AL ENGINEERING
Practice 000.215.1231
PLbLicatiori Date 08Apr94
Page 18 of 21
FLUOR DANIEL
DRILLED PIER FQJICATIOIS
From statics:
2M
/ p
e + 0.544I__i_
1% yD K
where
= Moment capacity of pier section, ixifactored.
For e o such as ULT at bottom of pier cap:
0 =[3.676 M_. (yDIC,)./2JS/3

P
The point of maximuli positive moment, f:
I p \.f2
f.O.816I
ly P
The previous equation can be used to coipute PULT and a factor of safety wiLt
be applied to obtain allowable Pa. ALternativeLy, Attachment 11 couLd be used
to cocpute PUIT.
The Lateral deflection at grouad Line is as follows:
=0.93
0
Y 3 2
(EI)
atw EFFECTS
z--- The design methods outlined in previous sections are for single isoLated piers
at a spacing of 6 to 8 pier diameters. Group effects significantly reduce
aLLowable capacities and are an inortant consideration.
. The miniimzn recomended pier spacing wiLt be 3 pier diameters. This is also
the minimun for constructibitity of pier without significant problems.
AxiaL
Cohesive
For cohesive soiLs, the capacity of individual pier wilL be reduced to 0.7 at
a spacing of 3 pier diameter. For greater spacing, interpolate from 1.0 at
8 pier diameter to 0.7 at 3pier diameter spacing.
Group effects also depend on the group configuration and settlements of the
group. For exarrle, the capacity of a group of 4 by 4 piers is less than a
group of 2 by 2 piers. A sinple block method could be used to conpute group
efficiency. The Geotechnicat Report will provide recoewnendations.
Where pier caps are used, the cap will be in firm contact with the soil or
else the capacity will be further reduced to 0.67 the capacity at 3 pier
diameter spacing.
CohesionLess
For cohesionless soils, the capacity of individual piers is the same at a
spacing of 3 pier diameters as an isolated pier.
Where pier caps are used, the capacity of individual piers will be reduced to
0.67 the capacity at 3 pier diameter spacing regardless of whether the pier
cap is in firm contact with the soil.
For lesser spacing, block method could be used. The Geotechnical Report will
provide reconinendat ions.
STRUCTLAL ENGINEERING
Practice 000.215.1231
Ptthticaticn Date 08Apr94
Page 19 of 21
FLUOR DANIEL
DRILLED PIER FCLR)ATIOWS
Lateral
Group effect of lateralLy Loaded pier is a corplex problem and is a fi.riction
of geometrical Layout, pier diameter, and spacing. Using the P-y method, the
P-y curves could be modified by reducing P by a group efficiency factor. For
the Broms method, the Lateral capacity will be reduced by a group efficiency
factor.
The GeotechnicaL Report will provide reconmendation on group efficiency

factors. These factors are normally in the range of 0.62 for a 2 by 2 group
at 3 pier diameter spacing to 0.44 for a 4 by 4 group.
For high seismic zone, conbination of cycLic Loading and group action could
very significantLy reduce allowable Lateral capacity. The P-y method conputer
programs are recormended for corputing the Lateral capacity for this case.
This will be done with close collaboration with the Geotechnical Consultant.
SETTLEMENTS
One of the advantages of driLLed piers is that they can carry larger Loads
with Less settLement than for instance, spread footings. However, cooputation
of a corpression Load depends on acceptable settlements. This is more
pronounced when more than 50 percent of the load is resisted by the base.
Long drilled piers resisting a good percentage of applied loads in skin
resistance tend to settle the least and are more acceptable for performance
of the structure.
The settlement at the top of the pier is due to the elastic shortening of the
shaft and the settlement at the base is due to base resistance and skin
resistance.
Short term settLement is of significant irportance to prevent differential

settlements. Si,ipLified methods are available and may be required for long
heaviLy loaded piers. Conputer programs normally provide short tern
settlements.
Long term settlement is conplex to conpute and is done by Geotechnical

