BAB I

PRELIMINARY

A. Background Of Problem

Gloomy Sunday is a sad song with the composition of jazz music sung by a

legendary jazz singer Billie Holiday, The popular song of the 1940s kept a mystery

story. Gloomy Sunday is a composition of a Hungarian song created by a Hungarian

musician Rezso Seress entitled Vege A Vilagnak which means "the world is ending",

the song tells of the sadness and destruction of the events of World War II.

Laszlo Javor is a poet-writer, then changes Vege A Vilagnak's lyrics to a new

context entitled Szomoru Vasarnap which means "Gloomy Sunday" Which in the

distribution of songs with lyrics belonging to Laszlo Javor became more popular

than Vege A Vilagnak, But in the Lazlo Javor version of the song Szomoru Vasarnap

is about a person's suicidal desire for failure in a relationship romance. The song

Szomoru Vasarnap first used the title Gloomy Sunday and was sung by English in

1936 by Hal Kemp, with lyrics written by Sam M, Lewis (Liputan6.com, 2012: 01).

In the same year, Gloomy Sunday was again sung by Paul Robeson using

Desmon Carter's lyrics, but in 1941 Gloomy Sunday became popular in an English-

speaking country after Billie Holliday sang it with the lyrics of Sam M, Lewis, wich

is Feeling frustrated and suicidal. In 1930-1940 it was reported that at least 100

cases of suicide occurred in Hungary and the United States caused by the song

Gloomy Sunday (Beringaz.com, 2012: 01), Although Gloomy Sunday's song is

arranged into instrumental music without lyrics, suicide cases still occur and then

1
British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) boycotted this song with the excuse of

"dropping the spirit". The boycott is valid for 66 years since 1936-2002 and in

2002 the BBC lifted its boycott (Liputan6.com, 2012: 02). In january 1968 about 30

years after Rezso Seress created the song Vege A Vilagnak he committed suicide by

jumping from his apartment building the day after celebrating his 69th birthday

(Liputan6.com, 2012: 03), Rumored Rezso Seress committed suicide because he

felt burdened by the many cases of suicide that occurred because caused by the

work he created.

Based on the issue of the suicidal curse attached to the song Gloomy Sunday,

it becomes the basis for researchers to examine further what are the factors

causing someone to commit suicide after listening to Gloomy Sunday song even

though the lyrics have been replaced in different languages and even sung without

using lyrics, Gloomy Sunday became an interesting object for researchers because

the song has the highest record of other suicide tracks with a record of 100 suicide

cases that have occurred. Another reason to continue the interest in research on

the song Gloomy Sunday is the ancient belief that music sounds not only contains

the secrets of universality in mathematical accuracy but also the precision of the

analogy of human emotions and character (Aghepe, 2010: 15).

B. Identification Of Problem

To identify the problem well, the researcher needs to do a preliminary study

of the object and observation, so that all problems can be identified. Based on the

background of the problem then the problem identification includes:

2
 Gloomy Sunday sung by Billie Holiday caused a lot of suicidal reactions, although

Gloomy Sunday's song has been arranged into an instrumental music form

without the use of song lyrics, suicide cases still occur.

Brain Waves Humans are the main material to be examined because the suicide

case caused by Gloomy Sunday Song has an effect on human beings. Researchers

assume that the frequency of sound produced from the Gloomy Sunday song is a

causative factor in stimulating human brain waves that cause stress and provide

the impetus to commit suicide.

Based on the problem identification above, the researchers found a link

between the frequency of sound on Gloomy Sunday song with human brain waves.

The association is that Gloomy Sunday's song still causes suicide although the

lyrics of Gloomy Sunday have been changed into instrumental music, so it can be

found that there are two variables that can be used as indicators of the sound

frequency as independent variables (x) and human brain waves as Dependent

variable (Y).

C. Limits Of Research

Because of the wide scope of this research, the authors limit the resrach to:

1. This research only uses Gloomy Sunday song popularized by legendary jazz

singer Billie Holiday as research material.

2. This research limits research to measuring changes in human brain waves

and tends to stimulate suicide, not to prove suicide.

3
D. Formulation Of The Problem

What factors cause Gloomy sunday song can stimulate human brain waves

that trigger to commit suicide?

E. Research Purposes

1. General Purpose :

In general, this research aims to reveal the effect of sound frequency on

Gloomy Sunday song as a factor that can affect the human mind and resulted in an

act of suicidal desire due to music media.

