Venkatesan et al.

, International Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology E-ISSN 0976-3945

Research Paper
MODELING AND SIMULATION ANALYSIS OF SOLAR PV
ENERGY SYSTEM WITH LUO CONVERTER USING
STATE-SPACE AVERAGING TECHNIQUE
1
Sundarrajan Venkatesan, 2Manimaran Saravanan
Address for Correspondence
1
Assistant Professor, Alagappa chettiar College of Engineering and Technology, Karaikudi, Tamilnadu, India
2
Professor, Thiagarajar College of Engineering, Madurai, Tamilnadu, India.
ABSTRACT
This paper presents a modeling and simulation analysis of photovoltaic (PV) system with higher order DC-DC LUO converter
using state-space averaging technique. The LUO converter has the non-inverting output and its output voltage can be more or
less than input voltage with the input current being continuous. The inherent input filtering properties of LUO converter gives
better output voltage and current with reduced ripples and increases the efficiency as compared to existing fundamental DC-DC
converters. The state-space method is used to model the LUO converter. The PV panel simulink model is developed based on
the single diode equivalent circuit of the PV module. The combined PV panel model and state-space model of LUO converter is
simulated under varying environmental conditions using MATLAB SIMULINK. Incremental conductance maximum power
point tracking (MPPT) algorithm is used to verify the performance of the LUO converter in a PV system. A circuitry simulation
is performed under the same test conditions to validate the state-space model. The simulation result shows that state-space
averaging technique yields similar performance as the result from circuitry model. The state-space technique is easier to
implement as compared to circuit model. In addition, the controller design for converter in PV system with either simple or
complex higher order system such as LUO converter is easily possible.
KEY WORDS Higher order power converter, incremental conductance, LUO, MPPT, and state-space averaging method.
1. INTRODUCTION: vehicles, and distributed DC systems such as space
In recent year more attempts has been made to locate stations, ships, and airplanes, [15-17].Most of the
renewable clean energies in the countries all over the applications need extremely low ripple in voltage and
world to meet the energy demand. The solar energy current for battery operated portable devices.
will play an important role in alleviating the energy Basic converters are not suitable for many
crisis, it decreasing the environmental pollution and applications which required lowest ripple, higher and
improving the green house effect, hence tremendous lower output voltage compared to input and high
growth in the past decade. The significant research efficiency. The higher order converters such as
attention on solar PV energy system is focused CUK,SEPIC and LUO converter is better one, but
because of more reliable and easy to install [1-3]. CUK converter produces the output voltage higher or
However, the solar PV energy system has low lower than the input voltage , with reverse polarity
conversion efficiency, because of the output power of [18],[19]. The problem can be corrected easily, but
solar cells mainly depends on factors such as this will inevitably lead to the increased in size and
temperature and irradiance. To maximize the output cost of the converter. At the same time, the SEPIC
power of PV and provide a constant or regulated and LUO converter does not suffer from this
output voltage, there are a number of MPPT problem. The literature does not have sufficient
techniques [4] and DCDC converters are employed report of DC-DC LUO converter and its dynamic
and play a vital role in solar PV system [5]. performance in conjunction with solar PV panel fed
Different MPPT techniques have been developed and energy system.
published such as hill climbing/ perturb and observe During the past two decades, different modeling of
(P&O), incremental conductance (Inc-cond.) method, the DC-DC converters has been carried out by
fractional open circuit voltage, fractional short circuit researchers to increase the power conversion
current, Fuzzy logic and neural networks [6- efficiency in PV system [20-22]. The PWM and
11].These techniques differ in many aspects such as averaged switch model strategies are based on
required sensors, time, complexity of the algorithm to equivalent circuit manipulation. The state-space
track the MPP, implementation cost and the ease of model is the mathematical model that provides a
implementation. Among these most suggested MPPT dynamic model of a physical system. In the state-
algorithms hill climbing/ P&O and Inc-cond. space average (SSA) technique, differential equations
algorithm are the center of attention because of their for a system are written in canonical form
simplicity and ease of implementation. P&O (matrices).Hence, it is convenient for analyzing
algorithm is not precise enough because it fails to complicated converter topologies through state space
quickly track the MPP under fast varying modeling process of higher order converters.
atmospheric conditions and they perform steady-state In this paper, Inc-cond. algorithm with fixed step size
oscillations at MPP, which consequently waste the is used for simulation. DC-DC LUO converter
energy [12]. The Inc-cond. method is the one which topology is considered for analysis and the state-
exhibits better performance than other techniques space model for a non-isolated fourth-order DC-DC
[13, 14]. In this algorithm, the array terminal voltage LUO converter is derived and the result comparisons
is always adjusted according to its value relative to are made with circuit model in terms of PV and
the MPP voltage by measuring the incremental and converter output voltage and current for various
instantaneous array conductance of the PV module. irradiation conditions and at constant temperature. By
In DC-DC converter perspective, all existing using this model, system matrices are derived, and a
converter topology used in solar PV-based system MATLAB coding is written to extract the relevant
such as buck, boost, buck-boost and higher order transfer functions particularly the audio susceptibility
converters CUK,SEPIC converters have its own of the converter and control-to-output transfer
unique characteristics and are employed in a number function of the DC-DC LUO converter and its
of applications such as electric traction, electric stability is analyzed through bode plot.