Consultants using consolidation and elastic half space theories.
Both short and long term settLements are of significant irportance for a
successful design of driLled pier and close colLaboration with GeotechnicaL
Consultant is required.
PIER BUCKLING
Potential pier buckLing under high axiaL Loads in weak soil will be
investigated.
Normally, soils having a standard penetration value of II equal or greater than

2 may be considered to provide adequate lateral support to prevent buckling.
For additional details refer to: U.S. Naval Manual NAVFAC OH 7.2, May 1982.
Practice 000.215.1231
h.blication Date 08Apr94
Page 20 of 21
FLUOR DANIEL
DRILLED PIER FJiDATI0NS
REFERENCES I
C)
Bowles, I.E. Foundation AnaLysis and Design, 4th Edition 1988.
Woodward, R.J., W.S. Gar&er, and D.M. Greer. DriLLed Pier Fo4xdations, 1st Edition,
1972.
ACI (American Concrete Institute):
Proposed Revisions to Standard Specification for the Construction of Drilled

Piers. AC! 336.1-79, AC! StructuraL JournaL. January/February 1989: 94-103.
Suggested Design and Construction Procedures for Pier Foundations: AC!

336-3R-72, Revised 1985.
ASCE (American Society of Civil Engineers):
Baker, C.N., F. Kahn. Caisson Construction Problems and Correction in

Chicago. SM2, February 1971: 417-440.
Broms, B.B. Design of LateralLy Loaded Piles. SM3, May 1965: 7999.
Brcms, B.B. Lateral Resistance of Piles in Cohesionless Soils. SM3, May

1964: 123-157.
Broms, B.B. Lateral Resistance of Piles in Cohesive SoiLs. 5142, March 1964:
27-63.
Farr, J.S., L.C. Reese. Plain Concrete Underreams for Drilled Shafts. ST6,
June 1980: 1329-1341.
Ismaet, N.A., T.bI. KLn. Behavior of Rigid Piers in Layered Cohesive Soils.
GT8, August 1978: 1061-1074.
Meyerhof, 0.0. Bearing Capacity and Settlement of Pile Foundations. GT3,

March 1976: 197-228.
Federal Highway Adninistration:
Reese, L.C., M.W. ONeiLl. Drilled Shafts: Construction Procedures and Design
Methods. FHWA-HI-88-042, August 1988.
U.S. Naval Manual, NAVFAC DM 7.2, May 1982
Structural Engineering
Practice 000.215.1207: Anchor Bolt Design Criteria
Practice 000.215.1232: Driven Pile Foundations
Specification 000.215.02380: Drilled Caissons
C
STRUCTURA. ENGINEERING
Practice 000.215.1231
Pitlication Date 08Apr94
Page 21 of 21
FLUOR DANIEL
ATTACI*IEWTS
Attach.amt 1:
TypicaL DrilLed Pier Foundation*
Attadnt 2:
Typical Underream Shape*
Attadnt 3:
Design Procedure For DrilLed Pier Foundation - Geotechnical*
AttecInt 4:
FaiLure Modes For Piles*
Attachnt 5:
Deflection, SoiL Reaction, And Bending Moment Diagram For Piles In Cohesive Soil*
Attactent 6:
Cohesive Soils - Ultimate Lateral Resistance Of Short PiLes*
Attach.ent 7:
Cohesive SoiLs - Ultimate Lateral Resistance Of Long Piles*
Attachnt 8:
Cohesive Soil - Lateral Deflection At Ground Surface*
Attachent 9:
Deflection, Soil Reaction, And Bending Moment Diagram For Piles In CohesionLess
Soils*
Attactent 10:
Cohesionless Soil - Ultimate Lateral Resistance Of Short Piles*
Attach.ent 11:
Cohesionless Soil - Ultimate Lateral Resistance Of Long PiLes*
AttacIent 12:
Cohesiontess SoiL - Lateral Deflections At Ground Surface*
Attactent 13:
Model Of A Deep PiLe Foundation Under Lateral Loading Showing Concept Of Soil
Response Curves*
Attachent 14:
Explanation Of Portions Of Drilled Pier Not Considered In Coupiting Side Resistance*
Attachent 15:
Crane Mounted Drilling Unit*
Attach.ent 16:
Sanle Design 1: Straight Pile In Cohesive Soil*
Attach.ent 17:
Sanle Design 2: BelIed Pier In Mixed Soil Profile*
Attachment 18:
Sanpie Design 3: Short Straight Pile In Sand*
Attachment 19:
Sanple Design 4: Short Bet led Pier In Clay*
* This material was not created using WordPerfect; the Central Library is the
curator of this material.
IRUCTLRAL ENGINEERING
C
C)
C
000 215 1231
December 1992
ATTACHMENT 1 ...Sheet 1 of 1
FLUOR DANIEL
Typical Drilled Pier Foundation
AXIAL LOAD
MOMENT
LATERAL LOAD
SHAFT DIAMETER, D, CAN VARY WIDELY