2. Special Purpose :

Reveals how much influence the sound frequency on Gloomy Sunday song in

influencing human brain waves so that it can encourage to commit suicide.

Collaborate between the theories obtained in order to harmonize with the facts

that occur in the circulation of Gloomy Sunday song.

F. Benefits Of Research

1. Academic Benefits

Giving science related to the frequency of sound produced from music can

affect human brain waves by collaborating the disciplines of music and

neuroscience.

2. Benefits in Implementation / Practice

This research focuses on the effect of sound frequency that has been

arranged in one form of music and can affect certain brain waves in humans, so it is

4
expected that the music composers can contribute well through his work so as to

prevent the occurrence of negative impacts such as what has happened to the song

Gloomy Sunday or any other suicide song.

5
 BAB II
BASIS THEORY, LITERATURE REVIEW, AND HYPOTHESIS OBJECTIVES

A. Description Of Theory

1. Theory of Psychoanalytic Personality

Understanding the human personality system, Sigmund Freud builds a

model of interconnected personalities and raises tension with one another. The

basic conflict of the three personality systems creates individual psychic energy.

This basic energy becomes the need for individual instincts that demand

satisfaction. The three systems are id, ego, and superego (Suryabrata, 1998: 142).

Id works using the principle of pleasure and seeking biological impulse

gratification, Ego obeys the principle of reality and delaying gratification until it

can be achieved in the way society accepts, and the superego (conscience) has a

moral standard on the individual. Freud's psychoanalytic theory says (Suryabrata,

1998: 143) that the ego has to deal with conflicts between the Id (containing the

sexual instinct and aggressive that always asks to be channeled) and the Super Ego

(which contains the prohibitions that obstruct those instincts), the Ego still has to

consider Reality in the outside world before presenting certain behaviors.

The theory of psychoanalysis Carl Gustav Jung says (Alwisol, 2009: 21) The

ego does not confront the conflict between Id and Super Ego, but must manage the

impulses that come from the collective unconscious (which contains instincts

derived from the past Then) and a personal unconscious containing personal

6
experiences that are muffled in the unconscious. Unlike Freud, Jung does not base

his theory on sex instinct.

Erikson's psychoanalytic theory (Alwisol, 2009: 23) says, although he

acknowledges the existence of Id, Ego, and SuperEgo, he thinks the most important

is not sex instincts and neither the conflict between Id and Super Ego. For Erikson

man is a rational creature whose mind, and his behavior is controlled by the Ego, so

the Ego is active, not passive as in Freud's theory, and the main ingredient of

personality for Erikson is that human behavior is more influenced by social factors

than sexual instincts.

Several psychoanalytic personality theories above, to be a comparator for

researchers in dissecting the problem of human brain waves that reflect the state

of human psychology and related to the discussion on the influence of Gloomy

Sunday song on human brain waves. Psychoanalytic personality theory is one of

the most important scalpels in this rsearch, because the way brain wave

stimulation uses music media is to conditioning human brain waves in certain

waves by using the frequency of sound, and human behavior is the result of

consideration between id, ego and superego, and Music becomes the medium in

influencing human behavior.

2. Theory of Cognitive Psychology

The theory of cognitive psychology can be said to begin from the Gestalt

psychology. Gestalt argues that in perceiving the environment, humans are not just

relying on what is received from their senses, but the inputs of the senses are

7
organized, interconnected and organized for meaning and then manifested as the

beginning of behavior (Storr 1991: 10).

Theory of cognitive psychology becomes a complementary theory of

psychoanalytic personality theory in explaining the source of conflict between id,

ego and superego that occurs in the model of human personality, that in perceiving

the environment, humans not only rely on themselves based on what is received by

the five senses, but the input of the sensing Arranged, interconnected and

organized to then be given meaning and become the beginning of a behavior.

Stimulation of human brainwaves works based on what is received through the five

senses both the sense of sight and the sense of hearing. This research will dissect

the effect of Gloomy sunday song on human brain waves through the sense of

hearing aspect.

3. Brainwave Entrainment

Brain waves can be measured using a device known as EEG

(ElectroEncephaloGraph) and was discovered in 1919-1938 by a German

psychiatry named Hans Berger. Research on the discovery of human brainwave by

Hans Berger found that human brain waves not only show the condition of human

mind and body, but can also be stimulated to human mental state by conditioning

the brain to produce certain brain waves and it is possible to produce various

conditions Mental and emotional (Miller & Vandome, 2010: 57).