Int J AdvEngg Tech/Vol. VII/Issue II/April-June,2016/770-777

 Venkatesan et al., International Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology E-ISSN 0976-3945
2. MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR PV whose specification details are given in Table1. Fig.2
MODULE: (a) & (b) presents the current-voltage (I-V) and
The basic structural unit of a solar module is the PV power-voltage (P-V) characteristics of the PV panel
cells. It is an electrical device that converts the under different solar irradiation condition at a
energy of light directly into electricity by the constant temperature of 25oC.
photovoltaic effect. A single diode equivalent circuit
model of a solar cell is shown in Fig.1. It is modeled
by a current source, a diode and two resistors. The
diode is connected in parallel to current source; the
photon energy incident on the PV cell generates
current. The current source (Iph) is proportional to the
amount of energy incident on PV cell [23-25].

(a)

Fig.1: Equivalent single diode model of a solar cell

The I-V and PV curves of the PV are obtained by the
equation (1-5).
The PV cell light generated current Iph depends on the
solar irradiation and temperature as given by (1)
I ph G k [ I sc K i (Top Tref )]
(1)
The PV module reverse saturation current is given by
(b)
I sc Fig 2. (a): I-V and (b) P-V characteristics of 40W solar
I rs panel under varying irradiation condition at 25oC.
(Voc q
N s KATop ) 1
e (2) Table 1 Electrical specification at 1000W/m2and 25oC
The module diode saturation current Io varies with the (40-Watt solar panel)
cell temperature and is given by (3) Parameter Value
Top q * E go 1 1 Rated power 40W
I o I rs [ ]3 exp[ { }
Tref BK Tref Top Voltage at maximum Power(Vmp) 17.4V
(3)
Current at maximum Power(Imp) 2.29A
The solar cell output current is given by
Open circuit voltage(Voc) 21.8V
I pv I ph I o I sh (4)
Short circuit current(Isc) 2.45A
Equation (4) can be rewritten by substituting from
3. MAXIMUM POWER POINT (MPP)
equation (1-3) and obtained as
TRACKING:
I pv N P * I ph N P I o [exp{ q * (V pv I pv Rs )} 1] 3.1Basics and Load Matching of MPPT
(V pv I pv Rs ) / Rsh Technique:
(5) PV module has a maximum power point for a given
where temperature and insolation. Fig.3 shows the PV
Vpv :Output voltage of a PV module (V) module directly interfacing to load. If a load line
Ipv :Output current of a PV module (A) crosses this point, maximum power would be
Iph :Light generated current in a PV module (A)
Gk :Constant which is equal to /1000;
transferred to the load and it is well known that the P-
:Irradiation( Irradiation level) (W/m2) V characteristics has only one point where power is
IO :Diode saturation current (A) maximum, and the corresponding voltage is VMPP and
q :Electron charge (1.610-19 C) current is IMPP. The optimum value of load resistance
k :Boltzmann constant (1.3810-23 J/K) is obtained by PV voltage and PV current at MPP and
Ki :Temperature co-efficient at short-circuit current is given by equation (6).
ISCr is 0.0017A / oC
A=B :p-n junction ideality factor =1.6
Top :Cell operating temperature in C
Tref :Cell reference temperature at 25C
Rs :Solar cell series resistance ()
Rsh :Solar cell shunt resistance () Fig.3: PV module directly interfacing to Load
ISC :PV module short-circuit current at 25 oC The optimum resistance of PV module is described as
and 1000W/m2 VMPP
Ego :Band gap for silicon = 1.1 eV Ropt
Ns :Number of cells connected in series in the I MPP (6)
module
The load resistance of the circuit is,
Np :Number of cells connected in parallel in the
module VO
The solar panel output power depends on the voltage
RL
IO (7)
and current obtained at its output terminals and there
exists one operating voltage at which the solar panel where VMPP is the maximum PV voltage at MPP and
can produce maximum power. A 40W PV module is IMPP is the maximum value of PV current at the MPP,
taken as the reference model for simulation setup, Vo and Io are the converter output voltage and current

Int J AdvEngg Tech/Vol. VII/Issue II/April-June,2016/770-777

 Venkatesan et al., International Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology
respectively.