AND DEPENDS ON EMBEDMENT DEPTH, L
>-
-J
LU
>-
z
C-)
-J REINFORCING STEEL
I
LU
I
z
LU
LU SIDE (FRICTION)
m RESISTANCE
LU
BELL MAY BE USED IF REQUIRED
SIZE VARIES MAXIMUM IS THREE

BASE RESISTANCE TIMES SHAFT DIAMETER. SOIL

CONDITIONS AND EMBEDMENT DEPTH
BELL WILL DICTATE THIS.
DIAMETER, Bb
0
C,
000 215 1231
December 1992
LUOR DANIEL- ATTACHMENT 2 ...Shee 1 of 1
TypcaI Underream Shape
NOTE:
MINIMUM ANGLE IN ACCORDANCE

WITH ACI 336 IS 55
45 MAY BE USED IF UNREINFORCED
BELL HAS ADEQUATE CONCRETE
STRENGTH (SEE SECTION ON
PIER DETAILS).
TOE HEIGHT
PIER EXTENSION MINIMUM 6
DEPENDS ON
REAMER USED
UNDERREAM CUT WITH STANDARD REAMER
UNDERREAM CUT WITH BUCKET REAMER
C) 0
I
C
0
XI
>
z
GEOTECHNICAL CD ri
GEOTECHNICAL C),
LEUFLEMENTSJ CONSULTANT -[GROUP EFFECTS tO
I-
CONSULTANT
0
SHOR1 LONG 0
AXIAL C)
ERI CD
0
C
CD
0
-I
CD
0
-El
CD
1
-9
0
C
COHESIONLESS D
0
(SANDS) 0
C) -3
CD -3
C,) 0 C,
CD
(-3
C,
-3 z
-3
C-)
0 c.z
CD
z
C)
z CD
_-1 CY
o
CDC)
C) 3
0 0 0
000 215 1231
December 1992
LUOR DANIEL
Failure Modes for Piles

[AFTER BROMS (1964)]
Figure 1. Free Headed

P P
/ //////
//
/
/ /
LONG SHORT
Figure 2. Fixed Headed
P p p
/
/
/ U
LONG INTERMEDIATE SHORT
C,
C)
000 215 1231
December 1992
FLUOR DANIEL-
Deflection, Soil Reaction and Bending oment

Diagram for Piles in Cohesive Soils
Figure 1. Distribution of Lateral Eorth Pressures in Cohesive Soil
3D
(a) DEFLECTION (b) PROBABLE (c) ASSUMED DISTRIBUTION

DISTRIBUTION OF OF SOIL REACTIONS
SOIL REACTIONS
Figure 2. Short FreeHeaded Pile
(a) DEFLECTION (b) SOIL REACTION (c) SHEAR (d) BENDING

MOMENT
:. H
C
0
CD CD
ci
(-n I- >
0 Z
0
.9
I
CD
CD CD
a- I
m I C) CD
1 CD 1 P1
I 0 I
m a- m CD
a
o 0 -o
Z Z
-.
CD
CD
3
(I) (I)
0
r
P1 P1
o
z z
0 .cJ,
0
.2-
or,, or,
ZZ zz
U) C) 0
-
C)
Cr CD
0
z CflCD
CD
o C C
000 215 1231
December 1992
ATTACHMENT 5 ...Sheet 3
FLUOR DANIEL
Figure 5. IntermediateLength FixedHeaded Pile
(a) DEFLECTION (b) SOIL REACTION (c) SHEAR (d) BENDING

