Nano Technology A boon to

construction industry.
(1)Water Proofing of Building Material at
molecular level.
(2)Increase in life of Asphalt Road
eliminating age long challenges.

ZYDEX Industries
Grace & Sachi
How small is Nano ?
Prefix: Symbol: Magnitude: Meaning (multiply by):
deci- d 10-1 0.1
centi- c 10-2 0.01
milli- m 10-3 0.001
micro- u 10-6 0.000 001
nano- n 10-9 0.000 000 001
The smallest things seeable with unaided eye are
10,000 nm across
Human hair has 50,000 to 100,000 nm diameter
across
Just 10 Hydrogen atoms in a line make up 1nm
What is Nanotechnology ?
Nanotechnology ( NT ) is
the wilful manipulation of
matter at the atomic level
to create better and entirely
new materials, devices and
systems.
NT is the engineering and
fabrication of objects with
features smaller than 10
nanometers (nm).
 Evergreen challenges..cont.

Fungus Efflorescence Premature ageing

Concrete ageing Structural damage Cracks

 Water Intrusion

Window joint & Door frame joint

Water Intrusion - capillary rise
Concrete Structural Problems

Zydex
 Evergreen challenges..cont.

Aesthetic Damage
Internal - External
- Efflorescence
- Paint Peel Off/ Blisters
- Fungus
- Mold (Mildew)
- Dirt Pick Up
 Evergreen challenges..cont.

Structural Damage Due to Water Seepage

Cement loses its strength due to:
I) ASR (Alkaline Silica Reaction)
II) Freezing/ Thawing
III) Carbonation/Acid Rain/Sulphate
Attack
Corrosion of Reinforced Steel Bars
Leading to Loss of Ductility and Strength
 Water- A great destroyer?
Alkali-Silica Reaction
[OH-]
=Si-O-Si= + H2O ------------ =Si-OH.OH-Si=
Silicate Silica Gel

Carbonation Reaction
H2O + CO2 ----- H3CO3
Carbonic Acid

Ca(OH)2 + H3CO3 -- CaCO3 + 2H2O

Calcium Hydroxide Calcium Carbonate

Acid Rain
S + nO2 ----- SOx (Sulfur Oxides)
SOx + H2O ---- H2SO4 + H2SO3 + .
Strong Acids

N2 + O2 ---- NOx (Nitrogen Oxides)

NOx + H2O ----- HNO3 + HNO2 + ....
Strong Acids

Ca(OH)2 + H2SO4 ---- CaSO4 + 2H2O

Ca(OH)2 + 2HNO3 ---- Ca(NO3)2 + 2H2O
 Steel Corrosion
Extractive Metallurgy in Reverse

Iron Ore

Hydrated Iron
Oxide
The Great Destroyer
 Understanding Penetration of
water into substrate pores
Rain Water seeps into the building
through micro cracks & pores
Water Vapor = 0.18 nm
Water Drop = 100,000 nm
Energy
Water attracted to
Salt/ Acid rain substrate

~ 100-200 K nm
Substrate
pore size
5 - 2000 nm
 Reactivity of Organofunctional Silanes
Organoalkoxysilanes exhibit
a chemically bifunctional structure

X
X
Y Si Si
X
X
X X
Y = Organofunctional group
X = Silicon-functional group
Zydex
 Uniqueness of Zycosil
Zycosil - Does not leach out or wash out
with persistent rains over 20+ years

Zycosil
Zycosil

Natures Si Si Si Si Si
Strongest
Bond O O O O O
Si O Si O Si O Si O Si
 WATER PROOFING SOLUTION FROM ZYDEX

Organo Silane based Affordable

Nano technology Longest life
Water repellency Eco-friendly

TAKING WATER PROOFING TO THE NEXT LEVEL

 Zycosil Technical Information

Color Clear to pale yellow

Flash Point >100 oC, Non flammable,
Spe. Gravity (25 oC) 1.05
Viscosity (25 oC) 500-800 CPS
Solubility Mixable with water,
Dilution One part Zycosil with 10 parts
water (horizontal surface)
One part Zycosil with 20 Parts
water (Vertical Surface)
Protects Concrete, Expose aggregates,
Brick, Mortar, Plaster, Lime
stone, Sandstone, Granite, Tile
and Grout, Cement sheets
 Water dilutable (1:10 & 1:20), nano technology