Joaqium Fillipe says in the book Reprogram Your Mind (Silva, 1995: 38) that

human generated brain waves range from 0-60 Hz frequency, the human brain

8
generally generates five types of brainwaves simultaneously namely Gamma, Beta,

Theta, Alpha and Delta , But there is always a dominant brain wave type and

indicates the activity of the brain at that time, brainwaves will change according to

what the person does. Gamma is a brain wave at a frequency of 25-60Hz that

occurs when a person experiences a very high mental activity, such as being in the

arena of a match, a championship race, appearing publicly, very panicked, fearful,

and Gamma is a condition in full awareness. Beta is a wave above 12Hz or from

12Hz-25Hz, Beta is a brain wave when humans perform daily activities or interact

with other humans, beta reflects concentration and alertness. Alpha is a wave

whose frequency is lower than the beta of 8-12 Hz. Alpha is a brain wave

associated with relaxed and relaxed state of mind. Theta is deep relaxation,

meditation, this brainwave is at a frequency of 4-8 Hz generated by the

subconscious mind and often appears when humans dream. Delta is the lowest and

lowest frequency wave in the frequency range 0-4 Hz and is the frequency of the

unconscious mind, Delta is often used for healing and is produced during deep

sleep. At the time of deep sleep, the brain only generates Delta waves so we can

rest and restore physical condition.

Based on the invention and the theory of Brainwave Entrainment above, the

researchers will use the theory to Gloomy Sunday song sung by Billie Holiday.

Researchers assume that there is a change and dominance of certain wave

production in the human brain after hearing the song Gloomy Sunday, so the theory

of Dr. Jeffery D. Thompson on calcification of human brain waves and findings of

9
human brainwave instrument EEG (ElectroEnchphaloGraph) can help in answering

the problem formulation in this research.

4. Brain Mapping

ElectroEncephalograph (EEG) is a tool to record brain wave activity over a

period of time. QEEG (Quantitative EEG), known as "brain mapping", provides

comprehensive data on brain waves and provides precise analysis of raw data

supplied by EEG. QEEG works like EEG, but the data obtained from QEEG can be

displayed in various forms as needed, either in the form of topographic images, in

the form of diagrams, or in the form of pictures showing activity on the cortex.

Quantitative EEG (QEEG) measures the electrical current generated by the

brain known as brain waves. QEEG provides very complex analytical data about

brain waves with special characteristics either symmetrically, the stages of change,

relationships with one another, the area of brain waves generated, power and brain

waves are dominant.

B. Literature Review

Research on the stimulation of human brain waves through music therapy

has been widely circulated in the world, such as Music Therapy (2006) and Music

Psychology (2003) by Djohan, discussions about the history of musical psychology,

frequency, amplitude of sound and human brain waves are also discussed in this

book And various psychological theories blessed with the influence of music on

humans became the main subject. Djohan's book of music psychology explains how

10
music can be a medium in performing treatment in humans with music therapy

through the frequency and amplitude of sound produced from music.

The theory and explanation of how the brainwaves in Djohan's Music

Therapy book can be used as a guide in analyzing the problem of suicide caused by

Gloomy Sunday song, although the object of study in Djohan's book of music

psychology is for therapy, but it can help in analyzing at Things that can trigger a

person to do things that are negative because of the stimulation of brain waves

caused by the sound frequency of the song Gloomy Sunday.

In Brainwave Entrainment (2010) by Frederic P. Miller it is said that brain

waves can be measured using a device called EEG (ElectroEncephaloGraph) which

was first discovered in 1919-1938 by a German psychiatry professor named Hans

Berger, based on history And information from the Brainwave Entrainment book,

the researchers felt that the suicide case caused by the Gloomy Sunday song could

be examined from the point of view of brainwave stimulation through the music

media, the frequency of sound produced from the song Gloomy Sunday is a

suspicion that triggers in encouraging people to do suicide.

This researcher based on research that has been done for years by experts

Brainwave Entrainment which states that brain waves not only indicate the state of

mind and body of a person but also can be stimulated to change a person's mental

state by conditioning the brain to produce certain types of brain waves so that

Allows to produce a variety of mental and emotional states (Frederic P.Miller, 2010:

57).

11
 Some of the above books are references and guides for researchers in

studying issues related to the effect of sound frequency on Gloomy Sunday song to

human brain waves, so that the authenticity of this research can be scientifically

accounted for.