MOMENT
Figure 6. Long FixedHeaded Pile
P Mmax Mmax
(a) DEFLECTION (b) SOIL REACTION (c) BENDING

MOMENT
C STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
0
000 215 1231
December 1992
FLUOR DANIEL-
0
Cohesive Soils Ultimate Lateral Resistance of Short Piles
:3
C)
Li
C.)
z
I
Cr)
(.1)
Li
-J
Li
Li
I
H-
-J
0 4 6 12 16 20
EMBEDMENT LENGTH, L/D
q. STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
1
a
000 215 1231
December 1992
KI1ACIIMENT 7 ...Sheet 1 of 1
FLUOR DANIEL
0 Cohesive Soils Ultimate Lateral Resistance of Long Piles

cJ
D
C-)
LU
C-)
z
U,
1t)
LU
-J
LU
I
LU
I
-J
D
3 4 6 10 20 40 60 100 200 400 600
PILE SECTION MOMENT CAPACITY, Mmox/Cu D

3
000 215 1231
December 1992
FLUOR DANIEL
Cohesive Soil Lateral Deflection at Ground Surface

-J
0
>-
8
2:
0
L)
w 6
-J
Li
-J
4
(I)
CI) 2
Li
-J
2:
0
CI)
z
Li
1 2 3 4 5
DIMENSIONLESS LENGTH, L
C) 0 0
000 215 1231
December 1992
A11ACHMENT 9 ...Sheet 1 of 3
FLUOR DANIEl.
Deflection, Soil Reaction and Bending Moment

Diagram for Piles in Cohesionless Soils
[AFTER BROMS (1964)j
Figure 1. Assumed Distribution of Soil Reactions in Cohesionless Soil
LATERAL LOAD. P
(a) DEFLECTIONS (b) DISTRIBUTION OF

SOIL REACTIONS
Figure 2. Short FreeHeaded Pile
3D7 L<
(a) DEFLECTIONS (b) SOIL REACTION (c) SHEAR (d) BENDING

MOMENT
C STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
-n
C
C
0
CD CD XI
C)) I- >
0 z
0 D
I,
1
I-
I CD
CD 0 z
0 C)
19
0 I-U x
E 19 CD
CD --F 0
I
19 0 19 0
-9 0 0 CD
CD -4 a-
19 0 0
0 z -o
I
0
-o CD
z CD
U,
0 0
I
(1)
0
19
>
c)
4
19 F 0
z
C.)
C)
019 zz
40
ZZ
U, C)
-3
C,
-3 =
tEl
0
z
0
z CI ID
erJ 1 IJ
CD
z
0
C
000 215 1231
December 1992
LUOR DANIEL
Figure 5. IntermediateLength FixedHeaded Pile
(c) DEFLECTION (b) SOIL REACTION Cc) BENDING

MOMENT
0 Figure 6. Long FixedHeaded Pile
P Mmcx Mmcx
3D) LpK
(a) DEFLECTIONS (b) SOIL REACTION (c) BENDING
MOMENT
C 0 0
000 215 1231
December 1992
A11ACHMENT 10 ...Sheet 1 of 1
FLUOR DANIEL
0 Cohesionless Soils Ultimate Lateral Resistance of Short Piles

t)
0
-J
-J
U
F.
0
Ui
-J
c1
C
20
LENGTH, L/D
0 STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
0 0...
000 215 1231
December 1992
ATIACHMENT 11 ...Sheet 1 of 1
FLUOR DANIEL
Cohesionless Soils Ultimate Lateral Resistance of Long Piles