Makes clear, water like solution

100 % water repellency on rough & smooth surfaces

Easy to apply
Uniqueness of Zycosil

Eco-Friendly

Conventional solvent based Silanes &

Silane/Siloxane mixture contains flammable
volatile organic solvents which are released
into the environment

Zycosil is applied in substantially diluted form

(10 to 20 times water) releasing significantly
less amount of Volatile Organics
2 gm Vs 10 gm per Ft2 coverage
Zycosil meets the toughest VOC standards
Application Techniques
 Uniqueness of Zycosil

Concrete Other
Pore Penetrants Blended
Coatings
Silicone
Resins
Acrylic Epoxy
Typical Resins Resins
Concrete

nanometer
0 5 50 100 500 700 1000
ZYCOSIL

Particle sizes for different types of water repellents

 Penetration into the Substrate

Penetration of Zycosil Penetration of Zycosil

into brick into Concrete

High penetration depth = Long service life

 Uniqueness of Zycosil

Zycosil - Does not leach out or wash out

with persistent rains over 20+ years

Zycosil
Zycosil

Natures Si Si Si Si Si
Strongest
Bond O O O O O
Si O Si O Si O Si O Si
 Uniqueness of Zycosil

Zycosil works by changing surface

properties of the substrate
Pore size
5 - 2000 nm

ZYCOSIL WATER
DROPLET

Stone Pores 5-200 nm Brick Pores 100-2000 nm

Plaster Pores 50-3000 nm Concrete Pores 10--200 nm

Water Proofing ..
Inspired by Natures Nano Technology

Uniqueness of Zycosil
 Uniqueness of Zycosil

Breathability
Penetrants vs. Film Formers

H2O Vapor Water repellant zone Coating

Penetration depth
Treated concrete Coated concrete

Steel rebar
H2O Vapor H2O Vapor
 Extension of Service Life Using
Waterproofing of Concrete
100
Non-Protected
90
% of Concrete Deteriorated

Repair & Inhibitor

80
Protected
70 Repair Only
60
50
40
30 Repairs Made

20
10
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Time, Years
 Waterproofing Tests

ACCELERATED WEATHERING

Weathering Cycle: UV exposure according to

ASTM G-154 (21 hours), followed by rain showers (1 hour)
and drying at 110 oC (2 hours).

The samples, Concrete blocks, Bricks, Plaster, Sand stone,

and Cement Sheet
have undergone over 90 cycles.

All the Samples retained over 98 % of water

repellency, after 90 cycles
 Zycosil : What Water Proofing Should Be !

Long Life* 20+ years

(*abrasion, UV resistant)

Low cost
VERY ECONOMICAL
Easy to apply

Eco friendly
 POTHOLES

Zydex
Asphalt Road Failures
Rutting The downward displacement of the road
Uneven load distribution
Corrugation Small Ridges through out Usually right side
Failure within Bituminous Layers
Ravelling The disloadging of individual aggregates from the surface of the
road Inadequate adhesion between aggregates and Bitumen
Flushing Bleeding of Bitumen
Excessive Bitumen
Potholes Presence of the holes on the road
Mechanical damage due to bond failures
Transverse Presence of cracks, often well spaced Right angle
Cracking to the travel direction High rainfall _ Bond failures
Longitudinal The presence of cracks in the direction of trafic
Cracking Failure of one or more of the payment layers, shrinkage
Alligator Serious road failure too late for repairs
Cracking Failure of all the layers, not proper drainage
Typical Road Construction

Hot Mix Asphalt Surface

Possible Aggregate Base

Treated Subgrade (or Base)