C. Research Hypothesis

Based on the description of the theory and literature review above, the

researcher tries to formulate the hypothesis to be tested the truth, whether the

results will accept or reject, the hypothesis will be tested through the process of

hypothesis testing after the research data obtained. The hypothesis of this research

is as follows:

Mental persuasion and human behavior are completely under the control of

the brain formed from the human brain waves themselves.

Gloomy Sunday pure effect on human behavior and mentality through

stimulated brain waves through the medium of sound frequency and the

simulation of human brain waves so as to condition in certain

circumstances.

The suicidal suggestion of the Gloomy Sunday song is only influential when

heard using Binaural Beat technology using stereo headphones.

12
 BAB III
RESEARCH PROCEDURE

A. Research Methodology

This research is a study that concentrates on the influence of brainwave

stimulation resulting from Gloomy Sunday song on human brain waves, so this

research is closer to quantitative research methods. Researchers will conduct

experimental research that refers to changes in human brainwaves after listening

to Gloomy Sunday songs and measuring them by using ElectroEncephaloGraph

(EEG) to determine the dominant brain waves after hearing the song Gloomy

Sunday.

Brainwave Entrainment by Binaural Beats works by reducing Audio

frequencies captured differently by the right ear and human left ear and will

condition human brain waves and stimulate human brain waves in certain

conditions. For example, if the sound waves at the 510Hz frequency are played on

the left ear and the 500Hz frequency in the right ear, the brain responds by

generating 10Hz frequencies because the brain reduces or decreases the different

frequencies between right ear input and left ear.

B. Research Variable

Researchers use several variables in quantitative research, research

variables can be interpreted as research attributes in the form of objects, people or

activities that have a certain variation and has been determined to be investigated

13
and concluded. Quantitative research variables, consisting of several kinds based

on the relationship between variables one with another variable. In quantitative

research, the variable is the object of research or something that becomes the point

of attention to a study.

The research variables should refer to the expected conditions and expected

outcome characteristics. Characteristics of the conditions have context in the form

of vision, mission, objectives, characteristics of research executor, inevitable

constraints and supporting facilities in the implementation of a study. Variables

used in this research are:

1. Independent Variable

The independent variable is the variable that influences the cause of the

change or the emergence of the dependent variable. The independent variable in

this study is The frequency of sound on Gloomy Sunday song (x).

2. Dependent Variable

The dependent variable is the variable that is influenced because of the

independent variable. Dependent variable in this research is Human Brainwave(Y).

C. Population and Sample Research

Research is a planned activity to seek objective answers to human problems

through scientific procedures. Research using quantitative methods, generally

using samples taken from a particular population and selected by researchers.

Sugiyono (2010: 60) said the population is a generalization region consisting of

14
objects or subjects that have certain qualities and characteristics set by researchers

to be studied and concluded.

The population in this study will choose the object of research randomly

based on the quality and certain characteristics. The randomly selected population

is based on the period of human ages from 14-25 years and has not had the

concept of gloomy sunday song that can lead to suicide. The reason researchers

choose based on the age periodization is to make comparisons based on life

experience, as for the reasons of choosing populations based on those that do not

have the concept of gloomy sunday song is to obtain objective research results

without any contamination suggestion of the background song Gloomy Sunday.

Andi Supangat (2007: 22) said that the sample is part of the population to

be used as research material, with the hope that samples taken from the

population can be representative of the population. The sample used in this study

was chosen by gender. The researcher will select samples from men and women

based on the age period because the sample is considered capable of representing

the nature of the population in this study, so that the results of this research can be

generalized to a wider population. The type of sample used in this research is the

total sample or saturated sample, as stated by Sugiono (2010: 61) that saturated

sampling is a technique of collecting samples when all members of the population

are used as samples.

The research samples that can be used to determine the number of research

samples can use several formulas. In principle, the use of research sampling

15
formulas is used to facilitate technical research, if the research population area is

too broad then the use of formula is intended to minimize the number of samples.