[AFrER BROMS (1964))
0
bJ
C)
z
I
C)
LU
-J
LU
LU
-J
D
.1D 1.0 10.0 100.0 1000.0 10,000.0
PILE SECTION MOMENT CAPACITh, 4

Mmax/D Kp
7
.fl
c-I
000 215 1231
December 1992
FLUOR DANIEL
C) Cohesionless Soil Lateral Deflection ot Ground Surface
cJ
Q_ _J
uJ D
>
z
0
I
C-)
w
-J
U
U
0
-J
(I,
U)
U-
-J
z
0
U)
z
U
0 2 4 6 8 10
DIMENSIONLESS LENGTH, XL
C 0
000 215 1231
December 1992
FLUOR DANIEL
0*
Model of a Deep Pile Foundation Under Lateral Loading
Showing Concept of Soil Response Curves
[Federol Highwoy Administrotion (1988)]
AXIAL LOAD
MOMENT
P
LATERAL y
LOAD
y
////// P
cxxrxrr)I
crrmm
//////
I
P
P
:
y
P
cmmm I
//////
I
P
V
/
y
fl
000 215 1231
December 1992
AACHMENT 14 ...Sheet 1 of 1
FLUOR DANIEL
Explanation of Portions of Drilled Pier Not Considered

in Computing Side Resistance
[Federal Highway Administration (1988)]
TOP 5 FEET TOP 5 FEET

NONCONTRIBUTING NONCONTRIBUTING
BOTTOM ONE PIER

DIAMETER
N ON CONTRIBUTING
BOTTOM LE DIAMETER PERIPHERY OF BELL

NONCONTRIBUTING NONCONTRIBUTING
STRAIGHT PIER FOUNDATION BELLED PIER FOUNDATION
RECOMMENDED VALUES OF FOR DRILLED PIERS IN CLAY
LIMITING VALUE OF
LOCATION ALONG DRILLED PIER VALUE OF az LOAD TRANSFER, f sz
(ksf)
FROM GROUND SURFACE TO DEPTH

ALONG DRILLED PIER OF 5 Fr* 0
BOTTOM 1 DIAMETER OF THE DRILLED

PIER OR 1 PIER DIAMETER ABOVE
THE TOP OF THE BELL (IF SKIN
FRICTION IS BEING USED). o
ALL OTHER POINTS ALONG THE SIDES

OF THE DRILLED PIER. 0.55 5.50
THE DEPTH OF 5 FEET MAY NEED ADJUSTMENT IF THE DRILLED PIER IS

INSTALLED IN EXPANSIVE CLAY, OR IF THERE IS SUBSTANTIAL GROUNDLINE
DEFLECTION FROM LATERAL LOADING, OR IF THE FROST DEPTH EXCEEDS
5 FEET.
0
0
000 215 1231
December 1992
LUOR DANIEL-
Crane Mounted Drifling Unit
TOOL FOR UNDERREA4
000 215 1.231
December 1991
FLUOR DAMEL
Sample Design 1. - Straight Pile in Cohesive Soil
FWOR DANIEL 0*1!

C091. 140. ,
CALCULAUONS s.d SKETCHES C10
140, <k
Z!LLcD PJ5 pAIDAr7I 519!T A
5T-Arr pL rN REv oX/ P,A777 ooo -2i-/Z3i

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ATTACHMENT 17 Sheet 3
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December 1991
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December 1991
AflACHMENT 17 ...Sheet 7
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000 215 1231
December 1991
FL.JOR DANIEL
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AflACHMENT 19 ..Sheet 4
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000 215 1231
December 1991
ATACIIMENT 19 ...Sheet 7
FLUOR
C)
FWOR DANIEL OATS
CONT. NO. 1 ZRuf
CALCULATIONS nd SKETCHES C9 0
6 V
ONSET 60.1 ,ck

fir Pr nuNAflOM
54- LL PrEp rti CLAY PATII-c oo 21/2I_.

5IMPL fAJ 4..
IL C .W N - CO ?st CR-CT 5
S CJ TI
CAR
3
2
PCACOL Interaction Diagram
9 T
0 I
Ii
12
600 7/.
0
4
15
6 = 3.0 ksi
P
0
1c
i f0
I
/A
fy = 60.0 ksi p
I? S
8#6 0.8%
Ast
= 3.52 in
2 200
Tied cc = 3.00 in
spacing = 5.85 in
20 a 16286 in4
21
a 0.00 in
= 16286 in4
22 = 0.00 in
22
24
25 200
25
1990 PCA
27 Licensed To: Fluor Daniel, Inc., Sugar Land, Tx., TX USA
28 Project: 0002151231 EXAMPLE #4 File name: EXAMPLE4.cOL
29 Column Id: 24 INCH ROUND PIER Material Properties:

Engineer: E.M.K a 3321 ksi = 0.003 in/in
30
Date: 11/06/90 Time: 15:06:15 a 2.55 ksi 5
E a 29000 ksi
31
Code: ACI 31889 Stress Profile : Parabolic
32
Version: 2.10 Reduction: 00 a 0.70 b
0
a 0.90
33
Slenderness not considered x-axia
34
35
36
I 0 6 7 $ 9 3 II 12 13 4 9 6 17 8 9 20 21 22 23 24 23 26 27 28 29
2 2 4
STRUCTURAL ENGIKEERING TECHNICAL PRACTICE

I
n C

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Drrilled Pier Foundations PDF

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Practice 000.215.

DRILLED PIER FW)WATIOWS

A drilLed pier is also referred to as a driLLed shaft

a Feasible areas of application of driLLed piers.

Suggested end reconinended pier detaiLs.

Methods for conputing axial and Lateral capacities of driLLed piers.

Brief discussion of settlement, group efficiencies, special requirements in

Feasibility of using drilled piers.

a Suitability of soil for drilling and a subsurface soil profile.

Recommended methods of construction and a discussion on potential problems.

Suitability for underreams and recommended bell to shaft diameter ratios.

Suitable diameter of piers.

SuitabLe depths of straight piers and underreams.

Lateral capacities for different pier diameters

DRILLED PIER FCJJIDATIOWS

KoduLus of Lateral sigrade reaction, k,.

For cohesiontess soils, uncorrected field vaLues on standard penetration

DrilLed piers can carry Large Loads with minimaL settlement.

a Bad weather conditions may make drilling and concreting difficult.

Need to dispose spoils from driLLing, belting, and slurry operations. In

a SLurry method of construction in an existing plant area is messy and increases

Successful coaptetion depends on drilling operator skills.

DRILLED PIER FOUNDATIONS

Because of their Larger diameters

On a specific site, the ni,rber of different shaft diameters wiLl be reduced

The mininun toe height of the belL wiLL be 6 Inches.

Use of this criteria requires a 60 series underreamer. A 60 series

Mininun clear distance of vertical reinforcement wiLt be 3 inches.

Mininun cover to verticaL reinforcement is 3 inches and 4 inches in cased

DRILLED PIER FCJJ)ATIOWS

Note! I I A thorough understanding of the conputer programs and method used is

Bell or underrearn diameter.

C,, Cohesion at depth z.

COb Cohesion 1 to 2 bell diameter below base.

D Pier or shaft diameter.

E Modulus of elasticity of pier material.

E, Modulus of elasticity of soil.

F, Reduction factor for bearing resistance for Large bells.

Moment of inertia of pier section.

Cohesionless soils rankine coefficient of passive lateraL earth pressure.

I Ethenent depth such as from grade to bottom of pier or bell.

Unfactored maxinun negative moment in a short fixed headed pier.

Unfactored maxinLln positive moment in a short or intermediate fixed headed pier.

N Cohesionless soil - standard penetration nither.

P Actual lateraL load at top of pier.

Pa AlLowable (service load) Lateral load at top of pier.

Ultimate soil corpression capacity in base resistance.

Os Ultimate soil side or skin resistance (friction).

DRILLED PIER F(XJ)IDATIOIS

BELL Ultimate beLt pulL out capacity.

Sc Cohesive soils shape factor for end bearing.

Weight of concrete and soiL above belt.

Deflection at grade at aLLowable or actual appLied Load.

a Used in computation of base resistance reduction due to Large beLL diameter.

b Used in computation of base resistance reduction due to large belt diameter.

d, Cohesive soil - depth factor for end bearing.

e Lateral Load eccentricity (Refer to Attachment 4).

f,, ULtimate toad transfer in skin friction at depth z.

k Cohesive soils . moduLus of subgrade reaction.

k Cohesionless soils - coefficient of horizontal subgrade reaction.

width of unity at a depth of unity. This coefficient is independent of pier Length

q Surcharge such as soil density times depth.

Ultimate soil end bearing stress.