Subgrade Soils

Zydex
Bonding Bitumen-Aggregates

Zydex
 Silane Agrregates-Asphalt Interaction

Mechanisms involved
R SiO
Asphalt
z Chemical bonding
z Improved wetting
z Interpenetrating polymer network
R SiO

Asphalt
Asphalt

Zydex
 Viscosity Versus % Surface Treatment of
a 45 % Mixture of Filler in Mineral Oil

600

500
Viscosity (Poise)

400

300

200

100
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
AMEO-P
Wt. % Surface Treatment T BT
Zydex
 Zydex Industries
Silanes & Silicone Division
EP-Resin/Filler System Influence of Organofunctional
silanes on Viscosity and Mechanical Properties
Filler: 60% Quartz Flour, 1% Silane Coated on Filler

300

250
Relative Value (%)

200

150

100

50

0
No s ilane
Viscosity Flexural Strength Impact Strength GlYMO
GLYMO Modif ied

Zydex
 Typical Aggregates

Zydex
Mix Aggregates

Zydex
 Packing of the solids

P.E. = (area of contents) / (area of unit cell)

Regarding our square lattice of circles, we can calculate the packing efficiency (PE) for
this particular lattice as follows:
P.E. = pi r2 / (2r)2 = pi/4 = 78.54%.
The interstitial sites must occupy 100% - 78.54% = 21.46%.

Zydex
The larger coordination number (more bonds) and greater packing efficiency
suggest that this would be a more stable lattice than the square one.
 Smaller Aggregates

Better Packing

Not suitable with the existing technology-Larger the

Surface area grater the chances of the bond failure
Zydex
Treatment
Simple Procedure

Mix 1 part Zycosil with 100 parts

with water. Immerse aggregates
for 2-5 sec and allow to dry.
Silane Modified Aggregates

Uniform Surface Characteristics

Hydrophobicity and bonding to
Bitumen
Better Packing Density-Using
smaller aggregates, even send
Provide long service

Zydex
 Bond Strength Bitumen with
Aggregates

Zycosil Treated Aggregates

100
90
80
% Bitumen Bonding

70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Untreated Aggregates Treated Aggregates

Zydex
Dynamic Anti-Stripping Test

Untreated Zycosil Treated

 Improved Properties of Aggregates
Uniform Surface characteristics
Provides uniform surface wetting with all Bitumen
formulations
Reduction of viscosity of Bitumen-Aggregates mixture
energy cost reduced.
Different types aggregates can be used with the same
Bitumen formulation
Hydrophobation of the Aggregate surface
Provides Stronger Bonding to Bitumen, Bond failure due to
interface water penetration is eliminated
Better Packing Density
Economical to use smaller aggregates, provides better
packing hence resistance to abrasion and weathering
Zydex
 AAS Results

Cr 1st Cycle 2nd Cycle 3rd Cycle

ut-Ash 10:1 100:1 ut-Ash 10:1 100:1 ut-Ash 10:1 100:1
Ratio Cr(mg/L) Cr(mg/L) Cr(mg/L) Cr (mg/L) Cr (mg/L) Cr (mg/L) Cr (mg/L) Cr (mg/L) Cr (mg/L)
10:1 0.1615 <.0001 <.0001 0.0218 <.0001 <.0001 0.0186 <.0001 <.0001
20:1 0.1207 <.0001 <.0001 0.0309 <.0001 <.0001 0.0049 <.0001 <.0001
30:1 0.0872 <.0001 <.0001 0.0219 <.0001 <.0001 0.0049 <.0001 <.0001
40:1 0.0844 <.0001 <.0001 0.0283 <.0001 <.0001 0.0111 <.0001 <.0001
50:1 0.0785 <.0001 <.0001 0.0249 <.0001 <.0001 0.0064 <.0001 <.0001
Ash Landfill or Embankment
Infiltration is a
P = I + ET + RO + S function of
P = precipitation prevailing
I = infiltration capillary
ET = evapotranspiration gradient
RO = runoff (downward)
S = change in storage

Untreated Zycosil Treated

Thank you for your Attention

Zydex