When the value of load resistance (RL) matches with
that of Ropt maximum power transfer from
photovoltaic panel to the load will occur. The
objective of the MPPT is to make the load resistance
of the PV module to be equal to the optimal
resistance of the solar panel.
R opt R L
In order to achieve the above, and extract the
maximum power from PV panel, DC-DC converter is
inserted in between the PV panel and load and its
duty cycle is varied. In this paper DC-DC LUO
converter is used.
The voltage gain of the higher order LUO converter
is given by
Vo D but it is rarely occurs in practical implementation,
Vin 1 D
where D is the duty cycle of the converter.
The variation of the duty cycle is not only regulating
the output voltage but also can be used to vary the
input side impedance of the converter. The DC-DC
converter can be controlled to present optimum
impedance at the PV array terminals which facilitate
maximum power extraction from an array. This
feature can be appreciated by inspecting the input
side impedance (Rin) expressions for the converters.
The input impedance of the higher order DC-DC
LUO converter can be calculated by
2 2
1 D V0 1 D (8)
Rin RL
D I0 D
The equation (8) indicates that by changing duty
cycle, the input impedance (Rin) of converter should
be equal to the optimum impedance (Ropt) at which
the system is working at MPP.
3.2 Implementation of Inc-Cond. Method:
The Inc-Cond. method is based on the fact that the
slope of the PV array power curves as shown in Fig.
4. It is zero at the MPP, positive on the left of the
MPP, and negative on the right, as given by
Fig.4: Basic of Inc-Cond. MPPT method
( )
= = + = +
The equation (9) can be rewritten by,
= ;at MPP
> ;left of MPP
< ;right of MPP
The MPP can thus be tracked by comparing the
instantaneous conductance (I/V) to the incremental
conductance (I/V) as shown in flowchart as given
in Fig.5 for Inc-Cond. algorithm MPPT. Vref is the
Int J AdvEngg Tech/Vol. VII/Issue II/April-June,2016/770-777
E-ISSN 0976-3945
reference voltage at which the PV array is forced to
operate. At the MPP, Vrefequals to VMPP. Once the
MPP is reached, the operation of the PV array is
maintained at this point unless a change in I is
noted, which is due to the change in atmospheric
conditions. The algorithm decrements or increments
Vref to track the new MPP. At the MPP, no control
action is needed, therefore the adjustment stage will
be bypassed and the algorithm will update the stored
parameters at the end of the cycle as usual. The Inc-
Cond. technique is used the instantaneous
conductance and the incremental conductance to
generate an error signal
= + (10)
From (10), we know that e goes to zero at the MPP,
and a small error is usually acceptable. In this paper
the error value e is taken as 0.02. Measurements of
the instantaneous PV array voltage and current
require two sensors, which can easily keep track of
previous values of voltage and current and make all
the decisions as per the flow chart; duty cycle is
varied according to the algorithm.
Fig.5: Flowchart of Inc-Cond. algorithm MPPT
4. MODELING OF DC-DC LUO CONVERTER
USING STATE-SPACE TECHNIQUE:
The state-space-averaging approach [26] is widely
used to derive the expressions and analysis for the
small-signal characteristics of PWM-controlled DC-
DC converters. It consists of state equation and
output equation that reveals the characteristics of the
particular physical system. It exhibits the dynamic
behavior of a system or switching converter using
computer simulations, which is very useful in the
design of controllers. The operation of the state-space
model of the converters are described by the
following basic state equations
(9)
X (t ) Ax (t ) Bu (t )
Y (t ) Cx (t ) Du (t )
(11)
where,
x(t) = The state variable, u(t) = The input vector,
parameter A is the state matrix, parameter B is the
input matrix, C is output matrix and D is the
transition matrix.
In an electrical system, the method to identify the set
of state variables is by identifying the number of
 Venkatesan et al., International Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology E-ISSN 0976-3945
energy storage elements. With that, the nth order of . .