Sugiono stated (2010: 63) the easiest way to determine the sample size of research

is to use the Krejcie table. Using the Krejcie table the researcher does not need to

perform complex calculations. The Krejcie table performs a sample calculation

based on a fault tolerance of 0.05 or 5% and 95% confidence in the population. The

following Table Krejcie with a fault tolerance of 0.05:

Picture 1. Krejcie Table

16
 In this research the researchers used Slovin formula for sampling (Sugiono,

2010: 62), namely:

N
n= Or n = N/(1 + N(e)2)
1+ N(e)2

information:

N = Number Of Sample

N = Total Population

E = Error Tolerance (fault tolerance, in this research e = 0.05 or 5%)

To use the formula above, the researcher determines the level of belief at

95%, that is sure that 95% of result of research of sample is correct, or level of

significance error 0,05 (there will only 5% error) hence amount of sample

according to slovin formula in this research :

N = N / (1 + N (e) 2) = n = 28 / (1 + 28 x 0,05 x0,05) = 26 People

Based on the Slovin formula in determining the sample size with the level of

significance or fault tolerance is 0.05 then the sample size in this research

amounted to 26 people. If the population and sample in this study are classified

then it can be seen in the following table:

No Ladies Gentlemen Human of Age Educational Amount

Periodization Level

1 6 People 6 People Early Youth (12-16 Junior High 12

years) School 7-9
Senior High
School 10-12
2 8 People 8 People Youth End (17-25 College Student 16
years old) 1-8

17
 Table 1. Population and Sample

D. Research Site

The location of this research will be conducted in Thailand bangkok and

accompanied by an expert Brain mapping Mr.Pakkharawat Wichian Sittiprapaporn.

E. Method of Collecting Data

Quantitative data collection methods can be done in a variety of settings,

sources and ways. Data can be collected at natural settings in the laboratory by

experimental method. Data collection can use primary and secondary sources.

Primary sources are data sources that directly provide data to data collectors, and

secondary sources are sources that do not directly provide data to data collectors

such as through others or through documents.

The experimental method In this research, it will be performed in the

laboratory using the ElectroEncepaloGraph (EEG) brain wave measuring device

placed on the human head using 10-20 montage system so that the EEG will

display human brainwaves in the brainwave analyzer software on the computer.

The raw data obtained from the brainwave analyzer will be processed again

through several processes and used by researchers in concluding the results of the

research.

F. Research Instruments

18
 Research that aims to measure a symptom will use a research instrument.

The research instrument is used as a data gathering tool to produce valid data.

Data obtained through research instruments must be tested by validity and

reliability. A valid instrument is that the instrument can be used to measure what it

wants to measure. Reliable instrument is an instrument used to measure multiple

times the same object will produce the same data.

This study has two variables, namely the sound frequency on Gloomy

Sunday song and brain wave, so the researcher will use two types of instrument of

research namely Spectrum Analyzer and Quantitative-EEG (QEEG).

G. Research Procedure

The research procedure is the steps that researchers will do in conducting

the research. The research procedure will be arranged is, the researcher will set

the intensity of research that is the daily schedule for 1-2 weeks and the duration

of the study. The research will be conducted daily in turns based on the population

and samples table that have been made. The duration of the research will be 60

minutes for 1 sample by giving a lag time of 5 minutes after listening to Gloomy

Sunday.

H. Test Instruments

According Sugiyono (2011: 39), valid shows the accuracy between the

actual data occurs on objects with data that can be collected by researchers. Valid

data means data that is not different between data reported by the researcher with

actual data going on the object of research.

19
 Instruments used to measure variables in natural sciences are widely

available and have been tested for their validity and reliability, variables in natural

sciences such as heat, the instruments are Calorimeters, and their instrument

temperature variables are thermometers. These instruments are easy to obtain and

have been tested for their validity and reliability so there is no need to test the

validity and reliability of the research instrument (Sugiono, 2016: 102).

In this research, researchers used a test instrument that is

ElectroEnchphaloGraph (EEG). EEG is a measured product of validity and

reliability, because EEG has become a standard measuring instrument in brain

waves both in the field of medicine and in the field of brainwave therapy so that

researchers do not need to test the validity and reliability of test instruments.

Other research instruments that researchers will use in this research is

Spectrum Analyzer. Instrument Spectrum analyzer is software used to analyze the

frequency of sound, be it sound input in realtime or sound input derived from an

audio track recording results. Spectrum analyzer also known as Frequency

Analyzer is a standard measuring instrument to measure the sound frequency with

Herzt (Hz) units, so Spectrum analyzer has been tested for its validity and

reliability in measuring sound frequency.

