INTRODUCTION:

The Telephony Training Systems are powerful learning tools that allow students to
become familiar with the operation of modern telephone networks and digital private automatic
branch exchanges (PABX). The training systems are also essential tools to introduce students to
the Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN).

The Telephony Training Systems are built upon the Reconfigurable Training Module. This
module, which uses state-of-the-art digital signal processor (DSP) technology, can be
programmed to act as different parts of a telephone network.

This Lab is concerned with signaling between the telephone user and the local Switching
Centre. This is known as local signaling. The signals available to the user are the Switch Hook
and the Keypad. The Switch Hook operates as soon as the telephone is lifted. This is the Off
Hook state of the telephone, and is recognized by the Switching Centre.

The Keypad is primarily used to send the Destination Address to the Switching Centre;
that is the number of the telephone to which the connection is required. The signals are in the
form of a combination of two audible tones, a different combination for each number on the
Keypad. Hence it is known as Dual Tone Multi-Frequency (DTMF) signaling. The Switching
Centre can send signals to the user, by using tones and by ringing the bell or alerter in the
telephone. The audible tones are known as call progress tones, and indicate to the user important
responses of the Switching Centre. Obviously they are only useful if the user is listening to the
telephone. If the telephone is not in use, i.e. if it is on hook, then the Switching Centre can ring it.

Standards for the telephone industry are agreed by an international body. The Standards
used in these Labs were all issued by the CCITT before 1994, but have been adopted as ITU-T
Standards. The ITU-T produced a Standard Recommendation E. 180 for the tones used in local
signalling.

Each telephone system is run by an Administration, usually running the whole telephone
system in one country. Historically, each Administration has often used different tones for the
same purpose. The ITU-T Recommendation aims to reduce these differences so that in
international calls operators and users understand easily the meaning of the tones. The
Recommendation includes 'acceptable' tones for each purpose, and 'recommended' tones for
new systems. The general nature of each tone and the acceptable and recommended limits are:
 Dial Tone should be a continuous tone. Either a single frequency in the range 400-450 Hz,
with 425 Hz preferred, or a combined tone of up to 3 frequencies, with at least one frequency
in the ranges 340- 425 and 400-450 Hz, with at least 25 Hz difference between any 2
frequencies. However, any existing dial tones, including interrupted tones are acceptable,
because of the technical and social difficulties of changes.
Ring Tone is a slow period tone, in which the tone period is shorter than the silent period. The
recommended limits are 0.67 to 1.5 seconds for the tone and 3 to 5 seconds for the silence;
and the acceptable limits are up to 2.5 sec and up to 6 seconds respectively. The
recommended frequency is 400-450 Hz, with 425 Hz preferred; and the acceptable range is
340-500 Hz.
Busy Tone is a quick period tone, with the tone and silence periods equal. The total duration
of both tones is recommended to be 0.3 to 1.1 seconds; and the ratio of tone to silent period
should be between 0.67 and 1.5. The recommended frequency is 400-450 Hz, with 425 Hz
preferred; and the acceptable range is 340-500 Hz. Number Unobtainable Tone, no
recommendations are made.
DISCUSSION:

Lab Volt Telephony Training System(LVTTS) was used to perform this experiment. Our
objectives to become familiar with the operation of modern telephone networks and also be
familiar with the architecture of digital PABX. Since this is the first laboratory experiment, setting
up the LVTTS was also discussed.

On the first part of the experiment, familiarization with the function of the analog telephone
set and setting up the LVTTS has been performed. The training system has Reconfigurable
Training Module (RTM) where we install the interface cards that allows to connect real analog
digital telephone sets and trunk lines. We install Dual Analog Line Interface into one of the slots
of RTM. Then we connect two analog telephone sets to the Dual analog Line interface. The host
computer is also connected to Ethernet port to run the Lab-Volt Telephony Training System
software using RJ45 connector crossover. Setting up the two different IP address and subset
mask was also done through host computer because two telephone set will be used. The power
suppply was also connected to RTM that serves as an electrical source to RTM and interface
cards. The direct Ethernet connection between the RTM and the host computer is now connect.
We can now proceed to the next part since setting up the central office is completed.

On the next part, the diagram of the central office can now be viewed on host computer.
The block diagram consist of basic elements of central office such as line interfaces for the
telephone sets, a switching circuit, a signaling circuit, a call processor and a trunk interface. When
the handset is in "ON HOOK", 45V DC voltage but there is no current flowing across telephone
line was measured. The DC voltage was came from RTM which is the central office of telephone
system. When the telephone handset is picked up from the telephone to the telephone cradle, the
switch hook releases and closes the circuit, allowing current flow from the central office to the
telephone. When the telephone set A dial the number of telephone set B, the host computer
screen continuously updated to display what happening in the system and there is an output
waveform can be seen through oscilloscope. When the telephone is ringing, we observed that the
output waveform is

AM signal. When the telephone set B answer the call and communication takes place, we
observed that the output waveform of telephone set A is inverted or mirror to output waveform of
telephone set B. Lastly, the effect of the telephone line resistance which serve as a length on the
voice sound level was also observed. As we increase the resistance of the telephone line, the
output voltage decreases.
CONCLUSION:

In this laboratory experiment, Lab Volt Telephony Training System was used to
study on how telephone network works. This training system combines with hardware
operation and software simulation. It has digital signal processor similar to those actual
central office of public telephone network that monitor and control system operation. It
has reconfigurable training module that contains of digital signal processor where
interface module can be installed to link training module and telephone set. The Ethernet
port connector provides communication between the host computer and training module.
The host computer is used to download a program to digital signal processor of RTM to
control the system operation.

The telephone training system is a real operational. When the handset is ON Hook
state, there is no current on the telephone line. When the handset is in lifted off the cradle,
a DC current starts to flow through the telephone line and a dial tone can be heard in a
handset earpiece. This means the digital signal processor is acting as a central office. As
the caller dial a number of a telephone of a called party, there is a frequency associated
with each digit. When a number is entered on the telephone touch pad, the number travels
across the wires to the central office switch. We also observed that the resistance(length)
is inversely proportional to the output voltage signal.