the system can also be known. Using this state-space 1

average model of DCDC converter, one can obtain X 1 v in
L 1
the small signal model and transfer function of X 2 1 v 1 v 1
C1 C2 v in
converter, which will be very useful in the design of L2 L2 L2
closed-loop controller using various control 1
techniques [2728]. X 3 C iL2
1
The most superior advantages of DC-DC LUO X 4 1 i 1 v
converter is capacitor (C) assures the galvanic C2 2
L
RC 2
C2

insulation between input and output. The short circuit (12)

or breakdowns of the load do not affect solar panels. 0 0 0 0 1
1 1
The additional filter elements in the LUO-converter iL1 0 0 iL1 L
L2 L2 1
eliminate the output ripples and enhance the output d iL2 iL2 1
1
voltage level effectively [29]. However, this type of dt vC1 0 C 0 0 v L vin
C1 2
converter is still under research with regard to its 1
0
vC2 0 1 1 vC2
usage in industrial and domestic applications. 0
C2 RC2 0

4.1 States-Space Equation: (13)
Fig.6(a) shows a higher order DC-DC LUO The output equation is expressed by (14),
converter, which is used as the power stage interface iL1
between the PV module and the load. The LUO i
converter can operate either in continuous conduction Vo 0 0 01 L2
vC1
mode (CCM) or discontinuous conduction mode
(DCM) depending on the current flowing through L1. v
C2 (14)
In this paper CCM mode of operation is considered. During off state, the state equations are written by
The DC-DC converter has two modes of operation. (15) using Fig 6(c),
(i)When the switch S is closed (ON), in this mode,
1
the capacitor releases energy to the output. (ii) When X 1 L vC 1

the switch S is in OFF, the current drawn from the 1

source becomes zero, and current iL1 flows through X 2 1 v

C
the diode to charge capacitor C1.The equivalent L2 2

1
circuit of the LUO converter when switch is ON and X 3 iL
OFF state as shown in Fig.6 (b)&(c). C1
1