I. Analysis of Research Data

20
 For research with quantitative approach, then analysis of this research data

with regard to the calculation to answer the formulation of the problem and testing

the hypothesis proposed. The proposed form of hypothesis will determine the

statistical techniques used. The purpose of the Hypothesis Test is to establish a

basis so that it can collect evidence in the form of data in determining the decision

to reject or accept the truth of the statement or assumptions that have been made.

Hypothesis statement that need to be tested is truth:

1. Mental persuasion and human behavior are completely under the control of

the brain formed from the human brain waves themselves.

2. Gloomy Sunday has a pure effect on human behavior and mentality through

brainwave stimulated through the medium of sound and human brain wave

sounds so as to condition the mental and the psychic in certain circumstances.

3. The suicidal suggestion of the Gloomy Sunday song is only influential when

heard using Binaural Beat technology using stereo headphones.

Decision Making in the Hypothesis test is faced with two possible errors:

Type 1 Error

Errors made when rejecting a Hypothesis that is essentially true. This Type I

error probability is usually called Alpha Risk. Alpha Risk is denoted by the symbol

Type 2 Error

21
 Errors made when accepting a Hypothesis that is essentially False. The

Probability of Type II Errors is usually called Beta Risk. Beta Risk is denoted by the

symbol .

In Hypothesis Testing, it is necessary to make 2 Hypothesis statement that

is:

Hypothesis Statement Zero (H0)

The assumed assumption is true unless there is strong evidence to refute it

and Always contain the statement "equal to" or "No effect" or "No difference"

Denote by H0. Example: H0: 1 = 2 or H0: 1 2.

Alternative Hypothesis Statement (H1)

The declared statement is true if Hypothesis Zero (H0) is successfully

rejected. Denote by H1 or HA. Example H1: 1 2 or H1: 1> 2.

J. Schedule of Research Time

Week I: Preparation.

Week II-IV: Data collection, data processing and analysis in outline.

Week V-IX: Preparation of draft reports, from BAB I to BAB V.

Week X-XII: Final Report.

K. Writing System

BAB I INTRODUCTION

A. Background

B. Problem Identification

C. Limitations of Research

22
D. Problem Formulation

E. Research Objectives

F. Research Benefits

BAB II BASIS THEORY, LITERATURE REVIEW, HYPOTHESIS OBJECTIVES

A. Theory Description

B. Literature Review

C. Research Hypothesis

BAB III RESEARCH PROCEDURES

A. Research Methodology

B. Research Variables

C. Population and Sample

D. Research Sites

E. Data Collection Method

F. Research Instruments

G. Research Procedures

H. Instrument Test

I. Analysis of Research Data

J. Schedule of Research Time

K. Writing Systematics

BAB IV RESULTS, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

BAB V CLOSING

A. Conclusion

23
B. Suggestions

II. Final

A. Bibliography

B. Discography

C. Webstography

D. List of informants

BIBLIOGRAPHY

24
Agephe, Diddi. 2010. The Power Of Sound Metode Pemberdayaan Diri Melalui Bunyi,
Frekuensi Dan Vibrasi. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia.

Anthony, Storr & Freud. 1991. Peletak Dasar Psikoanalisa. Jakarta: PT. Pustaka
Utama Grafiti.

Alwisol. 2009. Psikologi Kepribadian Edisi Revisi. Malang: UMM Press.

Darmajanti, Irma. 2006. Psikologi Seni. Bandung: PT. Kiblat Buku Utama.

Djohan. 2003. Psikologi Musik. Yogyakarta: Buku Baik.

Frederic, P. Miller & Agnes, F. Vandome. 2010. Brainwave Entainment. USA:

Alphascript Publishing.

Jeffrey, M.Schwartz & Sharon Begley. 2000. The Mind & The Brain. Chicago: Chicago
Press.

Jean, Silva. 1995. Reprogram Your Mind . London: Plenum Press.

Mundiri. 2008. Logika. Jakarta: Rajawali Pers.

Sumadi, Suryabrata. 1998. Psikologi Kepribadian. Yogyakarta: Raja Grafindo

Persada.

Sarwono, Jonathan. 2006. Metode Penelitian Kuantitaif & Kualitatif. Yogyakarta:

Graha Ilmu.

Webstografi

http://showbiz.liputan6.com/read/2213956/kutukan-bunuh-diri-di-balik-lagu-
gloomy-sunday-billie-holiday

http://www.terapimusik.com/terapi_gelombang_otak.htm

http://www.beringaz.com/2015/04/sejarah-gloomy-sunday-lagu-kematian-yang-

menyedihkan.html

25