A 447384

Totalitarian and Authoritarian

Regimes in Europe
Legacies and Lessons
from the Twentieth Century

Edited by
Jerzy W. Borejsza and Klaus Ziemer

in cooperation with
Magdalena Hulas

Deutschcs
Hlstorisches InMitut
Warsrhau I Niemiecki
Inslytut Historyczny
w Warszawie I
Berghahn Books
New York Oxford
IH
PAN
 Contents

Preface ix

List of Contributors xiii

Introduction

1. Italian Fascism, Nazism and Stalinism: Three Forms of Totalitarianism

from a Twenty-first-century Perspective 3
Jerzy W. Borejsza

I. Totalitarianism and Authoritarianism in Historiography

2. Approximation of a Comparison: Stalinism, National Socialism and Their 25

Intellectual Servants
Dietrich Beyrau

3. What Was Not Allowed to Be Written about Coming to Terms with 53

the Germans in the People's Republic of Poland?
Edmund Dmitrow

4. History and Memory: the Perception of Totalitarianism in Italy in a 70

Comparative Perspective
Marcello Florcs

5. Polish Interpretations of Bolshevism and Totalitarian Systems (1918-1939) 80

Marek Kornat
6. How Slovak Historiography is Coming to Terms with a 'Dual Past' 106
Dusan Kovac
7. The Burden of Self-historicism: Strategies of Dealing with the Past in 123
East German Historiography after 1989/90
Martin Sabrow
vi Contents

8. The Historian's Approach to Germany's National Socialist Past 139

Wolfgang Schieder
9. Totalitarian and Authoritarian Systems: Factors in Their Decline and 158
Hurdles in the Development of Democratic Orders
Klaus Ziemer

II. Case Studies

10. Andrei Yanuarevich Vyshinsky: Paragon of the Totalitarian Conception 177

of the Law and Political Organisation
Adam Bosiacki

11. The Short- and Long-term Effects of the Authoritarian Regime and of 188
Nazism in Austria: the Burden of a 'Second Dictatorship'
Gerhard Botz

12. Stabilisation of Power through Social and Consumer Policy in the GDR 209
Christoph Boyer
13. 'Better Known for Its Fascists Than Its Democrats': Croatia's Experience 228
with Ideologies in the Twentieth Century
Andrea Feldman
14. Authoritarian Rule in Greece (1936-1974) and Its Heritage 237
Hagen Fleischer

15. Poland 1956-1989: the Transformation of the'Developed Socialist'State 276

Andrzej Friszke
16. The Historical Experience of the Twentieth Century: Authoritarianism 297
and Totalitarianism in Lithuania
Algimantas Kasparavicius
17. A Totalitarian Movement in a Democratic Society: the Case of the
Communist Party of France 313
Marc Lazar

18. The Nature and Perspectives of Bolshevism through the RSDWP 330
(Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party) Leaders' Vision
Dmitry B. Pavlov
19. King Alexander, Ante Pavelic and Josip Broz-Tito: Three Experiments 343
in Totalitarianism
Joze Pirjevec
20. Right-wing Radicalism in Contemporary Poland 354
Szymon Rudnicki
 Contents vii

21. From Fascism to Democracy: the Birth of the Political System of the 373
Italian Republic
Nicola Tranfaglia
22. The Strange Paradox: Vichy after Vichy 384
Olivier Wieviorka

III. Legal Aspects of Coming to Terms with the Totalitarian and

Authoritarian Past

23. Criminal Law as a Reaction to System Crime: Policy for Dealing with 399
the Past in European Transitions
Jorg Arnold
24. Opening of Files and Public Access to Them: an Important Contribution 431
to Dealing with Communist Dictatorship
Joachim Gauck

25. Poland after 1945 and after 1989: Problems of Law Making 438
Hubert Izdebski

26. Have We Succeeded in Coming to Terms with the Past? A Comparison of 449
National Socialism and the German Democratic Republic
Eckhard Jesse
27. Historical Memory and Legislative Changes in Romania 464
Andrei Pippidi

IV. The Politics of Memory and the Culture of Remembrance

28. From Policy to Memory: How the Federal Republic of Germany Dealt 481
with the Nazi Legacy
Norbert Frei
29. Remembering the Dictatorship: Commemorative Activity in the Spanish 490
Press on the Anniversaries of the Civil War and of the Death of Franco
Carsten Httmlebxk

30. The Communist Past in Post-communist Russia 516

Alexei Miller

31. First There Was Oblivion: Collective Remembrances of the First Years 525
of Soviet Power in Russia in 1922 (Ural Study 1917-22)
Igor V. Narsky
viii Contents

32. The Concept of Totalitarianism in Italian Culture after 1945 541

Jens Petersen
33. Stalin in Soviet and Russian History Textbooks from the 1930s to 556
the 1990s
Arkady B. Tsfasman

34. Landscapes of Commemoration: Historical Memory and Monument

Culture in Austria (1945-2000) 569
Heidemarie Uhl

Index 587