1 1
X4 iL vC
C2 RC 2 2 2

(15)
1
0 0
L1
0
iL1
0 1 iL1 0
0 0
(a) d iL2 L2 iL2 0
v vin
dt vC1 1
0 0 0 C 1 0
vC 2 C
1 vC 2 0
1 1
0 0
C2 RC2
(16)
The output equation, is expressed by
iL1
(b) i
Vo 0 0 01 L2
vC1

vC2 (17)
The state-space equations have been implemented in
MATLAB/Simulink, where the Simulink block is
illustrated in Fig.7
(c) 5. SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:
Fig.6: Circuit diagram of (a) LUO converter (b) Switch In order to validate the state-space model, a circuitry
ON condition (c) Switch OFF condition simulation of the proposed PV system is connected in
The fourth order elementary LUO converter made up parallel with the state-space model. Both the state-
of two inductors and two capacitors and capable of space and circuitry models were developed in
working in either step-up or step-down mode. The MATLAB/Simulink as shown in Fig. 8.
state variables of the LUO converter (x1, x2, x3, x4) are The state-space model PV system was simulated
considered as currents i L 1 and iL2 , voltages V c 1 and under different irradiance conditions. The function of
the MPPT block is to ensure that the system delivers
Vc 2 respectively.
the maximum power to the load by varying the duty
The state equation derivation for the LUO converter cycle of the higher order DC-DC LUO converter.
for the ON and OFF state of the switch can be The LUO converter is fed by PV source and designed
described by the following equations (13) and (16) for 40W/24 V, under the nominal maximum point
respectively. These equations are expressed using the (irradiance G = 1000 W/ m2 and temperature T =
switching function, when the switch is ON 25C). This output value may change as the

Int J AdvEngg Tech/Vol. VII/Issue II/April-June,2016/770-777

 Venkatesan et al., International Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology E-ISSN 0976-3945

Vin, min I o D max

L1 D max VC1
I L1 f s C1 f S
Selection of Selection of
Inductors Vin, min Capacitors
DmaxVin min
L2 D max VC 2
I L2 f s 8C 2 L2 f s2
(18)

irradiance and temperature level of PV changes. The the MPPT controller tracks the new maximum
component of the LUO converter used in the power point and the power output of the PV array
simulation is calculated from the equation (18) and is which is 24W at 600W/m2 is increased to 40W at
given in table 2.The DC-DC LUO converter was 1000W/m2. The voltage of the PV module is
designed to operate at the switching frequency of 25 increased from 15.2V to 17.4V under that condition.
kHz.
Table 2 Specification of LUO Converter
Components Specifications
Inductor, L1& L2 69mH& 19mH
Capacitor,C1&C2 220F & 47F
Resistive load, R 15 ohm
Switching frequency 25 kHz
Input voltage 10.5V-17.5V
Output voltage 24V at 1000W/m2
To test the effectiveness of proposed PV system,
simulation is done for various environmental
conditions. The results of both the state-space
averaging and the circuit model provide very much
close results. The MPPT tracking features of Inc- Fig. 7:Open-loop state-space modeling of LUO DC-DC
converter
Cond MPPT algorithm from 600 to1000 W/m2 at
0.2sec is shown in Fig.9. As the irradiation varies,

Fig.8: Overall simulink model of the proposed system

X Y Plot

60
PV Panel Power (W)

40 Max.Power at 1000w/m2 insolation = 40W

20 Max.Power at 600w/m2 insolation= 24W

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
PV Voltage (V)
Fig .9:MPPT tracking features of Inc-Cond. MPPT algorithm from 600 to1000W/m2 at 0.2sec

Fig. 10: Simulation results of LUO converter on PV side at 1000W/m2 PV panel voltage and current

Int J AdvEngg Tech/Vol. VII/Issue II/April-June,2016/770-777

 Venkatesan et al., International Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology E-ISSN 0976-3945
Fig.10 shows the simulation result of PV panel resistive load of 15 ohms as shown in Fig.11 (a) &
voltage and current at irradiation level of (b). The response time of both circuit and state-space
1000W/m2.It is observed that PV voltage and current model of the proposed system slightly differ, the
at MPP is 17.3V and 2.3 A respectively in steady state-space model is 0.02s faster than the circuit
state. The DC-DC LUO converter provides a dc model.
voltage of 24V and current1.6A for the typical

(a)

(b)
Fig.11: The simulation results of LUO converter (irradiance 1000 W/m2) (a) converter output
voltage (b) converter output current

(a)

(b)
Fig.12:The simulation results of LUO converter (irradiance 600 to 1000 W/m2) (a) converter output
voltage (b) converter output current

Fig.13 Simulation results of the converter output voltage and current for the state space and circuit model for varying
irradiation condition

Fig.14: Bode plot of control to output transfer function for LUO converter For
different value of duty cycle

Int J AdvEngg Tech/Vol. VII/Issue II/April-June,2016/770-777

 Venkatesan et al., International Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology
For obtaining the dynamic response of the state-space
model system, the irradiance, G, was initially set to
600 and varied to 1000 W/m2 at 0.2sec as shown in
Fig.12 and Fig.13 shows the simulation results of the
converter output voltage and current for the state
space and circuit model for varying irradiation
condition. It is observed that for all irradiation levels
both converter output voltage and current in circuit
and state-space model gives closer result.
5.1 Dynamic Function of the Converter:
The dynamic performance indices of the converter
are audio susceptibility and control transfer function,
where the audio susceptibility of the converter
measures the amount of input variations that will
reach the output as a function of frequency and the
control transfer function describes gain between the
control duty ratio and the output variable [30-32].
Audio susceptibility (F) of the LUO converter can be
calculated by (19),
Vo ( S )
F q( SI A) 1 b
Vg ( S )
(19)
The most significant one is, duty cycle-to-output
voltage transfer function (GV), which can be obtained
by (20)
V (S )
GV o q( SI A) 1 f (q1 q 2 ) X
d (S ) (20)
32.26e20S 4e22
F
5765e12S 4 8178e15S 3 6896e14S 2 6238e20S 1063e23
35.6e8 S 3721e 24
GV
5765e12 S 4 8178e15 S 3 6896e14 S 2 6238e 20 S 1063e 23
Fig.15: Bode plot of audio susceptibility for LUO converter For different value of duty cycle
6. CONCLUSION:
In order to help the researcher in choosing and
analyzing the best converter for solar PV system, this
paper reviewed state-space modeling of the non-
isolated DCDC LUO converter with MPPT
algorithm. The simulation environment
MATLAB/SIMULINK is used to model the circuit,
and learnt the dynamic behavior of converter for
solar PV system. Simulation results confirmed the
accuracy of the obtained model for this complex
fourth order system and reduce the overall simulation
convergence time as compared to circuit model
simulation, since the state-space model does not
include the effect of switching. The computation and
plotting of typical transfer functions of a DC-DC
LUO converter provides ground work for controller
design, and bode plots were presented to identify the
stability region of the proposed PV system.
Int J AdvEngg Tech/Vol. VII/Issue II/April-June,2016/770-777
E-ISSN 0976-3945
where
A A1D A2 (1 D)
b b1 D b2 (1 D)
q q1 D q2 (1 D)
f ( A1 A2 ) X (b1 b2 )Vin
The system matrices are derived, and a MATLAB M-
file coding is written to extract the relevant transfer
functions and is given by equation (21) and (22) for
D=0.5.
The bode plot of control-to-output transfer function
for different values of duty cycle D of the LUO
converter is shown in Fig.14.The gain margin(GM)
and phase margin(PM) are observed from the bode
plot. For higher value of the duty cycle where D 0.7,
the system get stable as clearly shown in plot for the
proposed system. Similarly the bode plot of audio
susceptibility (F) of the LUO converter is generated
with MATLAB as shown in Fig.15 and observed that
for higher value of D is greater than 0.7 the system
performance is good, which are significant for
feedback control design purpose.
(21)
(22)
REFERENCES
1. Mekhilef S S, Saidur R, and Safari A, A review on
solar energy use in industries,Renewable and
Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol.15, pp.1777-1790,
2011.
2. Gaetani Marco, et al. The near future availability of
photovoltaic energy in Europe andAfrica in climate-
aerosol modeling experiments. Renewable and
Sustainable EnergyReviews, vol.38,pp.70616,2014.
3. Alemn-Nava Gibrn S, et al. Renewable energy
research progress in Mexico: a reviewRenewable and
Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol.32, pp.14053, 2014.
4. Salas V, Olias E,Barrado A, and Lazaro A, Review of
the maximum power point tracking algorithms for
stand-alone photovoltaic systems, Sol. Energy Mater.
Sol. Cells, vol. 90, no. 11, pp. 15551578, Jul. 2006.
5. Sivakumar S, JagabarSathik M, Manoj P S, and
Sundararajan G, An assessment on performance of
DCDC converters for renewable energy applications,
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,
vol.58,pp.14751485,2016.
 Venkatesan et al., International Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology E-ISSN 0976-3945

6. Ishaque K, Salam Z, and Lauss G, The performance of 1736-1741, 2001.

perturb and observe and incremental conductance 23. Nema S, Nema R K, and Agnihotri G. Matlab /
maximum power point tracking method under dynamic simulink based study of photovoltaic cells / modules /
weather conditions,Applied Energy, vol 119,pp. 228 array and their experimental verification. International
236,2014. Journal of Energy and Environment. vol.1, pp.487-500,
7. Safari A, and Mekhile S, Simulation and Hardware 2013.
Implementation of Incremental Conductance MPPT 24. Rahman S A, Rajiv K, Varma, Vanderheide T.
With Direct Control Method Using Cuk Converter, Generalized model of a photovoltaic panel. IET
IEEE Trans.Industrial Electronics, vol.58, pp.1154- Renewable Power Generation.vol.8, pp.217229, 2013.
1161, 2011. 25. Xiao W, Edwin F F, Spagnuolo G, and Jatskevich J.
8. Y.-H. Chang and C.-Y. Chang, "A Maximum Power Efficient Approaches for Modeling and Simulating
Point Tracking of PV System by Scaling Fuzzy Photovoltaic Power systems. IEEE Trans.
Control," presented at International Multi Conference Photovoltaics.vol.3, pp.500-508,2013.
of Engineers and Computer Scientists,Hong Kong, 26. Moussa, W.M, Morris J E. Comparison between state-
2010. space averaging and PWM switch for switch mode
9. Esram T, kimball JW, Krein PT, and Chapman PL, power supply analysis, IEEE Southern Tier Technical
Dynamic maximum power point tracking of Conference, Apr. 25-25, 1990.
photovoltaic arrays using ripple correlation control, 27. D.Ali, J.Juri, R.Tom De,Numerical state-space
IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, average value modeling of PWM DCDC converters
vol.21,pp.12821291,2006. operating in DCM and CCM,IEEE Trans Power
10. T.-F.Wu, C.-H. Chang, and Y.-H. Chen, A fuzzy- Electron,vol.21(4):100312,2006.
logic-controlled single stage converter for PV-powered 28. Farahat M.A, Metwally H.M.B, Abd-Elfatah
lighting system applications, IEEE Trans. Ind. M.A,Optimal choice and design of different topologies
Electron., vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 287296, 2000. of DCDC converter used in PV systems, at different
11. Veerachary M, Senjyu T, and Uezato K, Neural- climatic conditions in Egypt,Renew Energy,vol.43,
network-based maximum-power-point tracking of 393402,2013.
coupled-inductor interleaved-boost converter 29. Luo Fang Lin, Hong Ye. Advanced DC/DC converters.
boostconverter- supplied PV system using fuzzy CRC Press; 2004.
controller, IEEE Trans. Ind.Electron., vol. 50, no. 4, 30. Manikandan A, Vadivel N,Design and implementation
pp. 749758, Aug. 2003. of Luo converter for electric vehicle
12. Esram T, and Chapman P L, Comparison of applications,International Journal of Engineering
Photovoltaic Array Maximum Power Point Tracking Trends and Technology (IJETT) Vol. 4,pp 4437-
Techniques, IEEE Trans.Energy Conversion, vol.22, 4441,2013.
pp.439-449, 2007. 31. K Mandal, A.E Aroudi, A. Abusorrah, M. Al-Hindawi,
13. B. Liu, S. Duan, F. Liu, and P. Xu, Analysis and Y. Al-Turki, D.Giaouris, S. Banerjee, Non-
improvement of maximum power point tracking linearmodelling and stability analysis of resonant DC
algorithm based on incremental conductance method DC converters IET Power Electronics,Vol. 8, pp.
for photovoltaic array, in Proc. IEEE PEDS, pp. 637 24922503,2015.
641,2007. 32. S.A.Akbarabadi,H.Atighechi,andJ. Jatskevich, Circuit-
14. Liu F, Duan S,Liu F, Liu B, and Kang Y, A variable Averaged and State-Space-Averaged-ValueModeling of
step size INC MPPT method for PV systems, IEEE Second-Order Flyback Converter in CCM and DCM
Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 55, no. 7,pp. 26222628, Jul. Including Conduction Losses,4th International
2008. Conference on Power Engineering, Energy and
15. [15] Bhattacharjee S, Saharia B J. A comparative Electrical Drives, pp.995-1000,13-17 May 2013.
study on converter topologies for maximum power
point tracking application in photovoltaic generation. J
Renew Sustain Energy,vol.6, pp.053140, 2014.
16. Zhang Yan, et al. Comparison of conventional DC
DC converter and a family of diode-assisted DCDC
converter in renewable energy applications. J Power
Electron, vol.14(2),pp.20316, 2014.
17. Taghvaee MH, Radzi MAM, Moosavain SM,
HashimHizam, HamiruceMarhaban M. A current and
future study on non-isolated DCDC converters for
photovoltaic applications. Renewable and Sustainable
Energy Reviews, vol.17, pp.21627,2013.
18. Chung H S H, Tse K K,Hui S Y R,Mok C M, and Ho
M T, A Novel Maximum Power Point tracking
Technique for Solar Panels Using a SEPIC or
CukConverter,IEEE Trans. Power Electronics vol.18,
pp.717-724, 2003.
19. James D, Bakari M, and Mwinyiwiwa M. Performance
Comparison between UK and SEPIC Converters for
Maximum Power Point Tracking Using Incremental
Conductance Technique in Solar Power Applications,
International Journal of Electrical, Computer,
Electronics and Communication Engineering Vol:7
No:12, 2013.
20. SoroushAminiAkbarabadi, Hamid Atighechi, and
JuriJatskevich, Circuit-Averaged and State-Space-
Averaged-Value Modeling of Second-Order Flyback
Converter in CCM and DCM Including Conduction
Losses,4th International Conference on Power
Engineering, Energy and Electrical Drives , 13-17 May
2013.
21. [21]Jamri M S, Wei T.C. Modeling and Control of a
Photovoltaic Energy System Using the State-Space
Averaging Technique American Journal of Applied
Sciences.vol.7(5), pp. 682-691, 2010.
22. [22]Nirgude G, Tirumala R, and Mohan N, "A new,
large-signal average model for single-switch DC-DC
converters operating in both CCM and DCM," Power
Electronics Specialists Conference, PESC. vol. 3,pp.

Int J AdvEngg Tech/Vol. VII/Issue II/April-June,2016/770-777